ETAP Relay Coordination
ETAP Relay Coordination
ETAP Relay Coordination
ISSN 2229-5518
1583
1 INTRODUCTION
In any power system network, protection should be designed such that protective relays isolate the faulted portion of
the network at the earliest, to prevent equipment damage, injury to operators and to ensure minimum system disruption
enabling continuity of service to healthy portion of the network. In case of failure of primary relays, back up relays operate after sufficient time discrimination .
The protective relay should be able to discriminate between normal, abnormal and fault conditions.The term relay
coordination covers concept of discrimination, selectivity and
backup protection.
In modern era, the demand for electrical power generally
is increasing at a faster rate in economically emerging countries. So the networks of electricity companies become very
complicated. The exercise of load flow analysis, fault calculations and listing the primary and back-up pairs will be very
tediousand several iterations would be required to calculate
TMS of relays so that minimum discrimination margin as required is found between a relay and all its back-up relays in
large electrical system. This is possible only through computer
programming.
ETAP performs numerical calculations with tremendous
speed, automatically applies industry accepted standards, and
provides easy to follow output reports. ETAP, while capable
of handling 1000 buses, contains a load schedule program
which tracks up to 10,000,000 load items, and reports the voltage and short-circuit current at the terminals of each load
item. 100% of the Top 10 electrical design firms rely on ETAP
(ECM Magazine). This capability makes ETAP suitable for
large industrial facilities, as well as utility systems[6],[3].
Thus our project includes smart implementation of relay
coordination using ETAP and multifunction relays having
combined definite time and inverse time characteristics.
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2.2 Assumptions
1. The reactance of all cables, circuit breakers, current transformers, and buses are neglected, as well as the resistance
values of all the system components. The effect of these is
usually small when compared to the effect of power company short circuit per-unit reactance and generator and
transformer per-unit reactance.
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2.
All the faults are considered bolted, that is, the fault impedance is assumed to be zero.
3. Contribution of back emf of motors in feeding the fault
current is neglected.
The short-circuit currents calculated with the preceding assumptions will be slightly higher, on the conservative side,
than if the neglected values were used in the calculations.
100
%
1
1
+
1 2
Figure 2
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()
3()
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10100
8.59
= 116.4MVA
2100
MVAsc (res)=
1
1
1
+
+
1218.5 232.83 32.73
=32.73MVA
6.11
0.03566
=28.04MVA
28.04
30.433
= 37.3 kA
HAND CALCULATION
ETAP RESULT
37.3 kA
36.74 kA
STAGE 51
Time dial
Relay Pick up(amp)
(TMS)
R-69 4.45
0.15
R-8
0.7
0.15
R-75 4.45
0.15
R-9
0.7
0.15
R-12 0.87
0.025
R-2
0.87
0.025
R-32 0.87
0.025
R-4
0.58
0.025
R-1
1
0.04
3 RELAY COORDINATION
Stage 51:
It involves the inverse time characteristic stage, required for
coordination of relays.
Pickup
Time Dial
Stage 50 allows us with:
o Instantaneous operation of relay
o Definite time operation of relay (delay)
Pickup
Delay
1000
3()
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Expected
Time(ms)
400
400
400
400
550
550
550
550
700
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2000
0.4333
600
= 4.45A
Time Dial:
Reflected current at R69 due to 3 phase fault on load
side = 36.739 kA
WithTMS=1,
0.14
=
0.02 1
=
0.14
0.02
36.79103
1
4.4600
= 2.58 sec
For = 0.4s ; TMS=0.4/2.54=0.15
Similarly we calculated pickup & TMS for rest of the relays as
shown below:
CT ratio
The factor of 1.3 is multiplied so as to avoid pickup of the relay for fault on LT side of transformer i.e. for a fault out of its
voltage level reach.
For all incomer relays,
1.3 primary pickup of immediate down relay
Pickup =
CT ratio
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Figure 3
STAGE 50
Relay
Pick up (Amp)
Delay (s)
R-8
12.57
R-9
12.57
R-12
4.1
0.2
R-32
4.1
0.2
R-2
11.2
R-4
11.2
R-1
14.56
0.15
R(GETCO)
25
0.2
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Figure 4
Figure 5
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4 CONCLUSION
Relay
R-69
R-8
R-75
R-9
R-12
R-2
R-32
R-4
R-1
Comparison of Stage 51
Expected
Time(ms) obTime(ms) set by
tained in Simhand calculaulation
tion
400
390
400
390
400
390
400
390
550
538
550
538
550
533
550
533
600
588
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
of Faculty of Technology and Engineering,The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda, for providing research environment to develop the subject.
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REFERENCES
[1] Bhuvanesh Oza, Nirmalkumar Nair, Rashesh Mehta, Vijay Makwana,
Power System Protection & Switchgear Tata McGraw Hill Education
Private limited, New Delhi, 2010.
[2] Badriram and Vishwakarma, Power System Protection & Switchgear, edition 2,Tata McGraw Hill Education Private limited.
[3] ETAP - Training- manual
[4] Ect 158, Cahier technique no. 158, Calculation of short-circuit currents,
Schneider electric.
[5] Network protection & Automation Guide, Edition May 2011, Alstom.
[6] Keith Brown, Herminio Abcede, Farrokh Shokooh, Interactive simulation of power system & ETAP application and Techniques IEEE operation Technology, Irvine, California.
[7] D.K. Shah ; G.A. Shannon,Short Circuit Calculations and Relay Coordination Applied to Cement Plants IEEE transactions on industry applications, vol.IA, Issue:1, Jan/Feb 1974.Page(s): 57-65.
[8] Bruce L. Graves Short Circuit, coordination and harmonic studies
Industry Applications Magazine, IEEE Volume:7,Issue: 2 Publication Year:
2001,Page(s):14-18.
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