Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Why Networks are Important
Data, data, data! Modern organizations rely on the efficient transmission of data Enables distributed systems, real-time communication, electronic commerce, social media, and the Web
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Why Networks are Important
By 2016, Cisco estimates that over 3,000 Petabytes of information will be transferred over the Internet DAILY! Netflix accounts for around 1/3 of primetime downstream traffic During the holiday 2015 season, Amazon sold more than 8,500 (426 in 2013) items per SECOND! Alibaba sold more than 6m products per day in Singles Day, 2015 As of early 2015, every DAY on Facebook there are: 4.5 billion Likes (2.7 b in 2012) 250 billion Photos uploaded (300 m in 2012) 10 billion messages sent
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Data Communications Data Communications is the movement of computer information from one point to another by means of electrical or optical transmission systems Telecommunications is a broader term and includes the transmission of voice and video (images and graphics) as well as data and usually implies longer distances
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Basic Network Components
Client is a user device to access network and receive data from server e.g., desktops, laptops, tablets, cell phones, etc.
Server is a device that stores and transmits data to
a client e.g., Web server, mail server, file server
Circuit is a pathway or connection between client
and server e.g., copper wire, fiber optic cable, wireless
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Basic Network Components
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Types of Networks One way to categorize networks is in terms of geographic scope: Local Area Networks (LANs) Covers a small, clearly defined area Might contain a single floor or work area or single building When LANs use wireless circuits, they are called Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) Backbone Networks (BNs) High-speed networks connecting other networks together May span hundreds of feet to several miles Wide Area Networks (WANs) Largest geographic scope Often composed of leased circuits May spans hundreds or thousands of miles Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Types of Networks Another way to categorize networks is in terms of access: Intranet A network (often a LAN) that uses the Internet technologies to share information within an organization Open only those inside the organization e.g., employees accessing budgets, calendars, and payroll information available through the organizations intranet
Extranet A network that uses the Internet technologies to share information between organizations Open only those invited users outside the organization Accessible through the Internet e.g., suppliers and customers accessing the inventory information of a company over an extranet Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Network Models Network Models divide communication functions into layers Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI model) Internet Model (or TCP/IP model)
In practice, the Internet Model won
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Network Models OSI Model
Internet Model
Application Presentation
Application
Session Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data Link
Data Link
Physical
Physical
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Network Models OSI Model
Internet Model
Application Presentation
Application Application
Session Some versions of the Internet Transport model combine layers. Transport + Network Network = Internetwork Data Link Data Link + Physical = Hardware Physical
Transport
Internetwork
Network Data Link Hardware
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Network Models Protocol defines the language of transmission It specifies the rules, functionality, and messages for communication at the layer
Protocol Data Unit (PDU) contains layerspecific information necessary for a message to be transmitted through a network Each layer adds a PDU PDUs act like nested envelopes Encapsulation occurs when a higher level PDU is placed inside of a lower level PDU Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Network Models Layer
Purpose
Example Protocols / Standards
PDU
5. Application
Users access to network, software to
perform work
HTTP, SMTP, DNS, FTP,
DHCP, IMAP, POP, SSL
Packet (or Data)
4. Transport
End-to-End Management 1. Link application layer to network 2. Segmenting and tracking 3. Flow control
TCP, UDP
Segment
3. Network
Deciding where the message goes
1. Addressing 2. Routing
IP, ICMP
Packet
2. Data Link
Move a message from one device to the next Ethernet
1. Controls hardware 2. Formats the message 3. Error checking
Frame
1. Physical
Transmits the message
100BASE-T, 802.11n
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Sender HTTP
Request
Packet
TCP HTTP
Request
Segment
HTTP
Request
IP TCP HTTP
Request
Application
Transport
IP TCP
Network
Data Link
Ethernet Ethernet
PDU
Receiver HTTP
Request
TCP HTTP
Request
Packet
IP TCP HTTP
Request
Frame
Ethernet IP TCP HTTP
Request
Physical
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Sender HTTP
Request
Packet
TCP HTTP
Request
Segment
HTTP
Request
IP TCP HTTP
Request
Application
Transport
IP TCP
Network
Data Link
Ethernet Ethernet
PDU
Receiver HTTP
Request
TCP HTTP
Request
Packet
IP TCP HTTP
Request
Frame
Ethernet IP TCP HTTP
Request
Physical
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Network Models Advantages of Layers Networking functionality is modular and the software/hardware at any layer can be more easily substituted E.g., substitute wired for wireless at the physical layer Easier to troubleshoot or make changes to one layer at a time Application developers only need to worry about the application layer in their programs
Disadvantages of Layers Inefficient because the encapsulation/de-encapsulation at each layer requires processing Inefficient because encapsulation in a PDU increases overhead at each layer Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Network Standards Standards ensure that hardware and software from different vendors work together and speak the same language De jure standards Formalized by an industry or government body e.g. HTTP, IEEE 802.3, 802.11n
De facto standards Widely accepted, but not formalized e.g. Microsoft Windows Often become de jure standards eventually Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Network Standards De jure standardization process
Specification
Identification of Choices
Acceptance
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Network Standards Common Network Standards
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Trends Bring your own device (BYOD) Huge demand for employees to connect their personal smartphones, tablets, and other devices to organizational networks Security challenges Who is responsible for support?
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Trends The Web of Things Everything connects to the network! e.g., cars, refrigerators, thermostats, shoes, doors, etc. Networks need to support the increased demands of these devices
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Trends Massively Online Not just multiplayer online games Massive open online courses (MOOC) Millions online participating is social media and other activities Will require greater network infrastructure
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Implications for Management
Networks and the Internet change (almost) everything Todays networking is driven by standards As network demand increases, so will storage demands
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Network Lab Activate Sharkwire, select Capure, Interface, and Start!
Wireshark Packet Capture Options
Then switch to IE, access a web site, and get
back to Wireshark! Click stop!
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Assignment 1 Hands on Activity 1B p.23-25 Due on Sept 30 at 5 p.m.
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
