Thermodynamics

Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
Nabua, Camarines Sur
Project
In
Thermodynam
ics
Submitted By:
Ryan T. Espalmado
Submitted to:
Engr. Nino Garlando

1-Basic Principles, Concepts and Definitions
Review Problems:
1. What is the mass in grams and the weight in dynes and in gram-force
of 12 oz of salt? Local g is 9.65 m/s 1 lb m =16 oz.
2. A mass of 0.10 slug in space is subjected to an external vertical force

of 4 lb. if the local gravity acceleration is g=30.5 fps and if friction
effects are neglected, determine the acceleration of the mass if the
external vertical force is acting a) upward and b) downward.
3. The mass of a given airplane at sea level (g= 32.1 fps) is 10 tons. Find
its mass in lb, slugs, and kg and its (gravitational) weight in lb when it
is travelling at a 50,000-ft elevation. The acceleration of gravity g
6
decreases by 3.33 x 10
fpsfor each foot of elevation.
4. A lunar excursion module (LEM) weights 1500 kg, on earth where

g=9.75 mps. What will be its weight on the surface of the moon where
gm =1.70 mps. On the surface of the moon, what will be the force in
kg f
and in newtons required to accelerate the module at 10 mps?
5. The mass of a fluid system is 0.311 slug, its density is 30 lb/ft and g is
31.90 fps. Find a) specific volume b) the specific weight and c) the
total volume.
6. A cylindrical drum (2 feet in diameter, 3 feet in height) is filled with a

fluid whose density is 40 lb/ft. Determine (a) the total volume of liquid
(b)its total mass in pounds and slugs, (c) its specific volume, and (d) its
specific weight where g= 31.90 fps
7. A weatherman carried an aneroid barometer from the ground floor to

his office atop the Sears Tower in Chicago. On the ground level, the
barometer read 30.150 in. Hg absolute; topside it read 28.607 in. Hg
absolute. Assume that the average atmospheric air density was 0.075
lb/ft and estimate the height of the building.
8. A vacuum gauge mounted on a condenser reads 0.66 m Hg. What is

the absolute pressure in the condenser in kpa when the atmospheric
pressure is 101.3 kpa?
9. Convert the following readings of pressure to kpa absolute, assuming

that the barometer reads 760 mm Hg (a) 90 cm Hg gage; (b) 40 cm Hg
Vacuum; (c) 100 psig; (d) 8 in. Hg vacuum, and (e) 76 in. Hg gage.
10.
A fluid moves in a steady flow manner between two sections in a

flow line. At section 1: A 1 =10ft, V 1 =100fpm, v 1=4 ft /lb. At
section 2:
A 2 =2ft, P2= 0.20 lb/ft. Calculate (a) the mass flow rate
and (b) the speed at section 2.
11.
If a Pump discharges 75 gpm of water whose specific weight is
61.5 lb/ft(g=31.95 fps), find (a) the mass flow rate in lb/min, and (b)
and the total required to fill a vertical cylinder tank 10 feet in diameter
and 12 feet high.
2-Conservation of Energy
Review Problems:
1. Assuming that there are no heat effects and no frictional effects, find
the kinetic energy and speed of a 3220-lb body after it falls 778 feet
from rest. Start with the steady flow equation, deleting energy terms
which are irrelevant.
2. A reciprocating compressor draws in 500 cubic feet per minute of air

whose density is 0.070 lb/cu feet and discharges it with a density of
0.304 lb/cu ft. At the suction, P1 =15psia; at discharge, P2= 80
psia. The increase in the specific internal energy is 33.8 Btu/lb and the
heat transferred from the air by cooling is 13 Btu/lb. Determine the
work on the air in Btu/min and in hp. Neglect change in kinetic energy.
3. Steam enters turbine with an enthalpy of 1292 Btu/lb and leaves with
an enthalpy of 1098 Btu/lb. the transferred heat is 13 Btu/lb. What is
the work in Btu/min and in hp for a flow of 2 lb/sec?
4. A thermodynamic steady flow system receives a 4.56 kg per minute of

fluid where P1 =137.90 kPa, V 1 =0.0388 m/kg, v 1= 122 m/s,
and
u1 =17.16 kJ/kg. The fluid leaves the system at a boundary
where
P2= 551.6 kPa,
v 2 =0.193 m/kg,
v 2 =183 m/s and
u2
=52.80 kJ/kg. During passage through the system the fluid receives
3000 J/s of heat. Determine the work.
5. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor,
entering at 7 m/s speed, 100 kPa pressure and 0.95 m/kg specific
volume, and leaving at 5 m/s, 700 kPa, and 0.19 m/kg. The internal
energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of the air
entering. Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat from
the air at the rate of 58 kW. Compute the work in kW.
6. In a steady flow apparatus, 135 kJ of work is done by each kg of fluid.

The specific volume of the fluid, pressure, and speed at the inlet are
0.37 m/kg, 600 kPa, and 16 m/s. The inlet is 32 m above the floor and
the discharge pipe is at floor level. The discharge conditions are 0.62
m/kg, 100kPa, and 270 m/s. the total heat loss between the inlet and
discharge is 9 kJ/kg of fluid. In flowing through this apparatus, does the
specific internal energy increase or decrease, and by how much?
7. Steam enters a turbine stage with an enthalpy of 3628 kJ/kg at 70 m/s

and leaves the same stage with an enthalpy of 2846 kJ/kg and a
velocity of 124 m/s. Calculate the work done by the steam.
3- The Ideal gas

Review Problems:
1. An Automobile tire is inflated to 32 psig pressure at 5F. After being
driven the temperature rise to 75F. Determine the final gage pressure
assuming the volume remains constant.
2. If 100 ft of atmospheric air at zero Fahrenheit temperature are

compressed to a volume of 1 ft at a temperature of 200F, what will
be the pressure of the air in psi?
3. A 10 ft tank contains gas at a pressure of 500 psia, temperature of

85F and a weight of 25 pounds. A party of the gas was discharged at
the temperature and the pressure changed to 70F and 300 psia,
respectively. Heat was applied and the temperature was back to 85F.
Find the final weight, volume, and pressure of the gas.
4. Four hundred Cubic centimeters of gas at 740 mm Hg absolute and

18C undergoes a process until the pressure becomes 760 mm Hg
absolute and the temperature 0C. What is the final volume of the
gas?
5. A motorist equips his automobile tires with a relief-type valve so that

the pressure inside the tire never will exceed 240 kPa (gage). He starts
a rip with a pressure of 200 kPa (gage) and a temperature of 23C in
the tires. During the long drive, the temperature of the air in the tires
reaches 83C. Each tire contains 0.11 kg of air. Determine (a) the mass
of air escaping each tire, (b) the pressure of the tire when the
temperature returns to 23C.
6. A 6 m tank contains helium at 400 K and is evacuated from

atmospheric pressure to a pressure of 740mm Hg vacuum. Determine
(a) mass of helium remaining in the tank, (b) mass of helium pumped
out, (c) the temperature of the remaining helium falls to 10C. What is
the pressure in kPa?
7. An automobile tire contains 3730 cu in. of air at 32 psig and 80F. (a)
What mass of air is in the tire? (b) in operation, the air temperature
increases to 145 F. if the tire is inflexible, what is the resulting
percentage increase in gage pressure? (c) What mass of the 145F air
must be bled off to reduce the pressure back to its original value?
8. A spherical balloon is 40 ft in diameter and surrounded by air at 60F

and 29.92 in Hg abs. (a) if the balloon is filled with hydrogen at a
temperature of 70F and atmospheric pressure, what total load can it
lift? (c) Helium is nearly twice as heavy as hydrogen. Does it have half
the lifting force? R for hydrogen is 766.54 and for helium is 386.04
ft.lb/lb.R.
9. A reservoir contains 2.83 cu m of carbon monoxide at 6895 kPa and

23.6C. An evacuated tank is filled from the reservoir to a pressure of
3497 kPa and a temperature of 12.4C, while the pressure in the
reservoir decreases to 6205 kPa and the temperature to a 18.3C.
What is the volume of the tank? R for CO is 296.92 j/kg.K.
10.
A gas initially at 15 psia and 2 cu ft undergoes a process to 90
psia and 0.60 cu ft, during which the enthalphy increases by 15.5 Btu;
c v =2.44 Btu/lb.R. Determine (a) U, (b) c p , and (c) R.
11.
For a certain gas, R= 0.277 kJ/kg.K and k=1.384. (a) What5 are
the value of c p and c v ? (b) What mass of the gas would occupy a
volume of 0.425 cu m at 517.11 kPa and 26.7C? (c) If 31.65 kJ are
transferred to this gas at constant volume in (d) What are the resulting
temperature and pressure?
4-Processes of Ideal gases

Review Problems:
1. A perfect gas has a value of R= 58.8 ft.lb/lb.R and k= 1.26. If 20 Btu
are added to 5 lb of this gas at constant volume when the initial
temperature is 90F, find (a) T 2 . (b) H, (c) S, (d) U, and (e) work
of a nonflow process.

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Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

Nabua, Camarines Sur

Engr. Nino Garlando

2. A mass of 0.10 slug in space is subjected to an external vertical force

4. A lunar excursion module (LEM) weights 1500 kg, on earth where

and in newtons required to accelerate the module at 10 mps?

6. A cylindrical drum (2 feet in diameter, 3 feet in height) is filled with a

7. A weatherman carried an aneroid barometer from the ground floor to

8. A vacuum gauge mounted on a condenser reads 0.66 m Hg. What is

9. Convert the following readings of pressure to kpa absolute, assuming

A fluid moves in a steady flow manner between two sections in a

and (b) the speed at section 2.

2. A reciprocating compressor draws in 500 cubic feet per minute of air

4. A thermodynamic steady flow system receives a 4.56 kg per minute of

u1 =17.16 kJ/kg. The fluid leaves the system at a boundary

P2= 551.6 kPa,

v 2 =183 m/s and

6. In a steady flow apparatus, 135 kJ of work is done by each kg of fluid.

7. Steam enters a turbine stage with an enthalpy of 3628 kJ/kg at 70 m/s

3- The Ideal gas

2. If 100 ft of atmospheric air at zero Fahrenheit temperature are

3. A 10 ft tank contains gas at a pressure of 500 psia, temperature of

4. Four hundred Cubic centimeters of gas at 740 mm Hg absolute and

5. A motorist equips his automobile tires with a relief-type valve so that

6. A 6 m tank contains helium at 400 K and is evacuated from

8. A spherical balloon is 40 ft in diameter and surrounded by air at 60F

9. A reservoir contains 2.83 cu m of carbon monoxide at 6895 kPa and

4-Processes of Ideal gases

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