Para Philia
Para Philia
Para Philia
Non-human objects
The suering or humiliation of oneself or ones partner
Children
Non-consenting persons
Homosexuality
heterosexuality
and
non-
Homosexuality was at one time discussed as a sexual deviation.[20] Sigmund Freud and subsequent
psychoanalytic thinkers considered homosexuality and
paraphilias to result from psychosexual non-normative
relations to the Oedipal complex.[21] As such, the term
sexual perversion or the epithet pervert have historically
referred to gay men, as well as other non-heterosexuals
(people who fall out of the perceived norms of sexual
orientation).[20][21][22][23]
Terminology
By the mid-20th century, mental health practitioners began formalizing deviant sexuality classications into
categories. Originally coded as 000-x63, homosexuality
was the top of the classication list (Code 302.0) until the
American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM in 1974. Martin Kafka writes, Sexual
disorders once considered paraphilias (e.g., homosexuality) are now regarded as variants of normal sexuality.[22]
Many terms have been used to describe atypical sexual interests, and there remains debate regarding technical accuracy and perceptions of stigma. Sexologist John Money
popularized the term paraphilia as a non-pejorative designation for unusual sexual interests.[8][9][10][11] Money described paraphilia as a sexuoerotic embellishment of, or
alternative to the ocial, ideological norm.[12] Psychiatrist Glen Gabbard writes that despite eorts by Stekel A 2012 literature study by clinical psychologist James
and Money, the term paraphilia remains pejorative in Cantor, when comparing homosexuality with paraphilmost circumstances.[13]
ias, found that both share the features of onset and
Coinage of the term paraphilia (paraphilie) has been course (both homosexuality and paraphilia being lifecredited to Friedrich Salomon Krauss in 1903, and it en- long), but they appear to dier on sex ratio, fraternal
tered the English language in 1913, in reference to Krauss birth order, handedness, IQ and cognitive prole, and
by urologist William J. Robinson.[14] It was used with neuroanatomy. The research then concluded that the
some regularity by Wilhelm Stekel in the 1920s.[15] The data seemed to suggest paraphilias and homosexuality as
term comes from the Greek (para) beside and two distinct categories, but regarded the conclusion as
quite tentative given the current limited understanding
(-philia) friendship, love.
of paraphilias.[23]
In the late 19th century, psychologists and psychiatrists
started to categorize various paraphilias as they wanted a
more descriptive system than the legal and religious constructs of sodomy[16] and perversion.[17] Before the intro- 2 Causes
duction of the term paraphilia in the DSM-III (1980), the
term sexual deviation was used to refer to paraphilias in The causes of paraphilic sexual preferences in people are
the rst two editions of the manual.[18] In 1981, an article unclear, although a growing body of research points to
published in American Journal of Psychiatry described a possible prenatal neurodevelopmental correlation. A
paraphilia as recurrent, intense sexually arousing fan- 2008 study analyzing the sexual fantasies of 200 heterotasies, sexual urges, or behaviors generally involving:[19] sexual men by using the Wilson Sex Fantasy Question1
3 DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis
3.2 Intensity and specicity
3.6
DSM-5
3.4
3
urges, and for sadism, acting on these urges with a nonconsenting person.[35] Sexual arousal in association with
objects that were designed for sexual purposes is not
diagnosable.[35]
Some paraphilias may interfere with the capacity for sexual activity with consenting adult partners.[35]
In the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), a paraphilia
is not diagnosable as a psychiatric disorder unless it causes
distress to the individual or harm to others.[1]
3.6 DSM-5
The DSM-5 adds a distinction between paraphilias and
paraphilic disorders, stating that paraphilias do not require or justify psychiatric treatment in themselves, and
dening paraphilic disorder as a paraphilia that is currently causing distress or impairment to the individual
or a paraphilia whose satisfaction has entailed personal
harm, or risk of harm, to others.[5]
6 LEGAL ISSUES
Management
Most psychologists believe that paraphilic sexual interests cannot be altered.[49] Instead, the goal of therapy is normally to reduce the persons discomfort with
their paraphilia and limit any criminal behavior.[49]
Both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological methods
are available to these ends.[49]
Cognitive behavioral therapy, at times, can help people
with paraphilias develop strategies to avoid acting on their
interests.[49] Patients are taught to identify and cope with
factors that make acting on their interests more likely,
such as stress.[49] It is currently the only form of psychotherapy for paraphilias supported by evidence.[50]
5
civil connement under various state legislation generically known as sexually violent predator laws[60][61] and
the federal Adam Walsh Act (United States v. Comstock,
2010).[62][63]
See also
-phil- (list of philias)
Courtship disorder
Dorian Gray syndrome
Erotic target location error
Human sexuality
List of paraphilias
Lovemap
Psychosexual development
Richard von Krat-Ebing
Sex and the law
Sexual ethics
References
Paraphilia and
11 (3): 315321.
REFERENCES
[26] Kleinplatz, PJ; Moser C (2005). Politics versus science: An addendum and response to Drs. Spitzer and
Fink. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality. 17
(3/4): 135139. doi:10.1300/J056v17n03_09. ISBN
9780789032140.
[36] Padmal de Silva (March 2007). Sexual disorder and psychosexual therapy. Psychiatry. Elsevier Ltd. 6 (3): 130
134. doi:10.1016/j.mppsy.2006.12.009.
Bibliography
D. Richard Laws, William T. O'Donohue (ed.), Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment,
2nd ed., Guilford Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1-59385605-2
Further reading
Kenneth Plummer, Sexual stigma: an interactionist
account, Routledge, 1975, ISBN 0-7100-8060-3
Elisabeth Roudinesco, Our Dark Side, a History of
Perversion, Polity Press, 2009, ISBN 0-7456-45933
External links
DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR list of paraphilias
Proposed diagnostic criteria for sex and gender section of DSM5
10
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