Project Report (CUN120102040) PDF
Project Report (CUN120102040) PDF
Project Report (CUN120102040) PDF
Skyrocketing populations, vehicular traffic increasing exponentially by the day, increased fuel consumption,
are just the tip of the proverbial iceberg. These have numerous side effects, one of which is the rise in the
number of road accidents.
According to the World Health Organization, road traffic injuries caused an estimated 1.24 million deaths
worldwide in the year 2010, slightly down from 1.26 million in 2000. That is one person killed every 25
seconds.
But then of course we can have countless debates on the rectification of this evil that is traffic rise, and talk
about if governments have adequate laws that address all five risk factors (speed, drinkdriving, helmets,
seat-belts and child restraints).
The need of the hour is the installment of smart safety mechanisms and event data recorders that not only
help prevent accidents but also provide real time information to the driver as well as the authorities which
can help the driver be more aware and provide the authorities with exhaustive data with which to implement
their designs better.
We, as engineers, can endeavour to design such devices as can help achieve this goal.
One such device is a black box for vehicles, the terrestrial counterpart of the conventional black box event
data recorder used in airplanes. Our simple project, thus, dwells on the imitation of such a device on a
rudimentary level.
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Acknowledgment
We would like to express our gratitude to Mr. T. L. Singal (Professor) as well as to Mr. Amit Pandey
(Assistant Lecturer) for providing guidance regarding project development and completion. The feedback
and important guidelines provided by them were crucial to bringing this project work to fruition. We had the
utmost pleasure in planning for and delivering the same.
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Certificate
It is certified that the work contained in this report titled Black Box Security System For Vehicles" is the
original work done by BHUPINDER SINGH, ARJUN OBEROI, CHUNAL SINGLA and ARJUN DHIR
and has been carried out under the supervision of:
Amit Pandey
Asst. Lecturer
Chitkara Institute of Engineering & Technology
Chitkara University
Punjab
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Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Chapter 1
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Block Diagram
Chapter 2
2.1
Circuit Diagram
2.2
Working
2.2.1
2.2.2
Temperature Sensor
2.2.3
2.2.4
Gas Detector
10
Chapter 3
11
3.1
Components Used
11
3.2
Component Details
12
Chapter 4
16
4.1
Conclusion
16
4.2
Future Scope
16
References
17
Chapter 1
1.1
Introduction
A flight data recorder, colloquially known as a black box, is an electronic recording device placed in an
aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents. The flight data recorder is an
independent device that preserves the recent history of the flight through the recording of dozens of
parameters collected several times per second. Its exterior is coated with heat-resistant bright orange paint
for high visibility in wreckage, which helps in retrieving it in the case of an airplane crash.
In this project, we have attempted to emulate the functions of a flight data recorder in creating an event data
recorder for vehicles. Although similar in concept, this black box for vehicles functions on a rudimentary
level and provides the user with information regarding the state of parameters such as:
1. Fuel level of the vehicle
2. Accumulation of toxic gases in the vehicle
3. Overheating of the engine or the bottom surface of the vehicle
4. Detection of immediate surrounding environment
Our project functions more as an event detector, with the necessary sensors used to notify the user against
the parameters in question, albeit with coy references to an industry grade event data recorder, all the while
holding the potential to be upgraded to include high-end sensors and the functionality of connection to a
computer and subsequent collection and storage of data.
As opposed to a flight data recorder, which collects data and stores it in memory, our project will detect
changes in the parameters stated above and display the respective results on an LCD.
The defining elements of our project are:
1. Water Level Detector Circuit
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Temperature Sensor
[indicating heat levels]
Power Supply
Microcontroller
8051
LCD
Gas Detector
[indicating presence or
accumulation of toxic gases]
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Chapter 2
2.1 Circuit Diagram
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2.2 Working
2.2.1 Water Level Detector
This water level indicator circuit works on the principle that water conducts electricity. A wire connected to
VCC and three other wires are dipped in a tank [a bottle, here] at different levels namely LOW, MEDIUM
and HIGH and their outputs are taken on the pins of the microcontroller via a transistor BC547.
Initially when the tank is vacant, the LCD will show the message LOW. As the tank starts filling up, the
wires [probes] at their respective levels get positive voltage, due to the conducting nature of water. This
voltage is then fed to their corresponding pins on controller. When the water level reaches and eventually
crosses the middle probe, the LCD displays the message MEDIUM. On further rise of water level, when the
tank is fully filled, the text HIGH is displayed on the LCD.
This circuit thus can be used to provide indications of fuel levels or the levels of electrolyte used for the
battery of a vehicle.
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IC 555 is connected as comparator with pin 6 connected to VCC. The output goes high [1] when the voltage
at its trigger pin 2 is lower than 1/3rd of the supply voltage. Conversely, the output goes low [0] when it is
above 1/3rd of the supply voltage level. So a small change in the voltage of pin 2 is enough to change the
level of output [pin 3] from high to low and vice versa. The output has only two states: high and low; and
cannot remain in any intermediate stage. Pin 4, 6 and 8 is connected to the positive supply and pin 1 is
grounded.
LDR is a special type of resistor. Its resistance decreases with increasing intensity of the light falling on it.
In dark, the resistance of an LDR is of the order of Mega-ohms. So, when bright light falls on it, its
resistance decreases and hence conductance increases. We know that voltage is directly proportional to
conductance, so we get more voltage in an illuminated environment than a darker one. This voltage is given
to pin 2 of IC 555. As soon as it gets dark, the voltage of pin 2 drops below 1/3rd of the supply voltage and
the timer [acting as a comparator] is triggered and the LEDs connected to the output pin glow.
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Chapter 3
3.1 Components Used
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Component
8051/52 Microcontroller IC [AT89C51/52]
16x2 Alphanumeric LCD
555 Timer IC [NE555]
ADC0804 IC
LM35 Temperature Sensor
npn Transistor
Light Dependent Resistor [LDR]
Resistors [1K, 10K, 470]
Capacitors [30 pF, 150 pF, 10 uF]
Potentiometers [10K, 50K]
LEDs
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Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
9
4
2
4
11
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4. ADC0804 IC
ADC0804 is a very commonly used 8-bit analog to digital convertor. It is a single channel IC, i.e., it
can take only one analog signal as input. The digital outputs vary from 0 to a maximum of 255. It is
a 20 pin IC.
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Chapter 4
4.1 Conclusion
Thus, we conclude our report with the assertion that this piece of work is capable of detecting the states of
the aforementioned parameters and intimating the user about the same through the display of the results on
LCD. It provides a simple, primitive interface to the user for sensing the immediate environment variables
and timely action against any discrepancies.
This project is also useful from an educational point of view as it encompasses three of the most widely
used modules in the embedded systems curriculum and practical usage.
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References
1. Kumar, N. Senthil, Saravanan, M. and Jeevananthan, S. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers. 1st
ed. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010.
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