2013 - 06 Tall Buildings High Rise
2013 - 06 Tall Buildings High Rise
2013 - 06 Tall Buildings High Rise
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San Diego Central Library
30
CONTENTS
June 2013
Diagrid on Display
34
40
COLUMNS
7 Editorial
On the Importance
of Collaboration
10 Guest Column
The Proper Role of the
Geotechnical Engineer
12 Structural Testing
Investigating Masonry Structures
Andrew E. Geister, P.E.
16 Building Blocks
Height and Area Considerations
for Commercial Wood Buildings
By Paul D. Coats, P.E. and
Dennis Richardson, P.E.
21 Engineers Notebook
Wood Design
23 Structural Performance
Seismic Modeling of an Irregular
Water Treatment Structure
By Louis Scatena, P.E.
26 Historic Structures
Newburyport Bridge
STRUCTURE
ON
THE
COVER
IN EVERY ISSUE
8 Advertiser Index
8 Letter to the Editor
48 Resource Guide
(Tall Buildings)
50 Noteworthy
52 NCSEA News
54 SEI Structural Columns
56 CASE in Point
46 Great Achievements
William LeMessurier
51 Spotlight
The Twisting Regent Emirates
Pearl Hotel
Publication of any article, image, or advertisement in STRUCTURE magazine does not constitute endorsement
by NCSEA, CASE, SEI, C 3 Ink, or the Editorial Board. Authors, contributors, and advertisers retain sole
responsibility for the content of their submissions.
STRUCTURE magazine
DEPARTMENTS
June 2013
58 Structural Forum
Black, White, and Gray
9/5/06
9:04 PM
Page 1
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Editorial
new
trends,M.new
techniques
and current
By
Edward
DePaola,
P.E., SECB,
F.SEI industry issues
A member of the SEI Board of Governors, representing SEIs Codes and Standards Division
eople often say that the whole is greater than sum of its parts,
and that is the case when professional organizations collaborate
to accomplish more than the sum of their individual efforts.
As youve read in these pages (and elsewhere) for many
years, there are multiple organizations that represent engineers in one
form or another. Specifically, for structural engineers, the Structural
Engineering Institute (SEI) of the American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE), the National Council of Structural Engineers Associations
(NCSEA), the Council of American Structural Engineers (CASE)
and the Structural Engineering Certification Board (SECB), each
represent structural engineers. These organizations have always shared
the following goals:
To advance and serve the structural engineering profession;
To promote the profession to the public and within the
profession itself.
Now they have embraced the idea of collaboration to improve the level
of practice by speaking with one, strong voice to promote structural
engineering licensing throughout the United States.
Protecting the publics right to safe, sustainable and cost effective
buildings, bridges and other structures is the primary responsibility of
the structural engineering profession. Licensure of structural engineers
to document their competency is crucial to ensuring that structures
are properly designed. At this time, however, only 11 states (IL, HI,
CA, NV, OR, UT, WA, AZ, ID, NE, NM) have structural engineer
licensing acts. In the other 39 states, SECB Certification is the only
option for recognition as a structural engineer.
SEI and SECB firmly believe that SECB certification of structural
engineers is an excellent interim step on the path towards structural licensure in all jurisdictions. Similarly, the Model Law Structural Engineer
(MLSE) designation recently instituted through the National Council
of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) can provide an
intermediary step, but it is not an adequate substitute for structural
licensure. SEI and SECB, in conjunction with NCSEA and CASE, are
the voice of structural engineers and are providing guidance to state
legislatures and licensing boards on matters related to SE licensure.
The Structural Engineering Certification Board (SECB) is an independent, autonomous professional organization created to ensure
that structural engineers have the credentials and experience they
need to protect the public health and safety, and to work safely and
productively in their profession. The criteria for certification by SECB
include rigorous requirements for primary structural engineering
education, continued structural practice, and ongoing professional
development. In order to maintain certification, structural engineers
must participate in extensive continuing education. SECB continues
to hone these requirements with the goal of developing an effective
model that can be used to make continuing education mandatory
and uniform in all states. The SECB criteria parallel those of the
Model Law Structural Engineer designation offered by NCEES, but
establish more rigorous standards for education, practice, and professional development. SECBs criteria for certification can serve as the
qualifications required for SE licensure throughout the United States.
The mission of the Structural Engineering Institute (SEI) is to
advance and serve the structural engineering profession, which
includes state licensure. In October 1999, the SEI Board of Governors
passed the following resolution:
STRUCTURE magazine
June 2013
Advertiser index
Fyfe ....................................................... 19
Gerdau .................................................. 29
GT Strudl ............................................. 22
ICC....................................................... 43
Independence Tube Corporation ............. 6
Integrated Engineering Software, Inc..... 45
ITW TrusSteel & BCG Hardware ... 25, 33
ITW Red Head ..................................... 39
KPFF Consulting Engineers .................. 38
editorial Board
Chair
Brian W. Miller
Chuck Minor
Dick Railton
Eastern Sales
847-854-1666
Western Sales
951-587-2982
Davis, CA
CCFSS, Rolla, MO
NCEES ................................................. 47
New Millennium Building Systems ....... 11
Powers Fasteners, Inc. .............................. 2
RISA Technologies ................................ 59
S-Frame Software, Inc. ............................ 4
Simpson Strong-Tie......................... 15, 35
Soilstructure.com .................................. 49
Strand 7/Beaufort Analysis, Inc. ............ 50
Struware, Inc. ........................................ 42
editoriAL stAFF
Executive Editor Jeanne Vogelzang, JD, CAE
Editor
Associate Editor
Graphic Designer
Web Developer
After reading Lara K. Schuberts series of articles on the role of gender in structural engineering in
the February and April issues of STRUCTURE magazine, I find myself in complete disagreement
with the author. Neither earthquakes nor hurricanes nor gravity care about gender and, regardless
of the sex of the engineer, clocks stubbornly refuse to tick more slowly as deadlines approach.
There is an old axiom that correlation does not imply causation. A proclivity towards analytical
thinking and the use of logic are common traits among engineers not because the majority are
males, but because these traits are critical to success in engineering. The use of logic to solve
problems is what draws many, both male and female, to the profession in the first place. If a
larger percentage of men than women either naturally possess these traits or wish to further
cultivate them through their career, it should be irrelevant. Women greatly outnumber men
in both nursing and elementary education, but this does not provide evidence of discrimination against male nurses or elementary school teachers. Qualities that lead to enjoyment and
success in these fields, such as being nurturing, are found more often in women, and in a free
society people will naturally be drawn towards careers that match their interests and skill sets.
It is the nature of the profession not the gender of the professionals that shape the culture.
The key for a well functioning society should be that analytical women and nurturing men
can and often do find success in engineering and nursing, respectively.
I also found the two anecdotes of gender discrimination from the sciences (physics and neurobiology) as evidence against structural engineers to be misleading. Besides coming from professions
not in the field of engineering, both examples came from an academic setting, whereas the vast
majority of structural engineers work in industry. An old boys club is more likely to be found
in academia, where tenure exists, than in a highly competitive industry made even more so
by the last economic downturn. Discriminating for any superfluous reason will cost structural
engineering firms both talent and business. In this way, the free market is able to punish bad
actors and help suppress discrimination in a way not possible in academia.
James Lintz P.E., LEED AP
STRUCTURE magazine
June 2013
Nikki Alger
Rob Fullmer
William Radig
Celebrating
years
1993-2013
C3 Ink, Publishers
on-line at
Visit STRUCTURE
magazine on-line at
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Guest
Column
dedicated to the dissemination
of information from other
organizations
10 June 2013
the structural
engineer has a
unique appreciation
of the benefit that a
capable geotechnical
engineer brings to
the design team.
that can result from a single point of delivery
report and overly conservative designs. There
are two types of foundation failures. The first is
obvious structures move, slopes fail, walls tilt,
floors distort, walls crack, etc. This failure type
gets significant attention. The second could be
more prevalent, but it goes completely undetected. It is the foundation that costs at least
twice and perhaps up to ten times more than
necessary, all because the design team lacked the
active participation of an innovative and capable
geotechnical engineer knowledgeable of recent
advancements in the profession.
The design-build (D-B) environment is a
good example of geotechnical engineers providing valuable participation on the design
team. D-B projects include the geotechnical
engineer in the design process in order to
render a proposal for the project that offers
the best value. In my experience, D-B projects
allow for vigorous and highly collaborative
interaction of all disciplines, with the winning
proposal often resulting in an innovative solution. If the need for active participation by the
geotechnical engineer is that obvious in D-B
projects where best overall value wins, why
do geotechnical engineers struggle to participate as design professionals in the traditional
design-bid-build environment?
As the referenced article implies, the structural engineer has a unique appreciation of the
benefit that a capable geotechnical engineer
brings to the design team. My request to the
structural engineering community is to help
us help you. By continuing to convey this
message to your clients, you can assist us in
becoming more influential in the design process and eliminating the burden of insufficient
geotechnical engineering that must be borne
by someone usually the structural engineer.
Structural
teSting
issues and advances related
to structural testing
Flatjack Tests
From a structural design standpoint, some of the
most important properties of existing masonry
include strength, stiffness, and in situ stress.
Flatjack testing methods are some of the most
valuable tools available for measuring masonry
resistance to loads as well as the existing stress
that the masonry is currently experiencing.
First, its important to distinguish the type of
test to be specified, as the information provided by each
test method
is different.
ASTM C1196,
Standard Test
Method for In
Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry
Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements, provides
a procedure for measuring the existing state of
vertical compressive stress within an unreinforced
solid masonry wall. This information is of particular use when supplemental supports are designed
for areas where plans call for portions of existing
masonry walls to be removed. The results of this
method have also been used to verify analytical models, complicated load paths, and flexural
bending moments across a wall section. In this
test, a single stress-relieving horizontal slot is cut
in a masonry bed joint in the area the information
is desired. A series of gauge points placed above
and below the slot help to precisely measure the
vertical distance that the masonry drops after
cutting. A single Flatjack is inserted into the slot
and pressurized at increasing increments while
the distance between gauge points is measured,
until the original distance between gage points is
12 June 2013
Deformability Test #1
1000
Stress (psi)
800
600
400
200
0
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0008
Strain (in/in)
Figure 3: Masonry stress-strain curve generated by flatjack deformability testing.
Infrared Thermography
Masonrys thermal mass and thermal transfer
properties make infrared thermography (IRT)
an ideal method for investigating potential
anomalies. The cost of infrared equipment
has decreased in recent years, while quality
has continued to improve. As it relates to
STRUCTURE magazine
13
June 2013
Borescope
Images observed via fiber optic borescope are
a useful way to view concealed conditions
without removing or damaging large portions
of the wall. A small borehole, usually less
Pachometer
The proper selection and use of NDE methods are a valuable, and in some cases necessary,
approach to determine properties required for
design or use of existing masonry structures.
In historic construction, destructive probes
may not be allowed or must be kept to a
minimum. In new construction, NDE has
been used as a form of quality control to
verify project requirements are met, especially
for placement of grout, reinforcing bars, and
veneer anchors.
The nondestructive and minimally invasive
diagnostic techniques described here allow
effective evaluation of existing masonry structures without excessive damage and expensive
sample removal. Finally, NDE methods provide the design engineer with confidence that
material properties and conditions are known,
and confident engineers provide the most
cost-effective solutions for repairs or retrofit.
Pulse Velocity
Pulse velocity testing following ASTM C597,
Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through
Concrete, has been successfully used to evaluate
masonry structures for cracks, deterioration,
and construction quality. The equipment
operates by sending a pulse of mechanical
energy through the face of the masonry, and
measures the length of time to receive the
signal on the opposite face or on the other side
of a suspected discontinuity such as a crack.
Differences in velocity between known intact
areas and possible deterioration can confirm
these suspicions, and a decrease in velocity
at the same location over time could indicate
worsening conditions. Evaluation of energy
loss (attenuation) and frequency characteristics provides additional information on the
internal quality of the masonry.
Water Penetration
Identifying moisture paths and water
penetration through masonry walls, or evaluating water repellent surface treatments,
are accomplished through the use of a spray
chamber as described by ASTM C1601, Field
Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry
Wall Surfaces. The test method is performed
using a 12-square-foot chamber attached to
the wall, which allows the user to apply a
prescribed water flow and pressure to the wall
surface. The chamber has to be sealed to the
wall surface so that no leakage occurs from
the chamber during the test. Typical conditions of this test include a water flow of 3.4
gallons per square foot per hour at 10 pounds
per square foot (psf ) air pressure, but these
Corrosion Potentials
Metal reinforcement corrosion potentials,
also referred to as half-cell potentials, are
evaluated using ASTM C876, Standard
Test Method for Corrosion Potentials of
Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete. A
STRUCTURE magazine
14
June 2013
Conclusion
Formulated
for success.
Code Listed
In the SpecS
On the JOb
At YOur ServIce
Building
Blocks
updates and information
on structural materials
The Union Square condominium project was able to achieve seven levels of residential use with a density
of 143 units per acre.
16 June 2013
Case Study
Project: Union Square Condominiums
Location: San Diego, CA
Architect: Togawa Smith Martin, Inc.
Engineer: Edmond Babayan and Associates
Size: 263 condominium units
Completion Date: 2005
Architects for the Union Square condominium
project in San Diego made use of code provisions to increase the height of the project
by adding two levels for residential use. First,
utilizing IBC Section 505, designers added a
mezzanine, which increased the number of
wood-frame levels to six. Second, since the project was not located in a retail neighborhood, the
Type IA concrete level at grade was designed to
incorporate residential stoop units, each with
access to the street. The building was thus able
to achieve seven levels of residential use with a
density of 143 units per acre.
to address fire resistance. An appendix in the
NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code
provides an alternate approach to construction
types based on compartmentalization with fire
resistance rated construction rather than the traditional building size limits.
Height Considerations
The IBC has for some time permitted wood
buildings to be nearly as tall as structural design
considerations will allow them to be. The use
of fire retardant treated wood (FRTW) in exterior walls, permitted by the IBC in Type III and
Type IV Heavy Timber construction, enables
Recent Code
Changes Accommodating
Greater Heights
STRUCTURE magazine
17
June 2013
Foundation Performance
Association
Case Study
225
Structural Design
Spreadsheets
Accurate
Helpful
Prompt
www.Engineering-International.com
STRUCTURE magazine
18
June 2013
Conclusion
New technology is dramatically increasing
the potential for large commercial wood
structures, and building codes are shifting
to accommodate. In Europe, more so than
the U.S., environmental concerns and incentives have resulted in a shift to wood for tall
buildings that, until recently, would have
been of other materials. There are notable
Exterior Walls in
Type III Construction
STRUCTURE magazine
19
June 2013
Design Office
SIZER
Gravity Design
SHEARWALLS
Lateral Design
CONNECTIONS
Fasteners
O86
2x4
DATABASE
EDITOR
Adobe
WOOD
STANDARDS
(US version)
Adobe
WOOD
STANDARD
(CDN version)
www.woodworks-software.com
800-844-1275
EnginEErs
notEbook
aids for the structural
engineers toolbox
F 'b = FbCF K F b l
While the similarities are apparent, you may notice
that the CD factor has been removed and replaced
by the l factor, which accounts for the time effect
associated with each of the load combinations for
strength design. As you might expect, the value for l
is smaller for sustained loads and larger for transient
loads. The value ranges
from 0.6 to 1.25 depending
on the load combination
and the nature of load (e.g.,
impact live loads vs. storage
live loads). The b factor is
not unlike that used for steel and concrete, having a
value of 0.85, while the KF factor reflects a significant
adjustment having a value of 2.54 for the bending
design herein discussed. This is the primary variable for adapting the long-held ASD approach to
the LRFD approach. Size factor (CF) and primary
design value (Fb) remain unchanged between the
ASD and LRFD methods.
Now consider the same 2x8 member and assume
#2 DF-L. From NDS, this has Fb = 900 psi. If the
controlling load is D+L, the CD factor is 1.0 and the
adjusted design value for allowable stress becomes
F 'b = 1,080 psi quite simple. If we are using
LRFD, the value for l is 0.8 (assuming normal
occupancy) and the adjusted nominal design value
becomes F 'b = 1,865 psi. Comparison of design
values shows a general consistency to the comparison of the ASD (1.0D + 1.0L) and LRFD (1.2D +
1.6L) load combinations, depending on the ratio
of live load to dead load. Hence, LRFD yields
similar if not identical sizes of wood members as
ASD, at least for this example. However, there are
still challenges with making the LRFD leap, such
as determining how to adapt all of the allowable
design values listed in catalogs of fastening hardware, engineered wood products and software.
Admittedly, LRFD requires a few more variables,
a little more calculation and perhaps a bit more
effort, but it is a step toward a unified (and arguably more reliable) design approach for the four
primary materials of construction. Whether you
or your office should embrace LRFD for wood
is still a matter of choice, but may eventually
become only a matter of time.
STRUCTURE magazine
Wood Design
21
GT STRUDL
Base Plate
Module
Structural
Performance
performance issues relative
to extreme events
Seismic Modeling of
an Irregular Water
Treatment Structure
STRUCTURE magazine
23
STRUCTURE magazine
24
June 2013
Conclusion
The author is interested in learning how
other structural engineers are modeling
earthquake loads and stresses, and meeting
the ever-growing complexity of seismic code
requirements. Readers are encouraged to
contact the author to share alternate methods. The author also wishes to thank the
STRUCTURE magazine
25
June 2013
that interconnects each beam purlin (collector) at the vertical irregularity between two
adjacent roofs, thereby significantly reducing
out-of-plane stresses in the top wall panel
between those two roof levels.
Historic
structures
significant structures of the past
Newburyport Bridge
By Frank Griggs, Jr., Dist. M. ASCE,
D. Eng., P.E., P.L.S.
26 June 2013
Go online to request
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STRUCTURE magazine
27
June 2013
5/8/2013 9:36:13 AM
STRUCTURE magazine
28
June 2013
are also introduced along different lines as the footprint of the floors
increases top-down. SMRF columns prevail at 75 inches (1.9 meters)
square, but grow to as large as 72 x 92 inches (1.8 x 2.3 meters) in
the reading room and east colonnade. Typical moment frame beams
are upturned 5 feet (1.5 meters) deep by 27 inches (0.7 meters) wide.
Locating the SMRF columns and beams along the perimeters of the
floor plates allows the interior of the floors to be supported by smaller
gravity columns, which supports the design intent of an open floor
plan. Gravity columns are minimized to 34 inches (0.9 meters) square
below grade and 30 inches (0.8 meters) square above grade. Figure 2.
Waffle Slabs
The building is designed for a minimum live load of 150 pounds
per square foot (psf ) at and above the ground level, with limited
areas to receive compact shelving designed for 300 psf. The nearly
350,000 square feet of typical floors employ a 23-inch (0.6 meter)
thick waffle slab with waffle voids spaced four feet (1.2 meters) on
center. The decision for waffle slabs also accommodates the 32-foot
(10-meter) wide column bays. The aesthetic of the waffles as viewed
from below, as an exposed ceiling, is architecturally appealing and
also possesses sound-attenuating properties. Strategic use of in-slab
beams, combined with upturned frame beams at the floor plates edges,
allows maximum daylighting of the interiors via clerestory glazing set
between the upturned beams and waffle ceiling soffits. Typical floor
to floor heights are 15 feet (4.6 meters).
30
June 2013
Energy Efficiency
As-cast architectural concrete contributes to energy efficiency by
minimizing capital costs compared to other building finish systems
since surface treatments involve only minor touch-up. The reduced
expense for finish systems also translates to reduced maintenance and
life cycle costs for the Owner. End-user energy demand is reduced
significantly by way of the structures concrete envelope and its inherent thermal mass, which reduces day-time cooling needs and evening
warming of the interior spaces. Aluminum sunshades on south and
east facing clerestory windows further mitigate daytime heat gain.
Figure 3: A 64-foot long concrete gravity arch dominates the librarys main lobby.
31
June 2013
Dome
Reading Room
A concrete roof suspended sixty feet (18 meters) above the eighth
floor shelters the librarys 4,000 square foot reading room (Figure
3). Structural steel and clerestory glass supported by four 72-inch
square concrete columns complete the room. The concrete columns,
cruciform in plan, rise 62 feet to support intersecting concrete roof
beams spanning 58 feet in either direction and the diamond-shaped
concrete roof slab (Figure 4).
Project Team
Owner: City of San Diego
Engineer of Record: Martin & Libby Structural Engineers
San Diego, CA
Dome Engineer: Endrestudio Architecture & Engineering
Emeryville, CA
Design Architect: Rob Wellington Quigley, FAIA San Diego,
CA
Architect of Record: Tucker Sadler Architects San Diego, CA
General Contractor: Turner Construction San Diego, CA
Concrete Contractor: Morley Construction San Diego, CA
Dome Contractor: SME Steel West Jordan, UT
STRUCTURE magazine
32
June 2013
Each of the eight large pins falls onto one corner of a fixed octagonal
plan. The octagonal plan causes unequal geometry from rib to rib. The
fixed pins of the rib supports fall onto varying elevations located atop
shear walls, freestanding columns and, in one case, supported by three
inclined converging columns. Two of the rib supports fall outside the
building envelope and are built on special composite braces made up
of concrete columns with tubular steel diagonals.
STRUCTURE magazine
33
June 2013
Diagrid on Display
STRUCTURE magazine
Diagrid Defined
A diagrid system consists of sloping columns
(diagonals) and spandrel beams (horizontals).
The diagrid system for Building 1202 utilizes
a 3-story module (full building height) with
bolted connections between spandrels and
diagonals. Effectively, the diagrid system is
a multi-story truss with pin connections.
This system creates an efficient and inherently redundant structure by carrying gravity
loads to the foundation through multiple
load paths.
Progressive Collapse
Requirements
As a U.S. General Services Administration
(GSA) project, one of the primary requirements for Federal Center South Building
1202 was that the structure be designed to
resist progressive collapse in the event of a
terrorist attack. Progressive collapse is the
uninhibited spread of an initial local failure
to other elements of the structure, eventually resulting in the collapse of the entire
structure or a disproportionately large part
of it. Examples of progressive collapse include
the collapse of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal
Building in Oklahoma City, when localized
structural damage caused by an explosion
spread throughout the gravity load carrying
system, eventually resulting in the collapse of
a large portion of the building.
Building 1202 is designed to the requirements outlined in UFC 4-023-03, Design of
Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse. The
goal of this design document is to limit the
number of casualties by ensuring that buildings have adequate inherent redundancy to
continued on page 36
34
June 2013
What Gives?
2013 Simpson
Method
Description
Tie Force
Structural elements are designed and detailed as catenary elements to transfer loads through tension to undamaged portions
of the structure.
Alternate Path
Enhanced Resistance Shear and flexural capacity of exterior structural elements are
increased to minimize the extent of initial damage.
resist catastrophic damage due to unforeseeable events. The requirements for progressive
collapse design provided in UFC 4-023-03
apply only to buildings which are three stories or taller. This three story requirement
is based on a maximum casualty threshold
set by the UFC and not the mechanics of
progressive collapse.
The level of progressive collapse design is
based on the Occupancy Category (OC)
and building function. Similar to the OC
determined using the IBC, greater risk is
associated with loss of structures of higher
OC. This OC dictates which method of
progressive collapse resistance is to be
used in design. The three methods of progressive collapse resistance prescribed in
UFC 4-023-03 are the Tie Force Method,
Alternate Path Method, and Enhanced
Resistance Method (see Table).
Design/Build
Earth Retention
Foundation Support
Slope Stabilization
Ground Improvement
Dewatering
800-562-8460 WWW.DBMCONTRACTORS.COM
Donald B. Murphy Contractors, Inc.
STRUCTURE magazine
36
June 2013
DIAGRID APEX
SPANDREL BEAM
SLOPED COLUMN
ROOF LEVEL
LEVEL 3
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 1 (GRADE)
FA S T ER
STRONGER
MORE DURABLE
3000 PSI IN 1 HOUR
PILE FOUNDATION
Diagrid system.
CONSTRUCTION CEMENT
Diagrid erection.
Construction Savings
Material Savings
At the onset of the project, the team developed a progressive collapse resistance scheme
utilizing moment frames, to compare to the
diagrid scheme. This moment frame option
consisted of 3-story moment frames at the
building perimeter on a 22-foot bay module.
From early studies, it was clear that the diagrid
scheme provided the greater savings potential for the project in terms of foundations,
materials, and fabrication.
Foundations
Building 1202 is located adjacent to the
Duwamish River on extremely poor soils, requiring that the building be supported on driven
steel pipe piles. These piles typically extend 150
to 170 feet below grade to reach a competent
bearing layer. In the moment frame scheme, a
single pile is required at each moment frame
column, or every 22 feet. In contrast, the diagrid
system utilizes a 44-foot bay module, meaning
that pairs of sloped diagonal columns meet grade
every 44-feet. Therefore, the moment frame
scheme would have required twice as many piles
at the perimeter of the building.
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
STRUCTURE magazine
37
June 2013
Available in
Bags and Bulk
800-929-3030
ctscement.com
Specified
Worldwide
Project Team
Owner: General Services Administration
(GSA)
Tenant: United States Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE) Seattle District
Structural&CivilEngineer: KPFF
Consulting Engineers
Contractor: Sellen Construction
Architect: ZGF Architects, LLP
Funding: American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act (ARRA)
When compared to a moment frame, a
diagrid system requires far fewer welded connections. For Building 1202, there are 19 apex
connections where field welding is needed.
Bolted connections are used at all other
spandrel to diagonal column connections. By
comparison, the moment frame scheme studied by the team would have required a total of
108 full penetration welds at all connections
between spandrels and columns more than
five times as required for the diagrid system.
Architectural Expression
river-facing view as much as possible, to reiterate the Corps mission statement of Building
Strong. The diagrid, by its very nature as a
strong diagonal element that contrasts with
the orthogonal lines of floors, walls, and windows, is a key element of this expression. The
design team moduled the building so that
the diagrid naturally ended with a backslope
on the southwest corner and an outslope
on the northwest corner as a counterpoint.
These canted ends of the buildings create
light filled office and conference room spaces
with sweeping views of the Duwamish River.
The diagrid is painted white throughout in
STRUCTURE magazine
38
June 2013
Summary
The diagrid represents an effective solution to progressive collapse requirements
and helps create an iconic identity for
Building 1202. The success of this designbuild project is a tribute to
the early-on collaboration
between the architect, engineer, and contractor.
Daniel Riemann, P.E., is a project
engineer with KPFF Consulting
Engineers in Seattle, W.A and was the
lead designer for the diagrid system for
Building 1202. Dan can be reached at
[email protected].
Jason P. Black, P.E., S.E., is a Structural
Principal with KPFF Consulting
Engineers in Seattle, W.A. Jason can be
reached at [email protected].
Site Challenges
In response to a shallow Amtrak tunnel that cuts through a corner of
the site, the John Jay structural system is distinguished by a grid of
rooftop trusses which hang the perimeter of eight floors below. This
Construction over the tunnel was done at night and coordinated around the
train schedule. Noise and vibration were controlled by isolating the tunnel
enclosure from the tower structure.
STRUCTURE magazine
40
June 2013
With the temporary columns removed, the load path for the hanging structure
is clear. The column-free fifth floor cafeteria offers great views of the Hudson
River to the west.
Hanging System
Accommodating the necessary two layers of structure around the
train tunnel mandated a practical limit to the weight that could be
supported. After exploring numerous options, the hanging solution was favored by SOM and DASNY and adopted for numerous
reasons, including assistance in achieving the series of distinguishing setbacks that frame the west faades main entrance along 11th
Avenue. The hanging system was continued around the full perimeter
to balance the weight, complete the column-free aesthetic, and take
advantage of the thin plate hangers which could fit inside a standard
partition wall instead of traditional column enclosures. To maintain
efficiency, the hanging system was stopped where the structure over
the tunnel could accommodate conventionally-framed floor weight.
In coordination with the architect, the 5th floor was chosen for this
transition, allowing the transparent column-free floor to align with
the podium roof garden.
The primary construction challenge involved achieving approximately
level floors when the building opened, and a 2-inch stack joint in the
STRUCTURE magazine
41
June 2013
Project Team
Owner: Dormitory Authority of the State of New York
Client Team: City University of New York
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
Design Consultants: LERA Structural Engineers
Skidmore Owings & Merrill Design Architect
Turner Construction Cost Estimator & Construction Manager
Jaros Baum & Bolles MEP Engineers
Langan Engineering Civil/Geotechnical Consultant
Shen Milsom & Wilke Acoustic Consultant
Scott Blackwell Page ArchitectHigher Education Planning
Contractors: Owen Steel Structural Steel Fabrication
Cornell & Company Structural Steel Erector
Enclos Corporation Curtain Wall Designer
Once shop drawings were available for the
nonstructural elements, and there was a better
understanding of the schedule, a full reanalysis was done incorporating what was being
learned from the surveying. This reanalysis
revealed that it was likely the perimeter would
not come down as much as originally thought
(one reason for this being the curtain wall was
actually 30% lighter than assumed in design)
and field adjustments were made to lower the
steel frame prior to starting the truss erection.
Based on the last survey data received, this
adjustment proved effective as the perimeter
settling and final stack joint were tracking
closely with the predicted behavior and targeted final thickness.
Future Expansion
than those that could be tolerated in the ceiling package. The alternative solution, which
saved both material and depth, was to separate
the problematic excitation from the sensitive
equipment, adding an isolation joint in the
floor between the labs and the adjacent main
circulation corridor.
In addition to efficient uses of material,
the project specifications were written to be
environmentally sensitive. The building did
not officially submit to USGBC, but LEED
certification requirements were pursued wherever feasible. Fly ash and silica fume were
substituted for up to 30% of the cement in
the concrete. The reinforcing and structural
steel were also sourced from mills regionally
close to NYC and produced from over 90%
recycled content.
Other Features
Conclusion
STRUCTURE magazine
42
June 2013
Design with
When facing new or unfamiliar materials, how do you know if they comply with
building codes and standards?
ICC-ES Evaluation Reports are the most widely accepted and trusted technical reports for code
compliance. When you specify products or materials with an ICC-ES report, you avoid delays on
project and improve your bottom line.
ICC-ES is a subsidiary of ICC, the publisher of the codes used throughout the U.S. and many global
markets, so you can be confident in their code expertise.
ICC-ES provides you with a free online directory of code compliant products at:
www.icc-es.org/Evaluation_Reports and CEU courses that help you design with confidence.
www.icc-es.org | 800-423-6587
Subsidiary of
13-07859
business issues
STRUCTURE magazine
44
June 2013
Conclusion
Professional Liability Insurance premiums
are on the rise, putting additional strain on
bottom lines that may already be stretched
thin. At the same time, fee development
remains a challenging yet essential part of
the structural engineering practice. Both
situations can be effectively managed by
understanding the perspective of the audience,
understanding the risks involved, effectively
communicating your firms qualifications.
Mark Erdman, P.E., is an Associate
Principal at the Baltimore, MD oce of
Structura, Inc. Mark has been serving as a
member on the CASE Toolkit Committee
since 2011. He can be reached at
[email protected].
The goal of The Council of American
Structural Engineers (CASE) is to promote
excellence in structural engineering business
practices and risk management. The tools
presented in this article were developed by
CASE members who volunteer their time
and expertise to advance the structural
engineering profession.
www.iesweb.com
Free 30-Day Trial
STRUCTURE magazine
45
June 2013
Great achievements
William LeMessurier
Educator and Innovative Engineer
By Robert Hossli, RA, NCARB and Ronald Flucker, P.E.
STRUCTURE magazine
46
June 2013
STRUCTURE magazine
47
June 2013
CSC
Phone: 877-710-2053
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.cscworld.com
Product: Tedds
Description: Tedds gives you access to a large
library of automated structural calculations, all
to US codes, for tall multi-storey structures.
Use a single software solution for all common
elements and materials, and then create and export
transparent report documentation.
Product: Fastrak
Description: Model, analyze and design complex,
multi-storey steel buildings to US codes with speed
and ease. Work in 2D or 3D views to create any
building structure and export to BIM platforms such
as Autodesk Revit.
Digital Canal
RISA Technologies
Phone: 800-449-5033
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.digitalcanal.com
Product: VersaFrame
Description: VersaFrame has the key features needed
to get the job done without becoming overly
complex. Includes steel design (AISC 13th) and
concrete design (ACI 2011). Try it free at the website.
Phone: 949-951-5815
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.risa.com
Product: RISAFloor
Description: RISAFloor and RISA-3D form an
unrivaled building analysis and design package.
Modeling has never been easier whether youre doing
a graphical layout, importing a BIM model (from
Autodesk Revit Structure), or prefer spreadsheets. Full
code checks and optimization for six different material
types makes RISA your first choice in buildings.
GT STRUDL
Phone: 404-894-2260
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.gtstrudl.gatech.edu
Product: GT STRUDL
Description: Offers linear and nonlinear static
and dynamic analysis features including response
spectrum, transient and pushover analyses, plastic
hinges, discrete dampers, base isolation, and nonlinear
connections. Auxiliary GT STRUDL features available
for the Base Plate Module and GT64M MultiProcessor Solver.
Nemetschek Scia
Phone: 877-808-7242
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.nemetschek-scia.com
Product: Scia Engineer
Description: Looking to migrate to, or improve your
3D design workflows? Scia Engineer links structural
modeling, analysis, design, drawings, and reports
in ONE program. Design to multiple codes. Tackle
larger projects with advanced non-linear and dynamic
analysis. Plug into BIM with IFC support, and bidirectional links to Revit, Tekla, and others.
All Resource Guides and Updates for the 2013 Editorial Calendar are now available on the website,
www.STRUCTUREmag.org. Listings are provided as a courtesy. STRUCTURE magazine is not
responsible for errors.
STRUCTURE magazine
48
June 2013
Firms
Leslie E. Robertson Associates, R.L.L.P.
Phone: 212-750-9000
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.lera.com
Product: Structural Engineering
Description: A120-person M/WBE firm providing
structural engineering services to architects, owners,
contractors, and developers. Established in 1923, we
have designed numerous landmark projects, both
nationally and internationally. Our long tradition
of innovative design together with our advances in
technology has brought LERA to the forefront of the
engineering profession.
Powers Fasteners
Phone: 404-898-9620
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.walterpmoore.com
Product: Innovative Engineering
Description: WPM provides innovative engineering
solutions to buildings of all types, all over the world.
Phone: 866-332-6687
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.deconusa.com
Product: Studrails
Description: The North American standard for punching
shear enhancement at slab-column connections. Studrails
are produced to the specifications of ASTM A1044, ACI
318-08, and ICC ES 2494. Decon Studrails are also being
increasingly used to reinforce against bursting stresses in
banded post-tension anchor zones.
Phone: 985-807-6666
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.powers.com
Product: Concrete Anchoring
Description: FREE Anchor Design Software
Powers Design Assist. Helps tall Building designers
deal with the complexity of ACI 318 Appendix
D. Powers Fasteners now has 23 Product Code
Compliance ICC ES Reports! Visit our website to
download the software.
WSP USA
Phone: 212-687-9888
Email: [email protected]/us
Web: www.wspgroup.com/usa
Product: Structural Engineering
Description: The High Rise Center of Excellence
within WSPs global consultancy. Services include
high and low rise building design, peer review and
value engineering, forensic engineering structural
investigations, building renovations and alterations,
blast resistant design, construction inspection, 3D
visualization, building information modeling (BIM)
and steel detailing.
Suppliers
Construction Specialties, Inc.
Phone: 800-526-6930
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.c-sgroup.com
Product: Blast Louvers
Description: Blast protection, air movement and
rain defense rolled into one. Government buildings,
VA hospitals, computer centers and power plants
are particularly vulnerable to explosive threats. C/S
has developed six Blast Resistant models designed to
withstand blasts up to 8 PSI and capable of meeting
government requirements.
Product: Expansion Joint Covers
Description: Provides a covered transition across the
expansion or movement joint openings of a building,
which remains unaffected by the relative movement
of the two surfaces on either side of the joint. These
covers can be extremely large and complex on base
isolated-buildings in seismic hotbeds.
STRUCTURE magazine
49
June 2013
Simpson Strong-Tie
Phone: 925-560-9000
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.strongtie.com
Product: Strong Frame Special Moment Frame
Description: The new code-listed Strong Frame special
moment frame is a unique lateral system solution
for new construction and soft-story retrofit. With
patented Yield-Link structural fuse technology, the
links bear the brunt of lateral forces during a seismic
event, keeping the structural integrity of the beams and
columns intact.
Vulcraft/Verco Group
Phone: 402-844-2570
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.vulcraft.com
Product: Steel Decking
Description: Used in many applications, but is
particularly well suited to roofing and flooring. Vulcraft/
Verco group manufactures many different types of deck,
including roof deck, floor deck, composite floor deck
and cellular deck. A full line of deck accessories, such as
end closure and pour stop, is also available.
Product: Steel Joist and Joist Girders
Description: Open web-steel joists and joist girders
are an engineered, truss-like construction component
used to support loads over short and long spans. Steel
joists and joist girders provide an economical system
for supporting floors and roofs. Vulcraft joists and joist
girders are designed/manufactored in accordance with
the Steel Joist Institute.
SOILSTRUCTURE.COM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Substructural Software
Soldier Pile/Wood Lagging
Multi-Level Tieback Walls
Laterally Loaded Drilled Pier
Anchored or Cant. Sheetpile
Cantilever Retaining Wall
Phone: 800-929-3030
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.ctscement.com
Product: Type K Shrinkage Compensating Cement
Description: Install concrete structures and industrialsize floors using Type-K shrinkage-compensating
cement products with no curling, no drying shrinkage
cracking and no intermediate saw cut joints.
Noteworthy
Susan M. Frey
An Engineers Engineer
Submodeling
Data Libraries
User-dened beam sections
Import from Staad, SAP2000,
Nastran and Ansys models
Automatic mesh generation
Concrete Analysis - Creep and
Shrinkage
Construction Sequence
Simulation
Isotropic, orthotropic,
anisotropic, soil, rubber
materials
A Condential Unbuilt Project - Image and Model courtesy Halvorson and Partners
www.strand7.com
STRUCTURE magazine
[email protected]
252-504-2282
50
June 2013
Spotlight
STRUCTURE magazine
51
June 2013
EN
GINEERS
O NS
STRUCTU
OCIATI
RAL
ASS
NATIONAL
COUNCI L
years
1993-2013
NCSEA News
Celebrating
52
NCSEA News
Silver
EN
June 2013
O NS
53
OCIATI
NATIONAL
Celebrating
STRUCTURE magazine
GINEERS
ASS
These courses will award 1.5 hours of continuing education. Approved for CE credit in all 50 States
through the NCSEA Diamond Review Program. Time: 10:00 AM Pacific, 11:00 AM Mountain,
12:00 PM Central, 1:00 PM Eastern.
The program consists of three webinar segments available over one days time. Cost: $500
Per Connection. Several people may attend for
one connection fee.
RAL
Register at www.ncsea.com
STRUCTU
Platinum
COUNCI L
years
1993-2013
Structural Columns
Errata
SEI posts up-to-date errata information for our publications at
www.asce.org/SEI. Click on Publications on our menu, and
select Errata. If you have any errata that you would like to
submit, please email it to Paul Sgambati at [email protected].
Key Dates
All Abstract and Session Proposals due June 12, 2013
Notification of Acceptance September 18, 2013
All Final Papers due December 18, 2013
(extensions not possible)
Session proposals can take two forms: a traditional session
with 4 papers presented, or a panel session with no papers and
perhaps more audience interaction. In addition, you can submit
individual abstracts that may be combined with others to form
cohesive sessions. Topics will include but are not limited to:
Bridges
Buildings
Seismic
Wind and Flood Loads
Sustainability
Business and Professional Practice
Blast and Impact Loading
Nonbuilding and Special Structures
Nonstructural Systems and Components
Visit the Structures Congress 2014 website for more information
and submission instructions at http://tinyurl.com/dxlgyr9.
Local Activities
SEI East Central Florida
One Day Seminar
54
Register now. This eleven-part, live webinar course references codes specified by NCEES for the exam, including effects of
wind loads and seismic loads for both building and bridge structures. This course will refine your skills for the comprehensive,
essay-like design questions. Or consider taking ASCEs Live P.E. Review Courses and learn from experienced instructors during
live webinars. You will benefit from immediate feedback and assistance from your instructors during the live webinars, and
supplement your learning with free on-demand recordings of the sessions. With our guarantee, if you register as an individual
and you do not pass your exam, provide us with proof of your exam results, and we will enroll you in the next course for free.
To save $100, register at: www.asce.org/pereviewlive/ by July 1 using Promo Code EHPE13 this savings applies to group
and individual registrations.
myLearning
ASCE Library Features Free
Collection of Six Papers from Your New PDH Tracker and Personalized Hub
for Continuing Education
Past Structures Congresses
June 3, 2013
William L. Coulbourne
June 5, 2013
James A. DAloisio
June 7, 2013
Brian Breukelman
Andrew Herrmann
Dave Adams
Greg Soules
Bijan Aalami
Lance Andrews
Bill Coulbourne
Pier and Beam Foundation Design for Wind and Flood Loads
Bill Coulbourne
Eric Stafford
STRUCTURE magazine
55
June 2013
Structural Columns
Become a Confident
Engineering Expert Witness
CASE in Point
56
Fee Development
Being adequately compensated for the effort and value added
to a project by the structural engineer is an essential element
of the consulting structural engineering practice. Developing
fair, yet adequate, fees is always a challenge.
Tool 7-2: Fee Development is intended to be used within
a consulting firm to stimulate thought and consideration in
the development of fees. Engineers in firms that may be experiencing new responsibilities as project engineers and project
managers often ask the question How do we decide on fees?
This tool may be a useful primer for these employees, and lead
If you would like more information on the items below, please contact Ed Bajer, [email protected].
Patent Trolling
These involve the use of scanner/copiers that scan a hard copy
document into an electronic file and then transmit that file to
someone else. Some firms have received letters saying that, if
they are using this technology, they are infringing on someones
STRUCTURE magazine
patent and must pay a license fee. Some believe the patents are
not valid but no court decisions have as yet determined that. The
situation is not settled on how to handle these circumstances.
Other industries are involved as well. It is best keep up to speed
on this issue and look for any cases that have been resolved.
The Shield Act has been introduced in Congress. Author Rep.
DeFazio says that his legislation would force patent trolls to
take financial responsibility for their frivolous lawsuits.
57
June 2013
CASE in Point
Structural Forum
Structural Forum is intended to stimulate thoughtful dialogue and debate among structural engineers and other participants in the design and
construction process. Any opinions expressed in Structural Forum are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NCSEA,
CASE, SEI, C 3 Ink, or the STRUCTURE magazine Editorial Board.
STRUCTURE magazine
58
June 2013