Report On 220kv Grid Substation
Report On 220kv Grid Substation
Report On 220kv Grid Substation
ON
SUBMITTED BY:
MD. NAFIS IQBAL
B.TECH. POWER ENGINEERING (5th SEM.)
ROLL NO. 00315307511
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am highly indebted to Mr. Deepak Kumar (Asst. Engineer, 220 KV DTL S/S Pragati)
for their invaluable support without which the project could have not been worked out
the way it has. I am very much thankful to Mr. Satyaprakash (J.E. 220 KV DTL S/S
Pragati) who helped me immensely in understanding the basics and complexities of
along with additions that made the quality of report better.
I would also like to extend a note of thanks to all other employees of Delhi Transco
Limited who helped me directly or indirectly in successful completion of my project.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents & all my fellow trainees who
have been a constant source of encouragement & inspiration during my studies & have
always provided me support in every walk of life
Nishant Gaur
CONTENT
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Delhi Transco Limited
1.2 DTL Network
1.3 Grid Diagram of Delhi
2. Introduction to Substation
3. 220/33/11 KV GIS Substation Trauma Centre
3.1 Single Line Diagram
3.2 Description of SLD
3.3 Parts of Substation
3.4 Equipments used in Substation
4. Description of Substation Equipments
4.1 Transmission Lines
4.2 Bus Bar
4.3 Isolators
4.4 Transformers
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Power transformer
4.4.3 Parts of Power Transformer
4.4.4 Transformer Cooling
4.4.5 Protection devices
4.4.6 Maintenance
4.4.7 Technical Specifications
4.5 Instrument Transformer
4.5.1 Current Transformer (CT)
4.5.2 Potential transformer (PT)
4.5.3 Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT)
4.6 Circuit Breaker (CB)
4.6.1 Types of CB
4.6.2 Technical Specification
4.7 Capacitor Bank
4.8 Insulator
4.9 Wave Trap
5. Protection System
5.1 Over Voltage Protection
5.1.1 Ground Wire
5.1.2 Earth Screen
5.1.3 Lightning insulator
5.2 Over Current protection
5.3 Earth fault protection
5.4 Primary and back up protection
5.5 Relays
5.6 Fuses
5.7 Earthing System
6. Control Room
7. Battery Room
8. PLCC and SCADA System
9. Operation and maintenance of Substation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Maintenance activity
9.3 Maintenance Schedule
9.4 Maintenance Schedule Table of
9.4.1 Oil filled power transformer
9.4.2 SF6 Circuit Breaker
9.4.3 Relays and protection circuit
9.4.4 Arrestors
9.4.5 Transmission lines
9.5 Thermo Scanning
10. General Safety Precautions
11. Conclusion
References
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED
Delhi Transco Limited, a successor company of erstwhile Delhi Vidhyut board, came
into existence on 1st July 2002, as a State Transmission Utility of the National Capital.
After unbundling of DVB the distribution sector has been handed over to private
companies while the generation and transmission are still with the government. Over
the years, DTL has evolved as a most dynamic performer, keeping pace with the
manifold challenges that confront the ever increasing demand-supply power situation
and
achieving
functional
superiority
on
all
fronts.
Being the capital of India and the hub of commercial activities in the Northern Region,
coupled with the prosperity of population, the load requirement of Delhi has been
growing at a much faster pace. Added to that, being the focus of socio-economic and
political life of India, Delhi is assuming increasing eminence among the great cities of
the world. Plus the vgision-2021, aiming to make Delhi global Metro politic and world
class city demand greater infrastructure to enrich many services of infrastructure
development. DTL has been responsibly playing its role in establishing. Upgrading,
operating and maintaining the EHV (Extra High Voltage) network. DTL has also been
assigned the responsibility of running the State load Dispatch Centre (SLDC) which is
an apex body to ensure integrated operations of power system in Delhi. Delhi Transco
is also committed to promote energy conservation not only in its own establishments
but also in the entire Delhi. The company has done a lot to educate and sensitize the
general public about the need of energy conservation. Transmission loss level has been
reduced from 3.84 per cent in 200-203 to 1.38 per cent in 2009-10, which is one of the
lowest transmission loss level in the country. To ensure adequate and efficient power
supply. DTL has been continuously upgrading its biggest achievement has been its
ability to handle the highest ever peak demand of 4720 MW in July 2010. The total
availability of its transmission system stood 98.78%. The modern technologies are being
implemented in DTL by way of constructing GIS sub stations and laying XLPE 220 KV
cable by employing cable link techniques and would be the largest network of its kind
in India.
1.2
DTL NETWORK
It contains the line diagram of the DTL network which connects all the networks of the
5 DISCOMs working in the Delhi region.
1.3
2. INTRODUCTION TO SUBSTATION
Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating current. The
electric power produced at the power stations is delivered to the consumers through
a large network of transmission & distribution. The transmission network is
inevitable long and high power lines are necessary to maintain a huge block of
power source of generation to the load centers to inter connected Power house for
increased reliability of supply greater.
An electrical substation is a part of an electricity generation, transmission and
distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or in reverse
using transformers. It also serves as a point of connection between various power
system elements such as transmission lines, transformers, generators and loads. To
allow for flexibility in connecting the elements, circuit breakers are used as high
power switches. Electric power may flow through several substations between
generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.
There are different kinds of substation such as
Transmission substation, distribution substation, collector substation, switching
substation and some other types of substation. The general functions of a substation
may include:
Voltage transformation
Connection point for transmission lines
Switchyard for network configuration
Monitoring point for control center
Protection of power lines and apparatus
Communication with other substations and regional control center
Making an analogy with the human body, the role of substation in the power system
to address the above mentioned issues is pivotal: the substations are the center of the
nervous, immune, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular subsystems of the entire
power system body. The nervous subsystem role of the substation is to allow
the central system to sense the operating states, view status of the equipment, and
make assessments of the system criticality. The immune subsystem role is to
develop self-defense means and sustain self healing strategies. The
musculoskeletal subsystem role is to maintain the system topology, switch the
equipment state and restore the power flows. The cardiovascular subsystem role is
to sustain normal power flow and control the synchronization.
The substation includes the primary equipment (such as circuit breakers,
transformers, instrument transformers, etc.) and the secondary equipment
(monitoring, control and protection devices) which are installed in control house.
In the primary side, a large number of breakers and disconnectors are used in order
to allow for maintenance and repair with a minimum of interruption, which occupy
large space. Oil-insulated transformers are used to step-up or step-down the voltage
level for purposes needed. Oil-insulated transformers usually have big size and have
potential explosion problems. In addition, the maintenance is also elaborate and the
noise of those transformers is also a big issue. The breakers also need an insulation
media which may be oil, gas, or air.
Conventional current and potential transformers (CTs and VTs) are used to convert
the primary current and voltage to an operation range (0-5A and 115V) for metering
and protection. The CT saturation and open secondary CT circuit safety issue are
primarily of concern in such devices.
All interfaces between primary and secondary equipment are connected by hardwired cabling. Different length and types cables are bundled as shown in Fig.1.2,
which makes it labor intensive for future maintenance and modification. In addition,
due to the large number of wires in a highly electromechanically polluted
substation switchyard environment, the wiring may experience significant
electromagnetic interference (both conducted and radiated).
3.2
DESCRIPTION ABOUT SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
Figure attached shows key diagram of a typical 220/66/11 KV Pragati Grid
Substation. The diagram of this grid station is explained as under:1) There are Four 220 KV incoming lines as one circuit from Pargati powers, one
circuit from Power Grid and two circuits from BTPS. These four incoming
lines are connected to the double bus bar system through a number of
equipments. All these lines can be loaded simultaneously to share the grid
station load. The four lines arrangement increases the reliability of the system.
In case there is a breakdown of one incoming line, the continuity of supply
can be maintained by the other lines.
2) As in the single line diagram the each incoming is connected to the bus bar in
a sequence with a number of equipments. The equipments between the
incoming lines and the line bus bar is connected in a defined sequence as
following:
I. Line lightning Arrestor
II.
Line capacitive voltage transformer (CVT).
III.
Line Isolator
IV.
Line Current Transformer
V. Line Circuit Breaker
3) The Substation has double bus bar system, one main bus bar and the other
spare bus bar. The incoming can be connected to either bus bar with the help
of an arrangement of circuit breaker and isolators called Bus Coupler. The
advantage of double bus bar system is that if repair is to be carried on one bus
bar, the supply need not to be interrupted as the entire load can be transferred
to the other bus.
4) Each line bus bar is connected with Potential Transformer (PT) to measure the
bus bar voltage.
PARTS OF SUBSTATION
3.3
3.3.1
There are four incoming feeders of 220 KV i.e. one from Pragati Powers, one
from Maharani Bagh and two from BTPS.
Two buses named Bus-1 and Bus-2 of 220 KV each run in parallel to which all
the 220 KV incoming feeders are connected and also the two 100 MVA
transformers are connected to step down 220 KV to 66 KV.
The incoming 220 KV feeder is first connected to an Oxide Film Lightening
arrestor which protect all the other equipments from Lightening and ground
the lightening if falls on the incoming feeders.
After the Lightening Arrestor a Capacitor voltage transformer is provided
which serves the function of measuring and protection.
A Wave Trap is provided to trap the waves which may be dangerous to the
instruments here in the substation.
Current transformer (CT) is connected to drive the current measuring
equipment and also for protection i.e. for measuring and protection.
Line isolator with Earth switch is provided opening the circuit in no load
condition and earth switch (E/S) is to ground the extra voltage which may be
dangerous for any of the instrument in the substation.
Circuit Breaker (SF6 CB) is connected in line to open or close the circuit in
normal and abnormal condition.
From circuit breaker the incoming feeder is connected to the 220 kv double
bus bar system through isolator arrangements so that the connection can be
changed from one bus to other bus.
The bus is connected with Potential Transformer for measuring the line
voltage and protection purpose.
A bus coupler is provided to couple the two buses for load sharing and line
protection.
The two transformer of 100 MVA, 220/66/11 KV are connected to the 220 KV
bus used to step down the voltage from 220 KV to 66 KV. This output is
connected to the 66 KV bus bar.
Circuit breaker (SF-6 CB) is connected in the transformer circuit to open and
close the circuit in no load and full load condition and in normal and
abnormal condition.
Horn gap lightening arrestor is provided just before and after the 100 MVA
transformers for protecting the transformer from lightening.
3.3.2
3.3.3
CONS.FEATURE/LOCATION
Rigid tubular support on positions
or
Flexible ACSR bus bar
supported from two ends of strain
insulator.
Connected B/W phase conductor
and ground first equip as seen
from incoming O/H line and also
near transformer terminal.
FUNCTION
Receive
power
from incoming and
deliver power to
O/G ckt.
Discharge
O/V
surge to earth and
protect equipment.
Provide isolation
from part for MTC.
2.
SURGE
ARRESTOR
3.
ISOLATOR
4.
5.
Discharge voltage
on ckt to earth for
safety.
Step-down current
measurement front
and control.
6.
VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER
(V.T.)
7.
CIRCUIT
BREAKER (C.B.)
8.
SERIES
REACTOR
9.
SHUNT
CAPACATOR
10. SEREIS
CAPACITOR
11. TRANSFORMER
12. MV/LT SW GR
13. STATION
EARTHING
SYTEM
14. INSULATORS
15. POLES
Equipment
body earth.
discharging
current from SA
O/H shielding and
E.S.
Between the poles and conductors. Does not allow the
Disc type shaped.
current to pass
through it.
It is made by joining the heavy To
provide
16. CVT
17. L.A.
18. CONDUCTORS
19. BATTERY
BANKS
20. CONTROL
PANEL
4.
4.1
TRANSMISSION LINES
In this category the EHV lines viz. extra high voltage lines of 400kv, 220kv,
132kv, and 66kv are considered. These high voltages are transmitted from one
sub-station to other sub-station through various types of conductors.
For 400 KV line: Taran, Tulla and Marculla conductor.
For 220 KV line: Zebra conductor is used composite of Aluminum strands and
steel wires.
For 66kv, 33kv lines: Panther conductors is used composite of Aluminum strands
and steel wires.
4.2
BUS-BAR
PROPERTIES
COPPER
ALUMINIUM
0.0288
0.00411
0.00403
Softening temperature
200
180
Thermal conductivity
0.923
0.503
Melting point
1083
657
When a number of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected
electrically bus-bar are used as the common electrical component. Bus-bar are
copper or aluminium bars and operate at constant voltage. The incoming and
outgoing lines in a sub-station are connected to the bus-bars. The most commonly
used bus-bar arrangements in sub-station are:
I.
Single bus-bar arrangement.
II.
Single bus-bar system with sectionalisation.
III.
Double bus-bar arrangement
I.
SINGLE BUS-BAR SYSTEM: It consists of a single bus-bar and all the incoming and outgoing lines are connected
to it. The disadvantage of this type of system is that if repair is to be done on the busbar or a fault occurs on the bus. There is a complete interruption of the supply. This
arrangement is not used for voltages exceeding 33KV.
II.
In this arrangement the single bus-bar is divided in to sections and load is equally
distributed on all the sections. Any two sections of the bus bar connected by a circuit
breakers and isolators. It has two principle advantages. Firstly, if a fault occurs on
any section of the bus that section can be isolated with out affecting the supply from
other sections. Secondly, repairs and maintenance of any section of the bus bar can
be carried out by de-energizing that section only, eliminating the possibility of
complete shutdown. This arrangement is used for voltage upto 33KV.
III.
This system consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar. Each
bus bar has the capacity to take up the entire substation load. The incoming and out
going lines can be connected to either bus bar with help of bus bar coupler which
consist of a circuit breaker and isolators. Ordinarily, the incoming and outgoing lines
remain connected to the main bus bar of fault occurring on it, the continuity of
supply to the circuit can be maintained by transferring it to spare bus bar.
4.3
ISOLATORS
An isolator is a disconnecting switch is used upon same given part circuit after
circuit breaker. Thus isolators surge only has preventing the voltage from being
applied to same given section of bus.
These are essentially off load devices although they are capable of dealing with small
charging currents of bus-bars and connections. The design of isolators is closely
related to the design of substations. Isolator design is considered in the following
aspects:
o Space Factor
o Insulation Security
o Standardization
o Ease of Maintenance
o Cost
2. Pneumatic mechanism.
ISOLATOR WITH EARTH SWITCH: The earth switch is connected between the line conductor and earth. Normally, it is
opened when the line is disconnected. The earth switch is closed so that the voltage
trapped in line is discharge to earth. There some voltage lines due to changing
current. This voltage is significant in high voltage system. Before, proceeding with
the maintenance work. This voltage is discharge to earth by closing the earth switch.
Normally earth switches are maintained on the frame of isolator.
4.4
TRANSFORMER
4.4.1
INTRODUCTION:
4.4.2
POWER TRANSFORMERS
4.4.3
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
Transformer core
Windings
Tank
Conservator
Breather
Bushing
Air Cell
Tap Changer and O.L.T.C.
Cooling Equipments
i.
CORE: - It not only supports the winding also provides the low reluctance path
for the magnetic circuit. It is made up of cooled rolled grain oriented (C.R.G.O.)
alloy. Steel is in the form of lamination on that the iron losses could be avoided.
ii.
a.
b.
c.
d.
iii.
TANK: - They are constructed from welded sheet steel, and larger ones from
plain boiler plates. The lids may be of cast iron, or waterproof gasket being used
at the joints. The fitting includes thermometer pockets, drain cock, rollers or
wheels for moving transformer position, eye bolts for lifting, conservators and
breathers, cooling tubes are welded in, but separate radiators are welded and
afterwards bolted. On the outside is applied with anti corrosive primer paint and
final of synthetic enamel.
iv.
v.
BRAETHER:
vi.
BUSHING: -
vii.
AIR CELL: It is a flexible rubber bag placed inside the conservator and floats on the oil
surface. Air cell inflates or deflates surface of the air cell and the inner cell of air
cell is provided with ozone resistant .The dry air is sucked and do not come in
contact with oil, this eliminates the possibility of contamination for oil filling.
viii.
TAPCANGER.
Tap changer are of two types:a) On-load Tap changer.
b) Off-load Tap changer.
COOLING EQUIPMENT: -
4.4.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
PROTECTIVE DEVICES:
Buccholtz relay
Pressure relief valve
Oil temperature indicator
Oil level indicator
Winding temperature indicator
Dehydrating Breather
Earthing Arrangements
Buccholtz relay
1.
BUCHHOLTZ RELAY: It is used for protection of oil filled transformer from incipient faults below oil level.
It is installed between tank and conservator. In this relay two mercury contacts are
provided. The device comprises of a cast iron housing containing the hinged floats,
one in upper part other in lower part. Each float is filled with the mercury switch;
leads of a switch are connected to a terminal box for tripping.
APPLICATIONS:Double element relays can be used in detecting miner fault in a Transformer
The alarm element will operate, after a specified volume of gas has collected to give
an alarm indicator.
2.
3.
OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: It is the distance thermometer operated on principle of liquid expansion. It indicates
the top oil temp. At marshaling box. The connection between the thermometer and
the dial indicator is made by steel capillary tube. The bulb is enclosed in the pocket
and the pocket is situated on transformers hottest oil region. The pocket is to be
filled with oil. It has two switches one for alarm and other for tripping.
ALARM = 95 DEG.
TRIPPING = 110 DEG.
It is consist of a sensor bulb capillary tube and a dial thermometer the sensor bulb is
fitted at the location of hottest oil .That sensor bulb and capillary tube are fitted with
evaporation liquid. The vapor pressure varies with temperature and is transmitted
to a burden tube inside the change in pressure which is proportional to the
temperature.
4.
WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: It also operates on principles of liquid expansion. It indicates the top oil temp. At
marshalling box hot spot temp. Of winding. The winding hot spot of top oil temp.
Difference is simulative by means of CT current fed to the heater coil fitted at top
senses the top oil temp. Thus, its temp. Reading is proportional to the load current
and oil temp.
o FANS ON = 60 deg C
o PUMP ON = 75 deg C
o ALARM
= 90 deg C
o TRIP
= 100 deg C
Winding temperature relay indicates the winding temperature of the transformer and
operates on the principle of thermal imaging and it is not actual measurement.
Winding temperature indicators consist of sensor bulb placed in oil filled pocket in the
transformer tank top cover. The bulb is connected to the instrument having by means of
two flexible capillary tubes. One capillary tube is connected to the measuring below of
the instrument and the other to compensation below. The measuring system is filled
with a liquid which changes its volume with rising temperature inside the instrument is
filled with a heat resistance which is fed by a current proportionate to the current
flowing through the transformer winding.
The instrument is provided with maximum temperature indicator the heating resistance
is fed by current transformer associated to the loaded winding of the transformer .The
increase in the temperature of the resistance is proportionate to that of the winding. The
sensor bulb of instrument is located in the hottest oil of the transformer the winding
temperature indicates a temperature of hottest oil plus the winding temperature rise
above hot it .i.e. the hot spot temperature.
5.
OIL LEVEL INDICATOR :This indication is manufactured for considering Transformer Applications:
1. It can also be used as Content Gauge on other tanks where level of liquid
inside the tank in required to be indicated continuously on a dial.
2. The position of indicator on the conservator can be selected to
3. Suit site condition. Float mechanism passes through the hole in pad.
6.
DEHYDRATING BREATHER: The conservator or the air cell is connected to the outside atmosphere through the
breather (silica gel) to make sure that the air in the conservator or cell is dry. When
silica is saturated with moisture its color changes to pink. It can be made reusable by
heating it at 100 deg C. for 48 hours.
7.
In order to avoid fault and disturbance, it is important that a careful and regular
supervision and control of the transformer and its components is planned and
carried out.
POSSIBLE LEAKAGE
After energizing of the transformer, a certain setting may appear in painting joint.
Rust damage, Touch damage up painting a regular inspection of the external surface
treatment of the reactor should be carried out. Possible rust damage is removed and
the surface treatment restarted to original state by means of primer and finish paints
that are dispatched with the transformer.
THRERMO SYPHON FILTER
Thermo siphon filter is provided on large capacity, oil filled Power Transformer for
keeping the moisture level of insulating oil at a very low level. At the time of initial
erection and commissioning of transformer, most of the moisture present in the oil is
removed by not oil circulation. The moisture absorption of oil is eliminated by
direction the our breather in by the transformer during its operation through silica
gel desiccant. Air cell in conservator avoids direct of oil with air and there by
eliminating the chance of moisture absorption.
It is a well known fact that water is released to the oil for the paper insulation due to
ageing process. Thermo siphon filter helps in removing this moisture from oil. When
the Transformer is on load, the thermos phonic action of liquid causes circulation of
oil through the filter. The absorbent filled in the Thermo siphon filter absorb
moisture and keep the oil dry.
4.4.7
SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS
1. 100 MVA, 220/66/11KV power transformer no. 1 & no. 2 (BHEL) make.
1.Types of cooling
ONAN
ONAF
OFAF
2.Rating HV & LV 50
(MVA)
70
100
3.Rating TV (MVA)
23.33
33.33
220
220
5.No load
LV(kv)
66
66
16.67
voltage 66
6.Noload voltage
11
11
11
183.92
262.74
TV(kv)
7.Line
HV(Amp)
current 131.37
8.Line current
(Amp) at 66kv
LV 437.90
613.07
875.81
9.Line current
(Amp) at 33kv
LV 875.81
1226.13
1751.62
10.Line
(Amp)
TV 875.81
1226.13
1751.62
50
50
12.
Temp.
winding (degC)
55
55
current
rise 55
4.5. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER: Transformer used A.C. measurement i.e. voltages current, power and energy in
conjunction with the relevant instrument. Transformer small capacity transformer.
There are two types:
1.
Current transformer.
2.
Potential transformer.
3.
Capacitor Voltage transformer.
ADVANTAGES OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4.5.1
CURRENT TRANSFORMER: -
High current line can be reduced to low current to measure easily with the help of
normal ammeter. To measure the very high current of the running line with out
distributing it, a spilt core type current transformer is used. It is step up transformer
the primary windings consist of thicker conductor having less number of turns.
Some time, only a straight conductor also serves the purpose of primary winding.
The secondary winding is done with thicker conductor having more number of
turns.
The primary winding is connected in series with the line and the M I is connected
across the secondary of the current transformer. it should be clearly understood that
the secondary winding of the current transformer is never opened. It should be
always short circuit i.e. the secondary is open, there is no current in the secondary
winding hence, the M.M.F. of primary will not be opposed and the cares will have
high flux which will cause high E.M.F. Induced or the primary and secondary
winding. This E.M.F. Is dangerous and may give sever shock.
The secondary of the current transformer should be earthed to avoid the danger of
shock to the operator.
The current transformer is kept in category of instrument transformers. The CTs are
used to reduce / stepping down A.C. from high value to lower value for
measurement / protection / control.
A 'CT' has following essential parts: 1. Magnetic core made up of continuously wound strip nickel iron alloy of
CRGO material.
2. Winding having several turns wound on the insulated core.
3. A bar primary passing through the winding of core and terminal.
4. Insulated porcelain at primary insulator.
PROPERTIES OF CT:
o
o
o
o
o
d) Spare
SPECIFICATION OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS: Specification of 220 kV side CT
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Standard
- IS 2705
Highest system voltage (kv) - 245
Insulation level (kv)
- 460/1050
Frequency
- 50 Hz
Rated primary current - 600A
ST current KA/ sec
- 27 /1
Terminals
1s1-1s2
Ratio Amp.
300/1
Rating class
5P20
VA
60
Kvp / Amp
1200V/0.04A
1s1-1s2
2s1-2s2
600/1
300/1
5P20
60
1200V/0.04A
2s1-2s2
3s1-3s2
600/1
300/1
5P20
60
1200V/0.04A
3s1-3s2
4s1-4s2
600/1
600/1
.5
60
....................
4s1-4s2
4.5.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: Similar to CT it is another type of instrument transformer. It is also known as CVT
(capacitor voltage transformer). It is used for measurement and protection. Potential
transformer is used to operate voltmeter, the potential coil of wattmeter and relay
from high voltage line. The primary oftransformer4 is connected across the line
carrying the voltage to be measured and the voltage circuit is connected across the
secondary winding to measure high voltage line.
The transformer is used to measure the high voltage known as potential transformer.
The primary of the potential transformer is having more number of turns of fine
wire and secondary is having less number of turns. The potential transformer is step
down transformer the P.W is connected across the line and S.W across the meter to
measure the line voltage. The P.W when connected to line carry some current, which
produces the magnetic flux. The S.W is linked with this flux causing the induction
some voltage (generally 110V in case P.T.) this voltage defects the voltmeter or the
secondary of the P.T.
The scale is directly calibrated to obtain the actual voltage. The secondary of the P.T.
is always connected to earth.
They may be of one phase or three phase. Electromagnetic P.T. In which primary
and secondary are wound on magnetic core in usual transformers.
4.5.3
consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an
inductive element used to tune the device to the supply frequency and a transformer
used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the instrumentation or
protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for
connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of
secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs
are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one
hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In
practice the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in
series. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced
the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second
capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.
CVT 220 kV rating
Type: WP-245 V
Operating voltage:
220/3 kV
Voltage factor:
Test voltage:
460 kV
Test impedance
1050 kv peak
Ellec cap:
440010% PF of 50 H 5%
20/3 kv
36 kv
220000/3 /20000/3
1000 VA
Temperature categ:
10 to 55C
Total weight:
900 Kg.
4.6.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is equipment which can be open are closed a circuit under a normal
as well as fault condition. It is so desired that it can be operated manually or by
remote control under normal condition and automatically under fault condition. For
the latter operation a relay is used in the circuit breaker. A circuit breaker essentially
consists of fixed and moving contacts, called electrodes. Under normal operating
condition, these contacts remain closed and will not open automatically until and
unless the system becomes fault. The contacts can be opened manually or by remote
control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of the system, the trip
coils of the circuit breaker get energized and moving contacts are pulled apart by
some mechanism, thus opening the circuit. the basic construction of any circuit
breaker requires the separation of the contacts in any insulating fluid, when serves
two function:
It extinguishes the arc drawn between the contacts when the circuit breaker
open.
It provides adequate insulation between the contacts and from each contacts
to earth. Many insulating fluids are used for arc extinction and the fluid
chosen depend upon the rating and type of the circuit breaker.
The insulating fluids commonly used are :Air at atmospheric pressure
Compressed air
Ultra high vacuum
Oil which produces hydrogen for arc extinction
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
4.6.1
I.
SULPHUR HEXAFLURIOD (SF6 )
In such circuit breaker sulphur hexafluoride gas is used as arc quenching medium.
The SF6 is electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The
contacts of the breaker an opened in a high pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is
struck between them. The conducting free electrons in arc are rapidly captured by
the gas to form relatively immobile negative ions . This loss of conduction electrons
in the arc quickly builds up enough insulating strength.The SF6 circuit breaker has
been found to be very effect able for high power and high voltage services.SF6 has
excellent insulating strength because of its affinity for electrons i.e whenever a free
electrons collides with the neutral gas molecules to form negatives ions, the electrons
is absorbed by the neutral gas molecules may occur in two ways
SF6 + e -> SF6
SF6 + e -> SF5 + F
The negative ion formed are relatively heavier as compared to free electrons and
therefore under a given electric field the ions do not attain sufficient energy to lead
cumulative ionization in the gas.
WORKING
In closed position of the breaker, the contacts remains surrounded by SF6 gas at a
pressure of about 6KG/sq.cm. When the breaker operates, the moving contact is
pulled apart and arc is structure between the contacts. The movement of the moving
contacts is synchronized with the opening of the valve, which permits SF6 gas at
15Kg/sq.cm pressures from the reservoir to the arc interruption chamber. The highpressure flow of SF6 rapidly absorbs the electrons in the arc path to form immobile
negative ions, which ineffective as charge carriers. Thus, medium between the
contacts quickly built up high dielectric strength and cause the extinction of the arc,
after the breaker operates.
II.
In such breakers (degree f vacuum being from 10-7 to 10-5 tore) is used as arc
quenching medium. Since vacuum offers the high insulating strength, it has superior
quenching properties then any other medium e.g when contacts of the breaker are
opened n vacuum , the interruption occurred first current zero with dielectric
strength between the contacts building at a rate of 1000th of times higher then that
obtained with other circuit breaker . Thus a vacuum arc is different from the general
class of low & high pressure arc . In the vacuum arc the neutral atoms, ions and
electrons do not come from the medium in which the arc is drawn but they are
obtained from the electrodes themselves by evaporating its surface material ,
because of the large mean free path for the electrons , the dielectric strength of the
vacuum is a 1000 times more than when
the gas is used as the interrupting
medium .
III.
MINIMUM
OIL
CIRCUIT
BREAKER (MOCB)
One of the important development in the
design of oil circuit breaker has been to
reduce the amount of oil needed. The
other advantages are reduction in tank
size , reduction in total weight and
reduction in cost . It used minimum
amount of oil and is only used for arc
extinguishing the current conducting
parts are insulated by porcelain or
organic insulated material. Low oil circuit breaker employees solid materials for
insulations purpose and uses a small qty.of oil which is just sufficient for arc
extinguishing .By using suitable arc control devices, the arc extinguishing can be
further facilitated in low circuit breaker. venting.
IV.
Air blast circuit breaker
Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi
break constructions, simple assembly, modest maintenance are some of the main
features of air blast circuit breakers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high
air pressure in the air receiver. The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable
for railways and arc furnaces, where the breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast
circuit breakers is used for interconnected lines and important lines where rapid
operation is desired.
Fig.13.1-Capacitor Bank
Benefits of using the capacitor bank are many and the reason is that capacitor
reduces the reactive current flowing in the whole system from generator to the point
of installation.
The insulator for the overhead lines provides insulation to the power
4.8
INSULATOR
The insulators are connected to the cross arm of supporting structure and the power
conductor passes through the clamp of the insulator. The insulators provide
necessary insulation between line conductors and supports and thus prevent any
leakage current from conductors to earth. In general, the insulator should have the
following desirable properties:
High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind
load etc.
These insulators are generally made of glazed porcelain or toughened glass. Poly
come type insulator [solid core] are also being supplied in place of hast insulators if
available indigenously. The design of the insulator is such that the stress due to
contraction and expansion in any part of the insulator does not lead to any defect. It
is desirable not to allow porcelain to come in direct contact with a hard metal screw
thread.
TYPE OF INSULATORS:
1. Pin type
2. Suspension type
3. Strain insulator
PIN TYPE:
Post insulators have metal bolt down base as opposed to threads. Many early
multipart lines are spotted with line post insulators as replacements. Post insulators
are also used in substations to insulate high voltage switching gear and
transformers. There is no hobby numbering system for post insulators yet. Most
insulators are used for bus bars. Post insulators consist of porcelain body, cast iron
cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is the threaded so that the bus
bars can be directly to cap.
4.9
Wave Trap:
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting
them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control room (through
coupling capacitor and LMU).
It is a device used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or
other interference, of a wave. Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the
wave. The function of this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of
trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main incoming feeder
so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments here in the
substation.
This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for
communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom
company network. The signals are primarily teleportation signals and in addition,
voice and data communication signals.
The Line trap OFFERS HIGH IMPEDANCE TO THE HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION
SIGNALS thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation bus bars. If there
were not to be there, then signal loss is more and communication will be
ineffective/probably impossible.
5.
PROTECTION SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION: There are different schemes adopted for the protection of various equipment of
power system against Over Voltage and heavy short circuit current.
CAUSES OF OVER-VOLTAGE: The over-voltage may occur in the power system due to.
1. Internal causes
2. External causes
INTERNAL CAUSES: A.
B.
C.
D.
Switching surges
Arcing grounds
Insulation failure
Resonance
EXTERNAL CAUSES OF OVER-VOLTAGES: LIGHTNING: An electrical discharge in our between clouds, between the separate charge in the
same cloud or b/w cloud and earth is caused lightning.
There are two main ways in which lightning stoke can effect a line i.e.
1. Direct stroke
2. Indirect stroke
5.1
It has been seen that the internal causes in increase the voltages of the power system
really double to that of the normal operating voltage where as the external causes
may increase the voltage several times (of the order of 200 MV) to that of normal
operating voltage of twice the value of normal operating voltage of the system for a
reasonable length of time and to provide protective devices for the voltage having
value more than this.
Those devices are known as over voltage protection devices. The common device
used for the protection of power system against overvoltages is:
1. Ground wires
2. Earth screens
3. Lightning arrestors of surge diverters
5.1.1
GROUND-WIRE: -
To protect the transmission lines against direct lightning stroke, one of more bare
conductors are run at the top f the tower known as ground wires. These wires are
earthed at regular intervals preferably at every tower. The area of cross section of
ground wires is based upon their mechanical strength rather than electrical
conductivity. These should have high mechanical strength and be-non-corrosive.
The ground wires not only take the burnt of the direct strokes but also provide a
certain amount of electrostatic screening. This reduces the voltage induce in the line
conductors by the discharge of a neighboring cloud. They also provide additional
protective effect in attenuating any travelling wave that may be set up in the lines,
by acting as short circuited secondary of the line conductors.
The main objections to the ground wires are; the additional cost and the possibility
of the wire cracking and falling on the line conductors causing a direct short-circuit.
5.1.2
EARTHING SCREEN: -
A network of copper conductors earthed at various points, and placed over and
above all the substation is known as earthing screen. It provides an electrostatic
shield against external fields and protects the system. It protects the system from
direct lightning strokes but does not provide any protection against high voltage
waves which may still reach at the terminals of equipment.
5.1.3
The lightning arrestor or surge diverters is a device which an easy conducting path
or relatively low impedance path for the flow of current which the system voltage
increases more than the designed value and against it is original properties of an
insulator at normal voltage .
A lightning arrestor voltages as on insulator at normal voltages but provides as easy
path for the flow of current at abnormal voltages. A good lightning arrestors or
surge diverter should have the following.
(a) It should not take any current on the working voltage of the system in other
words it should act as an insulator at normal working voltages.
(b) It must provide a conducting path as and when abnormal transient voltages
occur on the system.
(c) It must be capable to carry the discharge current with out getting damage it
self under abnormal conditions.
TYPES OF LIGHNING ARRESTORS: There are many types of lightning arrestors which are used to protect the power
system against over-voltage some of them are:
1. Rod gap arrestor
2. Horn gap arrestor
3. multi gap arrestor
4. Thyrite arrestor
5. Electrolytic arrestor
6. Oxide film arrestor
7. Expulsion type arrestor
8. Value type arrestor
Lightning arresters are protective devices for limiting surge voltages due to
lightning strikes or equipment fault or other events, to prevent damage to
equipment
and
disruption
of
service. Also
called
surge
arresters.
Lightning
arresters
are
installed on many different
pieces of equipment such as
power poles and towers,
power transformers, circuit
breakers, bus structures, and
steel
superstructures
in
substations.
5.2
power flow is in the opposite directions the directional over current protection
remains un-operative.
Directional over current protection comprises over current relay and power
directional relay in a single relay casing the power directional relay does not
measure the power but is arranged to respond to the directional operation of relay is
used where the selectivity can be achieved by directional relaying. The directional
relay recognizes the direction in which fault occurs relative to the location of the
relay. It is set such that it actuates for fault occurring in one directional only. It does
not act for faults occurring in the other direction another interesting example of
directional protection are that of reverse power protection of generator.
5.3
5.4
There are times when the primary protection may fail. This could be due to failure of
CT/VT or relays, pr failure of circuit breaker one of the possible causes of the circuit
breaker failure is the failure of the trip-battery due to inadequate maintenance.
5.5 RELAYS
A relay is a low-powered device used to activate a high-powered device. Relays are
used to trigger circuit breakers and other switches in substations and transmission
and distribution systems.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are:
1. Voltage
2. Current
3. Frequency
4. Phase angle
Through the change in one or more of these quantities, the fault signals there
presence type and location to the protective relay is obtained. Moving detect the
fault, the relay operates close the trip circuit of the breaker. This result in the opening
of the breaker and disconnect the fault section.
TYPES OF RELAY
Basically relay are based on two principal:o Electromagnetic attraction
o Electromagnetic induction
But
different
relay
RESE/F+O/L
Protectionrelay
based
on
this
are
used
in
this
Differential
relay
O/Fprotection+FFR
GroupAtriprelay
Breakerfailure
relay
O/Cprotection
relays
CBtroublerelay
GroupBtriprelay
DRearthswitch
relay
S/S
such
as:
1. Over Current Relay: - It is used in over current scheme. Over current protection
is the name given to protected relay scheme devised to rise in current in a
protected circuit.
2. Differential Relay: - A differential relay is one that operates when the vector
difference of two or more quantities exceeds pre determined value.
3. Oil Surged Relay
4. Buccholtz relay
5. Gas operated relay
RELAYS OF 100 MVA AND 20 MVA TRANSFORMERS
o OLTC Buccholtz relay
o Main Buccholtz relay
o Differential relay
o Restrict earth fault relay
o Over current relay
FEEDER RELAYS:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Protection Relays
1. DIFFERENTIAL RELAY: -
A differential relay is the relay that operates when the vector difference of two or
more similar electrical quantities exceeds a pre determined amount. Almost every
type of relay when connected in a certain way can be made to operate as differential
relay, mast of the differential relays are of the current differential type. Fig.1
shows the over current relay used as differential relay and operates when the
currents at two points of the system are unusual. For example of the current on at
two ends of alternator, windings are unusual. There is either a fault to earth or b/w
phases. When there is continuous over current and the current over current and the
current on both sides are equal, than the relay will not sense the fault. It will sense
fault only if there is a difference of current on two sides of circuit.
A very important disadvantage in simple balance system is due to inequalities of
current transformers. Hence the differential CTs should not be erroneous or should
be identical.
This disadvantage can also be overcome by using a based beam relay.
Fig : Differential Relay
2. DISTANCE RELAYS: Distance or impedance relays should have the least position spread in value of
operating impedance or reactance. Any deviation of Z from the impedance setting
canal bring about variation in the operation zone length of the relay it effects the
reliability of the relay operation and venders the co-ordination of the protection on
then adjoining circuit much more difficult. Hence for this reason the fictitious
operating impedance should not exceed impedance setting.
3. DIRECTIONAL
(OVER
CURRENT
OR
EARTH
FAULT
RELAY
:-
4.
The non directional relay can operate for fault flow in either direction. In order to
achieve operation for the fault flowing in a specific direction, it is necessary to add a
directional element to the non directional element. Such a relay which responds to
fault flow in a particular directional is called a directional relay
5. IDMT RELAY:
The IDMT relay work on the induction principle, where an aluminum or copper disc
rotates between the poles of electromagnet and damping magnet. The fluxes induce
eddy current in the disc which interact and produce rotational torque. The disc
rotates to a point where it operates a pair of contact that breaks the circuit and
removes the fault condition.
7. TRIPPING RELAY:
AUXILIARY RELAY:
Auxiliary Relay
An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.
5.6
FUSES :
type or high voltage type : low voltage can be further divided into two classes
namely semi- enclosed rewire able fuse and the cartridge type fuse.
5.7
EARTHING SYSTEM
The provision of an earthing system for an electric system is necessary by the
following reason.
In the event of over voltage on the system due to lightening discharge or
other system fault. These parts of equipment, which are normally dead, as for
as voltage, are concerned do not attain dangerously high potential.
PROCEDURE OF EARTHING:
Technical consideration the current carrying path should have enough capacity to
deal with more faults current. The resistance of earth and current path should be low
enough to prevent voltage rise between earth and neutral. The earth electrode must
be driven in to the ground to a sufficient depth to as to obtain lower value of earth
resistance. To sufficient lowered earth resistance a number of electrodes are inserted
in the earth to a depth, they are connected together to form a mesh. The resistance of
earth should be for the mesh in generally inserted in the earth at 0.5m depth the
several point of mesh then connected to earth electrode or ground conduction. The
earth electrode is metal plate copper is used for earth plate.
NEUTRAL EARTHING:
Neutral earthing of power transformer all power system operates with grounded
neutral. Grounding of neutral offers several advantages the neutral point of
generator transformer is connected to earth directly or through a reactance in some
cases the neutral point is earthed through an adjustable reactor of reactance matched
with the line.
The neutral earthing is provided for the purpose of protection arcing grounds
unbalanced voltages with respect to protection from lightening and for improvement
of the system.
An earthed neutral system has the following advantages :A)
It provides a better protection against earth faults.
B)
It ensures nearly constant voltage of healthy phases because neutral point is
not shifted.
C)
This system provides a better reliability of service .
D)
It is safer for personal and equipment.
E)
It requires lesser maintenance expense as compared to the unearthed neural
(isolated system.
F)
In the system, transient voltages produced are very small.
G)
Ground fault relaying is simple . The earth may be utilized to operate
protective relays to isolate the fault.
H)
Persistent arcing ground can be eliminated by employing protective gear.
SAFETY EARTHING :It is required to provide protection to the operating staff working in the yard and
sub station from any injury during fault condition by keeping the voltage gradient
with
in safe limits. The above two parts have common earth mat from which flat iron
risers are taken out to connect all the non-current carrying metal parts of the
equipment. At the same
time the earth mat conductor rise to voltage, which is equal to the resistance of the
earth mat multiplied by ground fault current. This difference of potential results in
voltage gradients.
6. CONTROL ROOM
Control panel contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the control
building, also called the dog house. These are used to control the substation
equipment to send power from one circuit to another or to open or to shut down
circuits when needed.
7. BATTERY ROOM
Battery is the heart of power system control and protection as all the power system
protection equipment and the communication equipments works on D.C supply. In
the event of failure of station supply if standby D.C supply is not available then it
will be dangerous for the breaker and other protective equipment so also the
communication system will be great hampered and during such emergency there
will be no communication for help or to transmit information to the concerned
authorities and the fault would be attended very late. Thus battery installation, its
commissioning and subsequent maintenance plays very important role.
Batteries are to be installed in a room in close vicinity of control room. This room
should be constructed in a such a way that it is well ventilated and the dimension of
the room should be such that it can easily accommodate the stands provided for
supporting desired no. of cells. There should be adequate provision for artificial
lightning and the windows should be located in such a way that direct sunlight on
the cells be avoided. Exhaust fan for ventilation of gases, when on quick charge at
high rate possible.
Room temperature should be maintained b/w 20 C to 35C for getting best results.
Higher temperature reduces the capacity. Battery cells should be arranged on the
stands in such a way that each cell can be easily accessed for any maintenance
purpose viz., inspection, topping up etc.
Battery room should always be kept dry as damp room is dangerous due to possible
leakages from the battery.
Storage of the battery is the most dependable source of supply of DC power required
for closing and tripping of CB , RELAY, signaling equipment, remote control
apparatus, telephone service, SCADA, emergency light etc.
Battery room is the heart line of D.C. system. In case of failure of the A.C. system the
control system should remain operative so we use D.C. control system through DC
set.
Maintenance of Battery
For effective and trouble free services of station batteries following maintenance
activities are suggested:o Battery Room and Ventilation
o Herein battery rooms door are kept closed, exhaust fan checked for air
circulation, metal structures checked for corrosion and painted if necessary.
o Base or Racks
o Wooden racks checked for cracks and deterioration, base pads for
deterioration.
o Cells and Jars
o Leaky jars checked for cracks replaced if necessary, clean jars-wash covers are
wiped out. Plates inspected for signs of deterioration.
o Intercell Connectors and Terminals
o Terminals cleaned for corrosion and sulphation.
o Charge
o Output of charging equipment is adjusted for normal conditioning of battery,
ampere meter should show as fraction of ampere.
o Annual Maintenance
o Voltage of each cell which should be b/w 2.15 to 2.2 V per cell during trickle
charge is checked.
o Electrolyte
o Electrolyte level and add distilled water as it is necessary, specific gravity and
electrolyte is checked. Keep the distilled water container and keep some
storage of distilled water always ready for topping.
INITIAL SP. FINAL
GRAVITY
GRAVITY
1 840
1 190
1 825
1 400
1 825
1 190
1 400
1 190
SP. ACID
QUANTITY
18
40
18
45
WATER QUANITY
87
66
86
56
TECHNICAL PARTICULARS:
1. A.C. input
415 v +10% three phase 50 c/s
2. No. of cells
110
3. DC output 110 cells while supplying (a)
float charger capable of floating
a load of 18 amp.
cells of 2.65v per cell
(b)
Boost charge 220 v load at a
Transmission of Data
Below in Figure 1, main equipment from substation/power house to its subLDC has
been shown in a very simple form.
Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) at 400KV, 220KV sub-stations have been installed.
System values & status information below 66 KV have not been picked up for data
transmission, except for 33KV Bus isolator position and LV side of generators.
Secondary side of Current Transformers (CT) and Potential Transformer (PT) are
connected with 'Transducers'. The output of transducers is available in dc current
form (in the range of 4mA to 20mA). Analogue to digital converter converts this
current into binary pulses. Different inputs are interleaved in a sequential form and
are fed into the CPU of the RTU. The output of RTU, containing information in the
form of digital pulses, is sent to subLDC through communication links. Depending
upon the type of communication link, the output of RTU is connected, directly or
through Modem, with the communication equipment. At subLDC end, data received
from RTU is fed into the data servers. In general, a SCADA system consists of a
database, displays and supporting programmes. In DTL, subLDCs use all major
functional areas of SCADA except the 'Supervisory Control/Command' function.
The brief overview of major 'functional areas' of SCADA system is as below:
1. Communications - Sub-LDC's computer communicates with all RTU stations
under its control, through a communication system. RTU polling, message
formatting, polynomial checking and message retransmission on failure are
the activities of 'Communications' functional area.
2. Data Processing - After receipt of data through communication system it is
processed. Data process function has three sub-functions i.e. (i)
Measurements, (ii) Counters and (iii) Indications.
3. Alarm/Event Logging - The alarm and event logging facilities are used by
SCADA data processing system. Alarms are grouped into different categories
and are given different priorities. Quality codes are assigned to the recently
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
received data for any 'limit violation' and 'status changes'. Alarms are
acknowledged from single line diagram (or alarm lists) on display terminal in
LDCs.
Manual Entry - There is a provision of manual entry of measured values,
counters and indications for the important sub-station/powerhouse, which
are uncovered by an RTU or some problem is going on in its RTU, equipment,
communication path, etc.
Averaging of Measured Values - As an option, the SCADA system supports
averaging of all analogue measurements. Typically, the averaging of
measured values over a period of 15 minutes is stored to provide 24 hours
trend.
Historical Data Recording (HDR) - The HDR, i.e. 'archive', subsystem
maintains a history of selected system parameters over a period of time. These
are sampled at a pre-selected interval and are placed in historical database. At
the end of the day, the data is saved for later analysis and for report
generation.
Interactive Database Generation - Facilities have been provided in such a
way that an off-line copy of the SCADA database can be modified allowing
the addition of new RTUs, pickup points and communication channels.
Supervisory Control/Remote Command - This function enables the issue of
'remote control' commands to the sub-station/powerhouse equipment e.g.
circuit breaker trip command. As such, related/associated equipment have
not been ordered.
Fail-over - A 'Fail-over' subsystem is also provided to secure and maintain a
database of devices and their backups. The state of the device is maintained
indicating whether it is 'on-line' or 'failed'. There is a 'backup' system, which
maintains database on a backup computer and the system is duplicated.
SLDC Minto road has a large and active 'Mimic Board' in its Control room. This
mimic board displays single line diagram of intra State transmission system i.e. grid
network of 400KV, 220KV and important 66 KV sub-stations, transmission lines,
thermal powerhouses. Outgoing feeders, shown in the mimic board, have 'achieve'
(LED display) colored indications, of three different colors, to show the range of
power flow at any moment i.e. 'Normal', 'Nominal' or 'Maximum' of its line capacity.
For new substations and lines, displays in active and passive forms are required to
be made in the Mimic diagram. But, Mimic Board has a limitation that it cannot
incorporate/add
large
volume
of
displays
for
substations/power
houses/transmission lines in 'active' form due to space constraint and congestion.
Due to this Mimic Board is going to be supplemented with a Video Projection
System (VPS) at SLDC, Minto Road in near future. Also in SLDC & subLDCs,
INTRODUCTION
Maintenance is a key activity for utilities in order to assure the proper operation of
the networks. And it implies a huge amount of human and economic resources.
Saving Maintenance costs means that it is needed to proper operation of substation
equipments. The availability of reliable and quality power has made the job of
substation more important. This can be achieved by establishing the new substation,
with most efficient and reliable equipments and taking more care in their operation
and maintenance. Maintenance may be defined as the upkeep of the substation
electrical equipment in proper working and efficient condition to derive the Reliable
and efficient operation, Optimum utilization Availability of quality power, reduced
down time, Detection of premature faults, Minimizing revenue losses etc. To meet
the above requirement, the equipment has to be checked, attended to, trouble shoots
and operated under specified conditions. A large percentage of failure of electrical
equipment are due to deterioration of insulation, loose contact, abnormal operating
condition etc. many of these failure can be anticipated by regular application of
simple tests and timely maintenance . If the fault condition leading to failure is
detected in the early stage itself, the extent of damage can be reduced and the
equipment can be reconditioned and put back in to service. Any abnormality will be
followed by warming signal like variation in sound, excess temperature, vibration,
sparks, blown out fuses, frequent trappings, tripping before full load. The detection
of incipient faults in electrical equipment depends up on use of proper diagnostic
tools, its effective use, correlation and proper interpretation of test results and
observation based on experience, manufacturers guidance etc.
9.2.
MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY
9.3.
MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE
HT Circuit breakers
Clean the porcelains
Check the connections for loose contact
Check tripping through relays
Check the wiring for loose contact
Vermin Proofing of control box
Check annunciation scheme
Lubricate moving/link mechanisms wherever recommended by
manufacturer
Isolator
Check jump connection and replace PG clamps, if necessary
Check the alignment of isolator
Cleaning and applying petroleum jelly to contacts
GOS-HR fuses Station yard Earthing
Check clean and grease the GOS and check contacts for erosion, clean
insulator
Check operation for proper closing of the insulator
Check the fuses and renew the same wherever HR fuses are provided
Check the earth resistance of earthing mat and all individual earthing if
any, the resistance should be within the prescribed limit, otherwise
action should be taken to Bering the same to within limit immediately
as it is very important aspect for the safety of the equipment in any
station.
TABLE 9.4.1:
Transformers
Maintenance
Schedule
for
Oil-Filled
Maintenance or Test
Recommended Interval
5 years
Preventive maintenance
As Per manufacturers
recommendations
Annually
Weekly
Bushings cleaning
3-5 years
Power
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
3-5 years
3-5 years
Buchholz relay
Inspect foundation, rails, trucks
Inspect foundation, rails, trucks
Recommended Interval
5 years
Preventive maintenance
Monthly
Monthly
Visual inspection
5 years
Annually
5 years, if required by
manufacturer
5 years
5 years
operations
Recommended Interval
5 years
Electro-mechanical relays
Calibration and functional testing
Upon commissioning
years
Daily
5Years
Recommended
Interval
5 years
Quarterly to semiannually
As soon as possible
Infrared scan
Annually
5 years
Semi -annually
Infrared scan
Annually
9.5
THERMO SCANNING
A sub station having worth crores of rupees can be scanned in two days time for
which charges for scanning comes around Rs. 30,000. By thermo scanning any
incipient fault can be identified in its initial stages if thermo scanning is done on
regular interval.
Thus damage of equipment worth of crores of rupees can be avoided and also this
technique prevents disruptions of power to
Customers in case of damage of equipment.
CONCLUSION
It has been really a knowledgeable experience pursuing training at DTL, 220 KV
Sarita Vihar sub-station. It is beyond doubt; DTL is not only an industry in itself but
also offers vocational training to engineering graduates as well as professionals.
This phase of practical training has proved to be quiet fruitful, beneficial in every
respect. It provided an opportunity to encounter big and sophisticated equipments
of the Sub-Station.
The architecture of the Sub-Station and the way various equipments are linked
together to work as a unit and methodological approach in working of whole s/s is
controlled renders the impression that engineering is not just learning the structured
description and working of various equipments, but greater part is of planning
proper management.
It was definitely a knowledgeable experience and pride to be a part of 220 kv Sarita
Vihar s/s for such a short period of time.
No doubt it showed that mere theoretical and bookish knowledge need to be
supplemented with able practice knowledge. And this opportunity to gain practical
knowledge, imparted by very able personals of DTL at Srita Vihar, New Delhi was a
learning experience.