Steel Design Concept
Steel Design Concept
Steel Design Concept
-Miscellaneous Structures
-Temporary Structures used to facilitate basement construction
- Steel structures in Residential Building
-High Volume structures
-Steel structures supporting sensitive structure/finishes
MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
GONDOLA SUPPORT
M=PxX
Grade 275
= 275 N/mm2
= M / Z
Z required
Choose member size
T = C = M/S
T < Tension capacity of bolt
Choose bolt size
-Connection on the RC
parapet? Or Brick!! ?
-Workmanship on bolt
installation (enough
embedment depth for
mechanical anchor?? )
-bolt spacing, bolt size, bolt
specification
MATERIAL PLATFORM
Bolted fixings
Prop
Counterweight
-Design span
(for both member and connection design)
-Method of installation
- Boundary condition
- Connection / Fixing / Bracing method feasibility
- Workmanship/ Supervision /Inspection
- Structural adequacy of the connected structure
Member design can be only ultimate limit state and can consider plastic condition as the
usage period is comparatively very short.
Serviceability limit state normally not required (case by case!).
3D Models
12m
26.3m
28m
Loading
Load cases
Load Combination
DL Dead load
LL Live load
WL Wind load
NL Notional load
WL Min 1% DL
NL 0.5% of (1.4DL+1.6LL)
1) 1.0DL + 1.0LL
2) 1.0DL +1.0WX
3) 1.0DL+1.0WY
Applied Loading
DL , LL
WX
NX
WY
NY
Additional Loading
(Based on local requirement)
FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENT IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN ALL THE DEVELOPMENT IN
SINGAPORE.
THE REQUIRED RATING FOR STRUCTURAL ELEMENT IS SPECIFIED DIFFERENTLY BASED ON THE USAGE OF THE
BUILDING. (1/2 hr , 1 hr, 2 hr, etc)
FOR RC BUILDING, THE REQUIRED RATING IS NORMALLY ACHIEVED BY MEMBER SIZES AND CONCRETE
COVER.
FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL, THERE ARE A FEW TYPES OF METHODS SUCH AS;
Connection
-Moment connection
-Shear connection
-End plate connection
-Base plate connection
Special Requirement
-Fire Resistance
-Corrosion Resistance
Sway Stiffness
Drag force
If
D/H > 4 (or) D/B>4
Frictional Drag Force need to be considered in addition to the
designed wind load.
F= Cfqb (d-4h) + Cfq2h(d-4h) (If hb)
F= Cfqb (d-4b) + Cfq2h(d-4b) (If hb)
-Drag on the roof
-Drag on the wall
CP3 (Clause: 7.4)
Individual structure
-Bending
Mc = Py Z
-Shear Pv = 0.6Py Av
-Deflection
Cantilevers
Span/180
Beam carrying brittle finishes Span/360
General
Span/200
-Tension Pt = Py Ae
-Compression Pc =Ag pc
Basic
formulae
Member Connection
-Connection and boundary condition in the analysis are related to each other
-If member to member connection detail is as shear connection, end moment can be released
for that particular beam, otherwise the joint is to be modelled as rigid joint
Structure
Modelling
Load cases
-Loading control
-Determine designed
height
-Design criteria
-Axial capacity
(Short column)
CONNECTIONS
RC RC Rigid joint
- Design for axial load due to lateral earth pressure including minimum surcharge load of 10KPa
- Most of the strut/waler are failed due to local buckling
- Provision of lateral restraints is critical for each necessary location
- One-strut failure (alternate load case to be considered)
- Strut need to be designed for enveloped sequential force
- Consideration of Increase of strut force due to Temperature effects is compulsory
- Design for accidental load of 50KPa
-Member orientation during installation
Section
Plan
-Member design same as simply supported
-Tie rod design need to allow for redundancy
-Either double tie rod at each point or double sized member
-Need to allocate fixing point for tie rod
-Normally terrace house has no intermediate column
-Only two points of tie rod support are available for such cases
(if the tie rod angle does not reach upper floor beam level)
Double tie rod is the only option
-Member design same as cantilever with haunched support
Section
-Member design as pure cantilever and need to allow for alternate load path (redundancy)
-End moment will be transferred to connected beam as torsion
-Torsion force to the beam will result substantially wide beam , beam depth is also controlled by doorways
headroom
-Member design always controlled by deflection (may not be able to comply with codes)
-Might need to introduce pre-camber to satisfy deflection criteria
-Flushing the top level of canopy and 2nd storey slab is structurally very robust
-But, normally that will not be the case because there is the concern for the water tightness issue
-If there is no full height window, that option might be adopted with RC kerb at interface
-Member design as cantilever with tie back and need to allow for alternate load
path (redundancy)
-No torsion but additional shear as point load will be transferred to connected
beam
-Member design always controlled by deflection
-Might need to introduce pre-camber to satisfy deflection criteria
-Punching for the slab to be checked or provide full length steel plate
-This option is not available if the living room has no ceiling
-Running secondary on top of primary beam will result lesser designed moment and smaller section will
be required.
-The option will not be applicable if the total canopy profile thickness is greater than architect/ clients
intended thickness
In general, key criteria need to be considered for steel structure supporting sensitive finishes are;
-Miscellaneous Structures
-Temporary Structures
-Residential Structures
-High Volume structures
-Steel structures supporting sensitive structure/finishes
Mc = Py Z
-Shear Pv = 0.6Py Av
-Tension Pt = Py Ae
-Compression Pc =Ag pc
-Lateral torsional buckling Mb = pb Zx
-Web bearing Pbw = (b1 + nk) t pyw
-Web buckling Px = 25 t x Pbw / [ (b1 + nk) d]
BC1
Design Guide on use of alternative steel material
Class 1: Designed strength = Py/1.0
Class 2: Designed strength = Py/1.1
Class 3: Designed strength = 170 N/mm2
(Class 3 steel material can only be used for non-structural purpose)
Adequacy
Assessment
Certified
material list
Non-certified
material list
Class 3
Materials
those are not
in both lists
(TESTING)
Class 2
Class 1
Reliability
Assessment
Factory
Production
Certificate
(FPC)
OR
Manufacturer
testing
certificates/Mill
cert
MTC/MC
CONCLUSION
The type and the usage of steel structures can be of different and wide range.
It can be a single member structure for one day use or it can be a mega structure intend to use for
decades.
Although all the criteria and procedures have been clearly spelt out in all the respective Codes (ACI, BS,
Euro) , its the engineers justification to decide the governed criteria and extract the applicable procedure
for each particular case as it is not possible to apply full set of procedure and comply all criteria for
design in all the cases.
Engineers design to be structural integrity has to be intact and safety cannot be compromised
- contractually satisfied
(Contract between client and company , Contact between engineer and employer)