United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit

799 F.
2d 91
15 Collier Bankr.Cas.2d 563, Bankr. L. Rep. P 71,437

In re McKEESPORT STEEL CASTINGS COMPANY.
In re McKEESPORT STEEL CASTINGS COMPANY, Debtor.
EQUITABLE GAS CO.
v.
EQUIBANK N.A., Condec Corporation.
Appeal of EQUITABLE GAS COMPANY, A DIVISION OF
EQUITABLE
RESOURCES, INC., Movant.
Nos. 86-3055, 86-3056.
United States Court of Appeals,

Third Circuit.
Argued July 30, 1986.
Decided Aug. 26, 1986.
John P. Edgar (argued), Gary J. Gaertner, Berkman, Ruslander, Pohl,

Lieber and Engel, Pittsburgh, Pa., for appellant.
David F. Luvara, Meyer, Darragh, Buckler, Bebenek and Eck, Pittsburgh,
Pa., for appellee Condec Corp.
Dennis J. O'Brien (argued), David V. Radack, Eckert, Seamans, Cherin
and Mellott, Pittsburgh, Pa., for appellee Equibank, N.A.
Before HIGGINBOTHAM and GARTH, Circuit Judges, and RE, Judge.*
OPINION OF THE COURT
A. LEON HIGGINBOTHAM, Jr., Circuit Judge.
This appeal requires us to determine whether the bankruptcy court correctly

ordered that payments be made to a utility for providing post-petition service.
Because we hold that the bankruptcy court correctly ordered payment, based on
Sec. 506(c) of the Bankruptcy Code, we will reverse the district court, thereby
affirming the action of the bankruptcy court.

I.
2
In September 1983, McKeesport Steel Castings Co., the debtor in possession,

voluntarily instituted Chapter 11 (reorganization) proceedings, pursuant to the
Bankruptcy Code. The bankruptcy court ordered the debtor to stay current in its
post-petition utility bills. Appellant, Equitable Gas Co., as it was required to do
under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 366(b), accepted a cash deposit as "adequate assurance" of
payment and continued to provide gas service. App. at 119.
Appellees, Equibank and Condec Corporation (hereinafter referred to as

Equibank), the largest of McKeesport's secured creditors,1 moved in
bankruptcy court to enter consent orders restricting the debtor's use of its cash
collateral. The first two orders (November 2, 1983 and January 30, 1984)
permitted McKeesport to use its cash collateral to pay for raw materials,
supplies and utility bills, app. at 130; the third granted a superpriority to entities
providing raw materials, utilities and supplies to be used in McKeesport's
manufacturing process, app. at 141.
During the period in which the parties negotiated and the bankruptcy court
entered these orders, the debtor stopped paying Equitable Gas. Equitable
promptly petitioned for permission to terminate service. In April 1984, the
bankruptcy court approved a payment timetable, but denied Equitable's right to
terminate service, app. at 20-21. The court also denied Equitable permission to
terminate service automatically upon noncompliance with the payment
schedule. Although the debtor subsequently breached the payment agreement,
Equitable Gas continued to provide natural gas pursuant to the bankruptcy
court's order. On May 31, 1984, Equitable notified the bankruptcy court that
debtor had not made the first required payment, and that it desired a prompt
hearing on its motion to terminate service. A hearing was held June 20, 1984.
At that time another payment schedule was arranged, and Equitable was again
denied permission to terminate without leave of court in the event of
noncompliance. The court made it clear that it was seeking to protect the
lienholders by assuring that the business could be sold as a going concern on
July 10, 1984. The court did grant Equitable a superpriority for the period from
the hearing until July 9. App. at 25-33. Because of misunderstandings, the sale
was not held on July 10, but was continued until July 26, 1984, at which time
McKeesport was sold as a going concern for $500,000. At that time it was
stipulated that the debtor was $57,261.16 in arrears for post-petition gas
service. The distribution to creditors, however, was subject to future claims
approved by the court. App. at 85.
In December 1984, Equitable moved for payment for post-petition gas service,
and the bankruptcy court granted payment in May 1985. Equibank then
appealed this order to the district court, which reversed the bankruptcy court.
Equitable Gas now appeals the order of the district court.
II.
6
Equitable Gas contends that the bankruptcy court's order granting payment was
justified on a number of bases. Equitable argues that we may sustain the
payment under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 506(c), as a necessary cost or expense of
preserving or disposing of the debtor's property, or pursuant to Sec. 366(b),
which provides that a utility may discontinue service if it is not furnished
adequate assurance of payment for that service. Additionally, Equitable
maintains that pursuant to paragraph 4 of the third cash collateral order, app. at
141, it has a superpriority claim mandating payment for gas service it provided.
Finally, Equitable alleges that failure to affirm the bankruptcy court's order will
result in a violation of the fifth amendment--the taking of private property for a
public use, without just compensation.
The standards of review applicable when the Court of Appeals reviews a

decision of the district court on appeal from the bankruptcy court are set forth
in Universal Minerals, Inc. v. C.A. Hughes & Co., 669 F.2d 98 (3d Cir.1981).
8 an appellate court twice removed from the primary tribunal, we review both the
As
factual and the legal determinations of the district court for error. The district court
does not sit as a finder of facts in evaluating them as a court of review, and therefore
its evaluation of the evidence is not shielded by the "clearly erroneous" standard of
Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a), which applies only to a trial court sitting as a fact finder. We are
in as good a position as the district court to review the findings of the bankruptcy
court, so we review the bankruptcy court's findings by the standards the district
court should employ, to determine whether the district court erred in its review. To
the extent the parties challenge the choice, interpretation, or application of legal
precepts, we always employ the fullest scope of review: we examine the decision of
the court from which the appeal is taken for error, and the legal determinations of
the district court as a reviewing tribunal are not shielded by any presumption of
correctness.
9
Id. at 101-02. We now turn to a discussion of appellant's contentions.
III.
10
Section 506(c) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that: "The trustee may recover
10
from property securing an allowed secured claim the reasonable, necessary

costs and expenses of preserving, or disposing of, such property to the extent of
any benefit to the holder of such claim." 11 U.S.C. Sec. 506(c). The bankruptcy
court's decision to award payment to Equitable Gas was based primarily on this
section. App. at 118-22. The district court found this section inapplicable for a
number of reasons, including concern over Equitable's standing to recover
under Sec. 506(c) and Equitable's failure to benefit the secured creditors by
continuing to provide gas service to the debtor. App. at 273-83. The district
court's conclusions, however, are incorrect.
11
A number of courts have held that parties other than the trustee have standing
to recover under provisions stipulating that only the trustee may act. In In re
Philadelphia Light Supply Co., 39 B.R. 51 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1984), the court
permitted the creditors committee to bring a section 547 preference action
where the trustee/debtor in possession refused to act and the creditors had a
colorable claim. Accord In re Monsour Medical Center, 5 B.R. 715
(Bankr.W.D.Pa.1980). A landlord recovered his expenses, pursuant to Sec.
506(c), in In re Isaac Cohen Clothing Corp., 39 B.R. 199
(Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1984). Finally, in In re T.P. Long Chemical, Inc., 45 B.R. 278
(N.D. Ohio 1985), the court permitted the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) to bring a section 506(c) suit because it found that the EPA had assumed
the trustee's duty to remove hazardous waste. But see In re Fabian, 46 B.R. 139
(Bankr.E.D.Pa.1985) (reliance on In re Codesco ); In re Codesco, Inc., 18 B.R.
225 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1982) (strict interpretation of Sec. 506(c) permitting only
trustee to recover).
12
Based on the above cases, we hold that Equitable Gas has standing to recover.
The rule that individual creditors cannot act in lieu of the trustee is often
breached when sufficient reason exists to permit the breach. In this case, neither
the debtor in possession nor a creditors committee had reason to make a claim
on behalf of Equitable, when the debtor thereby would be required to pay for
utilities it had received without charge following the date that its petition was
filed. Thus, because Equitable Gas had a colorable claim for expenses and was
the only creditor that would zealously pursue that claim, it has standing to bring
a Sec. 506(c) action. See In re Isaac Cohen Clothing Corp., 39 B.R. 199
(landlord was only creditor with reason to bring Sec. 506(c) action).
13
Appellee Equibank argues that even if Equitable Gas had standing, the fact that
Equitable supplied gas did not benefit the secured creditors. Appellee relies on
In re Flagstaff Food Service Corp., 762 F.2d 10 (2d Cir.1985), in which the
court denied recovery for payment of payroll taxes. In that case, the court
rejected the general assertion that payment of the taxes contributed to
reorganization and increased the going concern value of the assets. Rather, the
court required the debtor to "show that its funds were expended primarily for
the benefit of the creditor and that the creditor directly benefitted from the
expenditure." Id. at 12. In accepting appellee's argument, the district court relied
on Miners Savings Bank v. Joyce, 97 F.2d 973 (3d Cir.1938), which held that
expenses necessary to preserve the property, but not operating expenses of a
business, are recoverable.
14
In contrast, in In re Afco Enterprises, Inc., 35 B.R. 512 (Bankr.D.Utah 1983),

the court adopted a much broader formula for determining benefit. The court
stated that: "The definition of benefit encompasses more than the bottom line of
a balance sheet. Preservation of the going concern value of a business can
constitute a benefit to the secured creditor." Id. at 515. See also In re World of
English, N.V., 21 B.R. 524, 527-28 (N.D.Ga.1982) (applying liberal
interpretation in holding that keeping debtor in business constituted
preservation of property).
15
We choose to follow the broad interpretation of benefit used in Afco

Enterprises. As the bankruptcy court recognized, preserving McKeesport Steel
Castings as a going concern benefited Equibank. The bankruptcy court found
that "Equibank three times agreed to the use of cash collateral and the provision
of the original order permitting payment of utility bills with same was never
modified. Furthermore, almost all of the gas service for which Equitable seeks
payment was used in Debtor's manufacturing process. Equibank and Condec
agreed to the sale of Debtor's assets as a going concern and the purchase price
included customer lists and work in progress. If gas service had been
terminated, Equibank's and Condec's recovery would have been significantly
less since these assets either would not have existed or would have been worth
little, if anything. Equibank particularly would have been affected because its
security interests in inventory and accounts receivable were subordinated to
certain other claims in paragraphs 4 through 7 of the Third Cash Collateral
Order." App. at 120-21. Indeed the bankruptcy court held that "[t]he continued
gas service in the instant matter benefited both Condec and Equibank in that it
preserved the Debtor's business and permitted the sale of the assets as a going
concern which provided a greater return to the secured parties than they would
have received in other circumstances." App. at 121.
16
Thus, even under the stricter test of Flagstaff, by providing natural gas to the
debtor, Equitable benefited the secured creditors. Because distribution was
made only to secured creditors, the increased price realized when McKeesport
was sold as a going concern directly benefited those creditors.2
IV.
17
Thus, we hold that the bankruptcy court correctly ordered payment to be made
to Equitable Gas for providing post-petition gas service as an administrative
expense necessary to preserve the going concern value of the debtor's estate.
Because we uphold the action of the bankruptcy court based on Sec. 506(c), we
need not consider the parties' other statutory and constitutional arguments. The
order of the district court will be reversed, and the order of the bankruptcy
court will be affirmed.
Honorable Edward D. Re, Chief Judge of the United States Court of

International Trade, sitting by designation
Equibank was secured by McKeesport's inventory and accounts receivable.

Condec was secured by McKeesport's real property, fixtures and equipment
We address only one other minor point raised by Equibank. At bottom, all of
Equibank's arguments, which were accepted by the district court, rest on a
fundamental mischaracterization of the situation. Equibank attempts to equate
the secured creditors with the debtor, thus arguing that the bankruptcy court
abused its discretion because it ordered the secured creditors to pay the debtor's
utility bills. Equitable Gas was paid out of the property of the debtor's estate;
distribution of the assets was subject to future claims approved by the
bankruptcy court. To the extent that approval of claims diminished the
distribution, the secured creditors received less money than they might have.
But the money they receive is only "theirs" once all the valid administrative
claims are paid out of the debtor's estate

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799 F.

15 Collier Bankr.Cas.2d 563, Bankr. L. Rep. P 71,437

United States Court of Appeals,

John P. Edgar (argued), Gary J. Gaertner, Berkman, Ruslander, Pohl,

This appeal requires us to determine whether the bankruptcy court correctly

affirming the action of the bankruptcy court.

In September 1983, McKeesport Steel Castings Co., the debtor in possession,

Appellees, Equibank and Condec Corporation (hereinafter referred to as

The standards of review applicable when the Court of Appeals reviews a

Id. at 101-02. We now turn to a discussion of appellant's contentions.

from property securing an allowed secured claim the reasonable, necessary

In contrast, in In re Afco Enterprises, Inc., 35 B.R. 512 (Bankr.D.Utah 1983),

We choose to follow the broad interpretation of benefit used in Afco

Honorable Edward D. Re, Chief Judge of the United States Court of

Equibank was secured by McKeesport's inventory and accounts receivable.

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