OU Open University SM358 2012 Exam Solutions
OU Open University SM358 2012 Exam Solutions
OU Open University SM358 2012 Exam Solutions
(mainly by Je Watkins, with contributions by Carol Bezuidenhout, Philip Hulson, Geraint Roycroft
and Fulvio Tabacco)
PART 1
Question 1(Book 1, Ch. 2)
(a)
(b)
x-axis
is
free =
H
~
.
2m x2
free (x)
H
=
=
=
so
(x) = Aeikx
~2 2
Aeikx
2
2m x
~2
Aik
eikx
2m
x
~2 2 2 ikx
Ai k e
2m
~2 k 2 ikx
Ae
2m
~2 k 2
(x)
2m
=
=
(c)
free
H
(x),
with eigenvalue
Ek =
~2 k 2
.
2m
Ek .
The function is not normalizable (for instance, it does not converge to zero as
x ).
P = |(x, t)| x
1
or by
x2
|(x, t)| dx
P =
x1
x1
(b)
x2 (x1 < x2 ).
and
|(x, 0)| dx
=
a
a
2
2
1
e2x /2a dx
a
a
a
2
2
1
ex /a dx
a a
1
1.494a
a
1.494
0.84
=
=
=
=
x = au:
1
2
2
2
ex /a dx =
eu adu = a
eu du = 1.494a
Pi
(b)
i (x)
X
n
at time
an n (x)dx
i (x)n (x)dx
an
an in
=
where
ik
ai
Pi
t=0
i (x)(x, 0)dx
{n } is an orthonormal set:
i (x)(x, 0)dx =
Ei
i (x)(x, 0)dx
= |ai |
is:
x = 0,
are:
Aeik1 0 + Beik1 0
= Ceik2 0
A+B =C
and
(b)
Cik2 eik2 0
AB =
k2
C
k1
2A =
k2
1+
k1
k2
k1
C=
2k1
A
k1 + k2
k2
k2
1
A 1+
B=0
k1
k1
B=
k1 k2
A
k1 + k2
k1
= 3 is
k2
2
B
A
k1 k2 2
k1 + k2
k1 1 2
k2
k1
k + 1
2
3 1 2
3 + 1
2
1
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
1
4
(b)
.
O
The eigenfunctions are orthogonal and their associated eigenvalues (i.e. the only allowed values
for the operator) are real.
(c)
We have
or, equivalently,
(d)
Bf (x) g(x)dx =
f (x)Bg(x)
D
E D
E
= Bf
|g .
f |Bg
D
E
n
n |B
D
E
n |n
B
hn |bb n i =
hbn n |n i
bb hn |n i = bn hn |n i
or, alternatively
n (x)
B
= bn
bb
n (x)dx
bn
n (x)n (x)dx
= bn
and
n (x) dx
n (x) B
n (x)n (x)dx
= bn
= bn
and by (c)
bn
Bf (x) g(x)dx =
so
bn = bn
and therefore
bn is
f (x)Bg(x)
= bn
real.
We have
Sz , Sx
= Sz Sx Sx Sz
~ 0
~ 1 0
=
2 0 1 2 1
~2
0 1
=
1 0
4
~2
0 1
=
1
0
2
~
0 1
= i~ i
2 1 0
~
0 i
= i~
2 i 0
= i~Sy
4
1
0
0
1
~ 0
2 1
1
0
1
0
~
2
1
0
0
1
(b)
d hSx i
dt
1 Dh iE
Sx , H
i~
Dh
iE
1
Sx , Sz
i~ Dh
iE
Sx , Sz
i~ D
E
i~Sy
i~ D E
Sy
=
=
=
=
~
2
D E ~
Sy = .
2
= hV 0 V 0 |Ai
1
= (hV 0 V 0 |V V i + hV 0 V 0 |HHi)
2
1
= (hV 0 |V i1 hV 0 |V i2 + hV 0 |Hi1 hV 0 |Hi2 )
2
!
11
1
3 3
+
=
2 2
2 22
1
1 3
=
+
2 4 4
1
=
2
p = |a| =
(b)
1
2
= hV V 0 |Ai
1
= (hV V 0 |V V i + hV V 0 |HHi)
2
1
= (hV |V i1 hV 0 |V i2 + hV |Hi1 hV 0 |Hi2 )
2
!
1
1
3
=
1 +0
2
2
2
1
=
2 2
5
p = |a| =
1
8
(b)
Always satised.
(c)
Satised for some angular settings of the detectors but not for others.
(d)
The eavesdropper needs to measure the polarity of the photons she intercepts, but the measure
will destroy them; hence, she will have to send Bob a replacement photons which, however, will
not be entangled with the photons received by Alice. So, the act of eavesdropping destroys
the entanglement and this can be detected by measuring the correlations and using Bell's
inequality.
z Y (, )
L
so
(b)
Y (, )
is an eigenfunction of
z
L
ei
2
A sin i ~ei
~A sin ei
~Y (, )
z = i~ ,
L
A sin i~
with eigenvalue
~.
A sin ei
=
0
|A|
A sin ei sin dd
ei ei d
sin d
0
4
2
3
|A|
8
2
|A|
3
function is
r
A=
3
3
=
8
2 2
(b)
Since
S
the allowed pairs are
The function
(b)
We have
uk (r)
k (r + R)
(c)
uk (r + R) = uk (r).
|k |
|k (r + R)|
uk (r + R)eik(r+R)
uk (r + R)eikr eikR
uk (r)eikr eikR
k (r)eikR
so
2
= uk (r + R)eik(r+R)
2
2
= |uk (r + R)| eik(r+R)
2
= |uk (r + R)|
2
= |uk (r)|
2
= uk (r)eikr
= |k (r)|
hence the electron probability density has the periodicity of the lattice.
lf = li 1 AN D
(mf = mi OR mf = mi 1 OR mf = mi + 1)
are forbidden in the electric dipole model and 1st-order perturbation approximation (actually
they may occur, but the probability is very small).
(b)
The energy of a Hydrogen atom depends only on the principal quantum number
transition must be to a state of lower energy, the nal state must have
lf = 0, 1 is possible.
mf = 1, 0, 1
state is (2, 1, 1).
mf = 1.
(c)
= 1.
If lf
so, if the
E3 E2 =
= 1,
nf = 2,
ER
ER
5
+
=
ER
9
4
36
PART 2
Question 13 (Book 1, Ch. 1-4)
(a)
Substituting:
~2 2
(x) eiEt/~ + V (x)(x)eiEt/~ = i~(x) eiEt/~
2
2m x
t
~2 2
iEt/~
2 E
+ V (x) (x)e
= i ~ (x)eiEt/~
2m x2
~
2
2
~
H(x)
= E(x)
which is the time-independent Schroedinger equation for energy with energy eigenvalue
(b)
| (x, t)| = (x, t) (x, t) = (x) eiEt/~ (x)e.iEt/~ = (x) (x) = |(x)|
which is independent of
t.
The expectation value for position is, using the sandwich rule
hxi =
|(x)| x dx
(c)
i
1 h
(x, t) = 1 (x)eiE1 t/~ + 2 (x)eiE2 t/~
2
(d)
P (E = E1 )
=
=
=
=
=
1 , 2
2
1
1 (x, t)dx
2
2
1 iR1 t/~
iE1 t/~
iE2 t/~
e
+
e
dx
1
2
2 1
2
1
i(E2 E1 )t/~
1 dx + e
1 2 dx
2 1
2
1
(x)1 (x)dx
2 1
1
2
E.
(e)
We have
hxi =
1 x(x, t)dx
=
=
=
=
1
1 eiE1 t/~ + 2 eiE2 t/~ x 1 eiE1 t/~ + 2 eiE2 t/~ dx
2
1
1 eiE1 t/~ + 2 eiE2 t/~ x 1 eiE1 t/~ + 2 eiE2 t/~ dx
2
1
2 1 dx
1 2 xdx + ei(E2 E1 )t/~
2 2 xdx + ei(E2 E1 )t/~
1 1 xdx +
2
i
1h
I1 + I2 + ei(E2 E1 )t/~ I3 + ei(E2 E1 )t/~ I4
2
where
I1
1 1 xdx
I2
2 2 xdx
I3 = I4
1 2 xdx
Now,
is even, so
i
1h
0 + 0 + ei(E2 E1 )t/~ I3 + ei(E2 E1 )t/~ I4
2
i
1 h i(E2 E1 )t/~
e
+ ei(E2 E1 )t/~
1 2 xdx
2
1
[cos t i sin t + cos t + i sin t]
1 2 xdx
2
1
2 cos t
1 2 xdx
2
cos t
1 2 xdx
C cos t
hxi =
=
=
=
where
C=
1 2 xdx
and
10
E2 E1
~
We have
hpx i =
=
=
=
=
because
(b)
Since
0 , 1
are orthogonal.
AA A A = 1,
we have
i~
i~
a
a
A + A A A A A A + A
2
a 2
a 2
2
i~ h i
A+A
AA AA
A+A
2
h
i
i~
AA AA + A A A A AA + AA A A A A
2
i
i~ h
2AA + 2A A
2h
i
i~ AA A A
i~
x
px px x
=
=
=
=
(c)
i~
0 A A 0 dx
a 2
i~
0 A 0 dx
0 A
a 2
i~
0 (0 1 ) dx
a 2
i~
0 1 dx
a 2
0
=
G
x
px + px x
i
i~ h
AA AA + A A A A + AA + AA A A A A
=
2
i
i~ h
=
2AA 2A A
2h
i
= i~ AA A A
D E
0 dx
0 G
i~
0 AA A A 0 dx
0 A A 0 dx
i~
AA
=
=
i~
i~ 2
0 0 22 dx
0
11
0 2 dx
because
(d)
0 , 2
are orthogonal.
k x
j dx
=
=
Since
{n }
a
k A + A j dx
2
a
j + A j dx
k A
2
a
k j+1 dx
k j1 dx +
2
k = j1
or
k = j+1
the transition is forbidden. Hence the only possible transitions where a photon is absorbed
(therefore the energy of the oscillator increases) is where
j+
3
2
Ej = j +
~ .
j+1 x
j dx
Ij+1,j =
12
1
2
becomes
Ej =
PART 3
Question 15 (Book. 2, Ch. 1-3)
(a)
In the Stern-Gerlach experiment, a silver atom is sent through a non-constant magnetic eld
and the result is that 50% atoms are deviated in the direction of the eld and 50% are deviated
in the opposite direction, thus showing that the atom has a quantized magnetic moment. This
magnetic moment cannot be due to the orbital magnetic properties of the atom (the silver
atom has orbital quantum number
l = 0,
there is always an odd number of magnetic moments), so the two deviations must be due to
some intrinsic property of the atom.
Since all the orbitals of the atom are full, except the
outer one which contains a single electron, the intrinsic moment is attached to the electron
(and has been called spin magnetic moment). This spin has no classical equivalent.
(b)
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
hy | z i =
hy | z i =
hy | z i =
hy | z i =
(c)
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
=
2
i
=
2
i
=
2
1
=
2
c1
=
=
=
=
hy |Ai
3
4i
hy | z i + hy | z i
5
5
4i2
3
5 2 5 2
7
5 2
and
c2
=
=
=
=
Sy
2
hy |Ai
3
4i
hy | z i + hy | z i
5
5
3i
4i
+
5 2 5 2
i
5 2
~
2
with probability
|c1 | = 41/50.
13
~
2
with
(d)
3
4i
|z i + |z i
5 5
3 1
4i 1
+
5 0
5 0
1 3
5 4i
|Ai =
=
=
so that the required expectation value is
hSy i =
=
=
=
=
=
D
E
A|Sy |A
~ 0 i 1 3
1
3 4i
5
2 i 0
5 4i
~
4
3 4i
3i
50
~
(12 + 12)
50
24
~
50
12
~
25
hSy i =
2
X
pi si
i=1
~
~
2
= |c1 |
+ |c2 |
2
2
49
1 ~
=
50 50 2
12
~
=
25
2
14
(x2 , x1 )
=
=
=
1
(A (x2 )B (x1 ) B (x2 )A (x1 ))
2
1
(A (x1 )B (x2 ) B (x1 )A (x2 ))
2
(x1 , x2 )
1
2 fermions, their total wave function (including spin)
must be antisymmetric, therefore the spin part must be symmetric. Hence the possible values
If the two particles are identical spin-
of the spin and spin magnetic quantum numbers in this state are
(b)
S=1
and
MS = 0, 1.
We have
| (x1 , x2 )|
(x1 , x2 ) (x1 , x2 )
2 (x1 , x2 )
2
1
(A (x1 )B (x2 ) B (x1 )A (x2 ))
=
2
1 2
2
2
2
A (x1 )B
(x2 ) + B
(x1 )A
(x2 ) 2A (x1 )B (x1 )A (x2 )B (x2 )
=
2
=
(c)
Since
A , B
Y2 (xk )dxk =
(Y
2
2
+
A
(x2 )dx2
B
(x1 )dx1
2
A (x1 )B (x1 )dx1
A (x2 )B (x2 )dx2
1
(1 + 1 0)
=
2
= 1
so
(x1 , x2 )
is correctly normalized.
15
(d)
| (x1 , x2 )|
2 2
= 0.091
=
(e)
We have
total (x1 , x2 )
H
so
(x1 , x2 )
1 (x1 , x2 ) + H
2 (x1 , x2 )
= H
1
= H1 (A (x1 )B (x2 ) B (x1 )A (x2 ))
2
1
+ H
2 (A (x1 )B (x2 ) B (x1 )A (x2 ))
2
i
1 h
1 B (x1 ) A (x2 )
=
H1 A (x1 ) B (x2 ) H
2
i
1 h
2 B (x2 ) B (x1 ) H
2 A (x2 )
+ A (x1 ) H
2
1
= [EA A (x1 )B (x2 ) EB B (x1 )A (x2 )]
2
1
+ [A (x1 )EB B (x2 ) B (x1 )EA A (x2 )]
2
1
= (EA + EB ) (A (x1 )B (x2 ) B (x1 )A (x2 ))
2
= (EA + EB ) (x1 , x2 )
is an eigenfunction of
total
H
with eigenvalue
16
EA + EB .
PART 4
Question 17 (Book 3, Ch. 1-4)
L2 = l(l + 1)~2 = 2~2
(a)
We would measure
(b)
and
Lz = m~ = ~.
e2
~2 1 d
l(l + 1)~2
2 dR
R(r)
r
+
R(r)
2
2
2 r dr
dr
2r
40 r
e2
2r
~2 1
r2
l(l + 1)~2 r/2a0
A
A
2
re
+
rer/2a0 + A
rer/2a0
2
2
2
2 r
a0
4a0
2r
40 r
~2
2r
r2
~2
e2 r
2
+ 2 +
a0
4a0
20
2
2 2
2~ r
~ r
e2 r
2
a0
4a0
20
2
2
e2
~ r
2~
2
a0
4a0
20
a0
ER
ER
=
n2
4
The function
2Er2
2Er2
2Er
2~2 e2
~2 r
e2
2
2
40 ~
4a0
20
2
2
2
e
~ r
e
=
20
4a20
20
~2 r
=
4a20
ER
r
=
2
= 2Er
E=
(c)
so
E=
= AErer/2a0
we get
~2 r
2~2
e2
2
a0
4a0
20
Since
= ER(r)
Y1,1 (, )
ER
4
n = 2.
2
r2 Arer/2a0 dr
0
2
= |A|
r4 er/a0 dr
0
2
= |A| 4!a50
=
Taking, without loss of generality,
24a50 |A|
s
A=
17
1
24a50
(d)
rr2 dr
hri =
=
=
=
=
(e)
We should substitute
a0
2
r3 Arer/2a0 dr
0
1
r5 er/a0 dr
24a50 0
1
5!a6
24a50 0
5a0
a=
where
=
so, using
H = me ,
H
a0
1840 me 207 me
= 186 me
(1840 + 207) me
we would have
18
rule we have
dE
da
a4
8a
~2
2
3 + 4 =0
m
a
L
4
L
=
4
L
=
2
=
and
d2 E
da2
~2 dE
8a
2
3+ 4
m da
a
L
2
~
6
8
+ 4
m a4
L
=
=
which is greater than zero in both cases, so the variational estimate of the ground state energy
is
~2 1
4a2
+
m a2
L4
4~2
mL2
=
=
Since we know that the ground state energy is the minimum energy of the sistem, any variational estimate can only yield a value which is larger or (at best) equal to the ground state
energy, so the ground state energy cannot be larger than this estimate.
(b)
(0)
(1)
E1 = E1 + E1
where
(0)
E1
and
(1)
=
= H
(
A x2
0
2 ~2
2mL2
L2
4
for
L
2
<x<
elsewhere
19
L
2
(1)
E1
u=
x
,
L
we get
D
E
(1) |1
=
1 |H
L2
1 dx
=
1 A x2
4
L/2
L2
2
2
2 x
x
cos
dx
= A
L
4
L/2 L
#
"
2A L3 /2 2
L3 /2
2
2
u cos udx
=
cos udx
L 3 /2
4 /2
2A L3 3
L3
=
L 3 24
4
4 2
1
1
= 2AL2
+
12 4 2
1
1
2
= AL
+
6 2 2
and the rst-order perturbation estimate of the ground state energy of the system is
E=
(c)
Z=2
~2 2
AL2
2mL2
and, taking
1
1
+ 2
6 2
H = me
as suggested
me 4 1840me
1
= 1.00
H
(4 1840 + 1) me
me
so the ground state energy of a Helium ion is
scaled
ER
Z 2
ER
H
4 1.00 ER
4.0ER
=
=
In the independent particle approximation, therefore, the total energy of the Helium atom is
scaled
E = 2 ER
= 8.0ER = 108.8 eV
since
(d)
ER = 13.6 eV.
e2
1s (r 1 )1s (r 2 )
1s (r 1 )1s (r 2 )
40 |r 1 r 2 |
e2
=
1s
(r 1 )1s
(r 2 )
1s (r 1 )1s (r 2 )dV1 dV2
40 |r 1 r 2 |
V1 V2
e2
1
2
2
=
|1s (r 1 )| |1s
(r 2 )|
dV1 dV2
40 V1 V2
|r 1 r 2 |
20