Pond Life - Golden Guide 1987 PDF
Pond Life - Golden Guide 1987 PDF
Pond Life - Golden Guide 1987 PDF
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ISBN 0-307-24017-7
9 7
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POND LIFE
A GUIDE TO COMMON PLANTS AND
ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICAN
PONDS AND LAKES
by
GEORGE K. REID, Ph.D.
Under the editorship of
HERBERTS. ZIM
and
GEORGES. FICHTER
Illustrated by
SALLY D. KAICHER
and
TOM DOLAN
FOREWORD
A pond o r a lake offers a n opportu nity for exciting dis
coveries. There one can become acquai nted with m a ny
kinds of pla nts a n d a n i m a ls a n d learn how they live to
g eth e r in a com m u nity. This book describes and i l l us
trates some of the most com mon of the thousa nds of spe
cies of p la n ts a nd a n i m a ls fou n d i n or near these waters.
Some are more a t home i n clear, cool lakes than i n sha l
low, warm ponds. Others a re f o u n d i n strea m s a s w e l l a s
i n sti l l waters or may g row i n the nearby wetla nds.
Many persons have contributed to this book. The a rt
ists, Mrs. Sa l ly Kaicher a n d Mr. Tom Dolan, have ren
dered accurate i l l ustrations. Professors M u rray F. Buell,
of R utge rs Un iversity, a n d Robert W. Pennak, of the
Un iversity of Colorado, provided p h otog ra p h s from
which i l l ustrati ons were made. The U n iversity of South
Florida permitted l i bera l use of l i b rary fa ci lities. Thanks
a re due a lso to col leag ues, experts, a n d org a n izations
for their inva l uable help i n providing speci mens o r in
checking the text for accuracy a n d usefu l n ess.
G.K.R.
Books
New York, New York 10106. All rights reserved. Produced in the U.S.A. No part of
this book may be copied or reproduced without wriHen pennission from the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 67-16477. ISBN 0-307-24017-7.
GOLDEN BOOKS, GOLDEN, A GOLDEN GUIDE, and G Design are trademarks
of Golden Books Publishing Company, Inc.
CONTENTS
PONDS AND LAKI:S
C HARACTE R I S T I C S OF WATER
HABITATS
p.
FOOD WEBS
4
10
17
22
24
OBSERVING A N D COLLECTING
27
PLANTS
Algae
Bacteria
Fung i
Bryop hytes
Vascu l a r Pla nts . .
ANIMALS
On e-celled Animals
Spong es
Hyd ras
Jel l yfish . . . .
Rotifers
Moss A n i m a l s . . . . . . .
Worms .
Flatwo rms . . .
Arthropods
Cru staceans
Insects
Water Mites a n d Spiders
Mol l u sks
Snails .
C la m s . . . .
Oth e r Invertebrates
Vertebrates
Lam p reys .
Bony Fishe s
A m p h ibia n s
. .
Re ptiles
Birds
. . . . .
Ma m m a l s
MORE
I N DEX
I NFORMAT I O N
.
30
31
38
38
39
42
74
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
84
85
86
94
113
114
114
116
118
120
120
121
129
136
143
152
155
1 56
S p ri n g
S u m mer
P ONDS
AND
LAKES
Fa l l
Winter
A POND
of bodies of water a re
cal led ponds. The basi n s of some ponds a re poth o les i n
g lacial debris a n d a re fi l led by seepage a n d r u n off
water from the surrou n d i n g l a n d . Others a re cutoffs
from o l d strea m cha n n el s. Some are temporary, oth e rs
perm a n e nt. Despite their d iffere n ces i n orig i n a n d age,
all are much a l ike i n size, depth, and s i m i l a r featu res.
A few of the m ore common a n d disti n ctive kinds of
ponds a re shown h ere.
MEADOW-STREAM PONDS de
vel o p where a stream w i d e n s
a n d the s p e e d of i t s c u rrent
d rops sharply. Pondweeds, stone
worts, catta ils, and others with
emergent l eaves g row i n the
s h a l lows. Water l i l ies, water
s h i e l d , and others send floati n g
leaves to the s u rface.
Above.
MOUNTA I N P O N D S a re ofte n
formed by g l aciers. I n some, the
bottom is p u re rock; i n othe rs,
deep, soft m u d . Many a re ice
free only briefly and d ry up i n
s u m mer. Sedges g row a l o n g
margins. Desp ite the s h o r t s u m
mer season, m a n y k i n d s o f a n i
m a l s l ive in these icy waters.
OF
WATER
v;
0.999
0.998
0.997
0.996
Tem p. in C.
10
10
II
12
pond
air
c::=:J temperature
of water is g reat. It a b
sorbs a n d releases h eat m uch more slowly tha n does air.
For this reason p l a nts a n d animals of m ost ponds a n d
lakes a re not usua l ly subjected t o sudden ly varied tem
peratures. Though t h e air temperature may c h a n g e ra p
idly and g reatly, the water temperature of a deep lake
changes s l owly. In a shal low pond o r lake, the water
temperature varies with the air temperature, as a bove.
HEAT- H OLD I N G CAPA C I TY
Clear Lake
40%
3ft.
20%
25%
9ft.
5%
20%
5 It
LIGHT PENETRATION
II
O X Y G E N
C A R B O N D I OX I D E
CYCLE
oxygen
..
a re passed back
and forth betwee n pla nts and a n i m a ls and thei r environ
ment. The proportion of these gases i n the atmosphere
i s genera l l y consta nt: oxyg en, 21 percent; carbon diox
ide, .03 percent. In pond, lake, a nd strea m waters they
usua l ly va ry g reatly, even from night to day.
Oxyg en, which is n ecessa ry for the surviva l of n early
a l l p la nts a n d a n i m a ls, is q uite so luble in water, but the
a m o u nt dissolved i n fresh water is m u ch lower than in
the atmosphere. Oxyg en from the air is a bsorbed s low
ly, but the process is speeded when wind a nd waves dis
turb the water surface. A lso, the coo ler the water, the
more disso lved oxygen it wi l l hold.
D u ri n g the day, when sunlight pen etrates the water,
p la nts give off oxygen as a by-product of photosynthe
sis more ra pidly tha n it is used i n respi rati o n by p la nts
a n d a n i m a ls. A reserve of oxygen builds up. I n darkness,
when ph otosynth esis stops, both pla nts a n d a n i m a l s use
OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXI DE
12
Oxyg en level in
a p ond bui lds up by
day, d rops at night.
Carbon dioxide
fol lows reverse cycle.
day
Oxygen
Ca rbon
Dioxide
- night
pH
14
13
Solid
Solution
14
1 5
D u r i n g spri n g a n d fa l l
overtu rns, t h e temperat u re
of the water is equal ized
throughout the lake.
Fi shes and other a n i m a l s
a r e active a n d widely
d istributed.
Activity is greatly re
d u ced i n w i n ter, u nder
the ice. Many
a n i m a l s hibern ate in
the mud or debris at
the bottom. Some fishes
conti n u e to feed but
less actively.
IN
HABITATS
PONDS AND
LAKES
17
18
THE BOTTOM
19
T HE LITTORAL H A B I T AT
20
Subme rsed P l a n t
N a Rooted P l a n ts
FOO D
W E BS
Plants
87%
Zoo p l a n kton
thousands of copepods,
water fleas, midge la rvae
Phytop l a n kton
m i l l i o n s of a l gae, flagel lates,
diatoms, desmids, baderla
Large carnivores are at the peaks of
food pyramids, based on p l a nts, with many
i n ter m edi ate herbivores a n d ca rnivo res.
COMMUNITY
CHANGES
PONDS AND LAKES
IN
24
25
8 :30 p . m .
. ...
. :
'
:'
'
1 ft.
2 ft.
3 ft.
4 ft.
1 0 :30 p . m .
1 ft.
2 ft.
3 ft.
4 ft.
12 :30 a . m.
1 ft.
2 ft.
3 ft.
NIGHT AND
DAY CHA NGES
4 ft.
4 :30 a . m .
;i!l'l :..:;:::,
-..... : .:::.. .if'
.: \
:
' \ ... :.."'l
. . .: :: . :.'-.:
.
:.::)). : : .:} ':; ! :::-= '.:f: iH:.:: ::{ }:=.?!::::.
. . . . .. .
.
26
. .
8:30 a . m .
OBS ERVI N G
AND
C O L LEC T I N G
27
P l a n kton nels a r e m a d e of
very fi ne-meshed cloth. At least
180 meshes to the i n c h a re
needed for phyto p l a n kton . A
fairly satisfacto ry net for l a rg e r
plan kton a n i m a l s can be m a d e
b y attach i n g the u pp e r part of
a lady's stoc king to a hoop of
proper size. Then c u t off the foot
and tie the cut end a r o u n d the
neck of a jar. The net can be
d rawn t h r o u g h the water (p. 27),
o r wate r d i p ped from the pond
a n d pou red t h r o u g h it.
W H I T E ENAMEL PANS a re u se
ful for sortin g t h ro u g h deb ris
ca u g h t in the hand net. A l ittle
of the debris is put i n to a p a n
h a l f fi l led with water. The l ive
a n im a l s a re soon seen movin g
a b o u t over t h e white bottom .
Forceps a re the m o s t practical
i n struments for transferri n g s peci
mens.
A WATERSCOPE, O R UNDER
WATER V I EWER, ca n be made
by sealing a piece of g l ass in
a botto m l ess b uc ket o r water
proofed box. C o m m e rcial water
scopes are ava i l a b l e a l s o .
A P LANT HOOK ( g r a p p l e) at
tached to a l i n e is u sefu l for p u l l
i n g in pla nts from d e e p water
for exa m i n atio n .
28
bag
NOTES AND LABEL S g ive the
speci m e n s y o u col l ect their sci
e ntific va l u e . In the f i e l d , you
ca n make t e m p o ra ry l a b e l s with
a pencil a n d place t h e m i n the
via l o r bottle wi th the speci m e n s .
late r the l a b e l s ca n be typed
o r p r i nted caref u l l y i n a per
m a n e n t ink. A l ways keep t h e m
with the speci m e n s.
COLLECT I N G E Q U I PMENT
29
PLANTS
Pla nts form the m ost conspicuous part of the pond, la ke,
a n d strea m environme nt. Their ro l e is hig h ly i m p o rta nt,
for o n ly pla nts can convert solar energy i nto chemical
energy stored in food. Green pla nts-those co ntaining
ch lorophyll pigments-do this i n the p rocess of p h oto
synth esis, uti lizing carbon dioxide, water, a n d ligh t en
ergy from the s u n .
The si m p lest of the plants a r e the tha l lophytes, the
g ro u p containing the bacteria, fungi, and a lgae (pp. 3138). Many of these l ower p la nts a re sin g l e-cel led a n d
m icroscopic, b u t they som eti mes occu r in such a bun
dance that they color the water and give it a d isti n ctive
odor. These sma l l est of the p la nts a re the m ost impor
tant food producers in the aquatic e nviron ment. Fila
m ents of a lgae that form the fa miliar pond scums usua l ly
h a rbor m a ny microscopic a n i m a ls.
larger and slig htly more comp lex i n stru cture and life
h i story are the bryop hytes, the group containing liver
worts and mosses (pp. 39-4 1 ) . They g row a b u ndantly
i n t h e moist soi l a long sh ores, and a few are aquatic.
Vascular pla nts, o r tracheophytes, include the ferns
(pp. 42-45) and the seed-bearing p lants (pp. 46-73).
These are the largest and most com plex of a l l the p l a nts.
Ferns are m ost typical of m oist shores, though a few
species a re a q uatic. Some of the seed-bea ring p la nts
g row com p l etely submerged . Oth ers are rooted in th e
bottom, but their leaves or fl owers may be on or a bove
the surfa ce. These pla nts offer p rotection a n d nestin g
sites t o a variety of fishes and oth er a nima ls; s o m e a r e
importa nt foods of mamma ls, waterfowl, and turtles.
G rasses, herbs, and shrubs rim the shore; trees form the
crow n i n g border.
30
MAJO R G R O U P S
OF
F R ES H - WATE R AL G AE
31
without a wel l-defi ned nucleus (the cel l's control center) .
I n addition to g reen ch lorophyll, a blue a nd sometimes
a red pigment are a lso present. The pigments are spread
throug hout the cell rather than in d isti nct bodies o r p las
tids as i n all other a lgae. In m ost kinds of b l ue-green
a lgae the ce lls stick together to form slender strings, o r
fi la m e nts. T h e y a re m ost abundant i n p o n d s conta i n i n g
m uch orga nic matter, h e n c e the presence of rich growth s
of bl ue-g reen a lgae may be a clue to po l l uted waters.
Such blooms are com m o n in spring or sum m e r, when
conditions are favora ble a nd the a lgae reach a popula
tion peak. An a bundance of bl ue-green a lgae may give
water a disag reea ble odor or taste, and some make the
water poiso nous to a n i m a l s that d ri n k it.
GOMP H O S P H A E R I A g rows i n a
gol b u l a r colony, the
ce l l s e
s t
s i n g l y or in pairs in ge latinous
she aths, joine d l oose ly by sticky
stra n d s to ce nte r . Se ve ra l spe cie s
occu r wide ly in l a kes; some de
ve l o p blooms.
L YNGBY A is a fi l a me ntous b l ue
ge
r e n a l g a wide ly d istribute d i n
lake s a n d stre a m s . E a c h fi l a me nt
is surrounde d by a t h i n , ge lati
n o u s sheath. S ome spe cie s float
fre ely; others are attache d . Spe
c ei s shown g rows i n spirals.
B L U E- G R E E N A L G A E
33
v ulgaris
x 1 500
CHLORELLA,
a
s i n g l e-ce l l ed
g reen a l g a , m a y occ u r in cl u m ps
or loose a g g regates or as soli
to ry cells scattered among other
algae. Widespread i n N . A ., es
pecia l l y i n org a n ic a l l y rich and
poll uted waters, giving them a
m u sty odor.
S P I ROGYRA i s a com m o n fi l a
mentous gr een a l g a with a spiral
c h l oroplast i n each cel l . Fr e
q uently for m s d e n se b l a n kets on
the s u rface of ponds i n s p r i n g .
I n related M o ugeotia, cells have
a long platelike chloroplast that
turns inside cell as i t a d j u sts to
i n ten sity of s u n l i g ht.
C LADOPHORA has lang, s l i m
cells that f o r m bra n c h i n g fi la
ments. Some species g ro w at
tached; others float and may
form tangled m a ts. U n d e rwater
cu rrents may roll Cladoph ora
i n to balls 3 to 4 inches in diam
eter. When its core d ecays, b a l l
rises to t h e su rface.
DRAPARNALDIA consists of bar
rel-sha ped cells that form l o n g
stri ngs, or fi l a m e nts. T h e m uc h
b r a n c h e d fi l a m ents bear tufts of
smaller branches at i n terva l s . Us
u a l l y g rows attached to rocks,
sticks, or other objects.
P E D IASTRUM A N D HYDRODIC
TYON ar e closely related . Pe di
a ts rum, a c o m m o n and wide
spread
floating
( p l a n kton ic)
form, has m a n y species. Hydro
die/yon, or Water Net, forms flat
sheets or cyl i n d rica l colonies sev
eral inches across. Both th rive i n
q u iet water s.
SCENEDESMUS A N D A N K I STRO
DESMUS, often fou n d together ,
are par ticular ly a b u n d a n t i n
s m a l l p o n d s a n d pools. A nk isl ro
desmus is u s u a l l y i n term ixed with
other a lgae. Sce nedesm us cells
ar e s m a l ler, and most species
gr ow i n colon ies.
DESMIDS are b e a u tiful l y s h a pe d ,
bright g reen c e l l s common i n
p l a n kto n , especia l ly i n soft- water
(low p H ) l a kes a n d bogs. T he
clear con n ectio n , or isth m us, be
tween the two sem icells is a char
acteristic of desm ids. T he cells of
some desmids a d h er e e n d to
e n d , forming fi l a m e nts. T wo com
m o n s i n g l e-ce l l e d types are Mi
crasl erias, d ivided into typical
semice l l s, and Closf erium, with
cells u s u a l l y cr escent-sha ped a n d
with n o isth m us.
M icrasterias
l runcal a
x2 50
GREEN A LGAE
35
fl ex ilis
8-1 2 in.
E U G L E N O l D S may a l so b e classi
fi ed a s a n i m a l s because of their
abil ity to move independently.
Some species l a c k p i g m e n t a n d
obta in food i n a n i mal fashion,
but. most have c h l orophyll and
m a n ufact u re their own food .
Eugle n a is common in ponds rich
in org a n ic matter a n d may g ive
the water a bright green color.
It h a s a single fl a g el l u m and a
conspic u o u s red eyespot. Phacus
is very s i m i l a r, b u t the cell is
pea r-sha ped a n d less flexible.
36
S T O N E W O R T S, E U G L E N O I D S , D I N O F L A G E L L A T E S
Asterion ella
y9 ';dleew
/
(lop or bottom )
D I ATOMS
37
Thiothr xi sp. x 1 00
BACT E R I A a re m icroscopic, a
r ng
i n g from 1 /25,000 to as sma l l
as 1 /250,000 of a n inch. Most
kinds obta i n their e n ergy from
d ea d pal nts a n d a n ima ls and
thus a r e the principal a g ents of
decay. T h ey ret u r n such chemical
n utrients a s nitrog e n , s u lfur, a n d
phosphorus to t h e pond or al ke.
A Q U A T I C F U N G I g row as pa a
r
sites on l iving p l a nts or a n ima l s
a n d a s s a p rop hytes on those that
are dead. Wa ter molds (Sa p
role g na
i , M itrula , a n d others)
a re
seen
a s whitish, fu zzy
g rowths, the b r a n c h i n g fial m ents
sprea d ing over and into wounds
of fishes or other pond a n i m a l s
Bacteria are s e l d o m a b u n da nt i n
wa ters with a h ig h ox ygen con
tent, hence a r e a
r re i n clea r
pon d s or l a kes. The fi l a m e ntous
types a bove l ive i n wa ter with a
h i g h hydrogen s u l fi d e content
(T hi oth rix); in rich organic con
tamination (S pha erotilis); a n d in
a h i g h iron content (Leptothrix) .
or on pla nts. I n a q ua ri u m s a n d
ha tc he ries, these f u n g i a l so g row
on fish eggs a nd ma y be dffi
i cu l t
to c o n t r o l . The f u z z y fi l a me nts
a re r e p ro d u c t ive s t r u c t u r e s .
Spores o r e produced i n g reat
n u m bers and d i spersed by water
m ovements. They g e r m i na te a nd
g row into new fi l a m e nts.
reproductive
structures
x 1 00
38
B A C T E R I A- F U N G I
natans
0.5 i n .
R I C C I A S have
m a n y slender
branches. Wh e n a b u n d a nt, the
pla nts m a y p i l e u p i n a g reen
mass on shore or form a n etlike
sheet o n the su rface.
JUNGERMA N N I A
has leaflike
pa rts a rran g ed a b o u t a ste m .
S o m e species occ u r on l y i n fast
streams; others g row as emer
gen t p l a nts i n q u iet waters.
MARC H A N T I A g rows o n moist
shores. M a l e an d f e m a l e plan ts
a re separate. Sperm swim to the
fem a l e a n d ferti l i ze the egg,
which then d evelops i n to a
spore-prod u c i n g sta g e . It rema i n s
parasitic on the fem a l e a n d re
leases spores that g row i nto n ew
sex u a l -sta g e pla nts. March antia
also prod uces b u d s, or g e m m a e ,
h
t a t g row into new p l a nts.
L I VERWORTS
39
S . mage//anicu m
/,
empty
cel l s
MOSSES
c l o rophy l l
cel ls
S . palustre
40
S . affine
0 fYU
)
spiral thickenings.
Another d isti nctive feature is
the shape of the l iv i n g c e l l s,
those that contain c h l o r o p h y l l
a n d h e n c e a re g re e n . As shown
a bove, the c h l or o p h y l l cells of
S . mag ella n icum ore e l l iptica l .
Those o f S . palustre o r e n a r row
ly tria n g u l a r, but i n S . a ffi n e
the t r i a n g l e s are e q u i latera l .
Dichelyma
ca p i/la ce u m
to 3 i n .
novae-a ngliae
to 3 i n .
WATER H Y P N U M is a n aq uatic
form of Tra i l i n g H y p n u m of
d a m p woods. It g rows on stones
o r i n soi l i n bogs and ponds but
i s most a b u n d a n t in fast- flowi n g
streams. Leaves may be b r i g h t
o r v e r y d a r k g re e n . T h e leaves
are a rr a n g e d s p i r a l l y and closely
p ressed a b o u t t h e stem, g i v i n g
it a rather fu l l a p pearance.
P H I LO N O T I S i s a d a r k g reen
moss of slow o r sta g n a n t waters.
Its e rect stems, about 2 i n c h e s
l o n g , often form a c r e e p i n g m a t
on rocks o r sa n d . M a n y smal l
a n i m a l s fi n d food a n d cover i n
the matted moss. S p o r e c a p s u l e s
on l o n g , s l i m stem s . P l a nts t u r n
w h i t e when d ry.
Ph ilonotis sp.
1- 3 i n .
MOSSES
41
spore
bearing
42
F E R N )_ L L I E S
Spore Case
Com p arison
leaf
Ma rsilea
vestita
t, toothed
.!. I M .
:J2' .q ua dri foli
2-6 smooth
cases
.
2-6 h a ry
cases
WATER F E R N S occ u r in a l l k i n d s
of q u iet waters from coast t o
coast. Leaves l o b e d , sca le-like.
Form red d ish-green mats. Repro
d uce by b r e a k i n g a part.
V
\..
43
Ophiog lossum
vulgatum
44
FERNS
C I N NAMON F E R N , common i n
easte rn N . A . , h a s twice-d ivided,
n a rrow ste ri l e fronds a b o u t 3
e
f et t a l.
l Spore stal ks, a p pear
i n g in e a r l y s p r i n g , a re at fi rst
ge
r e n, the n c i n n a m o n . le afsta l k
base h a i ry.
R O Y A L F E R N o c c u r s wide ly from
Me xico into C a n a d a i n wet soils,
m a rshe s, and even i n shal low
waters of ponds. leaves a e
r
twice -d ivided a n d m a y be 6 feet
t a l l , with l i g h t brown spore cases
at tips.
V I R G I N I A C H A I N FERN g rows
i n acid bogs, swa m p s, and wet
l a n d s of ce ntral and eastern
N.A. The leave s, about 3-4 ef e t
t a l l , arise from sca l y rootsta l k s
that wind t h r o u g h the soi l . D o u
b l e rows o f spore c a s e s are
found on u n d erside of leafle ts .
OSTR I C H FERN is o ne of t he
l a rge st N.A. f e r n s, with ste rile
fro n d s u p to 5 feet ta l l . Spore
be a r i n g fronds, n e a r l y 2 feet
t a l l , a re d a rk, hard, and pod
l i ke. Widely d istr i b u ted i n cen
tral a n d eastern N.A. i n swa m p s
a n d a l o n g l a k e sho res.
leaves
0.5 in. wide
flower,
o r catta i l
46
CATTA I LS
WESTE R N
B U R-REED,
smaller
t h a n G i a n t B u r-reed, is c o m m o n
f r o m the northern R o c k i e s to the
Pacific a n d a lso i n New E n g l a n d .
I nsect l a rvae a n d o t h e r s m a l l
an imals
l ive
on
u n d e rwater
stems.
deta i l of
male flower
c l u ster of ripe
n u tlets
n u tlet
BUR-REEDS
47
PO N DW E E DS
LEAFY P ON DWEED i s fo u n d i n
clear p o n d s a n d stre a m s of
northern N .A. Its l eaves, a l l sub
m e rsed, a r e t h i n and ta p e l i ke
with flower spikes in axils. Fruit
kee l e d .
has
B R O W N LEAF
FLOAT I N G
broadly rounded floating leaves
and l o n g , ribbo n - l i ke , s u b merged
leaves. F r u i t with a l m ost n o keel .
It g rows in q u iet waters t h r o u g h
out N.A.
is
P O N DWEED
BERCHTO LD'S
common in n o rtheastern and cen
tra l N . A . Both floating and s u b
merged l eaves a re s l e n d er.
PONDWEEDS
H O R N E D P O N D W E E D occurs i n
ponds, l a kes, c a n a l s, o n d brack
ish waters from coast to coast.
U n l ike those of other p o n d
w e e d s , t h e H o r n e d P o n d weed's
slim leaves o re a rranged op
posite o n the s l e n d e r ste m . F l a t
tened f r u it, or n ut l et, h a s teeth
a l o n g its outer m a rg i n . N utlets
sometimes eaten by waterfow l .
PONDWEEDS
49
NAIADS ,
BUSHY P O N D W E E D is common
in
shollow
l o kes
and
s l ow
streams in n orthern states. I n
de e p water (20 feet o r m o re),
g rows with long wavi n g stems;
i n shal low water, d e n se a n d
b u s h y . Seeds s h i n y a n d smooth.
SOUTHERN NAIAD is fo u n d i n
c e n t r a l a n d n o rtheaster n states,
but most c o m m o n i n the South.
R a n g e exte n d s i n to S . A. Seeds
d u l l a n d roug h .
S P I N Y N A I A D g rows i n brackish
waters and i n s h a l low fresh
water ponds and l a kes. Leaves
coarsely tooth e d . W i d e l y d i s
t r i b u ted in N . A . b u t a b u n d a nt
o n l y loca l l y . Seeds broad .
Spiny N a i a d
N. marina
3 ft.
50
NA IADS
Duck Potato
Sagitta ria
loti folia
to 3 ft.
G r assy A rrowhead
S . grominae
to 2 ft.
Nater
A T E R P-L A N T A I N S
51
TRU E GRASSES
S H O RT-A W N
FOXTA I L , fo u n d
throug h o u t N . A . except in t h e
southern states, g rows i n s h a l
low p o n d s , d itches, or w e t a reas
periodica l l y d ry . Sometimes tra i l s
o v e r su rface o f p o n d s . Spike lets
i n a s l i m , d e nse c l u ster.
C O R D GRASS h a s stra i g h t ste m s
a n d l o n g stro n g l e aves. I t g rows
in sha l l ow water a l o n g l a kes
whe re its roots b i n d t h e sa n d .
A l s o g rows i n m a rs h e s except i n
Southeast. S p ike lets i n t w o rows
u p spike.
M A NNA GRASSES a r e pere n n i a l
p l a nts w i t h ta l l ste m s g rowing
from rh izomes, o r rooted stems.
About 10 species are known i n
N.A., w h e r e t h e y a re m ost a b u n
d a n ! i n the East.
C U T GRASS h a s feathery m a sses
of seed c l u sters and fi n e l y saw
toothed leaves. C o m m o n i n s h a l -
1 -4 ft.
R E E D GRASS
has l a n g fl a t
leaves, p l u m e l i ke flower c l u sters,
and stiff ste m s . A l o n g lakes a n d
ponds, except i n Southeast.
W I LD RI CE is a n ative grass that
grows i n shallow water. A c h o ice
food of waterfow l . Grows in
n o rth-ce ntral N.A., less a b u n
d a ntly E a s t a n d S o u t h .
C A N A R Y G R A S S g rows i n w e t
areas a n d a l o n g s t r e a m b a n ks
over most of N .A . , except in the
Southeast. leaf b l a d e s fl at, ste m s
erect. T w o o t h e r s p e c i e s i n g e n u s
a r e terrestria l .
BLUEJ O I N T GRASS is t h e o n l y
a q u atic of a b o u t 20 N .A. species
i n this g e n u s . I t i n h a b its shores
a n d other wetl a n d s from Gree n l o o d Oo
o o oOho'" U .S.
t'"'1"
W i l d Rice
Ziza nia a q1u--=
C a n a ry G rass
Phala ris
leaf
sheath
GRASSES
.5 3
SEDGES
D U L I C H I U M h a s short l eaves
a n d , u n l i k e most sedges, a h o l
low ste m . I t g rows i n bogs a n d
along marshy s hores of q u iet
waters of the East Coast, in
n orthern states, and i n t h e Pa
cific Northwest.
......._ 1
tem
3
2 ..-(_
D. arun in aceum
1 -3 ft .
Carex
C. aq uatilis
1 -3 ft.
54
S E DGES-R U S H ES
n utlet
0. 1 i n .
Eleocha ris
obf usa
2-5 ft_
S P I K E R U S H E S ( a b o u t 1 50 spe
cies) g row i n m a rshes and a l o n g
shores. Stems, m a i n l y leafl ess,
a n d seed c l usters a rise i n a
c l u m p from m atted rootstock.
Water C hestn ut, n a t ive to C h i n a ,
is a t u b e r o f a s p i k e r u s h .
RUSHES
SHARP-F R U I T E D R U S H h a s cyl i n
d r i c a l leaves a n d a projection o n
t i p of see d . Wid espread i n east
ern N . A .
BLACKROOT R U S H g rows i n
sh a l lows a n d a l o n g s h o res i n c e n
tral a n d easter n N . A . Rootstock
sto ut and black.
Backroot R ush
J . marginafus
flower
ARU MS
LESSER D U C K W E E D has a s i n g l e
rootlet h a n g i n g b e l ow p l a n t
body. I t is com m o n i n p o n d s a n d
slow strea ms t h r o u g h o u t m u c h
o f N . A . L i k e Great D u c kweed, i t
ofte n forms fl oati n g m a t s t h a t
cover a p o n d 's s u rface.
IVY D U C K W E E D p l a n ts often in
terl ock, their
leafl i ke
bodies
joined to form l a ttice-l ike sh eets
o n the su rface or j ust beneath.
P l a nts may l a c k roots. Ivy D u ck
weed is widespread in N .A., ex
cept i n t h e S o u t h .
WOLFFIA is thick, g ra n u l a r, a n d
lacks rootlets. I t is t h o u g h t t o
be the s ma l l est seed p l a nt. Often
occ u rs with Water F e r n ( p . 43)
a n d Lesser D u c kweed in q u iet
waters from t h e Mississ i p p i Val
ley eastward .
0.1 in.
DUCKWEEDS
57
P I C K E R E L W E E D g rows i n s h a l l ow
water a n d a l o n g m u d d y shores
from the Mississ i p p i ea stwa rd to
Nova Scoti a . Its flowers a re
borne on a s p i k e . Severa l other
species d iffer i n shape of leaves.
O n e species h a s white flowers.
WAT E R
H Y A C I NTH ,
intro
d uced from S.A., is a fl oat
i n g p l a n t with broad leaves
and swo l l e n , a i r-fo i l e d leaf
sta l ks. The b l u e o r w h ite
flowers g row i n erect c l u s
ters. Water Hyacinths g row
in stre a m s a n d q u iet waters
i n the S o u t h . D e n se, feathery
roots h a r b o r a r i c h associa
tion of sma l l a n i mals; broad
leaves s h a d e bottom pla nts
and a n i m a l s . Dense g rowths
can b l oc k a stre a m .
PICKERELWEEDS
pa/yg o n u
Am phibious
Smo rtweed
P. amphibium
1 0- 1 2 i n .
V('";"
SMARTWE E DS i n c l ude o n l y a few aq uatics i n the m o re
tha n 250 N.A. species for m i n g the genus.
WATER SMA R T W E ED, a wide
spread species, has g l o ssy leaves
a n d spi kes of g reen ish-white
flowe rs a l o n g s l e n d e r ste ms.
AM P H I B I O US SMARTW EED, of
northern U .S. a n d southern C o n
a d o , has cl usters of p i n k fl ower s .
See d s o f b o t h o re w i l d l ife food .
l eaves
c l u ster.
60
WAT E R L I L I ES
seed
fa n wort
Cabomba
caroliniana
Nymphaea t uberosa
61
O T H ER
C rowfoot
long, slim,
pointed
Water Marigold
soft, rou n ded;
tips pointed
Water Milfo i l
o n ce divided,
a ltern ate seg ments
F a n wort
d ivisions n u mrous,
b l u n t-ti pped
( b l a d d e rwort
BLADDERWORT$
family) a re m ost a b u n d a n t in
tropical waters, but a b o u t a d oz
en species g row i n centra l a n d
eastern N . A . S o m e b e a r o n their
branches tiny b l a d d ers i n which
sma l l a n i m a l s a re t r a p p e d .
n utlets
MARSH C I N Q U E FO I L is t h e o n l y
member of the rose f a m i l y t h a t
g rows m a i n l y i n wet l a nds. F o u n d
across c e n t r a l a n d
n orthern
N.A., mostly i n bogs.
PRIMROSE W I LLOWS (eve n i n g
prim rose fami ly) g row mostly in
the
tropics.
Seve ral
species
found in southern states. leaves
winged to ste m .
WATER P E N N YWORT, i n t h e
parsley f a mi l y, is widely d i s
tributed, g rowing in water or in
d a m p places. Often forms de n se
b l a n ket a l ong shores. Tiny flow
ers o re in o x i l s of r o u n d l eaves.
MARSH B E LLFLOWER ( b l uebell
family) g rows on shores a n d i n
wet meadows i n central a n d
eastern
N.A.
F l owers
bloom
from J u n e to A u g ust. S u b mersed
stems weak; l eaves s h o rt .
SMALL BEDSTRAW is a low
g rowing herb of the madder
family. Often forms mats along
shores, occ u r r i n g widely i n N .A.
F l owers J u ne t h r o u g h September.
Stems sq u a re, leaves whorled.
MARSH ST. J O H N'S-WORT is o n e
o f about 1 5 N . A . St. J o h n 's-worts
that g row i n wetla n d s . Most hove
yellow fl owers; a few, p u rplish.
Bloom from June to October.
Emergent l eaves m a y be dotted.
MAD-DOG S K U LLCAP, of the
mi n t family, is one of six c losely
related species that ore widely
d istrib uted i n wetla nd s in N .A.
Most have pu rplish-b l u e flowers.
Spread by u nderwater stems.
SWAMPC A N D L E
LOOSESTR I F E
( prim rose family) is a n ative o f
eastern N .A. I ntroduced i n c e n
t r a I a n d western states. Leaves
o p posite b u t a p pear whorled.
WATER STARWORT is a s m a l l
p l a n t w i t h s l e n d e r ste m s a n d
spatula-shaped l eaves t h a t f o r m
fl o a t i n g c l u sters. F o u n d i n s h a l
low p o n d s a n d
slow-movin g
stre am s t h ro u g h o u t N.A.
70
TREES
SWAMP P I N E g rows a l o n g p o n d s
a n d i n swa m ps f r o m New Je rsey
southwa r d . I ts needles are in
b u n d les of 3, and the cones are
ro u n d . Rese m bles P itch Pine,
which l i ke m ost pines ( m o r e
t h a n 30 N . A . species), g rows
best i n d ry s o i l .
CABBAGE P A LM ETTO, o r S a b o l
P a l metto, is a m e m b e r of the
p a l m fa m i ly. I t often g rows in
wetl a n d s from North Carol i n a
southward a n d a l o n g G u lf C oast.
Common
in
Florid a .
Other,
u s u a l l y s m a l l e r, p a l m ettos g row
in southern p i n e l a n d s _
TREES
71
family)
( heath
LEATH E R L E A F
g rows i n bogs a n d a l o n g pond
margins i n central N .A . The
d rooping fl ower c l u sters a re at
tractive a s a r e the p u r p l ish
l eaves i n winter.
B UTTO N B U S H ( m a d d e r family)
bears sma l l g l o b u l a r masses of
fl owers a t ends of leafl ess sta l ks.
Usua l l y a s h r u b but may reach
height of 50 feet. Seeds are
eaten by waterfow l .
R E D O S I E R DOGWOOD (dog
wood fa m i l y) g rows i n wet thick
ets t h ro u g h o u t m i d d l e N .A . A
l ow-g rowing s h r u b easily recog
n ized in winter when red bark of
new g rowth shows a g a i nst snow.
F l owers i n May. Berry-like fruits
are wild i ife foo d .
Poison
or
SUMAC,
SWAMP
S u mac, forms thic kets. Other su
macs (about 1 2 N . A . s pecies)
g row i n d ry soils. like Poison Ivy,
a l so i n cashew family, it h a s
poiso n o u s sa p. Leaves p i n n ate,
F l owers
red .
turn
a lternate;
prod uced g reenish fruit c l u sters.
and
feet
very
cen
COMMON W I N T E R B E R RY, o n e
of a b o u t 1 5 N .A. h o l l y f a m i l y
trees i n eastern N . A . , h a s a l ter
Red
n a te, decid u o u s l e a ves.
fru its a winte r w i l d l ife food .
S W A M P ROSE, w i t h erect
s t i ff stems, g rows n e a r l y 8
t a l l . I ts fl owers a re not
showy. G rows t h r o u g h o u t
tral and easte r n N . A .
72
S H R U BS
WOODY V I N E S m a y form i m
penetra b l e ta n g les i n s h o r e a n d
wet l a n d
th ickets.
Greenb riers
(Sm ilax),
gra pe
(Vilis),
and
honeysuckle (Lon icera) are wide
spread g ro u ps. Each con sists of
about two dozen species, i n c l u d
i n g o n e to sever a l typical o f wet
Fox Grape
Limber H o n eysuckle
Vilis /abrusca
Lonicera dioica
ANIM A LS
A n i m a l s represe nti ng nearly a l l of the major g ro ups, or
phyla, a re found i n fresh waters. They ra n g e i n size
fro m mi croscopic one-cel led a n i m a l s (protozoa n s) to
Iorge ma ny-ce l l ed a n i m a l s (m eta zoa n s), such a s worms,
i n sects, fi shes, and a l ligators. Some spend their entire
life in water, hence o re wholly aq uatic. Others are
a q u a tic only i n some of their life sta ges. Many land
dwe l l ers feed a n d rea r their young i n ma rshes or a long
the shores of ponds, lakes, a n d strea ms.
Animals that live i n ponds and la kes have the sa me
needs a s th ose that live on land. There must be food
ava i l a ble, some deg ree of p rotectio n from p redators,
and an op portu n ity to reprod uce. The chemica l m ate
ria l of a n i m a ls' bodies may be passed from one a n i m a l
t o a n other as p rey is eaten b y p redator, b u t eventua l ly
it is retu rned to the pond cyc le when the a n i m a l s die and
thei r bodies decom pose (pp. 22-23).
M AJ O R G R O U P S O F P O N D A N I M A L S
ONE-CELLED A N IMALS, o r Pro
tozoa, are the s i m p l est of a l l
a n i m a ls. T h e y a re a b u n d a n t i n
p o n d a n d l a k e waters, espe
cially i n t hose e n riched with or
g o n i c matter. With s i m p l e pla nts
(algae, p . 31 ) , these tiny a n i
mals f o r m the p l a n kton pastures
that a re the basic link i n food
c h a i n s.
Page 76.
SPONGES are m ostly ma r i ne , the
members of o n l y o n e fa m ily l iv
i n g in fresh water. The la rvae
are free-sw i m m i n g , but the a d u lts
are attached, sometimes form i n g
sprea d i n g e n c r u stati o n s o n twigs
o r rocks.
Page 77.
74
(Protozoa) a re m icroscopic o r
nearly so, yet i n their si n g le cell they carry o n a l l life
p rocesses: reproduction, excretion, digesti o n , respiration,
a n d irrita bi l ity. Protozoa ns occur i n a g reat va ri ety of
body forms and have many different meth ods of m ove
ment. The more than 30,000 species live in a wide ra nge
of m oist a n d aq uatic ha bitats. I n n u m bers, they probably
exceed a l l oth er a n i m a ls i n ponds a n d lakes. Protozoa ns
rep rod uce by budding of a new i ndivid u a l from the
pa rent, by sp litti ng of the parent cell to form two new
cel ls, and by fusion of cells or cell pa rts.
Some p rotozoa ns feed on a lgae, yeasts, bacteria,
and oth er p rotozoa ns. Others su bsist o n dissolved or
decayi n g substa n ces, a n d a few m a n ufacture foods. I n
t u r n , they are p reyed upon b y hydras (p. 7 8 ) , r.otifers
(p. 80), a nd sma l l crustacea ns (p. 86) .
ONE-CE L LE D A N IMALS
Peridin i um
galun ense
x35
o; .I ,..-1
'
x5
MASTIGOPHORA h ove w h i p l i ke
exte nsions of proto p l a sm (flagel
I a) . M a n y o re free-swi m m i n g sin
gle cells; others form colon ies.
Often cl assed a s p l a nts (p. 36).
SAR C O D I NA move by flowing
cell extensions c a l led pse udo
pod io.
Some
secrete
shells;
others are na ked.
C I L I ATA have n u merous h a i r l i ke
projections of protoplasm (cil ia)
that beat i n u n iso n . They propel
the a n i m a l and create c u rrents
that bring food to the cell. Some
are free-swim m i n g , others l ive
attached to objects.
SUCTO R I A a re mostly parasites:
some ca use d isease. F ree- l iving
suctoria n s hove suckerlike "a rms"
lor g rasping food a n d are ol
!ached by sta l ks.
76
O N E- C E L L E D A N I MALS
MEYEN I A s p e c i e s a re
wide
s p read a n d tolerate s l i g h t poll u
t i o n . Some l ive o n l y i n acid
waters, others i n a l k a l i n e . S m a l l
a n i m a l s l ive i n si d e t h e sponges.
SPONGES
77
78
C O E L E N T E R AT E S
Hydra america n a
nematocyst
< '
Chlorohydra
viridissima
AM E R I C A N HY DRA is white or
g rayish and is n ot sta l ke d . I ts
tentacles a re shorter t h a n the
body. C o m m o n t h r o u g h o u t east
ern N.A., it l ives i n sta n d i n g
waters a n d i n s l u g g ish streams.
I t attaches itself to s u bmerged
o b jects by its base.
floati n g
ringens
50
80
ROTIFERS
COLO N I E S of bryozoa ns a re
common in sti l l waters, rare i n
poll uted
waters.
Fredericella
u s u a l l y i n h a bits s h a l low rocky
bottoms but has been fo u n d i n
water m o r e t h a n 6 0 0 feet deep.
Plum atella lives i n p o n d s a n d
sl ugg ish streams. Pecfin afe//a i s
82
C H A ETOGASTERS feed on s m a l l
crustacea n s a n d i n sect la rvae.
Their mouths a re l a rg e . C haeto
g asters are g e n e ra l l y colorless.
Length, 0.5 i n c h .
DEROS a re t u be b u i ld e rs com
mon in debris o r on floating
leaves. From 0.3 to 0.5 i n c h l o n g .
Bristly body e n d s i n fi n ger- l i ke
projection s .
HE LO B D E LLAS a re c o m m o n a n d
w i d e l y d istrib uted i n temperate
waters. Species shown is a para
site of s n a i l s; others of fish,
frogs, a n d t u rtles. To 3 inches.
MACROBDELLAS a re c o m m o n i n
the northern U . S . a n d southern
Canada. Feed o n l y on b l ood of
vertebrates. To 10 inches long,
with red a n d b l a c k spots.
83
M A J O R G R O U P S O F F R E S H-WAT E R A R T H R O P O D S
A RTH R O P O DS
85
Seed Shri m p
Clam Shrimp
CRUSTACEANS
WATER FLEAS ( C i a d o c e r a ) : a l l
o f body except h e a d i n cera
pace; 4 to 6 p a i rs of fl a t a p
p e n d a ges.
Pages 88-89
COPEPODS (Copepod a ) : cyl i n
d r ical body; 5 or 6 p a i r s of
r o u n d e d a p pend ages. Page 90.
ISOPODS ( l so p o d a ) : body flat
tened lop to botto m ; no cara
Page 9 1 .
pace.
SCUDS
( A m p h i pod a ) :
s l ightly
com presse d ; no cara pace; h o p
when o u t of water.
Page 9 1 .
CR AYFISH A N D S H R IMP S ( Dec
apod a ) : body n e a r l y rou n d e d ;
d istinct cepha lothorax e n c l osed
i n carapace; specia l i zed a p
pendages for feed i n g , w a l k i n g ,
swi m m i ng, reprod uction Page 92.
CRUSTACEANS
87
C H Y D O R U S is a water flea oc
c u r r i n g i n p l a n kton; Dap h n ia
a n d B osmina, both in open water
and shore zones. Scapholebe ris
l ives on the u n d erside of the
s u rface fi l m , h e l d there by spe88
CRUSTACEANS
Daphnia p u lex
0.02 i n .
Scaphaleberis kingi
0.2 i n .
CRUSTACEANS
89
90
C R U STA C E A N S
ISOPODS
S C U DS
CRUSTACEANS
91
SWAMP CR AYF I SH i n h a b it s l u g
g i s h waters of southeastern N.A.;
i ntrod uced to wester n states. In
a u tu m n males mig rate overland
in d roves to new waters.
leniusculus
CRUSTACEANS
93
INSECTS
O R D E R S O F A Q U AT I C
I N S E CT S
S P R I NGTA I L S ( C o l l e m b o l a ) : less
than 0 . 2 inch l o n g ; forked a p
pendage on u nd e rside used for
s p r i n g i n g on water s u rface or
Page 1 00.
on shore.
T R U E B U G S ( H e m i ptera): bath
n y m p h s a n d a d u lts are active
predators. N y m p h s have either
o n e or n o a p p e n d a g e at end of
abdomen. I n a d u lts rea r half of
front wings is soft and mem
bra nous. Mouth is a beak far
sucking.
Pages 1 02 - 1 04.
BEETLES (Coleoptera ) : the l a rvae
are active pred ators; they d o not
have a p pe n d a g es o n abdomen
b u t some have l o n g tail fila
ments. Both l a rvae a n d a d u lts
have biting m o u t h p a rts. A d u lts
have h a rd o r leathery front
wings. Some l ive only on the
s u rface fi l m of water others be
Pages 1 05-1 06.
low.
Divi ng
Beelle
95
96
I NS E CTS
ISONYC H I A n y m p h s a re ada pt
ed for l ife in flowing water a n d
s w i m w i t h q u ick, d a rting m ove
me nts. Widely d istri b uted .
CLOEON n y m p h is a c l i m ber,
spending
much
time
among
pla nts. F o u n d m a i n l y i n eastern
and northern N . A .
E P H EM E R ELLA
nymph
is
a
spraw l i n g type. It c l i n g s to ob
jects o n the bottom in ponds a n d
strea ms. G i l l s are a b o u t h a l f t h e
width o f the a b d o m e n . Widely
d istrib u ted i n N.A.
E P H EMERA is common i n s m a l l
ponds.
The
nymphs
b u rrow
t h r o u g h bottom sediments. They
keep their feathery g i l l s i n move
ment. This creates a c u rrent of
water t h ro u g h the b u rrow, re
p l e n is h i n g the oxyg e n for res
p i ration .
BLASTU R U S n y m p h s a re a b u n
dant i n small ponds in early
s p r i n g . T h e i r d eve l o p m e n t i s
rapid so t h a t by A p r i l o r M a y
t h e y h ave m a t u red a n d a r e
g o n e . The n y m p h s a re swift,
d a rting types. F o u n d in waters
t h r o u g h o u t m ost of N .A.
I N S E CTS
1.
2.
body, 1 .8 i n .
w i n gs, 2 . 2 i n .
3.
COMMON B L U ET i s a s l e n d e r ,
wid ely d istrib u ted d a m selfly. The
n y m p h s l ive i n pond vegetati o n .
There a re m a n y o t h e r species i n
t h e g e n u s fnol/o g m o . A l l t h e
n y m p h s look m u c h a l i ke b u t have
less s h a r p l y pai nted g i l l s tha n
da Fa rkta i l s (fsch n u ro ) . Both a re
com mon i n N .A. N y m p h s may be
seen c l i m b i n g a bout a n pla nts or
d e b ris i n sea rch of p rey. N y m p h s
of a t h e r da mselflies h i d e i n m u d
o r sand a n d w a i t for p rey I a
come nea r.
fnol/ogmo exsu/ons
nymph
0.8 i n .
99
STO N E F LIES
SPRIN GTAILS
1 00
I NSECTS
cornutus
1 .5 i n .
p u pa i n
cocoon
INSECTS
1 01
TRUE
WATER TREADERS, s m a l l a n d
c o m m o n l y g re e n i s h , l ive on t h e
s u rface n e a r shore a n d o n de
bris. They feed on a n im a l s f o u n d
on t h e s u rface. Three species
occ u r in N.A.
WATER BOATM E N o r e s l e n d e r
b u g s w i t h l o n g h i n d legs fl at
tened for swi m m i n g . Air token
at the su rface u s u a l l y s u rro u n d s
the i n sect i n a silvery envelope .
Water Boatme n m u st hold o n to
some object in order to remain
s u bmerged. Ad u lts o r e strong
fl i e r s a n d com m o n l y attracted to
l i g hts. They feed on a l g a e o r o n
decoying p l a n t a n d a n i m a l mat
ter s u cked f r o m bottom ooze .
About 1 1 5 species of Water
Boatm en o r e known i n N .A. wof
ers.
Arcfocorixa
( h e re)
and
Corixa ( p . 9 5 ) a re t w o c o m m o n
genera.
WATER S C O R P I O N S h a v e a
b reathing t u b e formed by two
g rooved fi l a m e nts at the e n d of
the a b d o m e n . These b u g s l ive
u n d erwater
but
pro ject
the
breathing tube t h r o u g h the s u r
face from t i m e to time to re
p l e n i s h t h e i r o ir. They o r e c o r
n ivorous, seizing t h e i r prey with
their strong front legs. About
1 2 species occ u r i n N . A .
G I ANT W A T E R BUGS o r e the
l a rg e st of the t r u e b u g s . They
feed on i n sects o r even on tad
poles a n d small fi s h es, k i l l i n g
t h e i r p r e y w i t h o p o i s o n secreted
as they bite. In some species the
m a l e carries t h e e g g s on h i s
b o c k . Attracted to l i g hts. About
24 species i n N . A . ; most o b u n
d o n ! in Southeast .
W a t e r Boat m a n
A rctocorixa i n terrupta
Water
Scorpion
Ranafra
fusca
striola
0.1 i n .
PYGMY
BACKSWIMMERS
a re
c o m m o n l y fo u n d
clinging
in
t a n g l e d m asses of p l a nts. They
swim only short d ista n ces-from
one plant to a n other. Their food
consists m a i n l y of s m a l l crusta
cea ns. O n l y one species, widely
d istrib uted , occu rs i n N.A.
BACKSW IMMERS have a keeled,
or boat-s h a pe d , back and pad
d le-like legs. Their hind l e g s a re
m u c h l o n g e r t h a n the m i d d l e a n d
front l e g s . Backswim m ers h o l d a
s u p p ly of a i r on t h e u n d e rside
of the body and beneath the
wings. They come to the s u rface
periodically to rest and to re
plen ish their air s u p p l y by stick
ing the tip of t h e i r a b d o m e n
above the su rface. T h e i r b i t e is
p a i n fu l . About 20 species i n
N.A.
CREEP I N G W A T E R BU G S carry
air i n a bubble b e neath their
wings. They m ove b y swi m m i n g
a n d crawl i n g , a n d g ra s p prey
with their stro n g legs. Pelocoris
occ u rs i n eastern N . A . ; A mbrysus
is a wester n g e n u s.
TOAD BUGS a re f o u n d in the
m u d a n d s and along s h o res of
q u iet waters over m u c h of N .A.
They have broad g ra s p i n g front
legs. Ochterids are similar to
Toad
Bugs,
but
they
have
slender front legs.
SHORE BU GS, o r S a l d i d s, are
j u m pi n g b u g s that l ive i n t h e
w e t s o i l a l o n g shores t h r o u g h
o u t N.A. They fly q u ickly b u t on
l y short d ista nces. S u c k j u ices
from small dead inverteb rates.
1 04
eyes
I NSECTS
1 05
WATER
SCAVENGER
BEETLES
h ave stub by, c l u b-shaped an
tennae, which they stick a bove
the s u rface when they need to
replenish their air s u p ply. The
a i r is trap ped on t h e a n t e n n a e
a n d u n d e r the w i n g s . A d u lts are
mainly vegetarians; the l a rvae,
carnivoro u s . About 1 60 species
occ u r i n N.A. They ra n g e i n
length from 0 . 3 t o 1 .5 i nches.
triang ularis
DRYOP I DS
are
small
hairy
beetles that feed o n algae. Little
is known about the l a rvae which
c l i n g to the u n d ersides of sticks
and stems. Ad ults a re widely
d istributed i n la kes, p o n d s, and
streams. About 25 species are
f o u n d in N.A.
ELM I DS crawl about over the
bottom or on plants a n which
they feed . A fi l m of a i r s u rro u n d
i n g a d u lt's body serves a s a
reservoir of oxyg e n . About 75
easter n N.A. species.
LEAF BEETLES a re m a i n l y terres
trial, but some species a r e com
m o n on pond s u rfaces and feed
on
pla nts.
Larvae
breathe
thro u g h twa spiny tubes that
t a p a i r c h a m bers of plant stem
on w h i c h they a re feed i n g . F u l l
g rown l a rvae s p i n cocoons.
1 06
Tiger Beetle
Cicinde/a
I NS ECTS
H O U S E M O S QUI TO ad u lts at
rest press their body cl ose to the
surface. Larvae rest at a n a n g l e .
Phantom Gnat
Chaoborus a l bipe s
la rva
COMMON
MA LA R I A
MOSQ U I TOES rest with a b d o m e n u p .
larvae l i e horizonta l ly.
l'
I
Aedes sollicita ns
C R A N E FLI E S l o o k l i k e g ia n t
mosq u itoes. Widely d istrib uted
i n N .A., they are c o m m o n l y
fo u n d swa r m i n g n e a r ponds a n d
a re a lso attracted to lig hts.
Crone flies mate i n fl i g ht, a n d
the females lay t h e i r e g g s i n
water. The brownish to whitish
a q u atic l a rva e ca n be recog
n ized by the d isk a t the end of
t h e i r ta i l . T his d i sk, w h i c h has
t u b e l ike
s p iracles,
is
t h r ust
t h r o u g h the s u rface far b reath
ing. Some crane fly l a rvae a re
predaceous; others are vege
taria n . Ad u lts of some species
feed on nectar, but the a d u lts
of many species d o not eat.
Cranefl ies d o not bite.
About 30 species of N .A .
cra n e fl i es a re a q uatic. Among
the most widely d istrib u ted are
the species of Tipula. Their l a rge
toug h-ski n n ed la rvae, sometimes
called leather J a ckets, live in
mats of a l g a e o r other vegeta
tion, i n t h e sa n d y or m u ddy bot
toms of la kes, a n d p o n d s, in wet
g rass, o r i n d e b r i s of lowl a n d
shores. S pecies of Hefius l ive i n
r i c h m u d s a n d on floati n g vege
tation i n ma rshes, especially in
waters where e m e r g e n t pla nts
a re a b u n d a nt.
Ptychopfera
rufocincta
1 10
I NSECTS
Mid g e
TR UE M I DGES rese m b l e m os
q u itoes. M o l e s hove I o rge, feath
ery a n te n n a e . The r o u n d-bod ied
la rvae o re red, yel lowish, g reen
ish, o r whitish c o l o red . Red la rvae
ore called "bl oodworms." The
p u pae of m a n y species ore a c
tive, lik e mosq u ito t u m blers.
Some species l ive i n tubes made
of sa n d , silt, o r d e b ris ceme nted
together with a sticky secreti o n .
larvae ore o n i m porta n t f o o d o f
fi s h e s . Mo st a d u lts d o not bite.
About 200 N .A. species.
Tendipes
otte n u otus
a "U."
BLACK F L I ES, o r B u ffa l o G n a ts,
are s m a l l flies more c o m m o n
n e a r strea m s t h a n a r o u n d ponds
a n d la kes. The females o r e ..._
b l oodsucke rs, a n d their bites o re
p a i n fu l . U n l ike m o s q u itoes, b l o c k
Aies o re active d u ri n g the d a y .
The l a rvae h o v e food-gathering
b r ushes o n e a c h side of their1
hea d . Mosses of la rvae attached 1
'
to stones l o o k l i ke m oss. A b o u t
50 species in N .A .
Simulium sp.
1 1 1
H orse
Fly
Taba n us
:S:i2:t::::=!)
C
'!!
MOTHS,
112
SPIDERS-MITES
113
MO L L U S KS
S N AILS
1 14
S N A I LS
GILLED
SNAILS
AT E S N A I L S
shel l s cone- P U L M O N
s h a p e d . Wide
Fresh-water
spread i n N .A.;
Lim pet
only abundant
Ferrissia
locally.
riv ularis
0.3 i n .
Some s h e l l s r o u g h ,
oth e rs smooth .
.,. F o u n d from
C o n n . to Va.
Most N .A . still
waters. H a i r l i ke
shell coveri n g .
Little Pond
Snail
A m n icola
limnosa
...
0.3 i n .
H a i ry Wheel S n a i l
Gyraulus hirsutus
Ponds a n d
streams, most
a b u n d a n t east of
Rockies.
C o m m o n species
of q u iet waters.
Many N.A.
rela tives .
.,.
Snail
Helisoma
F o u n d in m ud
bottomed waters
of easte r n N . A .
I ntrod uced from
E u rope; n ow
sprea d i n g in the
East .
.,.
S h e l l thick. Many
related species,
a l l from eastern
N.A.
Po n d S n a i l
Lymn aea a u ricula ris
S h e l l s usua l ly t h i n . Lymna ea
Q u i e t waters of
stag n alis
m i d d l e N .A., a l so
E u rope a n d Asia.
.., Largest N . A . s n a i l ,
from ponds a n d
d itches o f south
eastern U.S.
2.5 in.
g lochidium
Some freshwater b i
va l ves have a l a rva l
sta ge, the g l ochid i u m,
which c l i ngs as a pa ra
site to fi ns of fishes.
Lines, o r rings, o n
t h e o u tside of a clam's
shel l are g rowth m arks.
I n side, the hinge
ca n be seen.
C lams dig i n mud or
sa n d with their wedge
shaped, "hatchet" foot.
Water passes i n a n d
o u t t h e shel l cavity
through the t u belike
siphons.
foot
Eupera singleyi
0.5 i n .
BROWN F I NG E R N A I L C LAMS,
with thin shells, a re
fou n d in southern N.A.
S P H E R E C LAMS,
with rather thick shells, a re fou n d
widely i n most of N .A.
P I L L C LAMS
of many species are fou n d
through most o f N.A.
CLAMS
1 17
N EMATODES o r N e m a s , a r e
r o u ndworms, u s u a l l y a b u nd a n t
i n the bottom m ud a n d sa nd o r
i n masses o f d e b r i s i n ponds
a n d l akes. About 1 ,000 species
a re found i n fresh waters. Usu
a l ly l ess than 0.1 inch long, their
d istinctive feature i s the con
slant w h i p l i k e t h ra s h i n g motion
that th rows the body into the
form of a n "S." Some nema
todes ore para sites, i nfesti n g
crustacea ns o r e v e n other w o r m s .
O t h e r s are pred atory, a n d m a n y
feed o n p l a nts.
GASTROTR I C H S a re m icroscopic
a n i m a l s that l ive i n bottom de
bris attached by a secretion from
their tail a p pe n d a g es. About 60
percent of the a p p roximately 200
species l ive i n fresh wate r. Pri
marily a l g a e eaters. Chaetono
tus is a n exa m pl e .
HORSEHA I R WORMS, common i n
q u iet waters i n s u m mer, are l o n g
( t o a b o u t 40 i n c hes). cyl ind rical
worms with a wiry, h a i rlike body
a n d a b l u n t head. Females lay
strings of e g g s nearly 8 feet
l o n g . The l a rvae a re pa rasitic on
crustacea ns, i nsects, a n d mol
l u sks.
Often
called
Gordian
Worms beca u se the tangled
masses of i n d ivid u a l s suggest the
mythical Go rdi a n Knot. They are
called H o rsehair Worms beca u se
they look l ike h o rsehairs that
have come al ive.
H o rsehair Worms
Gordius sp.
M IS C . I N V E RT E B R ATES
1 1 9
Sea Lamprey
Petromyzon marinus
cycloid-smooth at rea r
cten oid-spiny at
Both types of scales shown here
overlap like s h i n gles. Ctenoids
a re fou n d o n sunfishes and similar
spi ny-rayed fishes; cycloids, o n
tro u t a n d other softrayed fishes.
FISHES
121
Bigmouth Buffalo
lctiobus cyprinel/us
Notemigo n us
crysole ucas
Redbelly Dace
Chroso m us eos
Gol dfish
Ca rassius
a uratus
G reen Sunfish
G REEN SU NFISH is one of a
dozen or so flat-sided, deep
bodied s u nfish that a re wide
spread i n N _A_ I t feeds on i n
sects a n d s m a l l
c r u stacea ns.
Spawns i n colon ies i n s u m m e r,
the m o les fa n n i n g s a u cer-s h a ped
nests in sand with fi ns. Average
length 4 to 6 inches.
BLUEGILL SUNFISH i s widely d is
trib uted as a result of stocking
i n fa rm ponds and other waters.
Bluegills eat insects, crustacea n s,
a n d other s m a l l a n imals. A large
fem a l e m a y l a y more t h a n 60,000 eggs a t one spawning, b u t
o n ly a f e w of the m a n y y o u n g
s u rvive . Length 8 to 1 2 inches;
occasionally may weigh a s m u c h
as 1 po u n d .
Wa rmouth
Choenobryftus g ulosu s
P U M P K I N S E E D S U N F I S H is sim
i l a r to Bluegill b u t h a s a brig h t
r e d s p o t o n e a c h g i l l cover. I t
i n h a bits weedy waters i n cen
tral a n d southern N _A_ east of
Rockies. Hybrids of P u m pk inseed
with Green and B l u e g i l l s u nfish
a re d ifficult to i d entify.
WARMOUTH is fou n d in q u iet
waters i n central N.A. from the
Mississippi eastwa rd _ I t prefers
m ud-bottomed ponds a n d , l i k e
related s u n fi s h , feeds largely o n
i nsects a n d s m a l l fishes. Length,
8 to 10 i n c hes.
ORANGESPOnED S U N F I S H l ives
i n q u iet waters throughout cen
tral and easTern N.A. Most a b u n
d a n t i n weedy s pots n e a r holes
Feeds on i n sects and c r u stacea n s .
R e a c h e s a l e n g t h of about 4 t o
5 i nches.
LARGEMOUTH
BASS, a large
member of the sunfish fa m ily, is
common i n p o n d s, la kes, and
sluggish stre a m s t h ro u g h o u t cen
tral a n d southern N .A. I t preys
o n smaller fishes. The Large
mouth Bass averages 2 to 4
p o u nd s, b u t in the South g rows
to m o re than 1 B p o u n d s .
CRAPPIES a r e a lso l a r g e s u n
fi s h . Both t h e B l a c k a n d t h e
Wh ite are w i d e l y d istrib u ted i n
N . A . White C r a p p i e h a s d a rk
bars on sides a n d l ives in m u rk
ier waters t h a n Black. Both are
carnivorous.
They
sometimes
g row to 4 p o u n d s, usually 1 to
2 pou nds.
JOHNNY
DARTER i s o n e o f
about 1 00 s pecies of da rters,
m ost of which a re stream dwell
e rs. Some are n o m o re than 1
inch l o n g ; others reach a l e n g t h
of 5 i n c h e s . The male J o h n n y
Darter a n d some o t h e r k i n d s of
d a rters b u i l d n ests and g uard
their eggs u ntil they hatc h .
'''liiJ'ii!!l!!Eisoxa:m
Redfi n Pickerel
e rican us
6 ft.
P I CKERELS a re s l e n d e r fishes of
strea ms a n d q u iet waters. They
have flat, d ucklike jaws and feed
on fishes and other sma l l a n i
mals. Some pickerels, especially
Northern Pike a n d M u s ke l l u nge,
a re popular sport fi s h . A l l be
long to the pike fa mily.
BANDED K I L L I F I S H, 3 to 4 inches
long, is a topmin now, one of a
l a rge family fou n d in fresh a n d
salt waters. Head is flattened,
m o uth d i rected u pward for s u r
face feed i n g . K i l l ifish feed on
small pla nts a n d a n imals. Band
ed Killifish lives i n n o rthern wat
ers. Ha rdy m i n n ows c a n be kept
for a l o n g time i n aq uariums.
Yellow B u l l head
Jctalurus nata/is
Jctalurus me/as
B U LLHEADS are fo u n d in p o n d s
a n d s l u g g ish stre a m s throughout
N.A. Like other catfish, b u l l heads
have a smooth, sca leless skin
a n d a sharp s p i n e i n the top
(dorsal) fi n and i n each side
( pectoral) fin. C h i n whiskers, or
barbels, are sensory organs that
aid fish i n fi n d i n g food, primar
i l y s m a l l bottom a n i m a ls. B u l l
heads a n d other catfish feed
m ostly at n i g h t o r i n roiled wat
ers; their eyes are smal l . Most
com m o n is Black B u l l head . Yel
low B u l lhead i n h a bits clearer
water than B rown o r Black. All
a re g ood to eat. Average 0 . 5 to
1 .0 pounds; 12 inches l o n g .
C H A N N E L CATF I S H , a n d m ost
tru e catfish, a re primarily stre a m
dwellers, b u t C h a n n e l Catfish
l ives in lakes and has been
stocked i n ponds. Tail fi n deeply
notched . Spotted yo u n g a re com
monly called "fid d lers." Catfish
are edible and have fi r m flesh,
especially when from cool wa.
ters. U s u a l l y 2 to 4 pounds.
TADPOLE MADTOMS, u s u a l l y 3
to 4 i nches l o n g , a re s m a l l cal
fish of q u iet, weedy waters.
Madtoms have a poison g l a n d at
the base of the s p i n e i n t h e i r
pectoral fi n a n d ca n i n fl ict a
painful wou n d . The s m a l l fatty
( a d i pose) fi n is joined to the
tail fin, rather than free as i n
other ca"tfish.
lon g n ose G a r
lepisosteus osseus
and Amphibians.
AMPHI BIANS
1 29
a re
eel-li ke,
heavy
bodied s a l a m a n d ers that l a c k
hind l i m b s. T h e y h a v e feathery
g i l l s . Sirens l ive in s h a l l ow
m a rshes a n d ponds of the Mis
sissi p p i Va lley a n d southeastern
coast. Grow to 2 feet l o n g .
E a s i l y provoked to bite.
MUDPUPP I ES, of eastern N .A.,
reach a length of a b o u t 1 2
inches a n d retain their g i l l s in
adult stage . Feed on fishes, cray
fish, i nsects, and m o l l u sks.
H E LLBENDERS a re g i l led, a q uatic
salamand ers fo u n d m a i n l y in
fresh waters of the Ohio Va l l ey.
Eat crayfish and other s m a l l
a n i m a ls. A b o u t 1 8 inches.
1 30
AMPHIBIANS
131
A m erica n Toad
B ufo american us
1 32
AMPHIBIANS
TA D P O L E S
AMPHI B IANS
1 33
COMMON T R E E FROG, a b o u t
2.5 inches l o n g , i n h a bits a l l o f
easte rn N .A . e x c e p t p e n i n s u l a r
Florida. C o m m o n a l o n g shores
of strea ms a n d p o n d s, especia l l y
i n wooded a reas. l a y s eggs o n
the s u rface of q u iet, s h al low wat
ers of ponds and l a es.
SPRING
PEEPER,
about
1 .5
inches l o n g , is a well-known tree
frog. In early spring nearly
every eastern wood l a n d pond
teems with Spring Pee pers, ond
reso u n d s with the loud, shril l
mating ca l l s of the m a les. Seldom
seen except i n breed i n g seaso n .
SWAMP C H O R U S F R O G breeds
i n ponds and d itches i n the
spring, then m oves to h i g h e r
g ro u n d
rem a i n d e r
of
year.
About 1 i n c h long. I t is fo u n d
t h r o u g h m i d d l e N . A . I n South
west this frog l ives high in
m o u nta i n s w h e re it is cool.
ORNATE
CHORUS FROG, of
southeastern
U.S., breeds in
g rassy d itches and a l o n g the
edges of ponds, usua l l y d u ri n g
late winter. little is known about
the eggs or t h e tadpoles. The
frogs a re seldom m o re than 1
inch l o n g .
eggs a n d you n g
of P o n d Slider
(p. 1 38 )
1 36
REPTILES
T URTLES
REPTILES
1 37
Pond S l ider
Pseudemys scripta
western
1 38
REPTILES
eastern
occurs
in
SPOTTED
T URTLE
ponds, m a rshes, and d itches i n
c e n t r a l N . A . W h e n not baskin g ,
it u s u a l l y n o s e s l a z i l y a m o n g
pla nts or w a n d e r s on shore.
Feeds m a i n ly o n i n sects but a l so
eats othe r s m a l l a n im a l s . The
newly hatched have a single yel
low spot o n each cara pace pl ate;
a d u lts have more than one spot.
length 3 to 5 i n ches.
WESTERN POND TURTLE, which
reaches a length of about 6
inches, occu r s from British Co
l u mbia to Baja C a l ifornia. Its
c a ra pace is d a r k with yel low
spots; the p lastron is yel lowish .
Feeds on s m a l l a n i m a l s a n d on
some pla nts.
MAP TURTLES, or Sawbacks (9
species) , are fou n d i n centra l
a n d eastern N . A . These a re shy,
basking tu rtles, some with beau
tiful a n d ornate m a rkings. Their
favorite foods a re m ussels a n d
s n a ils, w h i c h t h e y c r u s h i n their
broad jaws. They feed to a less
er deg ree on c rustaceans a n d o n
o t h e r s m a l l a n i m a l s that l ive i n
p o n d s a n d l a kes. length o f cara
pace 9 to 10 inches.
SOFTS H E L L T URTLES are very
flat. The u p per shell is covered
with soft, leathery skin, leaving
a wide, soft edge. Two species
are widespread i n N .A. east of
Rockies. More common i n strea m s
than in p o n d s a n d la kes. Soft
shells have a l o n g , snakelike
neck and c a n bite viciously.
Spiny Softs h e l l T u rtle h a s b u m ps
along front e d g e of carapace.
length 12 inches o r more.
Trion yx ferox
R E P T I L ES
1 39
S N A KES
DIAMOND-BAC KED
WATER
SNAKE is m ost a b u n d a n t in Mis
sissi ppi Va l ley. It reaches a
length of 4 feel b u t is us u ally
sm a l l e r . L o o k s l i k e C otton m o uth
( p . 1 42) b u t is more active.
S N A K E , fou n d
from South C a rol i n a through
Florida, reaches a length of
about 1 foot. It l ives a l o n g the
shore a n d feeds on worms, frogs,
and other s m a l l a n i m als.
SWAMP
SNAKE
is
slig htly longer (to 1 .5 feet) than
the Black Swa m p Snake. It is
found i n the same a rea a n d is
similar i n h ab its. Body stouter;
belly yellow.
STR I P E D
Ribbon
Snake
America.
SWANS, the
--.- -.
....-+
.
..,.,. ..&.__
---v ... -.. ,...
36 in., w. 85 in .
1 6-25 in ., w. 50-68 in .
BIRDS
1 43
Common Goldeneye
B ucephala c/a n g u/a
13 i n . , w. 31 i n .
R U DDY DUCK b e l o n g s to a d is
tinct g r o u p m ost closely related
to tropical masked d ucks. I t fre
q uents p o n d s a n d eats m a i n l y
p l a n ts, w h i c h it gels by d iv i n g .
C a n also s i n k b e l o w s u rface.
AN D
OTHER
K I N G R A I L is a shy ma rsh b i rd
found from Midwest to the G u l f
of Mexico a n d eastward . O n
short flig hts i t s feet d a n g l e be
low; on l o n g flig hts its legs a re
tucked u nd e r its body. F ive
other species of rails l ive i n
swa m ps a n d m a rshes i n N . A . All
a re e l u sive a n d hard to see.
Common
Ga l l i n u l e
Gallin ula
BIRDS
Great B l u e Heron
A rdea herodias
38 i n ., w. 70 i n .
WATER
BIRDS
G R EAT B L U E H E R O N introduces
a fa m i l y of l o ng-legged waders
with s h a r p bills for feed i n g o n
aq uatic a n i m a l s . N ote i t s l a r g e
size, col ors, a n d m a r k i n g s . H e r
o n s freq u e n t l a kes, p o n d s , a n d
m a rshes, feed i n g
mainly on
fi s h e s a n d f r o g s . Th irteen species
are found i n N . A .
C O M M O N EGRET b r e e d s f r o m
C a l ifornia to Te n n essee a n d
southward, w a n d e r i n g i n to C a n
a d a i n s u m m e r. N ote yellow b i l l ,
black f e e t a n d legs. The s m a l l e r
(20 i n . ) S n owy Eg ret has a black
b i l l a n d l e g s, yel l ow feet. The
sti l l s m a l l e r ( 1 7 i n .) Cattle Eg ret
prefers pastures to wetl a n d s .
GREEN H E R O N is f o u n d w i d e l y
in easte rn U . S . Q n d also a l o n g
the W e s t C o a s t . N ote the orange
legs a n d contrast i n g body col
ors. A l l other d a r k herons ex
cept the Green and the two be
low prefer sa ltwater l a g o o n s a n d
m u d flats.
B LACK-C R O WN ED N I GHT H ER
ON a n d a lso the Yel low-crowned
feed o n a q u atic i n sects, fi s h and
a m p h ibians. They sleep by day.
AMERICAN B ITTER N , found in
wet l a n d s n o rth to central Can
ada, 11freezes11 when i n d a n g e r .
Yo u n g n i g h t herons s i m i l a r in
a ppearance. least Bitter n
is
smal lest hero n .
y e l l o w l e g s . Solitary S a n d p i per,
o lso widespread, has a d a r k
r u m p a n d barred tail feathers.
Spotted S a n d p i per, more south
ern, bobs its tail cont i n u a l ly.
Common Snipe a n d Woodcock
are s n i pes of bogs , m a rshes a n d
a l o n g shores.
Ri ng-bil led G u l l
Larus delawarensis
1 6 i n ., w. 49 i n .
S potted Sandpiper
Actitis macu/aria
6.3 i n .
C o m m o n loon
White Pelican
Peleca n us erythrorhynchos
50 i n . , w. 1 1 0 i n .
BIRDS
1 49
HAWKS A N D T H E I R K I N have
hooked b i l l s and strong talons.
The Osprey, widespread i n N . A .,
has c o n s p i c u o u s bend in wings
i n fl i g ht. Dives for fi s h . Marsh
Hawk, with n a rrow wings, h u nts
and nests i n open ma rshes.
Chara drius
vociferus
8 in.
Longbil led
Ma rsh Wren
Telmafodytes pa lusfris
Swa m p Spa
Melospiza
g eorgiana
Tufted
151
MAMMALS
Muste/a vison
1 52
M AM M ALS
Muskrat
O n datra zibethica
N utria
Castor canadensis
MAMMALS
1 53
Sorex palustris
F O R M O R E I N F O R M AT I O N
B l a i r, W. F. , B l a i r, N . P. , Brodkorb, P. , C a g l e , F. R . a n d Moore, G . A . ,
Vertebrates o f the United States, McGraw- H i l l Book C o m pany, N ew Yor k ,
1 957
Coker, R. E . , S treams, Lakes, Ponds, U n iv. N . C . Press, Chapel H i l l , 1 954
Edmondson, W.
1 95 1
Muenscher, W. C . , A quatic Plants o f the United States, Comstock, Ithaca ,
N . Y. , 1 944
Needham, P. G . and Needha m , P. R . , A Guide to the S tudy of Freshwater
B iology, H o l d e n - Day, San Franc isco, 1 962
Odum, E. P. , Fundamentals of Ecology, W. B. Saunders, P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1 97 1
Penna k , R . W. , Fresh-Water Invertebrates o f the U nited States, 2 n d Ed . ,
Ronald Press, N ew Yor k , 1 978
Reid, G . K . , and Wood , R . D . , Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries, Van
Nostrand R e i n h o l d , New Yor k , 1 967
Smith , G . M . , Freshwater A lgoe of the United States, McGraw- H i l l , New York,
1 950
SCIEN TISTS
155
INDEX
The many p l a n ts a n d a n i m a ls that have n a com m o n n ames are listed i n
this i n d e x b y t h e i r scientific n a me (ge nus). For others, t h e comm o n n ame o r
grou p n a m e i s l i sted . Scientific names a r e g i ven a l so w i t h t h e i l l u strations.
A c i n e t a , 76
Adder' s tongue, 44
Aeolosoma, 8 2
Agmene l l u m , 33
A l d e rfl i e s , 9 4 , 1 00, 1 0 1
A l d e r s , 69
A l g a e , 3 1 37
A l l i g a t o r, 1 36
g a r , 1 28
weed, 62
Amoe b a , 74, 76
A m p h i b i a n s , 1 20,
1 29-1 35
A m p h i b i o u s sma rtweed,
59
A m p h i pods, 86, 9 1
A n a b a e n a , 32
Anacystis, 32
A n o x , 94, 98
A n h i n g o , 1 48
A n i m a l s , 74- 1 54
A n k i strode s m u s , 35
A n n e l i d s, 75, 82
Anostraca, 86, 88
A p p l e s na i l , 1 1 5
Arborvitae, 7 1
Arce l l o , 74
A rg u l u s , 90
Arrow arum, 56
Arrowheads, 5 1
Arthropods, 75, 8 5- 1 1 3
A r u m s , 56
As e l l u s , 9 1
A s h e s , 70
A s p e n s , 68
A s p l o n c h n o , 80
Aste r i o n e l l a , 37
B a c k s w i mmers, 1 04
B a c te r i a , 3 8
B a l d c y p ress, 69
e a g l e , 1 50
8 o l pote, 1 44
B a l s a m cotto n w o o d , 68
B a nded k i l l i f i s h , 1 26
B a n k swa l l ow , 1 5 1
B o s s , 1 9, 1 2 5
B o t , 1 54
B e a k r u s h e s , 54
B e a v e r , 1 53
B e e t l e s , 95, 1 05 - 1 06
1 56
Bel lflower, 66
B e l ted k i n g fi sher, 1 50
s k i mmers, 98
Bryophytes, 30, 39
B r yozoans, 75, 8 1
Buffa l o , 1 22
B u ff a l o gnats, 1 1 1
Bufflehead, 1 45
B u g s , 95, 1 02-1 04
B u l lfrog, 1 33
B u l l heads, 1 27
B u r - reeds, 47
B u s h y pondweed, 50
B u tton b u s h , 72, 73
C a b b a g e p a l metto, 7 1
C a d d i s fl i e s, 9 5 , 1 07
C a n a d a goose, 1 43
C a nary grass, 53
C a nvasbacks, 1 45
C a rbon d i o x i d e , 1 2, 1 3
C a rex, 54
C a rp, 1 23
C a te n u l a s , 8 4
C a t fi s h , 2 0 , 1 27
Catta i l s, 2 1 , 46
Cattle eg ret, 1 47
Cedars, 7 1
Cerotium, 3 1 , 36
C h a etoga sters, 82
C h a i r - m a k e r s ' r u s h , 54
C h a n n e l catfi s h , 1 27
C haoborus, 1 08
C ha r a , 3 6
C h i m ney crayfish, 93
C h lo rel l o , 34
C h u bsuckers, 1 22
C h ydorus, 88, 89
C i l i a t a , 74, 76
C i n namon fern, 45
teal, 1 44
C l adocera, 86, 8 8
C l a dophora, 34
C la m s , 75, 1 1 6- 1 1 7
C l a m s h r imps, 86, 8 8, 89
C l oeon, 97
C loster i u m , 35
C o e l e n terates, 7S, 78, 79
C o l eoptera, 95, 1 05-1 06
C o l lecti n g e q u i pment,
27, 28, 29
C o l lembo l a , 95, 1 00, 1 0 1
Common Water Snake,
1 40
Conchostraca, 86, 8 8
Coonta i l , 63
Coot, 1 46
Cooters, 1 38
Copepods, 86, 90
Copperhead, 1 40
Cord grass, 52
Coryd a l us, 94
Cottonmouth, 1 40, 1 4 1 ,
1 42
C o ttonwood, 68
Cow l i l y , 60
C ro n e flies, 1 1 0
C rappies, 1 25
C r a w l i n g water beetles,
1 05
C rayfish , 75, 85, 86,
92-93
C reek c h u b , 1 23
C reeping water bugs,
1 04
C rested woodfern , 44
C ricket frog, 1 35
C r i s p p o n d weed, 48, 49
C rocod i l i a n s , 1 36
C rustacea ns, 85, 86-93
C u t g rass, 52
Cyclops, 90
C y m b e l l a , 37
C ypress, 69
Cypridopsis, 87
C y p r i n otus, 87
Dace, 1 23
Damsel fl i e s , 94, 98, 99
D a p h n i a , 89
Darters, 1 25
Deca poda , 86, 92
Deer fly, 1 1 2
Dero, 82
Desmids, 35
Oevi l ' s d a r n i n g need l es,
98
D i a m o n d - b a cked water
snake, 1 4 1
D i o ptomus, 90
Diatoms, 3 1 , 3 7
Dichelyma, 4 1
D i fll u g i a , 76
Dinoflage l l a tes, 3 1 , 36
D i pjera, '95, 1 08-1 1 2
Dixa midges, 1 1 1
Dobsons, 1 00, 1 0 1
Dogfish, 1 28
Dogwood, 72
Dragonflies, 94, 98, 99
Drapa r n a l d i a, 34
Drone fl y , 1 1 2
Dryo p i d s , 1 06
Duck potato, 5 1
Ducks, 1 44- 1 45
Duckweed s, 1 7, 57
Dugesias, 84
D u l i ch i u m , 54
D u s k y s a l a ma nder, 1 3 1
Ea red pond sna i l , 1 1 5
E a rthworms, 75, 82
Eastern cottonwood, 68
cra y fi s h , 93
larch, 7 1
E e l , 1 26
Egret, 1 47
E l mids, 1 06
Elodea, 55
E n a l l a g m a , 99
Ephemera, 97
Ephemere l l a , 93, 97
E p h e meroptera, 94, 96
Erpobd e l l a , 83
Eryngo, 64
E u b r a n c h i pus, 89
E u c y p r i s , 87
E u g l e n a , 3 1 , 36, 74
E u g l en o i d s, 3 1 , 36
Fairy s h r i mps, 86, 88, 89
F a l se loo sestrife, 67
map turtle, 1 39
Fa n wort, 60, 6 1 , 63
F a r o n c i a , 1 41
Form pond, 9
Ferns, 42-45
F i e l d mouse 1 54
Fisher spider, 1 1 3
F i shes, 75, 1 2 1 - 1 2 8
F i s h fl i e s , 1 00, 1 0 1
F l a g e l l a tes, 74
F l a tworms, 75, 84
F l ies, 95, 1 08-1 1 2
F l o a t i n g brown l eof,
48, 49
Florida gar, 1 28
F l oscu l a r i a , 80
F l u kes, 84
Fonti n a l i s , 4 1
F o o d w e b s , 22-23
Forkta i l s , 99
Founta i n moss, 4 1
Fowler's toad , 1 32
Fox g ra pe, 73
F ra g i l a r i a , 37
F ra n k l i n ' s g u l l , 1 48
Freder i c e l l a , 8 1
Frogbit, 59
Frogs, 75, 1 29, 1 32-1 35
Fungi, 38
Gadwa l l , 1 44
G a l l i n u l e , 1 46
G a m b u s i a , 1 26
Gammarus, 9 1
Gars, 1 28
Gartersnokes, 1 42
Gastrotrichs, 1 1 9
Geese, 1 43
G e m m u l e s, 77
G i a n t bur- reed , 47
pond s n a i l , 1 1 5
water bugs, 1 03
G i l led s n a i l s , 1 1 4, 1 1 5
Gizzard shad, 1 28
G l a s sworts, 62
Glochidia, 1 1 6
Goldeneye, 1 45
Golden s h i ner, 1 23
G o l d fi s h , 1 23
Gomphosphaeria, 33
Gord i a n worms, 1 1 9
Grape, 73
Grasses, 52, 53
Grassy a rrowhead, 51
Great blue heron, 1 47
d u ckweed, 57
Greater s i ren , 1 30
yel lowlegs, 1 48
Green a l gae, 3 1 , 34, 35
d a rner, 98
frog, 1 33
heron, 1 47
hydra, 79
ja cket, 98
snakes, 1 42
s u n fi s h , 1 24
tree frog, 1 34
water s n a k e , 1 40
- w i nged tea l , 1 44
Gree n b r i e r, 73
G u l l s, 1 48
H a b i ta t s, 1 7-2 1
bottom, 1 9
l i ttora l , 20
open water, 1 8
su rface, 1 7
H o e m o p s i s , 83
H a i ry water beetle, 1 06
wheel sna i l , 1 1 5
H a w k s , 1 50
H e l l bender, 1 30
H e l l g r a m m i tes, 94, 1 00
H e l o b d e l l a , 83
H e m i ptera, 95, 1 02-1 04
Herons, 1 47
H e x a g e n i o s , 93, 96
H i r u d i n eas, 8 3
H o n e y s u c k l e, 73
Hornbeam, 70
Horned p o n d weed, 48,
49
Hornworts, 63
Horse fl y , 1 1 2
Horseha i r worms, 1 1 9
H orseta i l s, 43
H o u s e m o s q u i to, 1 09
Hyalella, 9 1
157
Hydrachna, 1 1 3
H ydras, 75, 78, 79
H y d r o d i ctyan, 3 5
Hydrogen, 1 0
H y g robates, 1 1 2
Hygrohypnum, 4 1
H yssop, 67
Macrobd e l l a , 83
Mad-dog s k u l lcap, 66
Madtom, 1 27
M a l a r i a mosq u i to , 1 09
Ma l l a rds, 1 44
Mam m a l s, 1 20, 1 52-1 54
M a n n a g rass, 52
M a p l e s, 70
Map turtle, 1 39
M a rcha n t i a , 39
Mare's to i l , 65
Marsh cinq uefo i l , 66
fern, 44
hawk, 1 50
rabbit, 1 53
St. J o h n ' s-wort, 66
treaders, 1 02
wren, 1 5 1
Massasa u g a , 1 42
Mastigophora, 76
Mayflies, 85, 94, 96, 97
Meadow mouse, 1 54
v o l e , 1 54
Mego l optera, 94, 1 00
Merganser, 1 45
Merid i a n , 37
Mermaid weed, 64
M e y e n i a , 74, 77
Micrasterios, 35
Midges, 1 1 1
Minerals, 1 4
M i n k , 1 52
M i n nows, 1 23
Mites, 85, 1 1 3
Mitru l a , 38
M o l o n n a , 1 07
M o l e , 1 54
M o l l u sks, 75, 1 1 4-1 1 7
Monostyla , 80
Moonwort, 44
Mora r i a , 90
Mosq u i toes, 1 7,
1 08-1 09
Mosq u i tofish, 1 26
Mos q u i to hawks, 98
Moss a n i m a l s , 75, 8 1
Mosses, 40, 4 1
Moths, 95, 1 1 2
Mougeotia, 34
Mud p l a n t a i n , 58
s a l a m a nder, 1 3 1
snake, 1 4 1
turtle, 1 37
Mudpuppy, 1 30
J e l l yfishes, 7 8 , 7 9
J o h n n y da rter, 1 25
J o i n t- l egged a n i ma l s ,
85--1 1 3
J u ngerma n n i a , 39
Kerate l l a , 80
K i l l deers, 1 50
K i l l ifi s h , 1 26
K i n g b i rd , 1 51
K i ngfisher, 1 50
K i n g ra i l , 1 46
V) Knobbed l a m p s he l l , 1 1 7
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1 58
Lake, 4-29
c h u bsucker, 1 22
sturgeo n , 1 28
trout, 1 20
Lampreys, 1 20
lampshe l l s , 1 1 7
Larch, 71
Largemouth bass, 19,
5
Le
beetles, 1 06
leafy pond weed, 48, 49
leather ja ckets, 1 1 0
lea t h e r l eaf, 72
leeches, 75, 82, 83
l e m m i n g , 1 54
leopard frog, 1 29, 1 33
Lepidoptera, 95, 1 1 2
leptoce l l a , 1 07
Leptodora, 89
leptoth r i x , 38
Lesser d u ckweed, 57
sca u p , 1 45
L i m b e r h o n eysuck l e, 73
l i m n e p h i l u s, 1 07
L i m no c h a res, 1 1 3
limno logy, 5
l i m pets, 1 1 5
liod ytes, 1 4 1
l i t t l e brown bat, 1 54
pond sna i l , 1 1 5
water l i l y, 60, 6 1
Liverworts, 39
L i zards, 1 36
M u s k e l l u nge, 1 26
M u s k r a t, 1 53
Musk turtle, 1 3 7
N a i a d s , 1 9, 50
Narrow-leaved catta i l ,
46
Naupl ius, 8 7
N a v i c u l a , 3 1 , 37
Nemas, 1 1 8
N e matocysts, 78, 79
N e m a todes, 1 1 8
Nemerteans, 1 1 8
Neurecl i p s i s , 1 07
N e u roptera, 94, 1 00
N e wts, 1 29, 1 3 1
N i te l l a , 3 1 , 36
Northern p i k e, 1 8, 1 26
No-see-ums, 1 1 1
N o stoc, 32
Notostraca, 86, 88
N u t r i a , 1 53
Nymphula, 1 1 2
Oaks, 69
Ochte r i d s , 1 04
Odonata, 94, 98, 99
Oeceti s , 1 07
O l igochaetes, 82
One-ce l l ed a n i m a l s , 74,
76
Orange-spotted
s u n f i s h , 1 24
Orb s n a i l , 1 1 5
Ornate chorus frog, 1 35
Osci l l a toria, 3 1 , 33
Osprey, 1 50
O s tracods, 86, 87
Ostrich fern, 45
Otter, 1 52
Overcup o a k , 69
O x y g e n , 1 0, 1 2, 1 3
Pacific tree frog, 1 34
P a i n ted turtle, 1 38
Papers h e l l s, 1 1 7
Paramecium, 74, 76
Pea r l y m u s s e l s , 1 1 7
Peat mosses, 40
Pect i n a te l l a , 8 1
Pediastrum, 3 5
P e l i c a n s , 1 49
Pelocoris, 1 04
Perch i n g b i rd s , 1 5 1
Peri d i n i u m , 3 6 , 76
Perla, 94
pH, 1 3
Phacus, 36
P h a n to m crane f l ies, 1 1 0
gnats, 1 08 , 1 09
P h i l o d i n a , 80
P h i lonotis, 4 1
Photosynthesis, 1 2 , 22,
30
Phyto p l a nk to n , 1 8 , 22
P i ckerel frog, 1 33
Pickerels, 1 26
Pickerel weeds, 2 1 , 58
P i ed - b i l l e d grebe, 1 49
P i k e, 1 8, 1 26
P i l l c l a m, 1 1 7
Pines, 7 1
P i n ta i l , 1 44
P i tcher p l a n t, 65
P l o naria, 75
P l a n kton, 1 8 , 1 9, 22
P l a nts, 30-73
zones, 20, 2 1
P l e coptera, 94, 1 00,
101
P l u mate l l a , 8 1
Podophrya, 76
Pod u r a , 1 0 1
Poi nted w i n k l e , 1 1 5
Poison ivy, 72
sumac, 72, 73
Polyarthra, 80
Pond, 4-29
crayfish, 92
skaters, 1 02
s l i d ers, 1 36, 1 3 8
Pondweeds, 20, 48, 49
Poplars, 68
Porifera, 77
Poteriod e n d r o n , 76
Prawns, 93
Predaceous d i v i n g
beetles, 1 05
P r i m rose w i l l o w , 66
Proboscis worms, 1 1 8
Procoty l o , 8 4
Prosob r a n chs, 1 1 5
Protozoa, 74, 76
Ptychoptera, 1 1 1
P u l m o n a te s n a i l s,
1 1 4, 1 1 5
Pumpk i n seed s u n fi s h ,
1 24
Punkies, 1 1 1
P u r p l e g a l l i n u l e , 1 46
Pygmy bockswimmers,
1 04
ratt l e s n a k e , 1 42
Queen snake, 1 40
Q u i l lworts, 43
Rabbit, 1 53
Raccoons, 1 52
R a i l s , 1 46
Ra i n bow s n a k e, 1 4 1
trout, 1 2 1
Rat, 1 54
Sedges, 2 1 , 54, 55
Seed s h r i m p , 86, 87
Segmented worms, 75,
82, 83
S h a rp-fru i ted rush 55
S h a r p - l eaved
sphagnum, 40
S h i ners, 1 9, 1 23
Shore b u g s , 1 04
Short-awn foxta i l , 52
Shortnose g a r, 1 28
Short-tai l ed h a w k , 1 50
Shovel ler, 1 44
Shrew, 1 54,
S h r i m p s, 85, 86, 92, 93
Shrubs, 72, 73
S i d e - s w i m mers, 9 1
S i m u l i u m, 1 1 1
S i r e n , 1 30
S i s y ro , 94
S k u l lcaps, 66
S l i d ers, 1 3 8
Sma l l bedstraw, 66
S m a l lmouth b a s s, 1 25
Sma rtweeds , 59
Sminthurides, 1 0 1
Smoky a lderfly, 1 0 1
Smooth g reen s n a k e ,
1 42
Sna i l s, 75, 1 1 4- 1 1 5
Snakes, 1 36, 1 40-1 42
Snapping turtle, 1 37
S n i pe, 1 48
Snow goose, 1 43
Snowy egret, 1 47
Softshe l l turtle, 1 39
S o l d i e r fl i e s , 1 1 2
S o l i t a r y s a n d p i per, 1 48
Sour g u m , 69
Southern bog l e m m i n g ,
1 54
n a i a d , 50
Sow bugs, 86, 9 1
Spadefoot toad, 1 32
Speckled a l der, 70
Sphaeroti l u s , 3 8
S p h a g n u m s , 40
S p h ere c l a ms, 1 1 7
S p i c u l e s , 77
Spiders, 85, 1 1 3
S p i k e rushes, 55
S p i n u l o s e woodfern, 44
S p i n y n a i a d , 50
softsh e l l turtle, 1 39
S p i ro g y ra , 3 1 , 34
Sponges, 74, 77
Spong i l l a , 77
fl i es, 94, 1 00, 1 0 1
Spotted g a r , 1 28
sa l a ma nder, 1 3 1
s a n d p i per, 1 48
turtle, 1 39
1 59
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S p r i n g peeper, 1 34
Spri n g ta i l s, 95, 1 00,
101
Sta r - nosed m o l e , 1 54
Stato b l asts, 8 1
Stentor, 76
Sti lt spider, 1 1 3
Stinkpot m u s k turtle,
1 37
Sto n e fl i es, 94, 1 00, 1 0 1
Ston eworts, 3 1 , 36
Strecker's chorus frog,
1 35
Str i p ed s w a m p snake,
141
Sturgeon , 1 28
Suckers, 1 22
Suctoria, 76
Sumacs, 72, 73
Sundew, 65
S u n fi s h , 2 1 , 1 24, 1 25
S w a l low-ta i l ed k i te,
1 50
Swampca n d l e
loosestri fe, 67
Swamp cottonwood,
68
crayfish, 92
cricket frog, 1 3 5
maple, 71
o a k , 69
pine, 71
r a b b i t, 1 53
rose, 72, 73
spa rrow, 1 5 1
sumac, 72, 73
Swans, 1 43
Sweet b a y , 73
fl a g , 56
g a l e , 72
Sycamores, 69
l:
1 60
Tabel l a r i a , 37
Tadpo l e madtom, 1 27
s h r i m p , 86, 88, 89
Tadpo les, 1 33
Tamarack, 69
Tapeworms, 84
Tard i g rades, 1 1 9
Tend i pes, 1 1 1
T h a l loph ytes, 30
T h i o t h r i x , 38
T h readta i led stonefly,
101
Three - s q u a re, 54
T i g e r beetles, 1 06
s a l a m a nder, 1 29
Tipula, 1 1 0
Toad b u g s , 1 04
Toads, 1 29, 1 32
Topminnows, 1 26
Tracheoph ytes, 3 0
Tree frogs, 1 34
Trees, 68, 69, 70, 7 1
Triaenodes, 1 07
Trichoptera, 95, 1 07
Trout, 1 2 1
Trumpeter swan., 1 43
Tube worm (tubifex ) ,
1 9, 75, 82
Tufted titmouse, 1 51
T u m b l ers, 1 08
Tupelos, 69
Turbe l l arians, 84
Turtles, 75, 1 36, 1 371 39
Two - l i ned s a l a ma n d er,
131
V a r i a b l e pondweed,
48, 49
Vascu l a r p l a nts, 30, 42
Vertebra tes, 75,
1 20- 1 54
V i r g i n i a chain fern, 45
Voles, 1 54
Volvox, 35
Warmouth, 1 24
Water, 6, 7, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 4,
1 5, 1 6, 1 7
bears 1 1 9
b i rds, 1 46-1 51
boatmen, 1 03
celery, 20
cress, 62
density, 1 0
fern, 43
fleas, 86, 88, 89
hemlock, 64
hyaci nth, 58
hypnum, 4 1
l ettuce, 56
l i l ies, 20, 60, 61
l o b e l i a , 65
m a r i g o l d , 63, 67
measurers, 1 02
m i l fo i l , 20, 63, 65
m i tes, 1 1 3
mocca s i n, 1 42
m o l d s , 38
moss, 4 1
o a k , 69
parsnip, 67
pen ny wort, 66
p l a n t a i n s, 5 1
scavenger beetle, 1 7,
1 06
Water ( c o n t . )
s c o r p i o n s , 1 7, 1 03
s h a m rock, 4 2
s h i e l d , 60, 6 1
s h rew, 1 54
s m a r tweed, 59
s n a kes, 1 40
starwort, 67
striders, 1 02
t i g e rs, 1 05
treaders, 1 03
t u p e l o , 69
turkey, 1 48
weeds, 50, 59
w i l low, 67
Western b i rch, 70
b u r - reed, 47
c r a y fi s h , 92
po n d turtle, 1 3 9
water l i l y , 60, 6 1
W h i r l i g i g beetles, 1 7,
1 05
W h i s t l i n g swan, 1 43
W h i te cedar, 7 1
cra ppie, 1 25
o a k , 69
p e l i c a n, 1 49
sucker, 1 22
water crowfoot, 63
water l i l y , 60, 6 1
Widgeon, 1 44
W i l d celery, 59
rice, 53
W i l low o a k , 69
W i l lows, 68
W i l so n ' s s n i p e , 1 49
W i n ged l a m p s h e l l , 1 1 7
W i n k l es, 1 1 5
Wi nterberry, 72, 73
Wi nterh i l l , 1 6
W o l ffi a , 57
Woodcock , 1 48
Wood d u c k , 1 44
Worms, 75, 82, 83, 84,
1 1 8, 1 1 9
Wrigg l e rs, 1 08
Y e l l o w b u l l head, 1 27
Y e l l ow-crowned n i g h t
heron, 1 47
Y e l l o w fever mosquito,
1 09
Ye l l ow l e g s , 1 48
Y e l l o w perch, 1 25
w a r b l e r, 1 5 1
water crowfoot, 63
w a ter l i l y , 60, 6 1
Zoop l a n k ton, 1 8
3B 3C 3D 3E 3F
POND LIFE
CEORCE k. REID, P h . D., i s P rofessor of B i o l ogy at
Eckerd Co l l ege in St. Peters b u rg, F l o r i d a . A native
F l o r i d i a n , he rece ived h i s adva n ced degrees at the
U n iversity of Florida and has se rved on the fac u l t i es
of Texas A & M and Rutgers U n iversity. Dr. Reid i s
t h e a u t h o r of a col l ege textbook o f eco l ogy a n d of
n u m e rous tech n ical papers on i n l a n d waters. He is a
past p res i d e n t of t h e F l o r i d a Acad emy of S c i e nces and
past c h a i r m a n of t h e a q u a t i c ecol ogy sect i o n of the
Eco l ogical Soci ety of America.
u . s. $5.95
Can. $8. 95
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