The Mechanical Properties of Steel
The Mechanical Properties of Steel
The Mechanical Properties of Steel
Carbon ,Max%
Manganese, ax%
Phosphorus ,Max%
Sulfur ,%
Silicon, %
Copper,%
0.27
1.20
0.04
0.05
0.150.40
0.20
36,000ksi minimum.
58,000ksi - 80,000ksi.
200 GPa (29,000 ksi).
7.85 grams per cubic centimeter
79.3 GPa (11,500 ksi).
Ratio of lateral longitudinal strain, 0.269.
Same atmospheric corrosion resistance
as plain carbon steels and can be enhanced by
specifying copper additions.
Easily welded, using good shop or field
practices by all of the usual methods;
shielded metal-arc, submerged-arc, gas
metal-arc and resistance welding
0.23.
0.1-1.5
035
0.5
0.045
Vanadium ,max %
Vanadium ,max %
Copper ,max %
Columbium, max %
0.11
0.45
0.60
0.05
Yield strength
Tensile strength
Modulus of elasticity
Elongation in 2in
Elongation in 8in
Density
Weldability
50,000ksi - 60,000ksi.
65,000ksi
200 GPa (29,000 ksi).
%21
%18
7.85 grams per cubic centimeter
enhanced weldability
Figure 3: Board
Figure 5:
Design Philosophy
The main purpose of structural design is to satisfy the criteria for strength,
serviceability and economy. Strength in this context refers to the general
integrity and safety of the structure under most loading conditions. In saying
this, the structure is also expected to withstand occasional overloading
comfortably without severe damage and failure during its intended lifetime.
Serviceability refers to the way the structure functions under normal or
service loads with respect to its appearance, maintainability and durability.
Some of the design considerations associated with serviceability include
deflection, vibrations, permanent deformation, cracking, corrosion. Economy
deals with factors like labor, construction and material cost that are
necessary to bringing the design to reality. This also includes fabrication,
erection, and maintenance processes of the structure.
Design Procedures
Allowable stress design (ASD)
Allowable stress design (ASD), has been for years the first choice of design
methods for steel design of buildings and bridges. In allowable stress design,
member stresses are computed under service or working loads are compared
to some pre-designated stresses called allowable stresses. The allowable
stresses are often expressed as a function of the yield stress (Fy) or tensile
stress (Fu) of the material divided by a factor of safety. The factor of safety is
introduced to account for the effects of overload, understrength, and
approximations used in structural analysis. The general format for an
allowable stress design has the form:
Rn
F .S
Qni
i=1
Theoretically, the structure will not fail unless the load effect Q exceeds the
resistance R, as shown by the shaded portion in the figure. The smaller this
shaded area, the less likely that the structure will fail. In actual design, a
resistance factor f is applied to the nominal resistance of the structural
where
Rn
iQni
i=1
represents the required strength or load effect for a given load combination.
Limit States
A limit state is defined as a condition in which a structure or structural
component becomes unsafe (i.e., a violation of the strength limit state) or
unsuitable for its intended function (i.e., a violation of the serviceability limit
state). There is also fatigue limit state and accidental limit state.
The first difference between ASD and LRFD, historically, has been that the
old Allowable Stress Design compared actual and allowable stresses while
Rn/ W
= ASD
Capacity
Rn = LRFD Capacity
Rn = Nominal Capacity
References
http://www.onealsteel.com/carbon-steel-beam-a36.html
http://www.onealsteel.com/carbon-steel-beam-a992.html
http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/
architectural_studio_reference/technology/the_nature_of_steel/the_mec
hanical_properties_of_steel/
Fundamentals of Structural Steel Design By GAMBHIR
http://www.bgstructuralengineering.com/BGDesign/BGDesign05.htm
http://www.steelconstruction.info/Fire_protecting_structural_steelwork