Netherlands Military Studies Academy
Netherlands Military Studies Academy
Netherlands Military Studies Academy
Faculty of Military
Sciences in perspective
Education and Research report 2014
Table of contents
Preface 5
About the Netherlands Defence Academy and Faculty of Military Sciences
Books
12
15
16
21
Brief news
23
Column chairman of the Foundation for Scientific Education and Research NLDA
27
28
30
Highlights of dissertations
32
37
List of abbreviations
39
Coverphoto:
Officer-cadets look at the
possibilities of cyber operations.
Article First Professor of
Cyber Operations, page 21.
Preface
The art of changing the world without disturbing it
This title might sound like a contradiction in terms,
but I would prefer to call it an oxymoron: an apparent
contradiction. The word art in the title refers to
science in general, not to the specific research
discipline the basic principle is always the same. We
try to observe a phenomenon, but at the same time
avoid influencing the object(s) we are studying. The
observations are subsequently recorded, analyzed
and dissected. Based on the analysis it is common
practice to theorize on the origin of the observed
phenomenon and the parameters influencing it. Using
the experience gained and the relevant theory we
observe similar yet different phenomena and test our
theory against the new observations, hoping the results
will stand the test. Then it is time to publish our results
in scientific journals, thus informing our peers about
our findings and the theory behind them. This enables
us to change the world or help others change it, since
it is possible to adjust the boundaries of the various
processes and thereby influence the outcome of a given
similar, but new, situation. Hence, by observing the
world without disturbing the situation, we can help
change the world. Consequently, the title is only an
apparent contradiction.
Scientists of the Faculty of Military Sciences of the
Netherlands Defence Academy, as well as their
colleagues at similar research institutes throughout
the world, are very much aware of this difficult balance
between observing without influencing the observed
system too much, on the one hand, and trying to
obtain enough scientific material to theorize about the
process in a scientifically sound manner, on the other.
Our researchers often partake in exercises or real-live
conflict settings that give them the unique opportunity
to study situations that rarely occur. These are often
operations with many complicating factors carried
out under high-risk conditions, which are not easily
reproducible, yet very easily perturbed by external
factors.
Education
Research
Organisation structure
Faculty Board
Staff FMS
Research section
War Studies:
- Military Law
- International Security Studies
Education section
Reference date is January 2015 (from the SWOON Annual Report 2014)
Scientific staff FMS
War Studies
Scientific staff
31,9 FTEs
(lecturers and researchers)*
Total
31,8 FTEs
99 FTEs
35,3 FTEs
* the scientific staff of the FMS provides education (both regarding degree programs as well as in the field of Officer Training or
Specialist Training Programs), contributes to advanced instruction and training and performs research and managerial tasks.
Number of Bachelor students
Bachelor students
War Studies
Military Management
Studies
Total
103
123
141
367
Bachelor graduates
War Studies
Total
35
36
87
16
22,7
8
5
The MaSeLMa
project
In the maritime
sector service
logistics support
and maintenance of
systems constitute a
significant portion
of the exploitation
costs. On the one
hand, this is due
to the complexity
and high capital
value of the assets
used in this sector
and, on the other,
due to the highly
variable and mostly
NLDA participation
Professor van
Fenema is
responsible for
the package on
supply chain
coordination.
He supervises
Sub-Lieutenant
Keers research,
which is aimed
at developing
methods for
Prof Dr Paul van Fenema
collaboration
between asset
owners, Original Equipment Manufacturers and service
suppliers.
In his inaugural speech held in April 2014 on
multistakeholder innovation (available upon request),
Professor Paul van Fenema elaborated on ways to make
the supply of material and service more cost-efficient
during military operations such as the current one in
Mali. His chair revolves around two important issues:
what determines the value of military logistics and how
can innovation influence that value in a positive way?
That is why this work package fits perfectly into my
research focus, explains Van Fenema.
source: Thales
Innovation model
Books
Last year saw a number of FMS publications on various scientific subjects, three of which feature below.
Ph.D. theses
Some of the research topics have also been addressed in Ph.D.
theses, defended by the departments graduate students in
2014. In the field of maintenance research one thesis studied
predictive maintenance for abrasive wear of military platforms
operating in extreme conditions. Amongst others a case study
on a Combat Vehicle (CV90) was analysed. Another thesis
focused on monitoring corrosion processes based on identifying
electrochemical. The latter project has also been presented during
Innovation in Defence. In the field of navigation technology, a
thesis on terrain referenced navigation was defended successfully.
This technique can be used as a backup for GPS or by submarines
during covert operations.
Research projects
In view of the emerging technologies the department also
welcomed new projects in strong cooperation with the Ministry
of Defence, the DMO and civil universities. A majority of projects
were initiated with University of Twente on maintenance issues,
where Life Cycle Management (LCM) becomes more and more a
topic of interest. Two large projects in this area are Tools4LCM,
considering quantitative tools for life cycle management, and
MaSeLMA, which is a project funded by DinaLog on the integrated
optimization of maintenance and service logistics for maritime
assets. In the field of command and control (C2) and sensor
management, cooperation with DMO led to the initiation of
projects on platform and system integration, which will also be
implemented with the renewal of the multipurpose frigates. :
Together with TNO new projects on game theory, underwater
navigation and communication were started.
Highlights of publications:
1. Homborg, A.M., Electrochemical Noise: A Clear Corrosion Signature,
Ph.D. thesis, Delft University of Technology.
2. Oonincx, P.J. & Wal, A.J. van der: Optimal Deployment of Military
Systems. Technologies for military missions in the next decade, the
Annual Review of Military Studies (NL ARMS), Asser Press.
3. Grant, T.J., Janssen, R.H.P. & Monsuur, H. (eds.): Network
topology and military C2 systems: Design, operation and evolution, IGI
Global Publishers.
4. Theunissen, E., So you think you are safe in Coordinates, Vol. X,
Issue 9, 10-16.
5. Vermeulen, A.F. & Savelsberg, R.: Interception of an
aerodynamically stable weaving re-entry vehicle in International
Journal of Intelligent Defence Support Systems 5 (2), 127-145.
Major themes
At its core, the department of MMS, both in education and
research is concerned with three major themes:
1. Psychosocial dynamics of expeditionary operations focus on
1) the triangle constituted by the individual, group and task in
2) the system (defence organization) in 3) changing contexts
(before, during and after operations as well as in differing
cultural settings). We ask ourselves: What happens to the people
in the triangle, during specific unfavorable situations- before,
during and after operations? We also study the effects of being
confronted with violence, both at an individual and at group
level. We ask ourselves in what way such confrontations impact
on the organization as a whole and how, in such dire situations,
Highlights of publications:
1. Kleinreesink, L.H.E. : On Military Memoirs. Soldier-authors, publishers,
plots and motives, NLDA Breda, 412.
2. Soeters, J., Shields, P.M. & Rietjens, S. (eds.): The Routledge
Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies, Abingdon/New York:
Routledge, 336.
3. Beeres, R., Fenema, van, P.C., Bollen, M.T.I.B, & Dado, E.: The
Strategic Value of Life-Cycle Costing in Optimal Deployment of
Military Systems. Technologies for military missions in the next decade, the
Annual Review of Military Studies (NL ARMS), NLDA Breda, 259-290.
4. Broesder, W.A., Op den Buijs, T.P., Vogelaar A.L.W. & Euwema,
M.C.: Can soldiers combine swords and ploughshares? The
construction of the Warrior - Peacekeeper Role Identity Survey
(WPRIS) in Armed Forces and Society, 40 (3).
5. Moorkamp, M., Kramer, E.H., Gulijk, C. van & Abe, B.: Safety
management theory and the expeditionary organization: A critical
theoretical reflection in Safety Science, 69 (November) 71-81.
Highlights of publications:
1. Graaff, B. de: Theres a good reason they are called
al-Qaeda in Iraq. They are al-Qaeda in Iraq. The
impossibility of a global counter-terrorism strategy,
or the end of the nation state in Jarvis, L. & Lister, M.
(eds), Critical Perspectives on Counter-Terrorism, London/
New York, 11-40.
2. Ducheine, P. & Haaster, J. van: Cyber Operations
& Military Power, in: Brangetti, P., Maybaum,
M.,Stinissen, J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International
Conference on Cyber Conflict, Tallinn: CCDCOE, 303-328.
3. Lindelauf, R.H.A.: Power Grid Defense Against
Malicious Cascading Failure, (with Paulo Shakarian,
Hansheng Lei), 13th International Conference of Autonomous
Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS-14).
4. Bartels, R.: From Jus In Bello to Jus Post Bellum:
When do Non-International Armed Conflicts End? in
Carsten Stahn et al., Jus Post Bellum: Mapping the Normative
Foundations (Oxford University Press), 297-314.
5. Gill, T.D.: Some Thoughts on the Relationship between
International Humanitarian Law and International
Human Rights Law: A Plea for Mutual Respect and a
Common Sense Approach in Haek, Y, McGonigle Leyh,
B. et al. (eds.) The Realisation of Human Rights: When Theory
Meets Practice, Intersentia Publishers, Cambridge, 335350.
Cyber warfare
Cyber Command
Background information
Research
Positions at UvA
Ancillary positions
Brief news
Civil Accreditation University Teaching Qualification programme
A commission of external experts, of the association of cooperative Dutch universities (VSNU), has authorized the
Netherlands Defence College and Faculty of Military Sciences of the Netherlands Defence Academy the right to
issue the Basis Kwalificatie Onderwijs (BKO) [University Teaching Qualification] to its academic staff. Prior to the
accreditation the NLDA underwent a process of investigation of its professional programme and an assessment
procedure.
The BKO is a hallmark of the didactic qualities of academic staff. The Dutch universities together acknowledge the
qualifications awarded to the members of their teaching personnel. This means that BKO-qualified lecturers are
recognized by all participating institutions for scientific education, such as the Netherlands Defence Academy.
The BKO course consists of a professionalization phase and an assessment phase. During the professionalization teachers
attend a basic course in didactics and several supplementary modules. In the assessment phase the developments of the
BKO participants are assessed on the basis of the contents of their portfolios.
Positive judgement
Contribution to modules
Future
Thesis Award
Highlights of dissertations
At the Faculty of Military Sciences, both civil and
military Ph.D. students work on their dissertations.
Their research fits within one of the Strategic
Research Orientations, which form the basis for the
FMS research programme.
The FMS distinguishes four categories of Ph.D.
students; so-called TNO* - Ph.D. students, funded
by the armed forces funding budget; military Ph.D.
students earmarked by their operational commands
to do research; Ph.D. students that are financed by
external sources, and Ph.D. students funded from the
FMS research budget. The latter group, consisting of
three students, will phase out in 2015.
Until now, research into military memoirs was often an Anglo-American and always a
qualitative affair. This study, however, takes a completely new approach to researching
soldier-authors in order to answer four main questions:
On Military Memoirs
On Military Memoirs.
Soldier-authors, Publishers, Plots and Motives
Author: Lieutenant-Colonel (AF) Dr Esmeralda Kleinreesink
This mixed method, cross cultural approach not only answers the basic who, what and
why questions, but makes it also possible to answer all sorts of other questions military and
egodocument researchers, but also publishers have long wondered about: Are soldierauthors a special breed among soldiers, or not? Do soldiers from different countries
write about different things, or is there just one, shared military experience in all these
countries? And do self-published books differ from books published by traditional
publishers?
This book will provide all these answers, and many more.
On Military Memoirs
Soldier-authors, publishers, plots and motives
Finally, Kleinreesink
dismisses the idea that
the military authors
primarily write down
their experiences
because this helps them
in coping. This reason
is only rarely referred to
by the military writers and, when it is, only by individually
deployed military. Gaining acknowledgement for their work
in Afghanistan, helping others and bringing about positive
change, like a better understanding in civilian society or
within the armed forces, are uniformly mentioned as the
main reasons for writing.
L.H.E. (Esmeralda) Kleinreesink
Multimodal surveillance.
Behaviour analysis for recognizing stress and
aggression
Author: Dr Iulia Lefter
better predicted.
When sand gets into a machine and gets stuck between
components that are in sliding contact, for example,
in cog wheel constructions and ball bearings, abrasive
wear will occur on the contact areas.
Abrasion is the form of wear that is caused by a gliding
movement of hard grains or roughness on a softer
surface. A distinction is made by second-body abrasion
and third-body abrasion. The former means that one
of the contact areas causes wear and with the latter
there is an alien body between the contact areas,
which causes wear. In Woldmans research it is a matter
of third-body abrasive wear, since the grains of sand
activate the wear.
Dr Martijn Woldman carried out his research in
cooperation with TNO, the University of Twente and
the Netherlands Defence Academy.
Urban Security
Ph.D. researcher: Captain (A) Rick Krosenbrink MSc
Future wars
will be fought
in cities. To
influence
the possible
outcomes of
these future
wars a thorough
understanding
of urban
surroundings
is indispensable, especially in preventing the escalation of a
conflict. Currently the Dutch armed forces are conducting a
broad variety of activities in preparing for urban operations.
With his research Krosenbrink will contribute to the
understanding of the organised complexity of the city and
the role of security in this environment. Thereby he aims
to contribute to the armed forces preparations for urban
operations by creating a modern and solid theoretical basis for
understanding urban security issues. These will be based on
design analyses of communities in both Afghanistan and the
Netherlands (and possibly Mali).
Targeting
Ph.D. researcher: Lieutenant (MC) Mark Roorda LLM
Results so far
Expected outcome
List of abbreviations
A
Army, for example in Colonel (A)
AF
Air Force (AF), for example in Colonel (AF)
AREPS Advanced Refractive Effects Prediction
System
C2
CV90
DMO
UAV
EM Electromagnetic
FMS
Faculty of Military Sciences
Frontex European Agency for the Management of
Operational Cooperation at the External
Borders of the Member States of the
European Union
IDL Instituut Defensie Leergangen
In translation: Netherlands Defence
College
War Studies
KMA
Koninklijke Militaire Academie
In translation: Royal Netherlands Military
Academy
LCM
M
Marechaussee, for example in Colonel (M)
MALE
Medium Altitude Long Endurance
MaSeLMa Integrated Maintenance and Service
Logistics Concepts for Maritime Assets
MC
Marine Corps
MMS
Military Management Studies
MoD
Ministry of Defence
MSS
Military Strategic Studies
MS&T
Military Systems and Technology
N
NCO
NLDA
RNLM
RNMLA
SRO
Colophon
Faculty of Military Sciences in perspective is the yearly education and
research report of the Faculty of Military Sciences in Breda and Den
Helder, which is part of the Netherlands Defence Academy.
Editorial department:
Faculty of Military Sciences,
P.O. 90004,
3509 AA Utrecht,
MPC 55A,
e-mail: [email protected]
Text:
Frederieke de Pee-Vencken MA
Photography:
Mediacentrum Defensie
Design:
Merel de Hart, Multimedia Netherlands Defence Academy
Print:
Repro department Royal Military Academy in Breda
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without prior written permission of the Faculty of Military Sciences.