IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

APPROACHES TO THE NUMERICAL SOLVING OF FUZZY

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
D.T.Muhamediyeva1
1

Leading researcher of the Centre for development of software products and hardware-software complexes, Tashkent,
Uzbekistan

Abstract
One of the main problems of the theory of numerical methods is the search for cost-effective computational algorithms that
require minimal time machine to obtain an approximate solution with any given accuracy. In article considered fuzzy analog of
the alternating direction, combining the best qualities of explicit and implicit scheme is unconditionally stable (as implicit
scheme) and requiring for the transition from layer to layer a small number of actions (as explicit scheme).

Keywords: fuzzy set, quasi-differential equation, the scheme of variable directions, finite-difference methods.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------1. INTRODUCTION
The concept of fuzzy differential equations was introduced
by O.Kaleva in 1987. In [1] he proved the theorem of
existence and uniqueness of solutions of such equations.
Later in [2-6] were been obtained properties of fuzzy
differential equations and their solutions. To determine
fuzzy derivative O.Kaleva used M.L.Pur and D.A.Ruleskus
approach [7] to the differentiability of fuzzy mappings,
which, in turn, is based on the M.Hukuharas idea [8] about
differentiability of multivalued mappings. In this regard, the
O.Kalevas approach adopted all the shortcomings typical
differential equations with the Hukuharas derivative.
In 1990 J.P.Aubin [9] and V.A.Baidosov [10,11] introduced
into consideration fuzzy differential inclusion. Their
approach to solving such equations is based on the latest
information for ordinary differential inclusions. In the
future, fuzzy inclusion were considered in works [12-15].
In [17], in the same way as was done in the theory of
differential equations with multivalued right-hand side [16],
introduced the concept of quasi-differential equation. This
allows on the one hand to avoid the difficulties that arise in
the solution of fuzzy differential equations and inclusions,
and with other - to get some of their properties by available
methods.

2. STATEMENT OF THE TASK

Conv( R n ) - the space of nonempty convex compact

n
subsets R with Hausdorf metric
Let

h( F , G) max sup inf f g , sup inf f g ,

gG f F
f F gG

Now we introduce the space

: R n [0,1] ,

which

E n of the mapping

satisfying

the

following

conditions:

- semi-continuous from above, i.e. for any x' R n

and for any 0 there is ( x' , ) 0 such that for all
x x' runs condition ( x) ( x' ) ;
1.

2.

that
3.

- normally, i.e. there exists a vector x0 R

such

( x0 ) 1 ;

- fuzzy convex, i.e. for any

x' , x' ' R n and any

true
inequality
(0,1]
(x'(1 ) x' ' ) min{ ( x' ), ( x' ' )} ;
n
4. The closure of the set x R ( x) 0 is compact.
Zero

in

the

space

En

are

elements

1, x 0

( x)

n
0, x R \ 0

Definition 1

- cutting

[ ] of the mapping E n at

0 1 let's call a set

cutting of the map

x R

En

( x) 0.

x R

(x) .

Zero

let's call the closure of the set

E n metric D : E n E n [0, ) ,

fancy D( , ) sup h([ ] , [ ] ) .

Lets define in space

0 1

f : [0, T ] E n called weakly

continuous at the point t 0 (0, T ) , if for any fixed
Definition 2 Mapping

Where, under

refers Euclidean norm in space R n .

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 07 | Jul-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org

335

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

[0,1] and arbitrary 0 there is ( , ) 0 such

that h( f (t ), f (t 0 )) for all t 0 [0, T ] such, that
t t 0 ( , ) .
Definition 3 Integral of the mapping

interval

is

the

element

f : I E n over the
g E n such that

[ g ] f (t )dt for all (0,1] .

I

f : I E n called differentiable at
the point t 0 I , if fr all [0,1] multivalued mapping
f (t ) differentiable by Hukuhara [198] in the point t 0 , its

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

f ' (t 0 ) call fuzzy derivative f (t ) in the point t 0 .

f : I E n called differentiable on I , if it is
differentiable at each point t I .
Mapping

f : I E n is called uniformly
n
continuous on G E , if for each 0 there is
( ) 0 such that for all x, y G , satisfying the
inequality
fair
assessment
D( x, y)
D( f ( x), f ( y)) .
Definition 8 Mapping

Definition 4 Mapping

derivative

is

equal

to

DH f (t0 )

and

Definition 9 Fuzzy number

L R type, if

u uL ( )

,
L (u ) 1
uL

u ( )
(u ) 1 uR ( ) u ,
R
uR

the

{DH f (t0 ) : [0,1]} set family defines an element.

u, v E n , w E n called u and v , if
u v w , and it is written as w u H v .

u~ is called a fuzzy number of

Definition 5 For

u - clear value of the number u~ , i.e.

u u L (1) u R (1) ; u L and u R respectively the left and
~ ; u ( ) and u ( ) right stretching of fuzzy number u
L
R
~
respectively the left and right values of the fuzzy number u
of definition .
where

F : [a, b] E n differentiable in
t0 (a, b) , if there is a F ' (t0 ) E n such that there are
F (t0 h) H F (t0 )
limits
and
lim
h0
h
F (t0 ) H F (t0 h)
and they are equal to F ' (t 0 ) .
lim
h0
h
Definition 6 Function

If F differentiable in

t0 (a, b) , hen for all slices

From the definition it follows that if

u~( ) {u, u L ( ), u R ( )} , then

u L ( ) u (1 )u L ; u R ( ) u (1 )u R .

F (t ) [ F (t )] there is a Hukuhara differential in t 0 and

[ F ' (t0 )] DF (t ) , where DF is called Hukuhara
differential

F .

f : [a, b] E n Seikkala
introduced the concept SDf (t ) in a such way
[SDf (t )] [ f1' (t , ), f 2' (t , )], 0 1.
Definition 7 For function

t [a, b], [SDf (t )] is fuzzy. If mapping

f : I E n differentiable at the point t0 I , then

For

Consider the algebraic action on fuzzy

Addition:

L R type:

u~ v~ {u v (1 )(u L vL ); u v (1 )(u R vR )}
.
Subtraction:

u~ v~ {u v (1 )(u L vL ); u v (1 )(u R vR )}
.

Multiplication:
1) for u 0; v 0

u~ v~ {u v; (1 )(uvL vuL ) (1 )uL vL ; (1 )(uvR vuR ) (1 )uR vL };

2) for u 0; v 0

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 07 | Jul-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org

336

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

u~ v~ {u v; (1 )(uvR vuL ) (1 )u L vL ; (1 )(uvL vuR ) (1 )u R vL } ;

3) for u 0; v 0

u~ v~ {u v; (1 )(uvR vuL ) (1 )uR vR ; (1 )(uvL vuL ) (1 )uL vL } .

Division:

In this paper discusses some of the issues of building fuzzy

analogs of finite difference methods.

u~ ~ 1
u~.
v~
v
Definition

10

We

say

Lets consider the initial-boundary task

that

the

mapping

: [0, ] [0, ] [0, T ] E n E n

specifies the local

quasi movement, if satisfied following conditions:
1) initial conditions axiom (0,0, t , y) y ;
2) quasiprimitive axiom:

u
Lu f ( x, t ), ( x, t ) QT ,
t

(1)

u( x,0) u 0 ( x),

(2)

x D,

u( x, t ) ( x, t ), x , t [0, T ] ,

D( (h , ,0, y0 ), (hN , m , tm1 , yN 1 )) 0(h) ,

2u
2u
,
L
u

,
2
x12
x22

Lu u L1u L2 u, L1u
Where

hn

ts ;

n 1

3)

D 0 x l ; 1,2,

s 0

axiom

of

(3)

continuity:

QT D (0, T ], x ( x1 , x2 ) .

mapping

(h, , y( x, t )) is - weakly continuously.

Approximation equation

Suppose that

D( y( x h, t ), (h, , t , y( x, t ))) 0(h, )

u 0 ( x)

u0 ( x), ( x, t ), f ( x, t ) - are fuzzy functions.

[U

( x)] ,

[ 0,1]

( x, t )

y( x,0) u0 ( x) , x D ,

[( x, t )] ,

(4)

[ 0,1]

f ( x, t )

y( x, t ) ( x, t ), x , t [0, T ]

[ F ( x, t )] , [0,1]

(5)

[ 0,1]

we will call fuzzy quasi-differential equation.

Definition 11 Continuous map y : QT E , satisfying
the approximation equation will be called a solution of fuzzy
quasi-differential equation.
n

We introduce two-dimensional spatial grid and temporary

one-dimensional grid:

w h w h1 ,h2 wh h ( x n1 , x n2 ) D; 0 n N ; 1,2 ,
t t

1
2

t1 0,5 ; y y

1
2

In this case, the construction of the discrete solution of the

task (1)-(5) is reduced to the definition in the grid of fuzzy
numbers

[ y s ] , such, that for for exact solutions u ( x, t )

, s [ f ( x n , t s )]

of

the

u 0 ( x)

task

(1)-(

[U

[ 0,1]

3)

with

( x)]

any

initial

condition
and

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 07 | Jul-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org

337

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

( x, t )

[( x, t )] ,

fair

inclusions

[ 0,1]

u( xs , t )

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

[ y s 1 ] [ y
0,5

[y ] .

[ 0,1]

1
2

1[ y

1
2

] 2 [ y s ] [ s ] ,
(7)

Let the function

f ( x, t )

[ F ( x, t )]

, [0,1]

[ y( x,0)] [U 0 ( x)] , x wh ,

(8)

defined for points ( x, t ) QT and F ( x, t ) satisfies the

following conditions:

[ y s 1 ] [] , n2 0, n2 N ,

(9)

[ F ( x, t )] - defined and continuous for all ( x, t ) QT .

2) [ F ( x, t )] - monotonously to inclusion of h0 , i.e. from

[y

[ 0,1]

1)

X 1 X 2 , T1 T2
ensue

[ F ( X 1 , T1 )] [ F ( X 2 , T2 )] .
3) There is a real constant l 0 , such that when
( x, t ) QT
true
inequality

([ F ( x, t )] ) l ( ([ x] ) ([t ] )) .

1
2

] [] , n1 0, n2 N .

(10)

Equation (6) is implicit in the first direction and clear for the
second, and equation (7) is explicit in the first direction, and
implicit in the second.
From (6) and (7) we get

Describe the fuzzy variant of the finite-difference methods

for tasks (1)-(5).

2
2
[ y] 1[ y] [ F ] ; [ F ] [ y] [ y] [] ,

3.

2
2
[ y ] 2 [ y ] [ F ] ; [ F ] [ y] 1[ y] [] ,

FUZZY

VARIANT

OF

THE

FINITE-

DIFFERENCE METHODS.
Replace differential operators with finite-difference:

Lu y 1 y 2 y, y y x , x , 1,2 .

1 1
1
1
[ y n1 1 ] 2 2 [ y n1 ] 2 [ y n1 1 ] [ Fn1 ] , n1 1,2,..., N1 1
2
h
h1
h1
,

One of the main problems of the theory of numerical

methods is the search for cost-effective computational
algorithms that require minimal time machine to obtain an
approximate solution with any given accuracy 0 .
As is known, the explicit scheme requires a lot of activity,
but its stability is at a sufficiently small time step, the
implicit scheme is unconditionally stable, but it requires a
large number of arithmetic operations.
We can build a system that combines the best of explicit and
implicit scheme is unconditionally stable (as implicit
scheme) and requiring for the transition from layer to layer a
small number of actions (as explicit scheme).
One of the first cost-effective schemes is the scheme of
variable directions, built in 1955 by Pismen and Recordon.
Pismen and Reckford scheme makes the transition from
layer S on a layer S 1 in two steps, using intermediate
(fractional) layer.

[y

1
s
2

[ y n1 ] [n1 ] ; n1 0, n1 N1 .

1 1
1
1
[ y ] 2 2 [ y n2 ] 2 [ y n2 1 ] [ F n2 ] , n2 1,2,..., N 2 1
2 n2 1
h
h2
h2
,

[ y n2 ] [n2 ] ; n2 0, n2 N 2 ,

xn (n1h1 , n2 h2 ), [ F ] [ Fn1n2 ] ,
[ y] [ yn1n2 ] .
Thus, the construction of the discrete solution of problem
(1)-(5) is reduced to the definition in the grid of fuzzy
s

numbers [ y ] , such that for exact solutions u ( x, t ) of the

task
(1)-(3)
with
any
initial
condition

u 0 ( x)

[U

( x)]

and

[ 0,1]

( x, t )

[( x, t )] ,

fair

inclusions

[ 0,1]

s
] [ y s ]
1 [ y 2 ] 2 [ y s ] [ s ] ,
0,5
1

u( xs , t )

[ y

] .

[ 0,1]

(6)

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 07 | Jul-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org

338

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

4. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT
Lets consider the idea of the alternating direction method of
class cheap schemes, applied to the solution of the first

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

initial-boundary value task for two-dimensional heat

equation.

u
u
u

u
[q( z )] (k z ) [ w] (k y ) [au] ,
z
y
t
z
z y

( z, y, t ) (0, L) (M , M ) (0,T ) ,

[u( z, y,0)] [ ( z, y)] ,

differential equation is approximated by two differential

equations, one of which connects layers t t

( z, y) [0, L] (M , M )

- initial conditions,

[u( z, y, t )] [ ( z, y, t )] ,

( z, y) , 0 t T -

t t

step

[ ( z, y)] ,[ ( z, y, t )] - - sections of the set of fuzzy

functions. L, M , T - given numbers.

, and the second layers t t

1
n
2

and t t

First phase. Transition to more smart n

boundary conditions
(0, L) (M , M ), is - domain border;

1
n
2

n 1

and
.

1
- th layer with
2

. Time derivative is approximated by the formula

2
n

ut ( zi , y j , t n )

uij 2 H uijn

2
Initial equation is approximated by the combination of two
difference schemes, each of which corresponds to only one
spatial direction. Each element of the sum approximated by
explicit and implicit structures.

Derivative by z approximated on n

To do this, along with a layer t t , alculation of which is

carried out at this stage, the inclusion of an additional layer

Included in the right part of the initial equation fuzzy

derivative by y on

1
- th layer,
2

n - th layer.

t t

1
2

. Then for the transition from layer t t

layer t t

n 1

by using the layer

n 12
n
uij uij
qi

2

(k

n
y j 1 i , j 1

y j 1

t t

1
n
2

to the

function [ f ( z, y, t , q)] is replaced by its grid view.

Corresponding difference scheme has the form:

the original

1
1
1
n
n
n

2
2
2

k
u

(
k

k
)
u

k
u
zi1 i 1, j zi1
zi i 1, j
zi
ij


w

2
hz

k y j )uijn

yj

uin, j 1

2
y

n 12 n 12
ui 1, j ui 1, j

2hz

a n 1
uij 2 ,
2

1 i I 1, 1 j J 1,

n 1
1

n
Where uij 2 u ( zi , yi , t ) or in traditional recording
2

n 12

a n 12

z
i
2 zi
i 1, j
2 zi
uij
4hz
2hz2 i1
4
2hz
2hz

w u
2 k zi1
4hz
2hz

1
n
2
i 1, j

n
Fij ,

(11)

1 i I 1, 1 j J 1,

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 07 | Jul-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org

339

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

n
ij

where F

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

n k y j1 uin, j 1 (k y j1 k y j )uijn k y j uin, j 1

qi uij
.
2
hy2

For each j 1,..., J 1 need to solve three-diagonal

system of fuzzy linear algebraic equations, as each equation
contains
three
unknown
values

Second phase. The transition to (n 1) - th temporary

layer from intermediate n

n 12 n 12 n 12
ui 1, j , uij , ui 1, j , rest of the values are taken

from n - th layer. In other words, under this approach, the

- th with step
. Time
2
2

derivative is approximated by the formula

n

ut ( zi , y j , t n )

scheme is implicit in the direction z and explicit in direction

y. The desired value in the intermediate layer are calculated
by the fuzzy sweep method by direction z , i.e. by the
longitudinal direction.

uijn 1 H uij

1
2

2
derivative by z approximated on the n
derivative by y on the (n 1) - th layer.

1
- th layer,
2

Corresponding difference scheme has the form:

n 1
ij

qi

u in, j 11

y j 1

n 1
u ij 2

y j 1

(k

1
1
1
n
n
n

2
2
2

k
u

(
k

k
)
u

k
u
zi 1 i 1, j
zi 1

zi i 1, j
zi
ij

2
hz

k y j )u ijn 1

yj

u in, j 11

2
y

n 12
n 12

i 1, j
u i 1, j

2hz

u ijn 1 ,
2

1 i I 1, 1 j J 1,

or in the traditional record:

n 1
2 k y j u i , j 1

2h y

n 1
2 k y j 1 u i , j 1
2
h
y

a
n 1
2 k y j 2 k y j 1 qi
u ij
4
2h y
2h y

1
n
2
ij

(12)

1 i I 1, 1 j J 1,

Where

1
n
2
ij

qi u

1
n
2
ij

1
1
1
1
1
n
n
n
n
n

2
2
2
2
2

k zi1 ui 1, j (k zi1 k zi )uij k zi ui 1, j

w ui 1, j ui 1, j .

2
hy2
2hz

For each i 1,..., I 1 need to solve three-diagonal system

of fuzzy linear algebraic equations, as each equation
contains three unknown values

u , u , u ,
n 1
i , j 1

n 1
ij

n 1
i , j 1

1
the rest of the values are taken from ( n ) - th layer. In
2
other words, under this approach, the scheme is implicit in
the direction z and a clear by direction y. The desired value

in the intermediate layer are calculated by the sweep method

in the direction y, i.e. the transverse direction. Diagonal
elements prevail.
Under implementation is the lack of dividing the interval
containing zero on each cutting, and by sustainability limited impact of an error in the calculation at some stage of
the final result.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 07 | Jul-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org

340

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

u ; u ,
n
i ,0

The advantages of the method, achieved through the

introduction of intermediate layer, should include the
splitting of the initial task into two simpler, solved with the
help of sweep algorithm.

0
ij

ij

u ; u ,

0 j J; 0 n N,

n
I, j

n
I, j

n
i,J

0 j J; 0 n N,

i, j

ij

n 12
For the intermediate layer is required values u ij

OZ

0, j

n
i,J

( x , y , t ) , ( x , y ) .

0 i I; 0 j J ,

on planes perpendicular to the axis

n
0, j

i ,o

Where

The initial and boundary conditions is presented in the

form:initial layer

u ,

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

on

the sides of the settlement of the region defined by the

equations x 0 and x L . Subtracting (12) from (11),
we obtain

on planes perpendicular to the axis OY

(k

n
uijn uijn 1
n 12
k y j1 ui , j 1

uij

4qi

n 1
k y j1 ui , j 1

4qi

(k

y j 1

k y j )uijn 1

yj

uin, j 11

y j 1

2
y

k y j )uijn

yj

uin, j 1

2
y

1
n
a
uijn 1 uij 2 .
8qi

Hence when i 0 ( x 0) we have

(k

n
u0n j u0n j 1
n 12
k y j1 u0, j 1

u0 j

4 q0

n 1
k y j1 u0, j 1

4 q0

(k

y j 1

k y j )u0n j 1

yj

u0n,j11

y j 1

k y j )u0n j

yj

u0n, j 1

2
y

2
y

1
n
a n 1
2

u
0j .
0j
8q0

Similarly, we get the relation at i I ( x L)

n
u Ijn u Ijn 1
n 12
k y j1 u I , j 1

u Ij

4q I

n 1
k y j1 u I , j 1

4q I

(k

y j 1

k y j )u Ijn 1

yj

u In,j11

2
y

Theorem 1 Suppose that for the system

b0 u0 c0 u1 f 0 ,
ai ui1 b0 ui ci ui1 f i ,
an u n1 bn u n f n ,
by the formulas

(k

y j 1

k y j )u Ijn

2
y

yj

u In, j 1

1
n
a n 1
2

u
.
Ij
Ij
8q I

x0 c0 /b0 ,

xi ci / bi ai xi 1 , i 1,..., I 1,
y0 f0 /b0 ,

yi fi ai y y 1 / bi ai xi 1 , i 1,..., I 1 ,
un yn ,

ui xiui1 yi , i I 1, I 2,..., 0

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 07 | Jul-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org

341

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

defined

ui

Then we have

u u
i

Where

ai

2 kyj ,

2h y

bi

a
2 k y j 2 k y j 1 qi ,
2h y
4
2hy

ci

2 k y j 1 ,
2hy

ai

2 k zi
w ,
4hz
2hz

bi

a
2 k zi 2 k zi 1 qi ,
2hz
4
2hz

ci

2 k zi 1
w ,
2
h
4
k
z
z

fi

n 1
Qij 2

(2)

f i Fijn .

5. CONCLUSIONS
Introduced analogues of numerical solutions of fuzzy
differential equations by the method of variable directions
generalize earlier reviewed fuzzy differential equations and
inclusions and provide an opportunity to examine their
properties.

REFERENCES
[1]. Kaleva, O. Fuzzy differential equations / O. Kaleva //
Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 1987. Vol. 24, 3. P.
301 317.
[2].,
..

/ .. , ..
, .. // . . . -.
, 2007. . 1(27). . 185 190.
[3]. Kaleva, O. The Peano theorem for fuzzy differential
equations revisited / O. Kaleva // Fuzzy Sets and Systems.
1998. 98. P. 147 148.
[4]. Kaleva, O. O notes on fuzzy differential equations / O.
Kaleva // Nonlinear Analysis. 2006. 64. P. 895
900.
[5]. Park, J.Y. Existence and uniqueness theorem for a
solution of fuzzy differential equations / J.Y. Park, H.K. Han
// Internat. J. Math. and Math. Sci. 1999. Vol. 22,
2. P. 271 279.

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

[6]. Park, J.Y. Fuzzy differential equations / J.Y. Park, H.K.

Han // Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 2000. 110. P. 69
77.
[7]. Puri, M.L. Differential of fuzzy functions / M.L. Puri,
D.A. Ralescu // J. Math. Anal. Appl. 1983. 91.
P. 552 558.
[8]. Hukuhara, M. Integration des applications mesurables
dont la valeur est un compact convexe / M. Hukuhara //
Func. Ekvacioj. 1967. 10. P. 205 223.
[9]. Aubin, J.P. Fuzzy differential inclusions / J.P. Aubin //
Problems of Control and Information Theory. 1990.
Vol.19, 1. P. 55 67.
[10]. Baidosov, V.A. Differential inclusions with fuzzy
right-hand side / V.A. Baidosov // Soviet Mathematics.
1990. Vol. 40, 3. P. 567 569.
[11]. Baidosov, V.A. Fuzzy differential inclusions / V.A.
Baidosov // J. of Appl. Math. and Mech. 1990. Vol.
54, 1. P. 8 13.
[12]. Hullermeir, E. An approach to modeling and
simulation of uncertain dynamical systems / E. Hullermeir //
Int. J. Uncertainty Fuzziness Knowledge Based Systems.
1997. 5. P. 117 137.
[13]. Lakshmikantham, V. Interconnection between set and
fuzzy differential equations / V. Lakshmikantham, S. Leela,
A.S. Vatsala // Nonlinear Analysis. 2003. 54. P.
351 360.
[14]. Lakshmikantham, V. Theory of set differential
equations in metric spaces / V. Lakshmikantham, T. Granna
Bhaskar, J. Vasundhara Devi Cambridge Scientific
Publishers, 2006. 204 p.
[15]. Lakshmikantham, V. Existence and interrelation
between set and fuzzy differential equations / V.
Lakshmikantham, A.A. Tolstonogov // Nonlinear Analysis.
2003. 55. P. 255 268.
[16]. , ..
/ .. //
. 1985. . 21, 8.
pp. 1344 1353.
[17]. .., .., ..
. // .
. . -. , 2008. . 2(30).
p. 207 211.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 07 | Jul-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org

342