Fourier Series
Fourier Series
Fourier Series
FOURIER SERIES
Focus of Attention
Recall:
Infinite Sequences a list of an
infinitely many numbers written in a
specific order using the notation {uk }
with k 1, 2,3,...n, n 1,... . Thus, u1
is the first term, u2 is the second term,
Fourier series
un 1 is the
(n+1)th term.
Infinite Series the summation of the
terms in a sequence, i.e.
u
k 1
u1 u2 u3 ... un un 1 ...
6.1Basic concepts
Why are Fourier Series important?
Fourier Series are important as it can
approximate discontinuous functions
and periodic functions.
Fourier series
Terminology
a0
2
- constant term
Fourier series
f(t)=sin t
Fourier series
Parabolic, period =2 .
Fourier series
With
Fourier series
a0
1
f ( x)dx
L L
3
x
Fourier series
Fourier series
3
2
1
-10
-5
5
x
10
-1
-2
-3
Figure 6.1a(ii)
Fourier series
3
2
1
-10
-5
5
x
10
-1
-2
-3
Figure 6.1a(iii)
Example6.1b: Approximating a
discontinuous function
y cos x is a discontinuous function. It
y 1 cos 2 x cos 4 x .
3
15
Fourier series
10
However,
2
2
2
cos
2
x
cos
4
x
3
15
is a
2
2
2
1 cos 2 x cos 4 x
3
15
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
y cos x
0.2
-4
-2
Figure 6.1b(i)
Fourier series
11
2
2
2
1 cos 2 x cos 4 x
3
15
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
-4
-2
Figure 6.1b(ii)
We can superimpose the two graphs and
see how the two graphs fit closely
Fourier series
12
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-3
-2
-1
-0.2
Figure 6.1b(iii)
2
2
2
cos
2
x
cos
4
x
can
3
15
Fourier series
y cos x
13
Fourier series
only.
14
periodic if
f ( x p ) f ( x)
radians
Fourier series
15
Fourier series
16
with
L
1
a0 f ( x)dx
L L
1
nx
a n f x cos
dx,
L L
L
L
1
nx
bn f x sin
dx,
L L
L
L
( n 1,2,3, ),
( n 1,2,3, ),
Fourier series
17
Fourier series
18
where
f ( x)
is a periodic function
where
Fourier series
a0
f ( x)dx
(1)
19
an
bn
Fourier series
f ( x) cos nxdx
f ( x) sin nxdx
(2)
(3)
20
Example 2
Given the function,
f ( x ) x,
3 x 3 .
(b) Find the first four terms of the
Fourier series expansion.
Solution:
(a) Sketch the basic graph
f ( x) x, x . Since f ( x) is
periodic, the basic graph is repeated
every 2 radians. So
Fourier series
21
3
x
(b) Find
a0
f ( x ) dx
a0 , an , bn
x dx
a0
1 x2
1 2
1 2
0
2
2
2
1
an f ( x) cos nx dx
Fourier series
22
an
x cos nxdx
u dv uv v du
ux
du dx
sin nx
v
n
dv cos nx dx
ao
1
=
1
1
an x cos nxdx
x sin nx
n
sin nx
1 cos nx
dx
2
n
n
1
bn f ( x ) sin nx dx
Fourier series
23
1
1 x cos nx
bn x sin nxdx
n
cos nx
1 x cos nx
sin
nx
dx
2
n
n
n
2 cos n 2(1) n
bn
n
n
Note:
2
1
f ( x) 2sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x sin 4 x ...
3
2
Fourier series
24
Fourier series
25
Example 3:
Given the function,
,1 x 0
f ( x)
x, 0 x
3 x 3
26
3 2
(b) Find
2 3
a0 , an , bn
27
a0
an
an
f ( x) cos nxdx
bn
bn
( x) cos nxdx
0
f ( x) sin nxdx
Fourier series
( x) sin nxdx
28
f ( x) f ( x)
( x, y )
( x, y )
is
y x2
(2)
y x4
Fourier series
29
y
250
200
150
100
50
-4
(3)
-2
y cos x
0.5
-4
-2
-0.5
-1
Fourier series
30
f ( x) f ( x)
( x, y )
y mx
Fourier series
31
(2)
y x3
0
x
(3)
y sin x
Fourier series
32
Mathematical facts
l
Even function: l
Odd function:
f ( x)dx 2
l
l
l
0
f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx 0
Theorem 6.4
Basic characteristics of Combination
Even and Odd functions
Even Even Even
Even Odd Neither even or odd
Odd Odd Odd
Even Even Even
Even Odd Odd
Odd Odd Even
Fourier series
33
2
a0 f ( x )dx
0
2
an f ( x)cos nx dx n = 1,2,3,
0
bn 0
Fourier series
n = 1,2,3,
34
a0
f ( x) an cos nx
2 n 1
Fourier series
35
n = 1,2,3,
f ( x ) bn sin nx
n 1
Fourier series
36
Exercises 6.1
For each the following questions 1- 6,
(a) If
f ( x 2 ) f ( x)
3 x 3
f (x)
for
f ( x ) 1 x,
2)
f ( x)
x2 ,
4
x 0
0 x
3) f (x) 2
4)
f ( x) x
0 x 0
5) f (x)
cos x 0 x
6)
f ( x) 2 x
Fourier series
37
L
L
x ,
2
2
2 x
L
then when x ,
2
L
And if
L
x ,
2
Lu
F (u )
2
Then If f ( x) f
F (u )
is given by:
F (u ) a0 an cos nu bn sin nu
n 1
where
Fourier series
38
1
a0
2
1
an
F (u ) du
F (u ) cos nu du
1
and bn
F (u )sin nu du
2 x
2
then du dx and the limits are from
L
L
L
L
x instead of
2
2
x .
L
L
n 1
where
a0
Fourier series
1
L
L
2
L
2
f ( x ) dx ;
39
an
2
L
2
bn
L
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
2
2 nx
dx
L
f ( x ) cos
and
2 nx
f ( x) sin
dx
L
0 to L .
v(t )
4 t 0
0t 4
ms.
Find the Fourier series for this periodic
function.
Solution:
Fourier series
40
10
0
8
Period L is 8 ms
2 nt
2 nt
v(t ) a0 an cos
b
sin
n
L
L
n 1
1
a0
L
L
2
L
2
L
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
f ( x) dx v (t ) dt v(t ) dt then a0 0 dt 10 dt 10t 0 5
L L
8 4
8 4
80
8
Fourier series
41
L
2
2
2 nt
2 nt
v
(
t
)
cos
dt
v
(
t
)
cos
dt
L
8 4
8
L
2
an
L
1
1
2 nt
2 nt
an 0 cos
dt 10 cos
dt
4 4
8
4
8
0
0
nt
10sin
4
n
1
4
10
sin n sin 0 0; n 1, 2, 3,...
n
L
2
2
2 nt
2 nt
L v(t ) sin L dt 8 4 v(t ) sin 8 dt
2
bn
L
1
1
2 nt
2 nt
bn 0sin
dt
10sin
dt
4 4
40
8
8
nt
10
cos
1
10
4
cos n cos 0 ; n 1, 2,3,...
4
n
n
4
0
When n is even, bn 0
10
20
1 1
10
20
b3 1 1
3
3
10
20
b5 1 1
5
5
When n is odd, b1
And so on.
Fourier series
42
v(t ) 5
20
1 3
1
t
t
5 t
sin
sin
sin
...
3
5
4
4
4
Fourier series
43
0;
5;
10 x 0
.
0 x 10
It has a period os 20. Sketch the function. Show that the Fourier Series is given by:
v(t )
5 10
1 3
1
t
t
5 t
sin sin
sin
...
2
3 10
5
10
10
2) Determine the first four terms of the Fourier Series for the function f (t ) t in the range
t 0 to t 3. Sketch the function.
3
2 t
[Ans: f (t ) sin
sin
2
2
3
3
4 t
1
6 t
sin
... ]
3
3
3
3) Obtain the first four terms of the Fourier Series for the function defined by:
0;
f ( x) 5;
0;
2 x 1
1 x 1
1 x 2
5 10
1 3 x
1
x
5 x
cos
cos
cos
...
2
3
2
5
2
2
[Ans: f ( x)
Fourier series
44