3-Room and Pillar - 1
3-Room and Pillar - 1
3-Room and Pillar - 1
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1 author:
Hassan Z. Harraz
Tanta University
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Hassan Z. Harraz
[email protected]
2014- 2015
Outline of Topic 3:
Practical importance of the Room and pillars method
Different applications of the R & P method
R & P in hard rocks:
Conditions of deposit for application of R & P in hard rock
R & P equipment in hard-rock
R & P in soft rocks:
Conditions of deposit for application of R & P in soft rock:
Characteristics of R & P method in non-coal applications
R & P classic
Step mining
Post-pillar mining
Configuring the R & P method in coal
Main design parameters of R & P in coal:
a) dimensions of the galleries
b) dimensions of the pillars
c) Mining with or without recovery of pillars
d) number of front panel
Advantages and Disadvantages
Appendix A: Screws Ceiling
Appendix B: Design of pillars in coal mine
Characteristic of R & P
It is the most common supported pillar method, designed and used primarily for mining
flat-lying seams, or tabular orebodies, or gently dipping bedded ore deposits of limited
thickness (like coal, oil shale, limestone, phosphate, salt, trona, potash, and bedded
uranium ores,).
Room and pillar methods are well adapted to mechanization and are preferred to apply
for sedimentary deposits (such as shales, limestone, dolomite or sandstone) containing
copper, lead, coal seams, phosphate layers, and evaporate (salt and potash) layers.
Pillars are left in place in a regular pattern while the rooms are mined out.
Support of the roof is provided by natural pillars of the mineral that are left standing in a
systematic pattern.
The mining cavity is supported (kept open) by the strength of remnants (pillars) of the
orebody that are left un-mined.
Room-and-pillar mining method has a low recovery rate (a large percentage of ore
remains in place underground).
In many room and pillar mines, the pillars are taken out starting at the farthest point from
the stope access, allowing the roof to collapse and fill in the stope. This allows for greater
recovery as less ore is left behind in pillars.
It is an advantageous mining method for shallow orebodies as a means of preventing
surface subsidence. Historic, ultra-shallow underground coal mines (<30 m) nevertheless
are characterized by surface subsidence in the areas between pillars (e.g., Witbank coal
field, South Africa).
Pillars are sometimes mined on retreat from a working area, inducing closure and caving
of these working panels, and raising the risk of surface subsidence.
Vertical
benching
Front benching
Benching of
thicker parts of
orebody
the hangingwall is
above the mining cavity, and
the footwall is below it.
Note:
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originate
from
different
R & P classic
Applies to horizontal ore deposits, with mineable strata
ranging from moderate to very thick. The stopes, the
floor plan is maintained, allowing the transit of
vehicles on tires. Ore bodies are mined large vertical
dimension in horizontal slices, starting at the top and
ending with the floor dismount on countertops.
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Main axis
Mining panel
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Shoring ceiling:
Currently, for the Boards and Pillars method to succeed, the deposits
must have a particular geological condition of the roof. The overlying
layer extracts the coal must be self-sustaining condition or be likely
anchor (there are several types of anchoring screws ceiling, with
different principles of operation - see Appendix A).
Due to costs, shoring bows with metal or wood are used only in
restricted areas of the mine.
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Types of pillars:
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Recovery of extraction:
portion of reserves mined in relation to the total
reserves.
Comparative Example Retrieval. the panel:
Panel with 14m square pillar aside and gallery 6m
wide ...
Panel with 11m square pillar aside and gallery 6m
wide
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At = 202
2) Ap = 112
At = 172
Sum. =
(1- Ap/At) x 100% = 58%
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method
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recuperao
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0
10
15
20
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Equipment to aid
in the recovery
of pillars:
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Example of
mining
panel:
Mina Leo
(CRM-Rio
Grande do
Sul)
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Disadvantages:
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4
1
ARLIM
PO
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Shuttle-car
Roof bolter
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method
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Configuration
panels:
Continuous miner.
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panelsDrill &
blast
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for continuous miners and conventional drill & blast equipment - layers between 1 and
4m;
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Screws Ceiling
This technique shoring is the introduction of a metal rod in
a hole, commiserating with her massive for anchoring,
sealing (resin or cement) or friction.
Advantages of this type of shoring:
low cost
can be mechanized and installation is relatively easy
allows more useful section to the gallery
can be combined with other methods of propping
strut openings allows great height.
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Types of screws:
1) point anchoring
2) divided anchoring
3) screws to friction
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The resin
Product compound (resin +
hardener).
It is a high strength material :
Rc = 120 a 140 Mpa;
t = 30 Mpa.
Placement Scheme
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cement
The most commonly used products are:
pure cement + water
crushed concrete mix water in the proportions (by weight): 42%, 42%,
16%.
products sold by manufacturers screw
Placement scheme
In a sealed rod length L in a hole
of diameter D, exerting an effort to
pull the F axis of the rod, there
may be:
a rupture of the sealer
slipping the rod.
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Swellex:
It is manufactured by Atlas-Copco.
It consists of a bent tube that injection of
water, deforms and occupies the hole.
Reaches up to 3.6m in length and can be
coupled with other pipes.
advantages:
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Example:
Check the following configuration of pillars of coal mine, in terms of
safety and recovery of mining...
H = 500ft (152m);
B = 18ft (5.5m);
w = 60ft (18.3m);
L = 80ft (24.4m);
h = 7ft (2.1m).
The value k is 5580, based on c = 3822 psi obtained from tests on
cores diameter NX.
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