Biochemistry National Board Exam Review
Biochemistry National Board Exam Review
Biochemistry National Board Exam Review
Larry D. Barnes
Department of Biochemistry
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
June, 2004
Addendum, June 2005 (pg. 35)
The following questions (1-243) are from nine National Dental Board Examinations in
Biochemistry-Physiology from 1978-1998. 1998 is the latest board exam released by the American
Dental Association. This compilation of questions is intended to show the format, the subject areas
generally covered, and the general level of knowledge required. Answers with some commentary
are given beginning on page 29. The addenum begins on page 35 followed by answers.
BASIC CHEMISTRY
1. Which of the following characterizes exergonic
reactions?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
3.
Decreased entropy
Increased enthalpy
Decreased enthalpy
Negative free energy change
Positive free energy change
Entropy
Enthalpy
Free energy
Potential energy
Activation energy
Ethanol
Cholesterol
Palmitic acid
Glycocholic acid
ATP
Acetyl CoA
UDP-glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphoenolypyruvate
1 M glucose
1 M sodium chloride
1 M potassium nitrate
1 N lithium iodide
1 N hydrochloric acid
BUFFERS and pH
8. The Henderson-Hasselbach equations shows
that
A.
B.
C.
D.
become denatured.
migrate to the negative pole.
migrate to the positive pole.
remain stationary and unchanged.
separate into its different monomeric forms.
NaCl.
H2C03.
NaHCO3.
Na2HPO4.
NaH2PO4.
5
7
9
Determine only if the pKa is known.
Determinable only if the base composition is
known.
protein/proteinate
acetic acid/acetate
carbonic acid/bicarbonate
phosphoric acid/phosphate
hydroxybutyric acid/hydroxybutyrate
BICARBONATE/CO2
14. Neutralization of acids by saliva results mainly
from which of the following salivary contents?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Mucin
Ammonia
Carbonate
Bicarbonate
Amino acids
B.
C.
D.
E.
HCO 3.
CH3 COOH.
carbonic acid
carbaminohemoglobin.
BICARBONATE/CO2 (Continued)
16. The bicarbonate buffer system of the blood is
very efficient because
A. bicarbonate is rapidly excreted by the
kidneys.
B. bicarbonate is able to be stored in the
tissue.
C. carbon dioxide is able to combine with
hemoglobin
D. carbon dioxide forms a stable combination
with base.
E. carbon dioxide is rapidly eliminated through
the lungs.
compensated alkalosis.
compensated acidosis.
uncompensated alkalosis.
uncompensated acidosis.
none of the above. This patients ratio is
within normal limits.
Carbonic anhydrase
Alkaline phosphatase
Pyruvate carboxykinase
Histidine decarboxylase
Serum glutamic-oxaloacetate transaminase
PROTEINS
19. Removal of a molecule of water between the
carboxyl group of one amino acid and the
amino group of a second amino acid results in
formation of a
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
zwitterion.
polypeptide.
peptide bond.
hydrogen bond.
glycosidic bond.
hydrogen bonds.
covalent bonds.
hydrophobic bonds.
electrostatic bonds.
Dialysis
Electrophoresis
X-ray diffraction
Ultracentrifugation
None of these
PROTEINS (Continued)
23. The amino acid that contributes to the tertiary
structure of a protein by causing a bend when it
occurs in the primary sequence is
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
leucine.
alanine.
proline.
tyrosine.
aspartic acid.
Simple protein
Phosphoprotein
Chromoprotein.
Nucleoprotein.
Glycoprotein.
ENZYMES
26. Which of the following is true regarding
enzymes?
A.
B.
C.
D.
ENZYMES (Continued)
30. If the presence of a specific compound, C,
increases the Km for an enzyme-substrate
reaction, which of the following would be true
about that enzyme?
A. C would be a competitive inhibitor of the
enzyme.
B. C would be a noncompetitive inhibitor of the
enzyme.
C. The velocity vs. [S] plot for the enzyme
would be the same with or without C.
D. With C present, the enzyme would convert
substrate to product faster.
E. With C present, it would take less substrate
to drive the reaction to half-maximum
velocity than without C.
32.
Allosteric
Competitive
Irreversible
Uncompetitive
Noncompetitive
amylase
enolase
phosphatase
phosphorylase
Oxidation
Hydrolysis
Acetylation
Phosphorylation
Dephosphorylation
Nuclei
Lysosomes
Microsomes
Mitochondria
All of the above
Enterokinase
Peptidase
Secretin
Pepsin
Glucokinase
Phosphorylase
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
ENZYMES (Continued)
38. Dental plaque arises primarily as a result of
enzymatic reactions using which of the
following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Glucokinase
Aldolase
Hexokinase
Enolase
Glucose-6-phosphatase
COLLAGEN
40. The most abundant protein (by weight) in which
the human body is
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
elastin.
keratin.
albumin.
collagen.
chondroitin.
Incorporation of proline
Hydroxylation of proline
Gamma-carboxylation of proline
Oxidative deamination of lysine
Activation of procollagen peptidase
A. after translation.
B. in the mitochondrial matrix.
C. before formation of their respective amino
acyl-tRNAs.
D. while proline or lysine is bound to the
peptidyl (P) site on the ribosome.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
chitin.
keratin.
elastin.
collagen.
cellulose.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Easily stretched
Absence of proline
Disulfide crosslinking
Triple helix structure
About one-third glycine
HEMOGLOBIN
46. The physiologic importance of hemoglobin lies
in its ability to combine
A. irreversibly with oxygen and CO2.
B. reversibly with oxygen at the ferric heme
prosthetic group.
C. irreversibly with oxygen at the ferrous heme
prosthetic group.
D. reversibly with oxygen at the ferrous heme
prosthetic group.
E. None of the above
48. Assuming that P50 = 26 torrs, under conditions
where pO2 = 30 torrs, the average number of O2
molecules bound per hemoglobin molecule is
closest to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
0.5.
less than 1.
almost 2.
greater than 2.
greater than 3.
Iron
Protein
Magnesium
Histidine
Pyrrole ring
pH
CO2
Temperature
Hydrogen ion concentration
2, 3 bisphosphoglyceric acid (BPG)
a genetic mutation
irradiation of hemoglobin A.
proteolytic action in the liver.
exposure to low oxygen tension.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
52. The process by which genetic information flows
from RNA to protein is
A.
B.
C.
D.
mutation.
replication.
translation.
transcription.
DNA.
transfer RNA.
messenger RNA.
ribosomal RNA.
mitochondrial RNA.
nonsense codons.
anticodon-codon interaction.
tRNA which cannot bind amino acids.
hydrolysis of messenger RNA.
none of the above.
translation in eukaryotes.
translation in prokaryotes.
transcription in eukaryotes.
transcription in prokaryotes.
DNA replication in prokaryotes.
Proline
Arginine
Tryptophan
Asparagine
Hydroxylysine
CARBOHYDRATES
59. Hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase
yields
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
glucose only.
glucose and maltose.
glucose and fructose.
glucose and galactose.
fructose and maltose.
60. The arrangement of sugars into D- and Lconfigurations is based upon their resemblance
to D- and LA.
B.
C.
D.
E.
glycine.
glucose.
fructose.
glyceraldehyde.
None of the above
CARBOHYDRATES (Continued)
61. Which of the following is NOT a
monosaccharide?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Amylose
Glucose
Fructose
Glyceraldehyde
Glucuronic acid
Aplpha-1,4
Alpha-1,6
Beta-1,3
Beta-1,4
Beta-1,6
glucose.
maltose.
sucrose.
glycogen.
glycosaminoglycans.
Mucin
Heparin
Collaginase
Chondroitin sulfate
Dolichol phosphate
glycogen.
nucleic acids.
hyaluronidase.
connective tissue.
0
1
2
5
6
Chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate
Hyaluronic acid
Heparan sulfate
Keratin
glucose.
lactose.
sucrose.
glycogen.
inositol.
CARBOHYDRATES (Continued)
71. The most biologically important physiochemical
property of connective tissue which is regulated
by its mucopolysaccharide molecules is
A.
B.
C.
D.
viscosity.
buffering capacity.
solubility in dilute acides.
supersaturation with calcium ions.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
72. Which of the following is a pyrimidine base that
is present in RNA but is NOT present in DNA?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Uracil
Guanine
Thymine
Adenine
Cytosine
Amide
1 hydrogen
2 hydrogen
3 hydrogen
Phosphodiester
Pentoses
Phosphates
Amino acids
Purine bases
Pyrimidine bases
22%
28%
44%
56%
78%
Ionic
Peptide
Thioester
Glycosidic
Phosphodiester
rRNA
mRNA
cDNA
tRNA
hnRNA
10
new DNA.
RNA from DNA.
proteins from amino acids by way of RNA.
none of the above.
DNA ligase
RNA polymerase
DNA polymerase I
Restriction nucleases
Reverse transcriptase
LIPIDS
86. Which of the following is LEAST descriptive of
lipids?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Nonpolar
Carbon-containing
Amphipathic
Hydrophilic
stearic acid.
myristic acid.
palmitoleic acid.
arachidonic acid.
multiple acetate fragments.
Cholesterol
Palmitate
Stearate
Choline
Oleate
Estrogens
Androgens
Progestagens
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
LIPIDS (Continued)
11
uronic acid.
plasmalogen.
triglyceride.
N-acetylmuramic acid.
N-acetylneuraminic acid.
sterol.
glycerol.
lecithin.
sphinogosine.
alcohols of high molecular weight.
Acetic
Stearic
Myristic
Palmitic
Arachidonic
ATP.
NADPH.
Citrate.
cyclic AMP.
oxaloacetate.
LIPIDS (Continued)
12
sucrose.
glycerol.
amino acids.
fatty acids.
nucleic acids.
Albumin
Globulin
Cholesterol
Sphingolipid
Mucopolysaccharide
Squalene
Hexosamine
Cholic acid
Pregnanediol
Deoxycholic acid
MEMBRANES
103. The major lipids that make up the cell
membrane are
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
triglycerides.
sphingomyelins.
phospholipids.
fatty acids.
steroids.
Cholesterol
Ganglioside
Triglyceride
Sphingomyelin
Phosphatidylcholine
cholesterol.
deoxycholate.
prostaglandin.
macroglobulin.
triacylglyceride.
Oleic
Lactic
Sialic
Stearic
Linoleic
MEMBRANES (Continued)
13
Serine
Glycerol
Phospholipid
Triglyceride
requires ATP.
requires another solute.
is a one-directional process.
exhibits saturation kinetics.
Specificity
Carrier-mediated
Requires metabolic energy
Presence of a transport maximum (Tm)
METABOLISM
113. Reactions that have unfavorable energetics
(i.e., + G0) in metabolic pathways may be
driven to completion by which of the following
processes?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Coupling
Allosterism
Modification
Microscopic reversibility
glycerol.
acetyl CoA.
acetoacetate.
oxaloacetate.
acetylcholine.
METABOLISM (Continued)
14
ADP
AMP
ATP
NAD+
Pyruvate
Cytoplasm
Membrane
Cell wall
Nucleus
Mitochondria
glycolysis.
glycogenolysis.
gluconeogenesis.
synthesis of glycerol.
phosphoglucoisomerase.
phosphofructokinase.
phosphorylase.
hexokinase.
aldolase.
Transamination
Aldolization
Reductive synthesis
Oxidative deamination
Oxidative phosphorylation
METABOLISM (Continued)
15
Glycogen
Acetyl CoA
Lactic acid
Creatine phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate
nucleus.
ribosomes.
mitochondria.
nonparticulate cytoplasm.
None of the above
Urea production
Oxidative deamination
Transamination reactions
Cleavage of peptide bonds
Oxidation of -keto acids derived from
amino acids.
METABOLISM (Continued)
16
Glutamate
Glutamine
Aspartate
Succinate
Pyridoxine phosphate
Urea
Ammonia
Uric acid
Creatinine
Aspartic acid
ketone-body formation.
cholesterol synthesis.
fatty-acid synthesis.
gluconeogenesis.
the Krebs cycle
Urea
Ammonia
Creatine
Arginine
Uric acid
Liver
Brain
Kidney
Muscle
ketosis.
acidosis.
ketonuria.
alkalosis.
METABOLISM (Continued)
17
anaerobic glycolysis.
the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
the reductive fixation of CO2.
the hexose monophosphate shunt.
the Krebs-Henseleit (urea) cycle.
ergosterol.
cholesterol.
7-dehydro-sitosterol.
7-dehydro-cholesterol.
22-dihydro-ergosterol.
Glucose
Steroids
Cholic acid
Oxaloacetate
Ketone bodies
inosine phosphate.
guanosine phosphate.
adenosine phosphate.
guanosine diphosphate.
deoxyadenosine phosphate.
on an RNA template.
on rough endoplasmic reticulum.
from methionine.
from progesterone.
from polyunsaturated fatty acids.
NAD+
NADH
NADP+
NADPH
FADH2
gluconeogenesis.
the pentose phosphate pathway.
the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle.
decarboxylation of aromatic amino acids.
one-carbon transfer from tetrahydrofolate
derivatives.
Urease
Uricase
Xanthine oxidase
Aspartate transcarbamoylase
Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase
METABOLISM (Continued)
18
Valine
Choline
Leucine
Isoleucine
Polysaccharides
Acylglycerols
Gangliosides
Fatty acids
Proteins
formylation.
protein synthesis.
methionine activation.
activation of carboxyl groups.
Pellagra
Addisons disease
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus
Parkinsons disease
VITAMINS
153. Which of the following is a vitamin?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Adenine
Inosine
Xanthine
Thyroxin
Pyridoxine
NAD+.
cobalamin.
folic acid.
coenzyme A.
pyridoxine phosphate.
154. The general reaction for the transfer of a onecarbon fragment requires the coenzyme
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
pyridoxal phosphate.
tetrahydrofolic acid.
thiamine pyrophosphate.
flavin adenine dinucleotide.
diphosphopyridine nucleotide.
CO2 acceptors
coenzymes in redox reactions.
factors in transamination reactions.
replacements for each other in biologic
reactions.
Biotin
Thiamine
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Riboflavin
VITAMINS (Continued)
19
prevent pellagra.
promote absorption of calcium.
promote differentiation of epithelial cells.
maintain the integrity of connective
tissues.
NAD+
FAD
Pyridoxine
Lipoic acid
Thiamine pyrophosphate
skin.
liver.
kidney.
intestinal mucosa.
pulp.
enamel.
dentin.
cementum.
Production of menadiol
Esterfication of retinol
Hydrolysis of peptide bonds
Cross-linking of fibrinogen
Carboxylation of glutamate side chains
VITAMINS (Continued)
20
synthesis of prothrombin.
activation of the Stuart factor.
regulation of calcium in the blood.
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
transcriptional control for fibrinogen
synthesis.
A and B12.
A and C.
A and D.
C and E.
D and E.
A
D
E
K
None of the above
A
B2
B6
C
Niacin
NUTRITION
171. Some amino acids need not be present in the
diet of an animal because of the animals
ability to synthesize the acids at an adequate
rate. A principal source of carbon for these
amino acids is
A.
B.
C.
D.
nucleic acids.
carbon dioxide.
metabolism of carbohydrates.
methylene folic acid derivatives.
Niacin
Thiamine
Riboflavin
None of the above
growth.
protein synthesis.
dietary lack of essential amino acid.
synthesis and catabolism of equal
amounts of body protein.
Lysine
Leucine
Glycine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
glucose.
adenine.
vitamin A.
tryptophan.
riboflavin.
NUTRITION (Continued)
21
0.5.
1.0
2.0.
3.0.
4.0.
Insulin
Glucagon
Cortisol
Thyroxine
Ephinephrine
lipids.
proteins.
minerals.
carbohydrates.
nucleoproteins.
Monoglycerides
Fatty acids
Fructose
Glycine
Maltose
Ketoacidosis
Severe metabolic alkalosis
A deficiency in prostaglandin formation
An inability to synthesize ascorbic acid
HORMONES
22
Epinephrine
Testosterone
Progesterone
Triiodotyronine
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Progesterone
Testosterone
Estradiol
Cortisol
Relaxin
AMP.
ATP.
cyclic AMP.
adenylate cyclase.
a cytoplasmic receptor.
ACTH.
thyroxin.
adrenalin.
calcitonin.
parathyroid hormone.
Aldosterone-peptide-pancreas
Glucagon-peptide-adrenal cortex
Epinephrine-steroid-adrenal medulla
ACTH-polypeptide-adrenal cortex
Vasopressin-peptide-posterior pituitary
Glucagon
Estrogen
Prolactin
Growth hormone
Parathyroid hormone
ATPase.
adenyl cyclase.
glycogen synthetase.
glycogen phosphorylase.
glycogen phosphorylase phosphatase.
Insulin
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Parathyroid hormone
23
HORMONES (Continued)
199. Inhibition of lipolysis, stimulation of protein
synthesis and increased entry of glucose into
muscles and adipose tissues are biologic
actions of the hormone
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
insulin.
cortisol.
glucagons.
epinephrine.
testosterone.
Sodium balance
Gluconeogenesis
Lipid digestion
Protein degradation
Carbohydrate metabolism
chronic tetany.
a high blood calcium level.
retention of phosphates by the kidneys.
storage of excess minerals in the bones.
increased irritability of excitable tissues.
HORMONES (Continued)
24
Phosphate ion
concentration
Low
Normal
High
Normal
Low
High
Low
Low
Normal
Low
gastrin.
secretin.
pancreozymin.
enterogastrone.
cholecystokinin.
Increased
Increased
Decreased
No change
Decreased
Serum phosphate
Increased
Decreased
Decreased
Increased
No change
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
7-dehydrocholesterol.
cholecalciferol.
ergosterol.
flow of bile.
secretion of pepsin.
flow of pancreatic juice.
secretion of carboxypeptidase.
25
water-mineral ratio.
age of the individual.
rate of bone remodeling or turnover.
amount of ionizable fluoride in the diet.
All of the above
Ion exchange
Decreased solubility
Facilitation of remineralization
Its presence during enamel formation
Activation of plaque polysaccharide
hydrolysis
Amylase
Enolase
Phosphatase
Phosphorylase
BLOOD CLOTTING
222.
26
Fibrin
Thrombospondin
Prothrombin
Thromboplastin
Fibrinogen
Fe+2
Ca+2
Prothrombin
Fibrinogen
Thromboplastin
Iron
Sodium
Calcium
Potassium
lipids.
citrate.
dextrans.
glycosaminoglycans.
Elastin
Keratin
Collagen
Amelogenin
Osteonectin
Calcitonin
Osteogenin
Osteonectin
Amelogenin
Fibronectin
27
0.1-1%
5-10%
15-20%
25-30%
50-55%
A
B1
C
D
amylase.
amylopectin.
mucopolysaccharide.
glycogen-like glucan.
dextran-like glucan.
Buffering
Phosphate source
Sodium reservoir
Fluoride reservoir
Calcium reservoir
Vitamins A and D
Vitamins C and D
Vitamins C and K
Phosphorus and iron
Calcium and fluoride
D-fructose
Saccharin
Galactose
Sorbitol
Maltose
Levan
Dextran
Amylopectin
Hyaluronic acid
28
D
A
B
B
B
D
A
BUFFERS AND pH
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
C
B
D
A
C
BICARBONATE/CO 2
There are usually 1-2 questions covering carbonic acid, bicarbonate and CO 2.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
D
B
E
D
A
PROTEINS
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
B
B
C
C
E
25.
The same question appeared on the 1979 and 1985 exams and a variation was
on 6 other exams. Know what a peptide bond is as well as the other types of
bonds found in proteins (ionic, hydrogen, covalent, hydrophobic, disulfide)
Same question in 1978, 1989, and 1996.
ENZYMES
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
E
B
C
B
A
Same question in 1981, 1985, and 1987; and a similar question in 1996.
Know the definition of the kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax.
Know the characteristics of competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive and
29
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
A
D
B
A
D
C
B
A
mixed inhibition.
Regulation of enzyme activity by phosphorylation is a common question, often in
terms of specific enzymes.
Know characteristics of allosteric modifiers.
There is frequently a question on enolase because it is inhibited by fluoride.
Know the common zymogens and how they are activated.
COLLAGEN
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
D
B
C
A
D
E
HEMOGLOBIN
46.
47.
48.
49.
D
C
D
A
50.
51.
E
A
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
C
A
C
A
C
B
E
CARBOHYDRATES
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
C
D
A
A
B
B
D
D
D
68.
69.
70.
71.
E
D
D
A
30
NUCLEIC ACIDS
The number of questions on nucleic acids and molecular biology have increased in recent years.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
A
E
D
A
C
D
B
C
B
A
D
B
C
C
LIPIDS
Generally, lipids are emphasized: different classes of lipids, reactions, metabolism, and functions.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
D
E
A
A
E
B
B
E
C
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
C
A
B
D
D
A
C
A
There is usually 1-2 questions on the composition and function of bile salts.
The same or similar question appeared on at least 4 exams.
Know what the different classes of serum lipoproteins transport and to where.
MEMBRANES
Questions on membranes tend to focus on composition and transport.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
C
A
C
E
C
B
C
B
D
C
31
METABOLISM
Carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide metabolism are included.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
A
B
C
E
A
E
A
A
C
E
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
B
D
E
D
C
E
E
C
B
A
A
A
B
D
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
A
C
B
E
B
E
D
D
C
B
A
C
B
D
C
C
VITAMINS
There is usually several questions on vitamins because of their involvement in many biological processes.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
E
B
D
B
D
A
B
32
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
C
C
B
C
C
C
E
A
D
B
D
NUTRITION
Nutrition concerns the major food stuffs of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, essential dietary substances,
and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Consequently, nutrition is related to some previous subjects and
the questions will overlap.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
C
E
D
A
C
B
A
B
A
A
D
B
E
A
A
Know calcium.
HORMONES
Questions cover the chemical composition, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, and physiological functions of
hormones.
187.
188.
189.
190.
E
B
E
E
191.
192.
193.
194.
C
B
C
D
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
C
B
D
A
A
B
A
B
33
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
E
B
A
A
C
C
D
A
A
E
C
A
FLUORIDE
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
E
A
C
E
E
B
BLOOD CLOTTING
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
A
B
B
A
E
C
D
C
A
C
C
C
A
E
D
A
B
B
B
B
E
A
34
not move.
move to the anode.
move to the cathode.
move to both anode and cathode.
A4.
Pepsin
Amylase
Hexokinase
Adenylate cyclase
Carbonic anhydrase
Competitive inhibitor
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Substance that binds to the substrate
Substance affecting enzymatic activity by
binding to the active site
E. Substance affecting enzymatic activity by
binding to non-active sites
A3.
A5.
35
Niacin
Vitamin E
Ascorbic acid
Pantothenic acid
Cortisone
Collagenase
Chymotrypsin
Hyaluronidase
CARBOHYDRATES
A10. What are predominant linkages in glycogen
between glucose units?
A.Alpha-1,4
B.Alpha-1,6
C. Beta-1,3
D. Beta-1,4
E.Beta-1,6
A12. Which of the following is the pathway that
results in the formation of glucose in the liver
from lactate produced in muscle?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cori cycle
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Pentose phosphate pathway
Lactate
Acetyl CoA
Glycerol
Pyruvate
Fructose
36
NUCLEIC ACIDS
A15. Which of the following base pairs promotes
helix stabilization in DNA but does NOT do so
in RNA?
A.G-C
B.A-T
C. G-U
D. C-T
E.A-U
A17. DNA that is complementary to mRNA can be
made using which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A plasmid
DNA ligase
A retrovirus
RNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
Exonuclease
Endonuclease
Ligase
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Exonucleases
Topiosomerases
Enzymes that degrade RNA
Non-specific endonucleases
Site-specific endonucleases
Ligase
Exonuclease
Endonuclease
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
5 CGT 3
5 CGU 3
5 TGC 3
5 UAG 3
5 UGC 3
Unwind DNA.
Activate genes.
Stabilize DNA in a compact form.
Remove exons during RNA splicing.
Stabilize RNA during transcription.
Eastern
Southern
Northern
Western
Epigene
Antigene
Oncogene
Monogene
Transgene
37
LIPIDS
A25. The first step in the pathway for fatty acid
synthesis is catalyzed by an allosteric enzyme
which is the principal regulator of the pathway.
This enzyme is
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
thiolase.
pyruvate carboxylase.
citrate synthetase.
acetyl CoA carboxylase.
pyruvate dehydrogenase.
Glycerol
Glucagon
Acetyl CoA
Acetoacetate
Phosphatidycholine
A28. Bile salts are sodium salts of bile acid that are
conjugated with
A.
B.
C.
D.
MEMBRANES/TRANSPORT
A29. Facilitated diffusion DIFFERS from active
transport in that net transport by facilitated
diffusion
A.
B.
C.
D.
lipid.
protein.
lipoprotein.
carbohydrate.
phospholipid.
B.
NADH
NADPH
Na+ gradient across the luminal
membrane
H+ gradient across the luminal
membrane
38
METABOLISM
A33. Which of the following substances is the
predominant source of ATP at MODERATE
levels (for greater than 60 minutes) of activity?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Urease
Uricase
Arginase
Glutaminase
Lipid
Protein
Nucleotide
Carbohydrate
Urea
Ammonia
Creatine
Uric acid
Creatinine
Tyrosine
Cysteine
Lysine
Creatine
Galactosamine
HORMONES
A38. Which of the following promotes the release of
bile from the gallbladder?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Gastrin
Secretin
Galla
Bombesin
Cholecystokinin
Androgen
Estrogen
Norepinephrine
Thyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone
39
VITAMINS/COENZYMES
A42. Each of the following coenzymes is a
component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex EXCEPT one. Which one is this
EXCEPTION?
A.
B.
C.
D.
NAD
Biotin
Coenzyme A
Thiamine pyrophosphate
Testlet 1.
A 23-year-old female present with complaints
of difficulty in opening her mouth and a lowgrade fever of several days duration. The
medical history indicates a recent positive PPD
skin test, and the patient is taking rifampin
(Rifadin). The extra-oral exam shows diffuse
swelling at the angle of the right mandible and
lacteral neck. Oral exam shows gingival
swelling and erythema around partially erupted
Tooth #32.
Testlet 2.
A 15-year-old male presents for emergency
care. He is non-compliant with his type I
diabetes regimen, and he suffered a fall while
having an insulin reaction. He struck his chin
and lacerated his tongue. Upon opening, his
mandible deviates to the left. A panoramic
radiograph reveals a fracture of the left
condylar neck.
Coma
Dizziness
Confusion
Convulsion
Hyperventilation
Niacin
Thiamine
Folic acid
Riboflavin
Pyridoxine
Mitosis
Replication
Translation
Transcription
mRNA splicing
GLUT-1
GLUT-2
GLUT-3
GLUT-4
GLUT-5
40
Testlet 3.
An 80-year-old female with a history of
cardiovascular disease presents with a complaint of
pain under her complete dentures when biting. She
has worn them for 15 years, but seldom removes or
cleans them. Removal of the dentures reveals
diffuse erythema of underlying mucosal tissue. Bone
resorption is noted from detectable reduction in
height of the alveolar ridges due to the ill-fitting
denture.
Insulin
Estrogen
Aldosterone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Parathyroid hormone
41
A
C
E
E
C
D
D
C
D
A
B
A
B
A
B
B
E
C
C
C
E
B
E
C
D
A26.
A27.
A28.
A29.
A30.
A31.
A32.
A33.
A34.
A35.
A36.
A37.
A38.
A39.
A40.
A41.
A42.
A43.
A44.
A45.
A46.
A47.
A48.
A49.
D
D
B
C
D
B
C
B
C
C
A
A
E
B
C
B
B
C
D
C
E
D
E
A
42