Clarence Barnwell v. Barber-Colman Company, 953 F.2d 637, 4th Cir. (1992)

953 F.
2d 637
NOTICE: Fourth Circuit I.O.P. 36.6 states that citation of

unpublished dispositions is disfavored except for establishing
res judicata, estoppel, or the law of the case and requires
service of copies of cited unpublished dispositions of the Fourth
Circuit.
Clarence BARNWELL, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
BARBER-COLMAN COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 91-1090.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Argued Oct. 31, 1991.
Decided Jan. 15, 1992.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South
Carolina, at Charleston, No. CA-85-1510-2-8, Solomon Blatt, Jr., Senior
District Judge.
Argued: James Linwood Sanderlin, McGuire, Woods, Battle & Boothe,
Richmond, Va., for appellant; L. Sidney Connor, IV, Nelson, Mullins,
Riley & Scarborough, Columbia, S.C., for appellee.
On Brief: Catherine C. Hammond, McGuire, Woods, Battle & Boothe,
Richmond, Va., for appellant; Stephen G. Morrison, Nelson, Mullins,
Riley & Scarborough, I.S. Leevy Johnson, Johnson, Toal, & Battiste, P.A.,
Columbia, S.C., for appellee.
D.S.C.
AFFIRMED.
Before PHILLIPS and WILKINS, Circuit Judges, and HIRAM H.
WARD, Senior United States District Judge for the Middle District of
North Carolina, sitting by designation.
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
This appeal arises from a products liability action in which the jury awarded
both compensatory and punitive damages. Defendant appeals issues which turn
primarily on the award of punitive damages in addition to an issue concerning
assumption of risk. There being no reversible error, we affirm.
I.
2
Plaintiff Barnwell was employed as a warper at the Asten-Hill textile plant in

Walterboro, South Carolina. He was injured in an accident when his hand was
caught at a nip point between two rollers on a machine manufactured by
defendant, Barber-Colman Company. Plaintiff was working with a pair of
scissors near this point when the scissors were pulled into the machine along
with his hand. Plaintiff lost two fingers and a joint of his dominant right hand.
Plaintiff also lost approximately $10,000 in wages, and his medical expenses
were about $29,000.
At trial, plaintiff elected to proceed solely on a strict liability theory. It was

unclear at the time of trial whether South Carolina courts would allow the
recovery of punitive damages in a strict liability action. The district court chose
to allow the theory, and evidence regarding a prior, similar incident was
admitted to show notice on defendant's part. Plaintiff's counsel argued this
theory to the jury in closing, and, as part of his closing, offered information
regarding defendant's net worth, $38 million. Plaintiff's counsel suggested that a
percentage of that amount, perhaps 1%, 10%, or 50% might be an appropriate
award. The jury returned a verdict for $1 million in compensatory and $2.8
million in punitive damages, a total of $3.8 million or 10% of defendant's net
worth. Defendant thereafter filed a motion for JNOV or, in the alternative, a
new trial.
Subsequently, the district court certified to the Supreme Court of South

Carolina the question of whether punitive damages are recoverable in a strict
liability action. That court answered the question in the negative. Barnwell v.
Barber-Colman Co., 301 S.C. 534, 393 S.E.2d 162 (1989). The district court
then held a hearing at which time it granted defendant's motion to strike the
punitive damage award. The court denied the motion for JNOV but granted the
motion for a new trial unless plaintiff should agree to remit $300,000 of the
compensatory damage award. The district court reasoned that the jury had been
unduly liberal in awarding $1 million. This appeal followed.
II.
5
The primary issue before this Court concerns what negative impact evidence
admitted in relation to the punitive damages issue may have had on the trial and
the jury's damage award. Specifically, should the trial court have granted
defendant's motion for a new trial? We believe that a new trial is not necessary.
As noted above, evidence concerning a similar prior incident involving one of
defendant's machines and an injury resulting therefrom as well as data showing
defendant's net worth were presented on the issue of punitive damages. The
trial court gave a limiting instruction that the items should only be used in
connection with the jury's consideration of punitive damages and not for the
determination of liability. Further, plaintiff's counsel sought to emphasize this
evidence in closing argument.
This Court notes several precedents which bear on this issue. First, an appellate
court "must assume that the jury followed the [trial] court's instructions."
Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp., 472 U.S. 585, 604 (1985).
See also Abney v. United States, 431 U.S. 651, 665 (1977) (it cannot be
assumed that jury disregarded clear and unambiguous instructions). Further, the
implicit quality of a closing argument may not be "so obvious or so serious [an
error] that the public reputation and integrity of the judicial proceeding is
impaired." Dennis v. General Electric Corp., 762 F.2d 365, 367 (4th Cir.1985)
(citing United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., 310 U.S. 150, 239 (1940)).
Finally, "[d]etermining whether the statements of defense counsel were
properly drawn inferences from the facts in the record is fundamentally a
matter of the trial court's discretion.... In reviewing such matters, this court
must extend 'great deference [to] the superior vantage point of the trial judge....'
" De Benedetto v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., 754 F.2d 512, 519 (4th
Cir.1985) (citing Arnold v. Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 681 F.2d 186 (4th
Cir.1982), reh'g en banc, 712 F.2d 899 (1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1040
(1984)).
Though it is frequently difficult to ascertain the precise process by which a jury

may come to a decision regarding liability or an amount of damages, it is
paramount that we maintain confidence in the jury's ability to follow
instructions and reach a just conclusion. Because the trial court properly
instructed the jury regarding this evidence, it must be assumed that the jury
followed those instructions and reached a just conclusion absent some evidence
of misconduct. There is no such evidence here. Further, the effect of counsel's
closing argument on the jury is an observation that the district court is in the
best position to make. It is not evident from the arguments presented to this
Court that the proceeding was in some way impaired. Again, a new trial would
be inappropriate.
8
Defense counsel is also concerned in this appeal with the fact that plaintiff's
counsel alluded to the per diem method of damage calculation in his closing
argument. Defense counsel objected to this argument, and the trial court
responded that there was a way to make the argument which would comply
with the law but offered no cautionary instruction to the jury. Plaintiff's counsel
apparently cautioned the jury himself while making the argument that his
closing was not to be considered as evidence and that it was made for
illustrative purposes only.
It is the rule in this Circuit that the district court has the discretion to allow such
an argument and should give a cautionary instruction to the jury regarding such
an argument. Murphy v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 547 F.2d 816 (4th
Cir.1977). See also Mosser v. Fruehauf Corp., 940 F.2d 77 (4th Cir.1991)
(where specific damages amounts for intangible losses are offered, court should
specifically caution jury that such figures are not evidence). Further, an error, if
harmless in nature, does not require reversal. The trial court's failure to give a
cautionary instruction regarding the per diem method of damage calculation
was error. However, this Court believes it to have been harmless error given
that there is no indication that the jury relied on this method of calculation for
its damage award. In addition, the amount of the award has been substantially
reduced from the jury's original estimation thus obviating any effect plaintiff's
closing argument may have had on the jury's deliberations.
10
In this same context, defendant complains that the amount of the compensatory
damages award, ($700,000 after the $300,000 remittitur), is too high and was
unduly influenced by the evidence of defendant's net worth. We disagree.
Plaintiff has cited a number of cases in which damage awards for injuries
similar to that involved here have been upheld by this and other courts. See
Klein v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 773 F.2d 1421 (4th Cir.1985) ($633,000 for
80% loss of use of right hand); Saupitty v. Yazoo Manufacturing Co., 726 F.2d
657 (10th Cir.1984) ($560,000 for the loss of a thumb and two fingers); and
Jenkins v. McLean Hotels, Inc., 859 F.2d 598 (8th Cir.1988) ($600,000 for
lacerations of leg). Because the punitive award has been stricken and the
compensatory award reduced, the amount of compensatory damages now
seems appropriate.
III.
11
Defendant moved in the court below for a ruling that, as a matter of law,
plaintiff voluntarily assumed the risk by which he was injured. The trial court
submitted the issue to the jury.

12
South Carolina law provides that the court may declare that the plaintiff
assumed the risk as a matter of law "only if the sole reasonable inference to be
drawn from the evidence is that the plaintiff freely and voluntarily exposed
himself to a known danger which he understood and appreciated." Wallace v.
Owens-Illinois Inc., 300 S.C. 518, 524, 389 S.E.2d 155, 158 (Ct.App.1989)
(citing Broom v. Southeastern Contracting Co. Inc., 291 S.C. 93, 352 S.E.2d
302 (Ct.App.1986)).
13
In support of its position, defendant points to plaintiff's testimony that he was

cutting tape near the point of danger so as to have the tape available for use
after the drum had filled up and finished running. Plaintiff also testified that he
could have cut tape elsewhere and that other workers now do cut tape
elsewhere. Plaintiff responds by pointing out his testimony that his actions
conformed to standard plant procedure and that he had to use the scissors in this
fashion in order to maintain productivity.
14
Clearly, reasonable minds could differ as to whether Barnwell assumed the risk
of his injury. There was danger present, but Barnwell testified that he was
following standard procedure. The trial court handled the issue properly by
submitting it to the jury.
15
For the reasons stated herein, the rulings and judgment of the district court are
hereby
16
AFFIRMED.

Clarence Barnwell v. Barber-Colman Company, 953 F.2d 637, 4th Cir. (1992)

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953 F.

NOTICE: Fourth Circuit I.O.P. 36.6 states that citation of

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Plaintiff Barnwell was employed as a warper at the Asten-Hill textile plant in

At trial, plaintiff elected to proceed solely on a strict liability theory. It was

Subsequently, the district court certified to the Supreme Court of South

Though it is frequently difficult to ascertain the precise process by which a jury

submitted the issue to the jury.

In support of its position, defendant points to plaintiff's testimony that he was

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