4b FeherKosToth MathAnExII PDF
4b FeherKosToth MathAnExII PDF
4b FeherKosToth MathAnExII PDF
Algoritmuselmelet
Algoritmusok bonyolultsaga
Analitikus m
odszerek a penz
ugyben es a kozgazdasagtanban
Analzis feladatgy
ujtemeny I
Analzis feladatgy
ujtemeny II
Bevezetes az analzisbe
Complexity of Algorithms
Differential Geometry
Diszkret matematikai feladatok
Diszkret optimaliz
alas
Geometria
Igazsagos eloszt
asok
Introductory Course in Analysis
Mathematical Analysis Exercises I
Mathematical Analysis Problems and Exercises II
Mertekelmelet es dinamikus programozas
Numerikus funkcionalanalzis
Oper
aciokutatas
Oper
aciokutatasi peldat
ar
Parci
alis differencialegyenletek
Peldat
ar az analzishez
Penz
ugyi matematika
Szimmetrikus strukt
urak
Tobbvaltozos adatelemzes
Variacioszamtas es optimalis ir
anytas
a
szlo
Fehe
r, Ge
za Ko
s, Arp
d To
th
La
MATHEMATICAL
ANALYSIS
PROBLEMS AND
EXERCISES II
E
otv
os Lor
and University
Faculty of Science
Typotex
2014
ad Toth,
c 20142019, Laszlo Feher, Geza K
os, Arp
Eotvos Lorand University, Faculty of Science
Editors: Geza K
os, Zolt
an Szentmiklossy
Reader: Peter Pal Pach
Creative Commons NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)
This work can be reproduced, circulated, published and performed for noncommercial purposes without restriction by indicating the authors name, but
it cannot be modified.
ISBN 978 963 279 420 4
Prepared under the editorship of Typotex Publishing House
(http://www.typotex.hu)
Responsible manager: Zsuzsa Votisky
Technical editor: Jozsef Gerner
Made within the framework of the project Nr. TAMOP-4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR2009-0045, entitled Jegyzetek es peldat
arak a matematika egyetemi oktatasahoz (Lecture Notes and Workbooks for Teaching Undergraduate Mathematics).
SUMMARY: This problem book is for students learning mathematical calculus and analysis. The main task of it to introduce the derivate and integral
calculus and their applications.
Contents
I
Problems
11
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Criterion
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3.5
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6 Infinite Series
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8.2
8.1.2
8.1.3
Vector
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11 Measure Theory
11.1 Set Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 Measures and Outer Measures . . .
11.3 Measurable Functions. Integral . .
11.4 Integrating Sequences and Series of
11.5 Fubini Theorem . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6 Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . .
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Functions
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functions
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12 Complex differentiability
12.0.1 Complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.0.2 The Riemann sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1 Regular functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1.1 Complex differentiability . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1.2 The CauchyRiemann equations . . . . . .
12.2 Power series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.1 Domain of convergence . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.2 Regularity of power series . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.3 Taylor series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3 Elementary functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3.1 The complex exponential and trigonometric
12.3.2 Complex logarithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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II
Solutions
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16 Solutions
195
Preface
This collection contains a selection from the body of exercises that have been
used in problem session classes at ELTE TTK in the past few decades. These
classes include the current analysis courses in the Mathematics BSc programs
as well as previous offerings of Analysis I-IV and Complex Functions.
We recommend these exercises for the participants and teachers of the
Mathematician, Applied Mathematician programs and for the more experienced participants of the Teacher of Mathematics program.
All exercises are labelled by a number referring to its difficulty. This
number roughly means the possible position of the problem in an exam. For
the Teacher program the range is 1-7, for the Applied Mathematician program
2-8, and for the Mathematician program 3-9. (Usually the students need
to solve five problems correctly for maximum grade; the sixth and seventh
problems are to challenge the best students.) Problems with difficulty 10
are not expected to appear on an exam, they are recommended for students
aspiring to become researchers.
For many exercises we are not aware of the exact origin. They are passed
on by word of mouth from teacher to teacher, or many times from the
teacher of the teacher to the teacher. Many exercises may have been created
several generations before.
However one of the sources can be identified, it is the mimeo, a widely
circulated set of problems duplicated by a mimeograph in the 70s. The
problems within the mimeo were mainly collected or created by Miklos
Laczkovich, Laszlo Lempert and Lajos Posa.
Let us give only a (most likely not complete) list of our colleagues who
were recently giving lectures or leading problem sessions at the Department
of Analysis in Real and Complex Analysis:
Part I
Problems
11
Chapter 1
Fundaments of Logic
Calculate the truth table
A (B = A)
Answer
1.0.2. (3)
1.0.3. (2)
Let P (x) mean ,,x is even and let H(x) mean ,,x is divisible by
six. What is the meaning of the following formulas and are they true? (
denotes the negation.)
1. P (4) H(12)
2. x P (x) H(x)
3. x H(x) P (x)
4. x P (x) H(x)
5. x P (x) H(x + 1)
6. x H(x) P (x)
7. x H(x) P (x)
13
14
1.0.4. (3)
1.0.5. (2)
1.0.6. (5)
1.0.7. (7)
1.0.8. (7)
1.0.9. (5)
15
1.0.11. (5)
1.0.12. (5)
disjunction.
Solution
Related problem: 1.0.13
1.0.13. (5)
1.0.14. (4)
A Texas Instruments SN7402N integrated circuit, with 4 independent NOR logic gates
Hint
1.0.15. (6)
1.0.16. (8)
16
and only if
k {1, 2, . . . , n} x1 , . . . , xn xk f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) .
1.0.2
1.0.17. (2)
1.0.18. (3)
1.0.19. (2)
x + |x|
2
2
x |x|
2
2
= x2
1.0.20. (1)
1. How many words of length k can be created using the letters A, B, C,
D, E, F, G?
2. How many such word of length 7 can be created without repeating a
letter?
3. How many such word of length 7 can be created with the property that
A and B are neighbors (no repetition)?
1.0.21. (2)
Show that
n
n
n+1
+
=
.
k
k+1
k+1
1.0.22. (4)
17
1.0.23. (3)
1.0.24. (3)
A B.
1.0.25. (3)
1.0.26. (2)
Hint
1.0.28. (3)
1.0.29. (2)
1.0.30. (3)
1. 2 white rooks,
2. 2 white rooks such that they cannot capture each other,
3. 1 white rook and 1 black rook,
4. 1 white rook and 1 black rook such that they cannot capture each other?
1.0.31. (4)
18
1.0.32. (3)
Answer
1.0.33. (4)
1.0.34. (4)
1.0.35. (4)
1.0.36. (8)
1.0.37. (8)
Using K
onigs lemma (see exercise 1.0.36) verify that if all finite
subgraphs of a countable graph can be embedded into the plane, then the
whole graph can be embedded into the plane as well.
1.0.38. (7)
1.0.3
1.0.39. (7)
1.0.40. (7)
19
(For example for n = 3 we have
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
23
1
24
1
34
1
234
= 32 .)
1.0.41. (6)
1.0.42. (3)
Prove that
1
1
n+1
1
1
... 1 2 =
.
1
4
9
n
2n
Solution
1.0.43. (4)
1. Let a1 = 1 and an+1 =
2. Let a1 = 0.9 and an+1 = an a2n . Prove that n N an+1 < an and
0 < an < 1.
1.0.44. (7)
1.0.45. (5)
At least how many steps do you need to move the 64 stories high
Hanoi tower?
Towers of Hanoi
Hint
1.0.46. (5)
1.0.47. (8)
20
1.0.48. (5)
Prove that finitely many lines or circles divide the plane into domains which can be colored with two colors such that no neighboring domains
have the same color.
1.0.49. (3)
Prove that the following identity holds for all positive integer n:
1
1
n
1
+
+ ... +
=
.
13 35
(2n 1) (2n + 1)
2n + 1
Solution
1.0.50. (3)
Prove that the following identity holds for all positive integer n:
xn y n
= xn1 + xn2 y + . . . + x y n2 + y n1
xy
1.0.51. (3)
Prove that the following identity holds for all positive integer n:
2
n (n + 1)
3
3
1 + ... + n =
.
2
Solution
1.0.52. (3)
1. 1
2.
Prove that the following identities hold for all positive integer n:
1
1
1
1 1
+ ...
=
+ ... +
;
2 3
2n
n+1
2n
1
1
n1
+ ... +
=
.
12
(n 1) n
n
1.0.53. (3)
1.0.54. (5)
1. 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + . . . + (2n + 1);
2.
1
1
+ ... +
;
123
n (n + 1) (n + 2)
3. 1 2 + . . . + n (n + 1);
4. 1 2 3 + . . . + n (n + 1) (n + 2).
21
1.0.55. (4)
Prove that the following identity holds for all positive integer n:
1
1
n 1 + + . . . + < 2 n.
n
2
Hint
1.0.56. (6)
1.0.57. (5)
1.0.58. (4)
Prove that
1+
1
1
2
3 .
+ ... +
n n
n
2
Fibonacci Numbers
1.0.59. (6)
1.0.60. (6)
1.0.61. (3)
1.0.62. (5)
22
1.0.63. (5)
Prove that
u21 + . . . + u2n = un un+1 .
1.0.64. (6)
1. u0 + u3 + . . . + u3n ;
2. u1 u2 + . . . + u2n1 u2n .
1.0.4
1.0.65. (6)
Show that
1.0.66. (3)
1.0.67. (2)
1.0.68. (4)
1.0.69. (3)
Prove that
x2
1
.
4
1+x
2
a + bx4
minimal?
x2
Hint
1.0.70. (8)
23
1.0.71. (4)
1.0.73. (2)
Prove that x2 +
1
2 if x 6= 0.
x2
1.0.74. (4)
Which rectangular box has the greatest volume among the ones
with given surface area?
Solution
1.0.75. (4)
1.0.76. (3)
1.0.77. (4)
x [0, 1].
1.0.78. (6)
Prove that the cylinder with the least surface area among the
ones with given volume V is the cylinder whose height equals the diameter
of its base.
Solution
n
n+1
1.0.79. (5)
Prove that n! <
.
2
Solution
24
1.0.80. (6)
[0, 1]?
1.0.81. (6)
1.0.82. (6)
sphere?
1.0.83. (10)
1
1
a1
1
a1
2
+
1
a2
3
1
a1
1
a2
1
a3
+. . .+
1
a1
1
a2
n
+ ... +
1
an
(K
oMaL N. 189., November 1998)
Solution
1.1
1.1.1
Real Numbers
Field Axioms
1.1.1. (4)
1.1.2. (4)
1.1.3. (4)
ab.
Solution
1.1.4. (4)
1. (a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd,
2. (x) y = x y.
25
1.1.5. (5)
1.1.2
1.1.6. (4)
Ordering Axioms
Using the field and ordering axioms prove the following state-
ments:
1. If a < b, then a > b;
2. If a > 0, then
1
a
> 0;
1.1.9. (5)
1.1.10. (4)
1.1.11. (4)
Using the field and ordering axioms prove that a < b < 0 implies
1
1
< < 0.
b
a
1.1.3
1.1.12. (6)
axiom?
Hint
Related problem: 1.1.10
26
1.1.13. (7)
1.1.4
1.1.15. (8)
Cantor Axiom
Does the ordered field of rational functions satisfy the Cantor
axiom?
Hint
Related problem: 1.1.10
1.1.16. (5)
Using the Cantor axiom give a direct proof of the fact that the
subset of irrational numbers is dense in the real line: every open interval
contains an irrational number.
1.1.18. (4)
Which axioms of the reals are satisfied for the set of rational
numbers (with the usual operations and ordering)?
Answer
1.1.19. (9)
Does there exist an ordered field satisfying the Cantor axiom and
not satisfying the Archimedean axiom?
27
1.1.20. (1)
1.1.21. (2)
4. In = [2 n1 , 3 + n1 ],
7. In = [0, n1 ],
1.1.5
5. In = (2 n1 , 3 + n1 ),
8. In = (0, n1 ),
9. In = [0, n1 ),
6. In = [2 n1 , 3 + n1 ),
10. In = (0, n1 ].
1.1.22. (3)
Prove that
1.1.23. (4)
Prove that
1. 3 is irrational;
2 is irrational.
2.
2
3
is irrational;
3.
2+1
+3
2
+5 is irrational!
1.1.24. (3)
1.1.25. (3)
1.1.26. (2)
How many (a) maxima (b) upper bounds of a set of real numbers
can have?
1.1.27. (2)
6. { n 2 : n N+ },
7. {x : x (0, 1) Q},
8. { n1 + k1 : n, k N+ },
10. {n + n1 : n N+ }
9. { n + 1 n : n N+ },
1.1.28. (2)
Are the following sets bounded from above or from below? What
is the maximum, minmimum, supremum and infimum? Which set is convex?
{1, 2, 3, . . . }
(2, 3]
[1, 2) (2, 3]
28
1.1.29. (2)
1.1.30. (3)
1.1.31. (3)
1.1.32. (5)
1.1.33. (5)
1.1.34. (4)
Let an =
n + 1 + (1)n n.
inf{an |n N} =?
1.1.35. (5)
1.1.36. (7)
or
inf B = 0
1.1.6
29
1.1.37. (7)
Does the ordered field of the rational functions satisfy the completeness theorem: all non-empty set has a supremum?
Hint
Solution
Related problem: 1.1.10
1.1.38. (6)
1.1.39. (6)
1.1.40. (9)
Define recursively the sequence xn+1 = xn xn + n1 for any x1 .
Show that there is exactly one x1 for which 0 < xn < xn+1 < 1 for any n.
(IMO 1985/6)
Hint
1.1.7
Powers
1.1.41. (6)
1.1.42. (6)
1.1.43. (6)
Chapter 2
Convergence of Sequences
2.1
Theoretical Exercises
2.1.1. (3)
2.1.2. (2)
2.1.3. (2)
B?
2.1.4. (3)
imply an 2?
an
2
3 an
2.1.5. (3)
2.1.6. (4)
2.1.7. (2)
2.1.8. (4)
2.1.9. (4)
32
2. Convergence of Sequences
2.1.10. (4)
such that
1. an is convergent;
2. an ;
3. an ;
4. an is oscillating.
2.1.11. (5)
bn 1?
2.1.12. (4)
an+1
1
an
imum.
Hint
2.1.13. (3)
2.1.14. (3)
an a.
2.1.15. (3)
2.1.16. (2)
an .
2.1.17. (3)
2.1.18. (2)
divergent?
Solution
2.1.19. (3)
Let an be a sequence and a be a number. What are the implications among the following statements?
a) > 0 N n N |an a| < .
b) > 0 N n N |an a| .
c) > 0 N n N |an a| < .
d) > 0 N n N |an a| < .
e) > 0 0 < < N n N |an a| < .
2.1.20. (3)
a) an 1. Does it imply that ann 1?
33
an 1?
Show that
0 |an | 0.
1. an a (an a) 0,
2. an
2.1.22. (1)
2.1.23. (2)
2.1.24. (4)
is critical.
2.1.25. (1)
1
|an |
2.1.26. (3)
2.1.27. (3)
2?
2.1.28. (3)
2.1.29. (2)
34
2. Convergence of Sequences
2.1.30. (3)
an a?
2.1.31. (4)
a1 + . . . + a n
n
a1 + a2 + . . . + a n
.
n
2.1.33. (5)
2.1.34. (4)
a1 a2 . . . an b.
Changing the quantifiers and their order we can produce the following statements:
1. ( > 0)(n0 )(n n0 )(|an b| < );
2. ( > 0)(n0 )(n n0 )(|an b| < );
3. ( > 0)(n0 )(n n0 )(|an b| < );
4. (n0 )( > 0)(n n0 )(|an b| < );
5. (n0 )( > 0)(n n0 )(|an b| < ).
Which properties of the sequence (an ) are expressed by these statements?
Give examples of sequences (if they exist) satisfying these properties.
2.1.35. (4)
Changing the quantifiers and the orders we can produce the following statements:
35
Construct sequences (an ) with all possible limit behavior (convergent, tending to infinity, tending to minus infinity, oscillating), while
an+1 an 0 holds.
2.1.37. (3)
2.1.38. (3)
2.1.39. (4)
2.1.40. (3)
2.1.41. (4)
2.1.42. (4)
n a
n 1.
2.1.43. (3)
2.1.44. (3)
2.1.45. (3)
36
2.1.46. (3)
max(a, b).
2.1.47. (4)
2. Convergence of Sequences
n+
p(n + 1)
= 1.
p(n)
Solution
2.1.48. (4)
n a
n q.
2.1.49. (4)
an 1,
2.1.50. (5)
2.1.51. (5)
2.1.52. (6)
2.1.53. (6)
2.1.54. (4)
2.1.55. (5)
Prove that if the sequence (an ) is bounded and all of its convergent
subsequences tend to b, then an b.
2.1.56. (4)
Prove that if all subsequence of a sequence (an ) have a subsequence tending to b, then an b.
2.1.57. (4)
37
2.1.58. (4)
2.1.59. (5)
2.1.60. (5)
2.1.61. (5)
2.2
2.2.1. (3)
2.2.2. (5)
2
n+1
n(n+1)
2
Prove that
n
8
4
4 8 . . . 2
2n < n + 1.
Solution
2.2.4. (5)
large n.
Solution
2.2.5. (5)
Prove that the following two statement are true for n big enough.
1. 2n > n3 ,
2. n2 6n 100 > 8n + 11
2.2.6. (5)
38
2. Convergence of Sequences
2.2.7. (5)
n
n
n
1. (1.01) > n,
2. (1.01) > n2 ,
3. (1.0001) > 1000 n,
2
2n +3n2
4. 100n < n!
5. 12 < 3n
6. 3n 1000 2n > n3 + 100n2 ,
2 4n+20 < 1,
n
n
n
8. n! > n2 2 ,
7. n + 1 n > n1 ,
9. n ne > n! > ne .
2.2.8. (4)
Find
1
an
has a member
2.2.10. (4)
a10001
2.2.12. (2)
Using the definition calculate the limit (if exists) of the following
sequences. Give a threshold index to = 104 !
1/ n;
(1)n
2.2.13. (4)
Using the definition calculate the limit (if exists) of the following
sequences. Give a threshold index to = 106 !
2n + 1
;
n+1
n2 + n + 1
n2 n + 1
2.2.14. (4)
Using the definition calculate the limit (if exists) of the following
sequences. Give a threshold index to = 104 , to P = 106 and to P = 106 .
1 + 2 + ... + n
;
n2
n2 n3 ;
n+1 n ;
sin n
39
2.2.15. (4)
1.
4.
6.
7.
2.2.16. (4)
n
1
1
6. 2 < 1, 01,
,
5. 0, 9n < 100 ;
7. n + 1 n < 100
7
5
2
8. n + 5 n < 0, 01,
9. n > 100n ,
10. n8 + n3 10n2 > n5 + 1000n.
2.2.17. (4)
1. 1/ n;
2. (2n+1)/(n+1);
3. (5n1)/(7n+2);
4. 1/(n n);
5. (1 + . . . + n)/n2 ;
6. ( 1 + 2 + . . . + n)/n4/3 ;
p
7. n
1 + (1/n) 1 ;
8. n2 + 1 + n2 1 2n;
9.
n+2
3
n 2;
10.
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
.
12 23
(n 1) n
2.2.18. (4)
sequences.
1. n n;
2. (1 + . . . + n)/n;
3. ( 1 + 2 + . . . + n)/n;
n2 10n
;
5. 2n /n;
4.
10n + 100
2.2.19. (5)
2.2.20. (5)
2.2.21. (4)
40
2. Convergence of Sequences
2.2.22. (4)
2.3
2.3.1. (3)
2.3.2. (1)
points.
2.3.3. (2)
2.3.4. (5)
closed.
2.3.5. (6)
Find a sequence such that the set of limit points of it is [0, 1].
Solution
2.3.6. (6)
2.3.7. (2)
sequences?
2.3.8. (2)
What are the limit points, limsup and liminf of the following
n
n;
(1)n +
lim sup an .
n
2.3.9. (4)
1
;
n
nk
.
2n
Using the definition of lim sup and lim inf prove that lim inf an
41
2.3.10. (4)
then
lim(an + bn ) = lim an + lim bn .
2.3.11. (3)
and
lim(an bn ) = a lim bn .
2.3.12. (5)
Prove that if
(i) an a 1 and (bn ) is bounded, then
lim abnn = alim bn
and
and
2.3.13. (4)
Prove that if the sequence (an ) is bounded with lim inf an > 0
and bn 0, then abnn 1.
2.3.14. (5)
a1 + a2 + . . . + a n
lim inf an
n
lim sup
a1 + a2 + . . . + a n
lim sup an .
n
and
2.3.15. (5)
42
2. Convergence of Sequences
2.4
2.4.1. (1)
1. lim
3. lim
2.4.2. (2)
(1)n
=?
n
2n
n2 +1 =?
2.4.3. (2)
2.4.4. (3)
2.4.5. (3)
2.4.6. (4)
2.4.7. (4)
n
=?
2n
n2 + 1
an for all values of a.
n+1
Prove that
n
2 1.
Calculate limn
n
2n n.
Solution
2n
=?
n!
2.4.8. (3)
lim
n2 + 6n3 2n + 10
=?
4n 9n3 + 1010
2.4.9. (3)
lim
2.4.10. (4)
n+7 n
=?
2n n + 3
n100
=?
1, 1n
Hint
43
2.4.11. (5)
2.4.12. (4)
2.4.13. (4)
1.
n
n.
n
n!.
n5 n3 + 1
;
3n5 2n4 + 8
2.
2.4.14. (4)
p
n4 + n2 n2 ;
3.
n
6n 5n .
1
+
log
2
1. 3
3.
4. n 2n + n
2. n n1
n
6. n 1n + 2n + 3n + . . . + 100n
5. n 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n
2
3
n + (n + 2)
n100 2n + 3n
p
7.
8. n
4 + 1 2n + n5 (5n+6 8)
n2 (n2 + 1)(n4 + 2)
2.4.15. (4)
5.
sin(n) + n
,
n
9.
nn 5n ,
2.4.16. (4)
4.
1.
r
n
q
n
6.
10.
2n3 + 3 n
,
1 n3
sin(n)
,
n
n
n + 5n ,
8.
5n2 + (1)n
,
8n
12.
7.
11.
5 2n2
,
4+n
2n + n!
,
n1000
nn
6n + 2n2 (1)n
.
n2
2n +
n,
2.
n7 6n6 + 5n5 n 1
,
n3 + n2 + n + 1
2
1
,
n n2
4.
2n + 1
,
6.
3n + 4
3.
n3 + n2 n n + 1
,
2n3 6n + n 2
7n 7n
,
7n + 7n
4
4n2 + 2n + 100
n3 + 6
(2n + 3)5 (18n + 17)15
9.
,
10.
,
11.
,
3
3
(6n + 5)20
6n3 7n2 + 2
n2 + 3n 2
p
p
2n + 5n
,
14. n( n2 + n n2 n).
13. n
12. n( n + 1 n),
3 +1
5.
2n
3n ,
7. log
n+1
,
n+2
8.
44
2. Convergence of Sequences
2.4.17. (4)
lim
n(
n2
1
=?
1 n)
Solution
2.4.18. (4)
lim
2.4.19. (4)
4n + 1
4n + 8
Let a > 0.
lim
3n+2
=?
n
n + an =?
Hint
2.4.20. (7)
Is the sequence
an =
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
n n+1
2n
convergent?
2.4.21. (4)
lim
2.4.22. (5)
1 2 + 3 4 + . . . 2n
=?
2n + 1
Is
xn =
sin 1 sin 2
sin n
+ 2 + ... + n
2
2
2
convergent?
Hint
2.4.23. (4)
1.4-8c
2.4.24. (4)
convergent?
p
n
n2 + cos n
Solution
2.4.25. (4)
2.4.26. (5)
45
lim n 2n + sin n.
n
n!
lim
.
n
2.4.27. (4)
p
p
6n4 + 2n2 (1)n
,
2. n2 + 2 + n2 2 2n;
4
n
n
p
p
nn 5n
3.
,
4. n ( n2 + n n2 n).
n
1.
2.4.28. (5)
2.4.29. (5)
Calculate the limit of the sequence
n+ n+ n n .
sequence
2.4.30. (4)
1 + a + a2 + . . . + an
=?
1 + b + b2 + . . . + bn
2.4.31. (4)
Calculate:
2
1. lim n 12 + 2n + 3n + . . . + nn =?
r
1 1
1
2. lim n 1 + + + . . . + =?
2 3
n
1
1
+
n2
(n + 2)3
=?
3. lim 1
1
p
n!
(n2 + 1)(n4 + 2)
46
2. Convergence of Sequences
2.4.32. (4)
1
1
1
1 + + + ... +
n
2
3
lim
=?
n
2.4.33. (4)
lim
2.5
n
3
1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n n =?
2.5.1. (2)
increasing.
1
1+ a1n
2.5.2. (3)
2.5.3. (4)
2.5.4. (4)
an+1 =
2an
.
an + 1
(a) Prove that the sequence is bounded by giving explicit upper and lower
bounds.
(b) Prove that an 1. Check the definition and find n0 for all > 0.
2.5.5. (3)
Let
x1 = 1,
xn+1 =
3xn .
an+1 =
2 + an . Is it monotone?
47
2.5.7. (3)
4. a1 = 2, an+1 = 2 an (n = 1, 2, . . .);
2.5.8. (6)
xn +
A
xn
. Prove that xn
A.
2.5.9. (3)
2.5.10. (4)
2.5.11. (4)
Let x1 = 1, xn+1 =
6
. Calculate the limit of xn .
5 xn
lim an =?
an +an+1
2
(n = 0, 1, 2, . . .).
2.5.12. (2)
2.5.13. (4)
1
a100
n
if n 1. Is this sequence
2.5.14. (4)
Define the sequence (xn )
n=1 by the following recursion: let
8
if n 1. What is the limsup of the sequence?
x1 = 3 2, and xn+1 =
6 xn
2.5.15. (5)
2.5.16. (5)
2an
. lim an =?
+1
a2n
an+1 =
an +
2
4
an
48
2. Convergence of Sequences
2.5.17. (5)
2.5.18. (3)
Let the sequence (an ) be given by the following recursion: a1 = 0,
an+1 = an + 6. Prove that (an ) is convergent and calculate its limit.
2.5.19. (4)
Let a1 = 1, an+1 = an +
2
. Prove the existence of an n N,
a2n
Solution
N.
2.5.21. (4)
Let a1 = 1,
an+1 = an +
1
.
a3n
2.6
2.6.1. (3)
2.6.2. (5)
2.6.3. (7)
The Number e
Prove the following inequality:
n
1
1+
2.
n
Prove the following inequalities:
n n
n n
< n! < e
.
e
2
Prove the following inequalities.
n
3
1
< .
0<e 1+
n
n
49
2.6.4. (5)
Prove that
1+
1
n
n+1
>
1+
1
n+1
1 n+1
n
n+2
Prove that
1
n+ 12
1
Which one is greater? The number e or 1 +
?
n
n
n+1
2.6.7. (5)
, and for n 7
Prove that for all n N we have n! >
e
nn+1
we have n! < n .
e
2.6.6. (9)
2.6.8. (6)
1.2-3
2.6.9. (7)
c1
nn+ 2
nn+ 2
<
n!
<
c
2
en
en
for all n N.
2.6.10. (4)
2.6.11. (4)
Calculate:
lim
n+3
n1
3n+8
=?
50
2.6.12. (7)
2.6.13. (7)
2.7
2. Convergence of Sequences
an
n
2.7.1. (4)
2.7.2. (5)
2.7.3. (8)
2.7.4. (8)
2.7.5. (8)
Prove that every Cauchy sequence is convergent, using the onedimensional Helly theorem.
2.8
2.8.1. (4)
1
=?
n(n + 1)
n=1
2.8.2. (5)
1
2 3n +
n
n=1
1
2
=?
51
2.8.3. (3)
Convergent or divergent?
X n100
1.001n
2.8.4. (3)
Convergent or divergent?
X
1
p
(2i 1)(2i + 1)
2.8.5. (2)
X
1
i=1
2.8.6. (5)
Prove that
2i
1
3i
=?
X
1
< 2.
2
n
n=1
Solution
2.8.7. (2)
Suppose that
. . . + an2 ) = 0.
2.8.8. (4)
2.8.9. (6)
Convergent or divergent?
X (2k)!
4k (k!)2
2.8.10. (6)
Convergent or divergent?
X (2k)!
1
4k (k!)2 2k + 1
Solution
52
2.8.11. (7)
2.8.12. (4)
2. Convergence of Sequences
2.8.13. (3)
Convergent or divergent?
a)
2.8.14. (5)
1
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
n=1
b)
n2
(2 + n1 )n
n=1
Convergent or divergent?
( n e 1)
n=1
2.8.15. (5)
2.8.16. (7)
2.8.17. (5)
Pn
1
i=1 i .
1
n2 ,
Prove that
1
1
1
+ 2 + ... +
< 2.
h21
2h2
nh2n
convergent?
2.8.18. (4)
Convergent or divergent?
X 7n
n!
53
2.8.19. (4)
convergent?
2.8.20. (5)
xn
a n + bn
log
1
ak
P
> 1, then
ak is convergent.
P
log a1
ak is divergent.
(b) Prove that if lim sup log kk < 1, then
P
log a1
(c) Construct a sequence an such that log kk 1, and
ak convergent.
P
log a1
(d) Construct a sequence an such that log kk 1, and
ak divergent.
2.8.21. (4)
log k
is convergent?
log
k+1
k
xk
Chapter 3
3.1.1. (2)
Show that the following functions are injective on the given set
H, and calculate the inverse.
1. f (x) = 3x 7, H = R;
2. f (x) = x2 + 3x 6, H = [3/2, ).
3.1.2. (2)
Show that the following functions are injective on the given set
H, and calculate the inverse.
1. f (x) =
3.1.3. (7)
[1, 1].
3.1.4. (4)
x
, H = [1, 1];
x+1
2. f (x) =
x
, H = R.
|x| + 1
Solution
periods.
3.1.5. (1)
3.1.6. (2)
2x 3
on R \ { 23 }.
3x 2
56
Solution
3.1.7. (2)
3.1.8. (2)
Let
f (x) =
x3
x3
if x rational
if x irrational.
3.1.10. (2)
3.1.11. (1)
3.1.12. (2)
3.1.13. (4)
3.1.14. (8)
3.1.15. (5)
3.1.16. (3)
Prove
r that if a1 , ..., an 0 and k > 1 is an integer, then
k
k
a1 + ... + an
k a1 + ... + an
.
n
n
3.1.17. (4)
3.1.18. (4)
57
3.1.19. (7)
tions?
3.1.20. (10)
tions?
3.2
3.2.1. (2)
x1+
3.2.2. (2)
3.2.3. (3)
3.2.4. (2)
3.2.5. (2)
xa0
xa+0
3.2.6. (1)
3.2.7. (1)
3.2.8. (1)
58
3.2.9. (2)
In
( functions continuous?
( which points are the following
1
3x + 7 if x Q
x if x N
,
2. f (x) =
,
1. f (x) =
4x
if x 6 Q
0 if x1 6 N
(
x2 if x 0
3. f (x) =
.
cx if x < 0
3.2.10. (2)
1. Riemann-function,
1
2. sin ,
x
1
3. x sin .
x
3.2.11. (2)
3.2.12. (2)
3.2.13. (2)
lim f (x) = 0.
3.2.14. (1)
3.2.15. (3)
3.2.16. (1)
lim s(t) = 0;
tt0 +0
lim h() = ;
lim g() =
lim u() = 2.
59
3.2.17. (1)
lim s() = 2;
lim s() = 2;
lim g(x) = ;
lim g = 1;
lim h = 1.
0+
3.2.18. (2)
3.2.19. (2)
f (x)?
3.2.20. (7)
Assume that g(x) = lim f (t) exists in every point. Prove that
tx
g(x) is continuous.
Hint
3.2.21. (3)
3.2.22. (2)
3.2.23. (3)
3.2.24. (2)
3.2.25. (7)
3.2.26. (8)
3.2.27. (2)
60
3.2.28. (2)
3.2.29. (2)
3.2.30. (3)
3.2.31. (8)
tions?
3.2.32. (7)
point?
What is the cardinality of the set of continuous R R funcIs there an R R function for which the limit is at every
3.2.33. (2)
lim
x
3.3
{2x}2 4{x}2 =?
lim
{2x}2 4{x}2 =?
3.3.1. (5)
sin x
=?
x0 x
lim
ex 1
=?
x0
x
lim
3.3.2. (5)
lim
x0
log(1 + x)
=?
x
3.3.3. (4)
x + x2 + . . . + xn n
=?
x1
x1
lim
61
3.3.4. (4)
sin 3x
=?
x0 sin 5x
lim
3.3.5. (4)
1 cos x
=?
x0
x2
lim
3.3.6. (4)
x + 13 2 x + 1
lim
=?
x3
x2 9
3.3.7. (4)
lim
x2
x6+2
=?
x3 + 8
3.3.8. (4)
lim
x+
3.3.9. (4)
lim (sin
x0
3.3.10. (4)
lim
x0
x + x x =?
x + 1 sin
x) =?
1 cos x2
=?
1 cos x
3.3.11. (4)
lim
xa
3.3.12. (4)
lim
x 3
sin(x 3 )
=?
1 2 cos x
62
3.3.13. (5)
lim
x 6
3.3.14. (5)
2 sin2 x + sin x 1
=?
2 sin2 x 3 sin x + 1
Let
f (x) =
x
1 + x 1
1x
2+x
3.3.16. (5)
lim
x 6
x2 sin x
x 6
2
72
=?
3.3.17. (6)
lim
xa
1
sin x xa
sin a
=?
3.3.18. (6)
x + 2 4x2 1
=?
x1/2 2x 1
lim
3.3.19. (6)
1+ x+ 3x
=?
lim
x 1 + 3 x + 4 x
3.3.20. (3)
sin ex
=?
x
x
(a) lim
x + sin x
=?
(b) lim
x
x2 + 1
63
3.3.21. (3)
1. f (x) = [x], = 2 + 0;
2. f (x) = {x}, = 2 + 0;
x
x
1
, = ; 4. f (x) =
, = + 0;
2x 1
2x 1
2
x
x
, = ;
6. f (x) = 2
, = 1 0.
5. f (x) = 2
x 1
x 1
x+ 3x
, = ;
7. f (x) = x + 1 x, = ;
8.
x x
3. f (x) =
x2 + 5x + 6
, = ;
x2 + 6x + 5
11. 3 x3 + 1 x, = ,
9.
13. x[ x1 ], = 0,
3.3.22. (3)
10. 2[1/x] , = ;
12. x{ x1 }, = 0,
x+22
lim
=?
x2 3 x + 25 3
3.3.23. (3)
Calculate
the following limits:
x + 2 3 x + 20
1. lim
4
x7
x+92
359
x1
2. lim
5
x1
x1
hp
i
p
3. lim x
x2 + 2x 2 x2 + x + x
x
x+2+ x2 x+1
(1 x)(1 x)(1 3 x) (1 n x)
5. lim
x1
(1 x)n
4. lim x3/2
x
6. lim x + sin(x)
x
3.3.24. (3)
Prove that
lim
x dc +
ax + b
=
cx + d
if bc ad > 0
,
if bc ad < 0,
64
lim
x dc
ax + b
=
cx + d
and
lim
if bc ad > 0
if bc ad < 0,
ax + b
a
= ,
cx + d
c
(c 6= 0).
3.3.25. (3)
x 21
lim
=?
x1 x 1
3.3.26. (4)
lim
x7
x + 2 3 x + 20
=?
4
x+92
a x
Let a > 1 and k > 0. Prove that lim
= .
x xk
3.3.27. (4)
lim
4x + x3 2x
=?
(3/5)x
3.3.28. (5)
lim
x1
n
m
xn 1 xm 1
=?
3.3.29. (5)
x100 2x + 1
=?
x1 x50 2x + 1
lim
3.4
3.4.1. (3)
3.4.2. (3)
65
3.4.3. (3)
3.4.4. (4)
3.4.5. (5)
3.4.6. (4)
3.4.7. (4)
3.4.8. (6)
3.4.9. (4)
3.5
3.5.1. (4)
b) sin x on R,
c) sin x1 on(0, ),
d) 1/x on (0, 2),
e) x on (0, ).
3.5.2. (4)
3.5.3. (4)
3.5.4. (5)
66
3.5.5. (8)
3.6
3.6.1. (2)
3.6.2. (8)
3.7
3.7.1. (5)
b0
3.7.2. (4)
lim f < ?
b0
3.7.3. (4)
lim f = ?
3.7.4. (6)
3.7.5. (4)
.
n
n
Is it true that if f : R R is concave and lim f is finite, then f
is monotone decreasing?
3.7.6. (4)
3.7.7. (4)
67
3.8
3.8.1. (7)
3.8.2. (1)
3.8.3. (5)
3.8.4. (3)
log x
= 0 and lim x log x = 0.
x+0
x
3.8.5. (4)
lim xx =?
x+0
lim
x+
x =?
3.8.6. (7)
Prove that for the reals 0 < a < b the equality ab = ba holds
x
if and only if there is a positive number x for which a = 1 + x1
and
x+1
b = 1 + x1
.
3.8.7. (6)
lim
x+0
3.8.8. (6)
3.8.9. (6)
1
1+
x
x
=?
3.8.10. (7)
3.8.11. (7)
1
2
3.8.12. (5)
x
1
lim 1 +
=?
x0
x
1
.
x
68
3.8.13. (4)
n
X
xk
k=1
3.8.14. (4)
3.8.15. (4)
k!
x2 x3 + 1
=?
lim
x 3 x6 + 2 x
x
2 + 3x + 4x
lim
x2 =?
x
1
1+
x
3.8.16. (4)
lim elog x/(log | log x|) =?
x+0
3.8.17. (5)
3.9
3.9.1. (5)
1 1
1
+ + . . . + (log n) + 1.
2 3
n
sin 2nx
.
2 sin x
(b)
sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x + . . . + sin nx =?
3.9.2. (5)
and
Un (cos t) =
sin(n + 1)t
,
sin t
and
Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) Tn1 (x)
and
3.9.3. (6)
69
Chapter 4
4.1.1. (2)
4.1.2. (2)
sin
sin x
!
=?
4.1.3. (3)
a) (xx ) =?
4.1.4. (3)
b)
x2
x2
(sin x)cos x
=?
if x Q
if x
6 Q
differentiable?
4.1.5. (2)
72
4.1.6. (3)
4.1.7. (3)
derivative?
1 2
2
differentiable?
x
differentiable? What is the
|x| + 1
4.1.8. (3)
4.1.9. (4)
g (0).
4.1.10. (3)
4.1.11. (3)
4.1.12. (7)
order:
4.1.13. (2)
f+
(a)
lim f
a+0
lim f
a+0
lim f
a+0
lim f
a+0
3x3 2x + 1;
x2 + 1
;
x3 + 2
(x10 + x2 + 1)100 ;
(x3 + 1)n
2
(2 + x) x3 + 2
x
4.1.14. (2)
Calculate the derivative:
1
(x2 + 1)4 (2 x)8 1 + 1 + x
x3 + 2
2x
73
4.1.15. (3)
Calculate the derivative:
sin x2
4.1.16. (2)
etan x
log3 (cot2 x)
arc tan(x2 + 1)
sin ar cosh arc cos(log5 x)
x+
1
;
x
(x3
x2
+ 1)2
4.1.17. (3)
4.1.18. (10)
4.1.19. (4)
everywhere.
4.1.20. (4)
derivative!
4.1.21. (3)
4.1.22. (3)
4.1.23. (3)
4.1.24. (4)
4.1.25. (6)
4.1.26. (4)
1
100 ,
74
4.1.27. (5)
4.1.28. (4)
Prove that if f (a) = g(a) and for x > a we have f (x) g (x),
then f (x) g(x) for all x > a.
4.1.29. (3)
2x ;
sin x
x
x3 ex cos x;
4.1.30. (3)
1
;
x
x
1
;
x3
2
log1/2 x;
ex + 3 log x
x2 3x
x2 log x 3x cos x
.
x
x 3 sin
x3
point 2?
4.1.31. (4)
4.1.32. (4)
Assume that
1. x f (x),
2. f (x3 ),
3. f 3 (x)
is differentiable at 0. Does it imply that f (x) is differentiable at 0?
4.1.33. (3)
4.1.34. (5)
Tn (1) =?
4.1.35. (3)
x 2 ex
+cos x2
tan x
5
cosh x
x 10x
tan x
x2 + 1 log3 x + x cot x
(x + 1)(x2 + xe ) cos x
2log x/2
+ ar coth x
x
3
x+ 5x
75
4.1.36. (4)
Let
f (x) =
x + 2x2 sin x1
0
if x 6= 0,
if x = 0.
Show that f (0) > 1, but f is not monotone increasing in any neighborhood
of 0.
4.1.37. (3)
f (x)g(x)
4.1.38. (2)
=?
=?
4.1.39. (5)
1 xn+1
1x
(x 6= 1).
4.1.40. (6)
4.1.41. (5)
?
4.1.42. ()
4.1.43. (3)
Calculate the
derivative!
x ,
2. xx ,
1. sin sin
x
3. (sin x)cos x .
4.1.44. (4)
4.1.45. (4)
Prove that the graph of the function
(
xx if x > 0
f (x) =
0
if x = 0
is tangent to the y-axis.
76
4.1.46. (5)
X
n3
=?
3n
n=1
4.1.47. (5)
h0
f (a + h) f (a h)
= f (a).
2h
4.1.1
4.1.48. (3)
Tangency
In what angle do the graphs of the functions sin and cos inter-
sect?
4.1.49. (4)
4.1.50. (4)
4.1.51. (3)
4.1.52. (4)
4.1.53. (3)
4.1.54. (5)
4a(a x) and
4b(b + x) intersect
4.1.55. (6)
4.1.56. (6)
4.1.57. (6)
4.1.58. (4)
77
4.2
4.2.1. (5)
4.2.2. (4)
4.2.3. (6)
h0
f (a + 2h) 2f (a + h) + f (a)
= f (a) ?
h2
4.2.4. (6)
4.2.5. (5)
4.2.6. (2)
4.2.7. (2)
1. e
ax + b
.
cx + d
(x3 ) (60)
4.2.8. (5)
4.2.9. (3)
4.2.10. (4)
times.
4.2.11. (4)
4.2.12. (5)
78
4.2.13. (5)
Prove that
(1 x2 )Tn (x) xTn (x) + n2 Tn (x) = 0.
4.3
4.3.1. (5)
(a) Prove that if f is convex, then the left and right derivatives
exist at every point.
4.3.2. (2)
Let D(f ) = [0, 1], f (x) = x7 (1 x)9 . What are the zeroes of f ?
What is the minimum and maximum of f ?
4.3.3. (6)
4.3.4. (4)
Let
n+1
(n + 1)2 (1 a2 ) + a2
x4 2 + sin x1
f (x) =
0
if x 6= 0
if x = 0.
Show that f has a strict local maximum at 0, but f does not change its sign
at 0.
4.4
4.4.1. (4)
Using the Lagrange mean value theorem prove that if f is differentiable on R and f is bounded, then f is Lipschitz.
4.4.2. (5)
exists, then f+
(a) also exists and they are equal.
79
4.4.3. (9)
Show that
Let a1 < a2 < . . . < an and b1 < b2 < . . . < bn be real numbers.
ab
e 1 1 e a 1 b2 . . . e a 1 bn
ea2 b1 ea2 b2 . . . ea2 bn
det .
.. > 0.
..
..
..
.
.
.
ean b1 ean b2 . . . ean bn
(K
oMaL A. 463., October 2008)
Solution
4.4.1
4.4.4. (3)
4.4.5. (3)
roots.
4.4.6. (5)
Number of Roots
Prove that the function x5 5x + 2 has 3 real roots.
Prove that the function x7 + 8x2 + 5x 23 has at most 3 real
At most how many real roots does the function x16 + ax + b
have?
4.4.7. (4)
4.4.8. (8)
At most how many real roots does the function ex + p(x) have if
p is a polynomial of degree n?
4.5
4.5.1. (2)
Which of the right circular cones inscribed into the unit sphere
has the greatest volume?
4.5.2. (2)
6. cos x2 ; [0, ];
9. xn ex ; [2n, 2n];
8. x ex ; [2, 2];
80
4.5.1
Inequalities, Estimates
4.5.3. (4)
Prove that
sin x + sin y
x+y
sin
2
2
4.5.4. (4)
4.5.5. (6)
(x, y [0, ]) !
x3
3 .
4.5.6. (4)
4.5.7. (4)
4.5.8. (5)
4.5.9. (9)
4.5.10. (9)
a,
then
sin ax
a2 1 2
< ae 6 x .
sin x
n
n
n
n
n
3
n
0
2
1
+ . . . + (1)n
+
> 0.
x
x+n
x+2
x+3
x+1
4.5.11. (4)
4.5.12. (5)
if 0 < x <
4.5.13. (7)
x2
.
2
cos x < ex
/2
2.
sin x
2
. Which one is greater,
or ex /2 ?
2
x
81
4.5.14. (4)
ex
(x R \ {0}?
x
4.5.15. (10)
|a | > 1 +
2k 2
.
n
4.6
4.6.1. (4)
4.6.2. (4)
x
x+1
, 4. 1 ex2 , 5. xx ,
1.
1/(1
+
sin2 x), 2. 1 + x1 , 3. 1 + x1
4.6.3. (4)
4.6.4. (4)
4.6.5. (4)
2 x2
1 + x4
b) log(1 + x2 ).
Let f (x) = xn ex . f (0, ) =?
Analyze the following function:
ex
.
1 x2
82
4.6.6. (4)
4.6.1
4x
arc tan x.
Convexity
4.6.7. (3)
4.6.8. (6)
4.6.9. (4)
Find the maximal intervals for which the following functions are
convex or concave.
1. ex ,
2. log x,
3. |x|,
4. xa (a R),
5. ax (a > 0)
6. sin x.
4.6.10. (5)
4.6.11. (4)
4.7
4.7.1. (3)
cos(x2 ) 1
=?
x0
x
lim
4.7.2. (3)
cos(xex ) cos(xex )
=?
x0
x3
lim
4.7.3. (3)
cos x
x
,
2. lim x .
1. lim
x0+
x/2 2 x
83
4.7.4. (3)
x2
(1 + x)5 (1 + 5x)
cos x e 2
1+ x+ 3x
,
5.
lim
,
6.
lim
,
4. lim
x= 1 + 3 x + 4 x
x0
x0
x2 + x5
x4
ex sin x x(1 + x)
.
7. lim
x0
x3
4.7.5. (2)
sinh x
log2 (1 + x)
lim
x0
4.7.6. (3)
sin 3x
lim
=?
x0 tan 5x
log cos ax
lim
=?
x0 log cosh bx
x
lim (x 1) tan
=?
x1
2
lim
x0
sin x
x
x2
=?
sin log x
=?
x
x
lim
Can we use the LHospital rule? Can we use the definition of the derivative
at 0 (or 1)?
4.7.7. (3)
2ex + ex 3
=?
x0 sin 2x + x2 + sinh x
lim x 1x =?
lim
lim (2 x)tan
x1
x
2
=?
x1
lim
2x + sin x
=?
2x cos x
Can we use the LHospital rule? Can we use the definition of the derivative
at 0 (or 1)?
4.7.8. (4)
4.7.9. (4)
and
(k)
lim fg(k)
0
anything
type limits?
lim fg
= ?
84
4.7.10. (4)
lim log(1x2 ) (cos bx) =?
x0
lim
x0
1 + ex
1 + cos x
cot x
=?
4.7.11. (4)
lim (x 1)logx 2 =?
x1
lim (cosh x)
cot2 x
x0
=?
4.7.12. (5)
1
x =?
lim
x0 3x cosh x
cot x
4.7.13. (5)
lim
x0
1
1
x
sin x e 1
=?
4.7.14. (5)
coth x cot x
=?
x0 log(1 + x) x
lim
4.8
4.8.1. (4)
4.8.2. (3)
4.8.3. (2)
4.8.4. (4)
cos x e
x0
x4
lim
x2
2
=?
85
4.8.5. (4)
ex sin x x(1 + x)
=?
x0
x3
lim
4.8.6. (2)
4.8.7. (5)
A =?, B =? if cot x =
cot x 1/x =
4.8.8. (4)
a)
(AB)x
1+Bx2
1+Ax2
x+Bx3
+ o(x4 ).
+ o(?)
b)
1
1+x
c)
1
1 + 2x
f)
4.8.9. (3)
d)
1
3 + 4x
e)
1
2 + x2
1
1+x
4.8.10. (3)
4.8.11. (3)
4.8.12. (6)
4.8.13. (3)
1 n
n
= 2e .
x3 !
4.8.14. (6)
4.8.15. (5)
1. sin x;
6.
1
1+x2 ;
2
11. sin x;
8. ex ;
9. x3 ex ;
10. 1/x, a = 1;
86
4.8.16. (4)
4.8.17. (2)
4.8.18. (1)
a+b
k
k
X
a
b
?
i
ki
i=0
4.8.19. (5)
1/2
k
(1)k 2k
=
.
4k
k
x x3 x5
x4n+3
x x3 x5
x4n+1
+
+...
< sin x <
+
+...
1!
3!
5!
(4n + 3)!
1!
3!
5!
(4n + 1)!
and
1
x4n+2
x2 x4 x6
x4n
x2 x4 x6
+ + . . .
< cos x < 1 + + . . .+
.
2! 4! 6!
(4n + 2)!
2! 4! 6!
(4n)!
4.8.20. (6)
n
X
xk
k=0
k!
= ex for all x R.
Chapter 5
5.0.1. (1)
Z
dx
=?
x+5
1 3x dx =?
(ex + e2x+3 ) dx =?
5.0.2. (2)
Z
dx
=?
5 + 4x2
Z
Z
1 x 2
dx =?
x
1
1 2
x
q
x x dx =?
5.0.3. (3)
Z
xe
dx =?
x log x dx =?
tanh2 x dx =?
5.0.4. (4)
Z p
t2
dt =?
Z p
1+
87
x2
dx =?
dx
=?
sin x
88
5.0.5. (5)
Z
|x| dx =?
|x 1| dx =?
1 + x2 + 1 x2
dx =?
1 x4
5.0.6. (4)
Z
5.0.7. (4)
5.0.8. (4)
Z
x2
dx =?
1 + x + x2
5.0.9. (5)
Z p
5.0.10. (5)
x3 + x4 dx =?
x x2 + 3x + 2
dx =?
x + x2 + 3x + 2
Z
5.0.11. (5)
Z
sin x log(tan x) dx =?
dx
=?
1 + 1 2x x2
5.0.12. (4)
5.0.13. (4)
a, b R.
dx
=?
a sin x + b cos x
89
5.0.2
5.0.14. (5)
5.0.15. (4)
5.1
5.1.1. (1)
5.1.2. (6)
5.1.3. (3)
Rb
a
xm dx by using
90
5.1.4. (2)
5.1.5. (2)
s
(e
)
(F ) <
F
< .
0
5.1.6. (3)
5.1.7. (5)
5.1.8. (5)
5.1.9. (5)
5.1.11. (4)
R1
H 0
5.1.10. (1)
on [0, 1].
f (Hx) dx = A.
R1
Find the value of 0 f if it exists,
(
1
1 if x 22k+1
, 212k , k = 1, 2, . . .
f (x) =
0 otherwise.
If f is continuous and
Z 1
Z
f (x) dx =
0
xf (x) dx = 0,
0
91
5.1.1
5.1.12. (3)
f (a) + f (b)
b
a
f (b a)f
a + b
2
5.1.13. (5)
5.1.14. (3)
5.1.15. (3)
xp
yq
+ .
p
q
R
b
a
fg
2
a
a
a
R
1
p
b
a
f2
1
q
5.1.16. (5)
R
b
a
g2
= 1, then
5.2
Integral Calculus
5.2.1. (4)
a)
1
0
1
dx =?
tan x + 1
b)
x arc tan x dx =?
0
92
5.2.2. (4)
Z
2
0
1
dx =?
2 + cos x
5.2.3. (3)
Z
3
0
x [x] dx
5.2.4. (6)
Z
0.2
0.1
5.2.5. (5)
5.2.1
1 + sinh2 sin x dx =?
R sin x
tan t dt
0
=?
lim R tan
x
0+
sin t dx
0
5.2.6. (4)
Z
5.2.7. (5)
x4
et sin t dt
0
=?
2
f (t) =
ex sin x dx.
t2
5.3
5.3.1. (4)
n
X
k=1
k5 ;
b)
n
X
k=1
k 3 (n k)3 .
93
5.3.2. (4)
5.3.3. (5)
5.3.1
5.3.4. (4)
Find the arclength of the curve r() = a+a cos , ( [/4, /4]).
Hint
5.3.6. (3)
5.4
5.4.1. (4)
5.4.2. (6)
5.5
5.5.1. (2)
c
Let f be continuous, g(x) = d
e
Z b
f dg =?
if x <
if x >
if x =
a+b
2
a+b
2
a+b
2
Hint
94
5.5.2. (2)
Let f be continuous.
Z
5.6
f d[x] =?
a
5.6.1. (6)
5.6.2. (5)
5.6.3. (2)
Prove that
Suppose that
0?
5.6.4. (5)
R
0
xn ex dx = n!.
is convergent.
5.6.5. (3)
lim x
0+0
5.6.6. (2)
1
x
cos t
dt =?
t2
95
5.6.7. (5)
Z
5.6.8. (5)
/2
log cos x dx =?
0
For what is
Z
1
0
(x sin x) dx
convergent?
5.6.9. (7)
R
0
f is
Chapter 6
Infinite Series
6.0.1. (1)
Show that
1
1
< log(n + 1) log(n) < .
n+1
n
6.0.2. (3)
Prove
1
1 1
1
1 + + + . . . + log n < 1.
n
2 3
n
6.0.3. (5)
Prove that
an := 1 +
1 1
1
+ + . . . + log n
2 3
n
is convergent.
6.0.4. (4)
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + . . . =?
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6.0.5. (4)
1+
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
+ + + +
+ . . . =?
3 2 5 7 4 9 11 6
97
98
6. Infinite Series
6.0.6. (4)
1
1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ +
+ . . . =?
2 4 3 6 8 5 10 12
6.0.7. (4)
1+
6.0.8. (5)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + . . . =?
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Let un :=
6.0.9. (2)
R 1/n
0
x
1+x2
un convergent?
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+ . . . =?
12 23 34 45
6.0.10. (4)
(n + 1)q n =?
n=0
6.0.11. (4)
True or false?
P
(a) If an 0, then
an is convergent.
n=1
n=1
convergent.
P
an is convergent, then an 0.
(c) If
an is
n=1
n=1
6.0.12. (4)
6.0.13. (8)
Let
n
P
1
n2
an
n=1
n=1
6.0.14. (4)
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+ . . . =?
123 234 345 456
99
6.0.15. (5)
n2 q n =?
n=0
6.0.16. (4)
Assume that an bn cn for all positive integer n. Show that
P
P
P
if
an and
cn are convergent, then
bn is also convergent.
n=1
n=1
6.0.17. (8)
Let
n=1
n
P
n=1
n=1
1
ns ,
n
P
n=1
(cn an )
psn
n=1
P
1
(b) Prove that
pn = .
n=1
6.0.19. (9)
X
1
as s 1 + 0?
s
p
n=1 n
(k)
n=1
Prove that there is a sequence (cn ) of positive real numbers such that the
P
(k)
series
(cn an ) are all divergent.
n=1
6.0.20. (3)
Determine whether the following series are convergent or divergent. In case of convergence determine whether convergence is absolute or
conditional.
X
X
X
X
1
(1)n+1 X (1)[n/2]
1
1
2
n
n
log(n
+
1)
n!
n
+
1
10n
+
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
6.0.21. (3)
gent.
X
en
n10
3n 2n
1
p
n(n + 1)
n2 e
100
6. Infinite Series
X
n
X
n1
log2 n
2
n1/n 1
6.0.22. (5)
Assume that an > 0, bn > 0Pfor all n and that an /bn 1. Prove
P
that
an is convergent if and only if
bn is convergent. Give an example
when this fails if the assumption an > 0, bn > 0 is removed.
6.0.23. (2)
P
P
Prove that if
an and
bn are absolutely convergent, then the
following series are also absolutely convergent:
X
X
Xp
(an + bn )
max(an , bn )
a2n + b2n
6.0.24. (5)
What are the root test, quotient test, Dirichlet-test, and Abel-test
for improper integrals?
6.0.25. (3)
Determine whether the following series are convergent or divergent. In case of convergence, determine whether the convergence is absolute
or conditional.
X
X
X
X
(1)n
(1)n (n!)2
1
(n!)2
2n
n2
n2
n
log(n
+
1)
2
2
n=1
n=1
n=1 n
n=1
6.0.26. (4)
gent.
n
X
1
1
n
X
1
1
n
X
6.0.27. (5)
convergent.
n2
X n 1 2
n+1
1
n+ n
n
n
n + n1
1
X
1
(a) Show that if lim an log n < , then
an is absolutely
e
n=1
1 1
X
log n
> , then
an is divergent.
(b) Show that if an 0 and lim an
e
n=1
X
an if an > 0
(c) Can any conclusions be made about the convergence of
1 1
and lim an log n = ?
e
n=1
101
P
6.0.28. (6)
Let
a(n) be a rearrangment of the conditionally convergent
P
series an . What can be the set of limit points of the set of the partial sums
n
P
a(k) ?
k=1
6.0.29. (7)
6.0.30. (5)
0. Then
n=1
an
convergent
2k a2k
convergent.
k=1
Solution
6.0.31. (6)
Convergent or divergent?
1
n
log
n
n=2
Hint
6.0.32. (6)
1
n(log
n)1+
n=2
Hint
6.0.33. (4)
1
n log n (log log n)c
n=10
convergent?
6.0.34. (5)
all a R.
sin(na)
P
converges for
n
n=1
102
6. Infinite Series
6.0.35. (5)
(1) If
(2) If
n=1
n=1
True or false?
P
an is convergent, then
( n 2 an ) is also convergent.
n=1
P
( n 2 an ) is also divergent.
an is divergent, then
n=1
an
is also convergent.
n=1 n
n=1
a
P
P
n
an is divergent, then
(4) If
is also divergent.
n=1 n
n=1
(3) If
6.0.36. (5)
an is convergent, then
an and
n=0
n=0
P
an have positive terms.
(Raabe criterion) Let
n=1
an
(a) Prove that if lim inf n
1 > 1, then the series is convergent.
a
n+1
an
(b) Prove that if n
1 1 for n large enough, then the series is
an+1
divergent.
6.0.37. (5)
6.0.38. (10)
be the sequence of its partial sums a0 + a1 + a2 + . . .. Can one find a nonzero sequence A for which the sequences A, SA, SSA, SSSA, . . . are all
convergent?
Miklos Schweitzer memorial competition, 2007
Chapter 7
7.1.1. (3)
7.1.2. (4)
True or false?
(a) A pointwise limit of monotonic functions is monotonic.
(b) A pointwise limit of strictly monotonic functions is strictly monotonic.
(c) A pointwise limit of bounded functions is bounded.
(d) A pointwise limit of continuous functions is continuous.
(e) A pointwise limit of Lipschitz functions is Lipschitz.
7.1.3. (4)
True or false?
(a) A uniform limit of monotonic functions is monotonic.
(b) A uniform limit of strictly monotonic functions is strictly monotonic.
(c) A uniform limit of bounded functions is bounded.
(d) A uniform limit of continuous functions is continuous.
(e) A uniform limit of Lipschitz functions is Lipschitz.
7.1.4. (3)
104
7.1.6. (5)
7.1.7. (9)
7.1.8. (3)
7.1.9. (4)
True or false?
(a) A pointwise limit of convex functions is convex.
(b) A pointwise limit of strictly convex functions is strictly convex.
(c) A pointwise limit of Riemann-integrable functions is Riemann-integrable.
(d) A pointwise limit of differentiable functions is differentiable.
7.1.10. (4)
True or false?
(a) A uniform limit of convex functions is convex.
(b) A uniform limit of strictly convex functions is strictly convex.
(c) A uniform limit of Riemann-integrable functions is Riemann-integrable.
(d) A uniform limit of differentiable functions is differentiable.
7.1.11. (5)
7.1.12. (7)
7.1.13. (7)
7.1.14. (5)
105
7.1.15. (9)
7.1.16. (9)
Is the Baire theorem true for C[a, b]? That is, decide whether
C[a, b] can be presented as a union of countably many nowhere dense subsets.
7.2
7.2.1. (8)
n=1
n=1
7.2.2. (4)
X
n=1
x
x2 + 1
n
convergent? For
n
X
1 3 . . . (2n 1)
2x
For which values is the series
2 4 . . . (2n)
x2 + 1
n=1
convergent? For which values is it absolutely convergent?
7.2.3. (4)
X
5n + 32n n
For which values is the series
x (1x)n convergent?
2n
n=1
For which values is it absolutely convergent?
7.2.4. (4)
7.2.5. (3)
xn
convergent? For which
1 xn
n=1
xn
convergent? For which
1 + x2n
n=1
n=1
X
2n cosn x
convergent? For
n2
n=1
106
7.2.9. (5)
n
X
x(x + n)
n
n=1
convergent? For
an xn converges at x = r
n=
For which x is
n n
x
a|n|
n=
convergent? Which is the value of the sum?
7.2.12. (6)
X
(x)n
;
n!
n=1
X
1 (x)n
np n!
n=1
where p R.
7.2.13. (6)
fn (x)
n=1
Assume that
X
1
converges. Prove that
a
n=1 n
1
x an
n=1
converges on any closed interval that does not contain any of the an (n =
1, 2, . . .). Is the convergence absolute? Is it uniform?
7.2.15. (7)
Assume that
X
an
nx
n=1
107
7.2.16. (7)
7.2.17. (5)
7.3
7.3.1. (4)
(d) sin x at ;
3
(e) log(x2 1) at 2;
(f) ar sinh x2 at 0;
(g) ar coth x at 2.
Give intervals where the Taylor series converges to the function.
7.3.2. (7)
7.3.3. (3)
7.3.4. (1)
99 n
n x
X
1
1+
n
n2
xn
X
k=0
n!xn
+ . . . =?
1
3
5
7
X
(1)k
=?
4k + 1
k=0
108
7.3.6. (6)
X
k=0
7.3.7. (6)
1
1
3k + 1 3k + 2
G(x) =
n
P
=?
k=0
n=0
P
pn xn find an upper bound for pn .
Using the generating series P (x) =
n=0
7.3.9. (5)
7.3.10. (6)
X
k=0
7.3.11. (5)
1
1
2
+
3k + 1 3k + 2 3k + 3
=?
X
n=1
converge on R?
(b) For which real values of c will the series
X
n=1
uniformly on R?
7.3.12. (2)
For which c R
X
c
k=0
= 2c ?
nc cos(nx)
nc sin(nx) converge
Chapter 8
Differentiability in Higher
Dimensions
8.1
8.1.1
8.1.1. (2)
8.1.2. (5)
a) A B int A int B;
b) int int A = int A;
c) int A = A;
d) int A = A;
e) A = A;
f) int(A) = int A;
g) A = A
109
110
8.1.3. (5)
8.1.4. (4)
8.1.5. (4)
Show that
a) A B = A B;
b) A B A B.
8.1.6. (1)
8.1.7. (5)
8.1.8. (6)
8.1.11. (5)
8.1.12. (6)
[
1
2
(x, y) R : x = 1/n, |y| <
n
n=1
111
8.1.13. (8)
8.1.14. (5)
8.1.15. (5)
Is it true that
(A B) A B.
(A B) (A B) = A B?
8.1.16. (6)
8.1.17. (5)
8.1.18. (6)
8.1.19. (1)
Prove that in any metric space the cardinality of open and closed
sets is the same.
8.1.20. (8)
8.1.21. (9)
8.1.22. (8)
8.1.23. (9)
8.1.24. (5)
112
8.1.25. (5)
8.1.26. (6)
8.1.27. (9)
8.1.28. (9)
Show that the unit ball of C[a, b] (with the maximum norm) is
not compact.
8.1.29. (10)
8.1.30. (9)
8.1.2
8.1.31. (4)
2 2
=?
Answer
8.1.32. (8)
||x|| =
|xi |
(1 < );
||x|| = max |xi |.
1ip
i=1
(e) Prove that any two norms are equivalent if ||.|| and ||.|| are two norms,
then there are c1 , c2 > 0 such that c1 ||x|| ||x|| c2 ||x||.
113
8.1.33. (1)
8.1.34. (3)
For what R is
xy
2 + y 2 )
(x
f (x, y) =
0
if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
if (x, y) = (0, 0)
continuous on B.
8.1.36. (6)
8.1.37. (7)
8.1.38. (1)
point (1, 2).
8.1.39. (4)
but lim(f g) 6= 0.
0
8.1.40. (5)
lim
(x,y)(0,0)
cos x + cos y 2
=?
x2 + y 2
8.1.42. (5)
Does
sin x sin y
have a limit at the origin relative to the set
xy
{(x, y) : x 6= y}?
Can this function be extended continuously to the whole plane?
8.1.43. (1)
114
8.1.44. (4)
8.1.45. (3)
(x2
x2 y
continuous at the origin?
+ 3y 2 )a
f (x) = 0
x A.
8.1.46. (8)
8.1.3
8.1.47. (1)
Differentiation in Rn
Is xy (R2 R) differentiable? What is the derivative?
8.1.48. (2)
g(t) =
t2
t2
if t 0
if t < 0
2x
8.1.50. (3)
8.1.51. (3)
|xi | differentiable?
8.1.52. (7)
|xi |p )
1/p
8.1.53. (5)
8.1.54. (2)
115
8.1.55. (1)
8.1.56. (4)
f (x, y) =
8.1.57. (4)
8.1.58. (2)
xy xx2 y
+y 2
0
2f
(0, 0) =?
yx
otherwise
if (x, y) = (0, 0)
2f
(0, 0) =?
xy
0.
p
(x a)2 + (y b)2 . Show that
2f
x2
2f
y 2
8.1.59. (3)
f (x, y) =
1
x2 +y 2
(x2 + y 2 ) sin
otherwise
if (x, y) = (0, 0)
8.1.61. (3)
8.1.62. (2)
8.1.63. (3)
8.1.64. (3)
r.
8.1.65. (1)
8.1.66. (2)
116
8.1.67. (2)
x3
, f (0, 0) = 0 has directional deriva+ y2
tives at the origin in all directions. Is there a vector a such that for all v unit
vector one has Dv f (0, 0) = a v?
8.1.68. (3)
8.1.69. (4)
x2
8.1.70. (4)
8.1.71. (5)
8.1.72. (6)
8.1.73. (5)
a11 . . . a1n
8.1.74. (5)
.. =
..
Find the derivative of tr : Rnn R, tr ...
.
.
a11 + a22 + . . . + ann .
an1
...
ann
8.1.75. (2)
8.1.76. (1)
derivative?
8.1.77. (2)
8.1.78. (5)
8.1.79. (5)
117
8.1.80. (5)
8.1.81. (3)
8.1.82. (4)
the origin?
8.1.83. (1)
(1, 2, 3).
8.1.84. (1)
(0, 0).
8.1.85. (3)
x3 y 2 (2 x y).
8.1.86. (8)
8.1.87. (8)
8.1.88. (3)
8.1.89. (7)
Prove that f (x, y) = g(x3 + y 3 ) for some g. Is it necessarily true that the
function g is differentiable at 0?
118
8.1.90. (3)
8.1.91. (3)
1
x
+ y1 ?
8.1.92. (5)
8.1.93. (2)
a
=?
y 2
x2
8.1.94. (4)
For what c is
f (x, y) =
|x|2
x +y 2
if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
if (x, y) = (0, 0)
differentiable?
8.1.95. (7)
8.1.96. (7)
8.1.97. (9)
119
8.1.99. (4)
For |x| < 1, |y| < 1, |z| < 1 let u(x, y, z) be the real root of
(2 + x)u3 + (1 + y)u (3 + z) = 0.
For |x1 10| < 1, |x2 20| < 1, |x3 30| < 1 let u = (u1 , u2 ) be
u1 + u2 = x1 + x2 + x3 10,
u1 u2 =
x1 x2 x3
10
8.1.102. (4)
8.1.103. (5)
8.1.104. (6)
y )?
8.1.106. (5)
120
8.1.107. (4)
8.1.108. (7)
Prove that f ( 2, 3 3) = f (0, 0).
8.1.109. (4)
Is the function
(
f (x, y, z) =
(x, y, z) 6= (0, 0, 0)
x=y=z=0
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.1. (5)
8.2.2. (3)
8.2.3. (3)
8.2.4. (10)
8.2.2
8.2.5. (3)
Differentiation
121
8.2.6. (1)
8.2.7. (2)
8.2.8. (4)
8.2.9. (5)
that
||A1 || =
8.2.10. (5)
1
.
min{Ax|x S0n1 (1)}
Prove that
v
a11
u q
uX
2
t
max
aij
...
1jp
i=1
aq1
...
...
v
a1p
p
q X
uX
..
u
t
a2ij .
.
i=1 j=1
aqp
g(x, y) = log x, x2 + y 2 );
8.2.13. (4)
h = f g.
122
8.2.14. (7)
8.2.15. (5)
(a) Prove that all linear maps Rp Rq are Lipschitz.
(b) Prove that if A Hom(Rp , Rp ) is invertible, then c > 0 x Rp |A(x)|
c|x|.
Chapter 9
9.0.2. (3)
(c) If H J , then H J .
(b) If H J , then H J .
9.0.3. (5)
numbers
(e) If H J , then cl H J .
k(A B);
b(A B);
k(A) + k(B);
k(A) + b(B);
b(A) + b(B);
b(A) + k(B).
9.0.4. (5)
124
9.0.5. (4)
9.0.6. (5)
or false?
(a) If cl H J , then H J .
(b) If H is closed and H J , then int H J .
(c) If H is open and H J , then cl H J .
(d) If k(int H) = b(cl H), then H J .
(e) H J .
9.0.7. (4)
9.0.8. (6)
Let A1 , . . . , An be measurable sets in the unit cube whose measures add up to more than k. Show that there is a point which is contained
in at least k of these sets.
9.0.9. (5)
9.0.10. (5)
125
9.0.12. (4)
is measurable?
9.0.13. (7)
then
[
i=1
Bi
b(Bi ).
i=1
9.0.14. (7)
9.0.15. (6)
9.0.16. (5)
9.0.17. (6)
is measurable?
[0, a]
aA
9.0.19. (6)
For any > 0 divide the n-dimensinal unit cube into an open
and closed part in such a way that the inner Jordan measure of each is less
than .
9.0.20. (10)
For any H Rp bounded set let B(H) be (a) largest open ball
in H if H has no interior, then let B(H) = . Starting from an A0 Rp
Jordan-measurable set let A1 = A and An+1 = An \ B(An ). Prove that
lim b(An ) = 0.
9.0.21. (9)
126
9.0.22. (8)
9.0.23. (3)
9.0.24. (2)
1
0
2x
f (x, y) dy dx;
x
1
1
x2 +x+1
f (x, y) dy dx
|x|
9.0.25. (3)
Z
1
0
y 2 ex dy dx =?
0
9.0.26. (4)
9.0.27. (3)
9.0.28. (3)
Z
sin(x2 + y 2 ) dx dy =?
2 x2 +y 2 4 2
9.0.29. (7)
9.0.30. (5)
127
9.0.31. (10)
9.0.32. (8)
9.0.33. (5)
9.0.34. (4)
Z
1
0
9.0.35. (3)
2 2
e x +y }.
p
1 + x3 dx
dy =?
1
0
Z
y cos x2 dx
y 2/3
dy =?
9.0.36. (7)
9.0.37. (7)
Prove that if f > 0 on A Rn with positive Jordan measure,
R
then A f dx > 0.
9.0.38. (10)
9.0.39. (6)
Let a R.
/2
ex
cos(ax) dx =?
9.0.40. (6)
128
9.0.41. (4)
1
0
1
2
f (x + y ) dx dy =
0
f .
0
9.0.42. (4)
Z
/2
0
/2
x
sin y
dy
y
dx =?
9.0.43. (3)
9.0.44. (8)
Fn
n=1
9.0.45. (9)
R
R1
Let (s) = 0 xs1 ex dx and B(s, u) = 0 xs1 (1 x)u1 dx
be Eulers Gamma and Beta functions. Show that
B(s, u) =
(s)(u)
.
(s + u)
9.0.46. (7)
9.0.47. (4)
Prove that
en
n=1
9.0.48. (4)
Z
9.0.49. (7)
9.0.50. (7)
1
0
Z
ey dy
x3/4
dx =?
2
Prove that for s > 0 (s) (s) > (s) .
Formulate and prove the Dirichlet and Abel criterions for improper integrals.
129
9.0.51. (6)
integrals.
9.0.52. (7)
derivative?
Is f (t) =
Z tZ
1
9.0.53. (7)
Let f : R3 R be continuous, and
R
G(r) = x2 +y2 r2 f (x, y, r) dx dy (r > 0).
(a) Show that G is continuous.
(b1) Show that if f continuously differentiable, then G is also continuously
differentiable. What is G ?
(b2) Can the condition of continuous differentiablity be weakened?
9.0.54. (8)
9.0.55. (7)
9.0.56. (7)
x2
f (x, y) dy.
x
9.0.58. (10)
r10
an rn = C exists and
n=0
an = C.
n=0
p
x2 + y 2 .
(a) Prove that I(x) I(y) = I
(b) Describe the behavior of I near 0.
(c) I(x) =?
130
9.0.60. (9)
Chapter 10
10.1.1. (3)
10.1.2. (3)
10.1.3. (3)
xy ds =?
(y, x) dg line
10.1.4. (3)
Let be the semicircle which is the right part Rof the circle
centered at 0 with radius a (i.e. those points satisfying x 0). x dy =?
10.1.5. (3)
10.1.6. (4)
a)
sin x d{x} =?
b)
x2 d(y 2 ) =?
where is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 1).
131
132
10.1.7. (4)
y
x
,
1+y 2+x
along the parabola y = x2 segment between the points (1, 1) and (1, 1).
10.1.8. (3)
10.1.9. (4)
10.1.10. (4)
that
10.1.11. (4)
10.2
10.2.1. (3)
Newton-Leibniz Formula
Let g(t) = (t, t2 ) (t [0, 1]). Calculate the line integrals:
Z
Z
cos x dy
h(ex cos x, ex sin y), dxi
g
10.2.2. (3)
Let g(t) = (1, t, t2 ) (t [0, 1]) and f (x, y, z) = (yz, xz, xy).
Calculate the following line integrals:
Z
Z
Z
hf, dxi
f1 dx2
f dx
g
133
Answer
10.2.4. (5)
10.2.5. (5)
Give a continuous vector field f : R2 R2 whose line integral vanishes on every closed rectifiable curve, but which is not everywhere
differentiable.
10.2.6. (7)
10.3
10.3.1. (2)
2
R \ (Z Z)
R3 \ (Z Z Z)
R3 \ {(cos t, sin t, 0) : t R}
R4 \ {(cos t, sin t, 0, 0) : t R}
10.3.2. (3)
10.3.3. (5)
2
R \ {(0, 0)}
R3 \ {t, 0, 0) : t R}
R4 \ {t, 0, 0, 0) : t R}
134
10.3.4. (10)
10.3.5. (6)
10.3.6. (5)
10.3.7. (5)
Which of the following vector fields are gradient fields? For those
that are not, give a closed curve on which the line integral of the field does
not vanish.
!
y
y
x
x
p
,p
(x, y)
(y, x)
,
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
10.3.8. (5)
10.3.9. (4)
Which of the following vector fields are gradient fields? For those
that are not, give a closed curve on which the line integral of the field does
not vanish.
x
y
(cosh y; x sinh y)
(cosh x; y sinh x)
;
;
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
10.3.10. (3)
10.3.11. (9)
135
10.3.12. (10)
figure.
Let G = R2 \ {(1, 0), (1, 0)}, and g be the curve shown in the
y
(a) Show that the line integral of any differentiable irrotational vector field
f : G R2 along g is zero.
(b) Is g homotopic to a point in G?
(c) Is g homologous to 0 in G?
10.3.13. (8)
10.4
Integral Theorems
10.4.1. (1)
Check the statement of Greens theorem for [0, 1] [0, 1] and the
function f (x, y) = xy.
10.4.2. (5)
10.4.3. (2)
div g =?
rot f =?
rot g =?
10.4.4. (3)
From the 9 possible compositions of div, rot, grad which ones are
meaningful? Which ones produce zero?
10.4.5. (5)
div grad f1
rot rot f = grad div f div grad f2 .
div grad f3
136
10.4.6. (8)
that
x dx
dS;
F
dS ;
Z D
E
f, dS ;
F
f dS.
10.4.8. (4)
10.4.9. (9)
E
rot f, dS = hf, dxi .
F
10.4.10. (4)
z, z y).
10.4.11. (4)
z, z y).
Let B = (x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 + z 2 1 and f (x, y, z) = (yz, x
Z
E
f, dS =?
Let B = (x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 + z 2 1 and f (x, y, z) = (yz, x
Z
f dS =?
137
10.4.12. (7)
10.4.13. (5)
10.4.14. (8)
(a) Let G R3 and t (u, v) : [0, 1]3 G be a family of continuously differentiable parametric surfaces for which t (u, v) is independent of
t for any boundary point (u, v) of the unit square. Let also F : G R3 be
continuously differentiable and irrotational. Show that the integral
Z 1Z 1
I(t) =
hDx t (x, y) Dy t (x, y), F (t (x, y)i dx dy
0
Chapter 11
Measure Theory
11.1
11.1.1. (3)
11.1.2. (7)
Set Algebras
Let A and B be -rings. Describe the -ring generated by AB.
What is the smallest possible cardinality of an infinite -ring?
Answer
11.1.3. (5)
11.1.4. (3)
11.1.5. (5)
Show that all open sets are F , and all closed sets are G .
11.1.6. (7)
11.1.7. (6)
140
11.1.8. (5)
11.1.9. (7)
11.2
11.2.1. (8)
(G) < .
11.2.2. (8)
11.2.3. (5)
Let be
a translation-invariant measure on the Borel sets of
R, for which [0, 1] < . Show that is the Lebesgue measure up to a
constant multiple.
99
Show that if H R satisfies ((a, b) H) <
(b a) for all
100
a < b, then H is a null-set.
11.2.4. (5)
11.2.5. (9)
11.2.6. (4)
Let f : R R be monotonically increasing and for all a b let
[a, b] = f (b + 0) f (a 0). What measure does this generate?
11.2.7. (5)
11.2.8. (8)
11.3
141
11.3.1. (2)
measurable.
11.3.2. (2)
11.3.3. (4)
11.3.4. (9)
11.3.5. (2)
11.3.6. (2)
11.3.9. (7)
11.3.10. (5)
11.4
11.4.1. (8)
142
11.4.2. (4)
11.4.3. (4)
11.4.4. (4)
11.4.5. (5)
which lim
11.4.6. (4)
11.4.7. (3)
R1
0
11.4.8. (5)
True or false?
If fn is non-negative and -measurable on a
R
-measurable set A and A fn d < 1/n, then fn 0 -a.e.
11.4.9. (5)
11.4.10. (4)
11.4.11. (8)
11.5
Fubini Theorem
11.5.1. (6)
11.6. Differentiation
143
11.6
11.6.1. (2)
Differentiation
What is the RadonNikodym derivative of the Lebesgue mea-
sure?
11.6.2. (3)
11.6.3. (5)
11.6.4. (4)
11.6.5. (5)
11.6.6. (7)
11.6.7. (9)
Chapter 12
Complex differentiability
12.0.1
Complex numbers
12.0.1. (3)
n
n
n
+ . . . =?
+
+
6
3
0
Hint
12.0.2. (3)
Answer
12.0.3. (4)
12.0.4. (2)
What are the product, the sum and the sum of squares of the
complex mth roots of unity?
Hint
12.0.5. (5)
What is the product, the sum, and the sum of squares of all
primitive m-th roots of unity?
12.0.6. (3)
145
146
12.0.7. (5)
12.0.8. (7)
12.0.9. (7)
12.0.10. (3)
Let w(z) = 12 z + z1 be the so-called Zhukowksy map. What is
the image of
(a) the unit circle?
(b) the interior of the unit circle?
(c) the exterior of the unit circle?
(d) the circles with center 0?
(e) the lines passing through 0?
Answer
Related problem: 12.1.1
12.0.11. (3)
Sketch
the set of
those complex numbers for which
z 1
z 1
= 1;
= 2;
(a)
(b)
z+1
z + 1
(c) arg(z + 1) = arg(2z 1) ( < arg z ).
12.0.12. (3)
147
12.0.13. (3)
z
be the so-called Koebe map. What is the
(1 z)2
image of the unit disc under the Koebe map?
12.0.14. (7)
Let k(z) =
12.0.15. (8)
12.0.16. (5)
(a b)(n) =
m1
X
k=0
a(k)b(n k).
Prove that this makes the set of complex valued functions on Zm a commutative ring with unit.
12.0.17. (6)
2
Let = cos 2
m + i sin m . Define the Fourier transform of a
function a : Zm C by
a
(n) =
m1
X
a(k)nk .
k=0
\
Show that (a
b)(n) = a
(n) b(n).
12.0.18. (8)
transform.
12.0.19. (9)
(i.e.
f (z)
1 if |z| ). Show that the image of f is C.
z
12.0.20. (6)
f (z)
=1
z
X
Prove that
an bn is convergent.
n=1
148
12.0.21. (9)
12.0.2
12.0.22. (9)
z 7 z;
z 7 iz;
z 7
1
;
z
z 7
1
;
z
z 7
zi
1 iz
i
1
1
i
12.1
Regular functions
12.1.1
Complex differentiability
12.1.1. (6)
12.1.2. (3)
149
12.1.3. (3)
12.1.4. (3)
12.1.5. (3)
(x2 y 2 , 2xy);
12.1.6. (3)
p
Show that f (x, y) = |xy| is not differentiable at 0 even though
it satisfies the CauchyRiemann equations there.
12.1.7. (5)
|f (z)|2 dx dy.
12.1.2
12.1.8. (4)
at z0 .
12.1.9. (4)
12.1.10. (5)
12.2
Power series
12.2.1
Domain of convergence
12.2.1. (3)
X
(n2 n)!
0
3n2
zn?
150
12.2.2. (4)
12.2.3. (4)
For which z C is
12.2.4. (4)
For which z C is
convergent?
X
n2
(z + 2i)n convergent?
n
3
n=1
2n
(z +12i)n convergent? Absolutely
n+5
3
n=1
12.2.5. (4)
12.2.6. (4)
Find the Taylor series of 1/z around i and determine its radius
of convergence.
12.2.7. (4)
12.2.8. (3)
zn;
n=0
12.2.9. (5)
(n + 1)(z + 1)n
n=0
(a) f (z) =
X
zn
0
X
(z i)n
;
n!
n=0
X
(z + i)n
.
n
n=1
z = 1.
(b) The function can be analytically continued along any of these points.
12.2.2
12.2.10. (6)
n=0
injective there. Express the area of the image of the unit disc in terms of the
coefficients an .
151
12.2.11. (6)
an z n
n=1
X
1
|an |2 r2n .
|f (z)|2 | dz| =
2r
n=0
|z|=r
12.2.3
Taylor series
12.2.12. (5)
Find the first four terms of the Taylor series around 0 of the
following functions:
z
1
ez 1
a) tan z
b) z
c) ee
d)
e 1
sin z
12.3
Elementary functions
12.3.1
12.3.1. (7)
at 0?
12.3.2. (4)
1
1
when z 6= 0. Is f differentiable
sin z z
Show that the only periods of sin z are 2k, for k an integer.
12.3.3. (6)
Let D be the domain that one gets by deleting discs with center
k (k Z) and radius < /2. Show that both 1/ sin z and cot z are bounded
on D .
12.3.4. (3)
12.3.5. (5)
Does any of the functions eiz , sin z, cos z, tan z, cot z have a limit
as Im z ?
12.3.6. (3)
Prove that
sin(z1 + z2 ) = sin z1 cos z2 + cos z1 sin z2
and
cos(z1 + z2 ) = cos z1 cos z2 sin z1 sin z2 .
152
12.3.7. (4)
Use the Cauchy product of the series that define the complex
exponential to show that ez+w = ez ew .
12.3.8. (3)
z sin z = 1
12.3.2
a)
Complex logarithm
12.3.9. (5)
12.3.10. (5)
c
Let c C and for Re z > 1 let f (z) = (1 + z) = exp c
log(1 + z) , where log is the principal branch. For what c can f be continued
through 1?
12.3.11. (4)
12.3.12. (4)
i/2
log(3 +
3i)?
12.3.13. (6)
12.3.14. (8)
12.3.15. (9)
3
cos z can be defined
153
12.3.16. (9)
cos z
can be defined
1z
12.3.17. (9)
12.3.18. (6)
3
2
5
2
154
12.3.19. (5)
12.3.20. (4)
At which points is the regular branch of log(1 + z) differentiable? What are the Taylor coefficients at 0? At 1? What is the radius of
convergence?
Chapter 13
13.0.1. (4)
Find the following
Z
Z integrals:
a)
Im(z) dz
b)
z dz
c)
|z|=1
d)
1
dz
z
|z|=1
e)
|z|=1
|z|2 dz
ez dz
Z [0,1+i]
1
f)
dz
z2 + 1
|z|=2
[1,i]
13.0.2. (3)
13.0.3. (3)
13.0.4. (3)
|z|=1
|z|2 dz.
[1,i]
155
156
13.0.5. (3)
For which ones can the fundamental theorem of calculus of complex line
integrals be applied?
13.0.6. (3)
13.0.8. (7)
13.0.9. (7)
13.0.4
13.0.10. (7)
Cauchys theorem
Show that for all a C
Z
2
2
ex /2 eiax dx = 2 ea /2 .
13.0.11. (5)
13.0.12. (5)
a)
integrals:Z
Z Find the following
Z
1
dz c)
ez dz b)
z
[0,1+i]
|z|=1
|z|=2
(c) I(R) = 0.
dz
z2 + 1
157
13.0.13. (6)
13.0.14. (6)
13.0.15. (5)
13.1
13.1.1. (8)
13.1.2. (8)
13.1.3. (6)
13.1.4. (8)
that
2
0
158
13.1.5. (7)
Let n Z. Find
Z
|z|=2
zn
dz.
(z 1)(z 3)
13.1.6. (4)
Z
1
2i
|z|=5
Z
13.1.7. (7)
cos z
dz =?
z
|z|=3
|z|=3
ez
dz =?
z
|z|=3
ez
dz =?
z2
ez
dz =?
(z 2)(z 4)
z a 2
|a b|2
z b | dz| = 1 |b|2 + 1.
|z|=1
Hint
Solution
13.1.8. (2)
Z
|z|=2
3z
dz =?
(z 1)2 (z + 3)2
13.1.9. (2)
13.1.10. (5)
13.1.11. (3)
1
2i
|z|=5
cos z
dz =?
z2
|z|=3
ez
dz =?
z8
|z|=3
ez
dz =?
(z 2)3
159
13.1.12. (3)
Z
1
2i
|z|=r
1
2i
|z|=r
1
2i
az
dz;
z2
|z|=r
az
dz.
(z + 2)2
|z|=r
13.2
13.2.1
13.2.1. (9)
The sequence a0 , a1 , . . . , is defined recursively by a0 = 1 and the
n
X
ak
requirement
= 0 for all n 1. Show that for all
nk+1
k=0
n 1 an > 0. (IMO Shortlist, 2006)
Use complex analysis to solve this probem by showing that
Z
dx
.
an =
n
2
x ( + log2 (x 1))
1
13.2.2. (5)
Let f (z) =
n
that |an | ne .
n=0
13.2.3. (9)
Prove that if f is entire and its image is disjoint from the real
interval [1, 1], then f is constant.
Related problem: 12.0.10
13.2.4. (7)
13.2.5. (4)
or above.
160
13.2.6. (3)
13.2.7. (5)
z2 + i
around i.
z2 + z
Find the Taylor series of (1 + x)c = exp c log(1 + z) around
0.
13.2.8. (4)
13.2.9. (6)
13.2.2
Laurent series
13.2.10. (6)
13.2.11. (5)
f (z) =
n=
|f (z)|2 | dz| =
|z|=r
13.2.12. (5)
n=
|an |2 r2n .
ez
around 0 on |z| > 1.
z1
13.2.13. (7)
13.2.14. (3)
2.
13.2.15. (3)
2z 3 1
around i, on 1 < |z i| <
z2 + z
z2
z
around 3 on |z 3| < 1,
3z + 2
1
in 1 < |z 2| < 3.
1z
161
13.2.17. (3)
2).
13.2.18. (5)
1
around 3 (within a disc of radius
1z
13.3
13.3.1
Consequences of analyticity
13.3.1. (3)
13.3.2. (7)
Show that if f takes only real values on the real and imaginary
axes, then f is even.
Hint
13.3.3. (5)
13.3.4. (6)
13.3.5. (7)
then f 0.
13.3.6. (7)
better?
13.3.7. (8)
13.3.2
13.3.8. (7)
(n = 2, 3, . . . ),
1
1
Show that if f O(C), f
< n , then f 0. Can one do
n
2
1
n2
= cos
1
find f (1).
n
AB.
162
13.3.9. (5)
13.3.10. (5)
13.3.11. (9)
max |f (z)|
|z|=r2
log(r3 /r1 )
max |f (z)|
|z|=r1
log(r3 /r2 )
max |f (z)|
|z|=r3
log(r2 /r1 )
13.4
13.4.1
Singularities
13.4.1. (4)
Prove that
z
sin z
and
1
sin z
13.4.2. (5)
13.4.3. (7)
ity?
13.4.4. (4)
13.4.2
13.4.5. (4)
13.4.6. (5)
163
13.4.7. (4)
1
2i
|z|=2
tan z
dx =?
z2 + 1
tan z dz =?
13.4.8. (4)
Z
13.4.9. (3)
points.
13.4.10. (4)
Z
dz
=?
cos z
13.4.11. (4)
164
(a) Compute
(b) Compute
z 20 + 2
dz.
z2 1
sin z
dz.
z
C(0,1)
13.4.12. (4)
Z
dz
=?
(z 1)2 sin z
i
13.4.13. (5)
Z
dz
=?
2
sin z
z
3
i
13.4.14. (5)
1
2i
|z|=1/4
dz
=?
sin z1
13.4.15. (4)
Z
z =?
z4 1
sin
|z|=2
165
13.4.16. (4)
dz
=?
sin z
|z|=r
13.4.17. (7)
13.4.18. (5)
Z
|z|=5
z2
dz =?
sin z
13.4.19. (4)
Z
13.4.3
13.4.20. (5)
13.4.21. (5)
13.4.22. (4)
1
;
z
|z2|=4
Residue calculus
Find the residues of tan z, tan2 z, tan3 z in
What are the residues of
3
2 .
tan z
ez
and
in 0?
1 cos z
tan z sin z
1
;
2
z + 2z
1
;
sin z
ez
(z 2 + 4)3
13.4.23. (5)
z
dz =?
sin z
1
sin ;
z
ez
;
z2 + 4
ez
;
(z 2 + 4)2
ez z 3 + 8
z2 + 1
166
13.4.24. (7)
cot z
dz =?
z8 z6 z4 + z2
13.4.25. (4)
1
2i
13.4.4
tan z dz =?
|z|=5
Applications
Evaluation of series
13.4.26. (5)
elementary methods.
1
. Check your result using
2 1
k
4
k=1
13.4.27. (5)
k=0
1
=?
k2 + k + 1
X
2
1
=
.
2
k
6
k=1
cot(z)
to prove that
z2
167
13.4.29. (5)
X
1
=?
k4
1
2
k
k=1
k=1
1
4
=?
k=1
1
=?
k2 + 1
13.4.30. (5)
k=
13.4.31. (5)
1
=?
2k 2 1
dx
=?
x7 + 1
x
dx =?
x2 + 1
cos x
dx =?
x2 + 1
13.4.34. (6)
Z
13.4.35. (7)
Z
dx
=?
3
x +1
log x
dx =?
2
x +x+1
log2 x
dx =?
x2 + 1
168
13.4.36. (6)
Z
log x
dx =?
x3 + 1
log x
dx =?
x2 1
13.4.37. (6)
Z
13.4.38. (5)
Z
|z|=2
dz
=?
(z 4 + z 2 ) sin z
13.4.39. (5)
Z
13.4.40. (9)
a)
|z|=2
cos x dx =?
dz
=?
(z 2 + 1) sin z
b)
et
dt =?
1 + et
Zi
cosh Az
dz =?
(z + 1)(z + 2)
x4 1
dx =?
x6 1
13.4.42. (7)
sin(3x2 + 1)dx =?
13.4.41. (7)
(0 < < 1)
(A > 0)
13.4.43. (5)
13.4.44. (9)
Z/2
log sin xdx =?
0
13.4.45. (7)
Z
(x 3) cos x
dx =?
x2 6x + 109
169
13.4.46. (6)
a)
cos ax
dx
x 2 + a2
(a > 0)
b)
x sin x
dx
x 2 + a2
13.4.47. (6)
Z
13.4.48. (7)
x
dx =?
x3 + 1
eit
=?
x4 + 1
sin x
dx =?
x
1
Determine for any a > 0 the value of the integral
2i
|z|=2
13.4.49. (7)
+i
Z
ztz
dz =?
z2 + 1
( > 0,
a
d.
1 2
0 < t < 1)
13.4.50. (5)
a)
z
dz =?
sin z
b)
C(i,1)
C(,1)
13.4.51. (5)
Z
a)
d)
Z|zi|=1
|z|=
eiz
dz =?
1 + z2
ez
dz =?
cos z 1
b)
|z|=1
ez
dz =?
(z i)2
ez
dz =?
sin2 z
c)
|z2i|=1
ez
1
dz =?
1
13.4.52. (5)
13.4.53. (6)
170
13.4.54. (5)
1
2
13.4.55. (7)
(eit + eit )n dt =?
Re z=0
13.4.56. (4)
a)
|z|=2
z 10
dz =?
(z 1)7
az
dz.
1
z2
b)
|z|=21
1
dz =?
z(z 1) . . . (z 20)
X
an
absolutely conns
n=1
verges for Re s 1 and let X > 0 be real. Find the following integrals:
Z
Z
Xs
Xs
1
1
f (z)
f (z) 2
lim
h 2i Re s=1,| Im s|h
s
2i Re s=1
s
Z
Xs
1
f (z)
2i Re s=1
s(s + 1)
13.4.57. (9)
13.4.5
13.4.58. (3)
disc?
171
13.4.59. (3)
13.4.60. (3)
13.4.61. (3)
13.4.62. (5)
rem.
13.4.63. (4)
13.4.64. (5)
Prove that az n +3z +1 has a root in the unit disc for any a C.
Chapter 14
Conformal maps
14.1
14.1.1. (4)
z1 z3
is real if and only if z1 , z2
z2 z3
z1 z3 z1 z4
:
is real if
z2 z3 z2 z4
14.1.2. (5)
14.1.3. (3)
Show that the map 1/z preserves cross-ratio, i.e. ( z11 , z12 , z13 , z14 ) =
(z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ). Find other maps with this property.
14.1.4. (5)
14.1.5. (6)
14.1.6. (7)
14.1.7. (7)
to itself?
173
174
14.1.8. (3)
14.1.9. (3)
14.1.10. (3)
1 that
14.1.11. (5)
(a) Prove that for all f C[z] one can find g C[z] with the
property that g has no roots inside the unit disc and |g(z)| = |f (z)| for
|z| = 1.
(b) Prove the same for meromorphic functions on C. For all meromorphic
f one can find a meromorphic g which has no poles or zeros inside the unit
disc and which satisfies |g| = |f | on the unit circle.
14.1.12. (5)
14.1.13. (5)
for |z| = 1?
14.1.14. (7)
Let f be regular on the disc |z| < 1 + except for finitely many
poles. Assume that f (0) = 1 and that the zeros and poles of f inside the unit
disc listed with multiplicity are 1 , 2 , . . . , n , and p1 , p2 , . . . , pm respectively.
Prove that
Z
p1 p2 . . . p m
1
.
log |f (z)| |dz| = log
2 |z|=1
1 2 . . . n
(If there are no zeros or poles, then the respective product, that is empty, is
1.)
14.1.15. (6)
175
14.1.16. (5)
14.1.17. (4)
(a) Prove that all fractional linear transformations can be expressed as a composition of translations, rotations, dilations and conjugate
inversion (inversion with respect to the unit circle followed by conjugation).
(b) Derive from this the basic properties of fractional linear transformations, they are bijective conformal maps of the Riemann sphere to itself that
preserve the cross-ratio and circlines.
14.1.18. (5)
14.1.19. (5)
14.1.20. (5)
14.2
14.2.1. (5)
176
D1
D2
14.2.2. (7)
Find a conformal bijection between the unit disc and the domain
in the figure.
a)
b)
c)
1
2i
21
1
2
21
1
2
21 i
14.2.3. (7)
Find conformal bijections between the unit disc and the domains
in the figure.
angle domain
half plane
sector of disk
strip
14.2.4. (9)
disk
half strip
177
D2
D1
14.2.6. (6)
14.2.7. (5)
14.2.8. (5)
14.2.9. (7)
Number the domains cut by the coordinate axes and the unit
circles by Roman numerals, as in the figure. Describe all biholomorphisms
that permute these domains.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
What possible permutations arise?
VIII.
178
14.2.10. (5)
Find conformal bijections from the domains in the figore and the
upper half-plane Im w > 0!
(a) {z : |z| > 1}\[2, 1]
(b) C\[1, 0]\[1, )
(c) {z : |z| < 1, Im z > 0}\ 0, 2i
(d) {z : 0 < arg z < /2, |z| > 1}\[1 + i, )
14.2.11. (7)
14.3
Schwarz lemma
14.3.1. (5)
14.3.2. (6)
14.3.3. (6)
14.3.4. (5)
14.3.5. (7)
Let T , R Aut S(0, 1) and T (a)
= R(a) = 0. Prove that
T = cR for some |c| = 1. Describe Aut S(0, 1) using this observation.
14.3.6. (7)
Show that
14.3.7. (6)
Assume that f is regular on the unit disc and satisfies |f (z)| < 1.
|f (z)|
1
.
1 |f (z)|2
1 |z|2
179
14.3.8. (7)
Show that
14.3.9. (7)
14.3.10. (7)
14.3.11. (6)
zn+1 =
zn + a n
.
1 + a n zn
Prove that an 1.
14.3.12. (9)
1
sup f (z) .
a
zD
sup f (z) exp
zD
14.4
14.4.1. (10)
1 a2
.
4a
(Schweitzer competition, 2012)
Solution
Caratheodorys theorem
180
14.4.2. (9)
Show that domains r1 < |z| < R1 and r2 < |z| < R2 are
R2
R1
=
.
biholomorphic if and only if
r1
r2
14.5
14.5.1. (5)
14.5.2. (5)
Part II
Solutions
181
Chapter 15
Answer:
A
I
I
N
N
B
I
N
I
N
A (B A)
I
I
N
I
Back
1.0.4.
x, y, z, w H
3.
x, y H
2.
4.
xH
xR
yH
y<x
yH
x<y
x<y
zH
x<z<y
183
184
Back
1.0.8.
1.0.14.
A Texas Instruments SN7402N integrated circuit, with 4 independent NOR logic gates
185
Hint: Use the binomial theorem.
Back
1.0.26.
Back
1.0.32.
At least how many steps do you need to move the 64 stories high
Hanoi tower?
Towers of Hanoi
186
1.0.55.
Prove that the following identity holds for all positive integer n:
1
1
n 1 + + . . . + < 2 n.
n
2
Hint: The trivial estimate gives the lower bound, the upper bound can be
obtained by induction.
Back
1.0.68.
a + bx4
minimal?
x2
Show that no ordering can make the field of complex numbers into an
ordered field.
Hint: Show that x2 0 holds in every ordered field.
1.1.12.
Back
axiom?
Hint: The function x/1 is greater than all positive integers.
Back
1.1.13.
187
Hint: Suppose that some element L R is greater than all positive integers.
1
and b = 1 + L1 .
Let a = 1 + 2L
Back
1.1.14.
Does the ordered field of rational functions satisfy the Cantor axiom?
Hint: Let In = n; nx .
Back
1.1.18.
Which axioms of the reals are satisfied for the set of rational numbers
(with the usual operations and ordering)?
Answer: Only the Cantor axiom is not satisfied.
Back
1.1.37.
Does the ordered field of the rational functions satisfy the completeness
theorem: all non-empty set has a supremum?
Hint: Consider R as a subset of the field of the rational functions.
Solution
Back
1.1.38.
1.1.39.
188
Define recursively the sequence xn+1 = xn xn + n1 for any x1 . Show
that there is exactly one x1 for which 0 < xn < xn+1 < 1 for any n.
(IMO 1985/6)
Hint: Let f1 (x) = x and fn+1 (x) = fn (x) fn (x) + n1 .
1.1.40.
(a) For the uniqueness prove that if x < y and the sequences (fn (x)) and
(fn (y)) are increasing, then fn (y) fn (x) > n(y x).
(b) Let an and bn be the real numbers for which fn+1 (an ) = fn (an ) and
fn (bn ) = 1. Apply Cantors axiom to the intervals [an , bn ].
Back
2.1.12.
Hint: Show that if the set A = {an : n N} has no maximum, then the
sequence an has a subsequence ank sup A.
Back
2.1.43.
Back
2.2.11.
n100
=?
1, 1n
189
Hint: See the solution of 2.2.4.
Back
2.4.19.
Let a > 0.
lim
n
n + an =?
Is
xn =
sin n
sin 1 sin 2
+ 2 + ... + n
2
2
2
convergent?
Hint: Check the Cauchy criterion.
Back
2.8.15.
1
n2 ,
Assume that g(x) = lim f (t) exists in every point. Prove that g(x) is
tx
continuous.
Hint: f continuous image of convergent sequence is convergent + diagonal method.
Back
5.3.5.
Hint: No. Consider a 1/n-grid on the unit square. For the partition corresponding to the preimages of the vertices of the grid has variation > n2 1/n.
Back
5.4.2.
190
c
Let f be continuous, g(x) = d
e
Z
if x <
if x >
if x =
f dg =?
Hint: f ( a+b
2 )(d c).
5.6.6.
a+b
2
a+b
2
a+b
2
Back
3
0
cos t
dt
t
1 t
/2
cos t
Hint: cost t > 1/2
>
t . Or:
t
t . Or: Integration by parts 1/t =
6.0.31.
Convergent or divergent?
1
n
log
n
n=2
Hint: Use the 6.0.30 condensation lemma.
Back
6.0.32.
1
n(log n)1+
n=2
Hint: Use the 6.0.30 condensation lemma.
Back
191
8.1.31.
lim(0,0) (x2 + y 2 )x
2 2
=?
Answer: 1
Back
10.2.3.
Answer: Yes.
Back
11.1.2.
Answer: Continuum.
Back
11.6.3.
12.0.1.
n
n
n
+
+
+ . . . =?
0
3
6
192
What are the product, the sum and the sum of squares of the complex
mth roots of unity?
Hint: Use the fact that these are exactly the roots of xm 1.
Back
Let w(z) = 21 z + z1 be the so-called Zhukowksy map. What is the
image of
(a) the unit circle?
(b) the interior of the unit circle?
(c) the exterior of the unit circle?
(d) the circles with center 0?
(e) the lines passing through 0?
12.0.10.
z a 2
|a b|2
z b | dz| = 1 |b|2 + 1.
|z|=1
Answer: 6.
13.3.1.
Back
193
Solution
Back
13.3.2.
Show that if f takes only real values on the real and imaginary axes,
then f is even.
Chapter 16
Solutions
1.0.12.
1.0.42.
Prove that
Back
1
1
4
1
1
n+1
1
... 1 2 =
.
9
n
2n
196
1.0.49.
16. Solutions
Back
Prove that the following identity holds for all positive integer n:
1
1
n
1
+
+ ... +
=
.
13 35
(2n 1) (2n + 1)
2n + 1
1
=
Solution: Induction on n. For n = 1 we have 13
the identity holds for n, then for n + 1 we have
1
3
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
+
13 35
(2n 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3)
n
1
=
+
by the ind. hyp.
2n + 1 (2n + 1) (2n + 3)
2n2 + 3n + 1
n+1
n(2n + 3) + 1
=
=
,
=
(2n + 1) (2n + 3)
(2n + 1) (2n + 3)
2(n + 1) + 1
L.H.S. =
1
1
1
Solution 2: Since (2n1)(2n+1)
= 12 2n1
2n+1
, we get a telescopic
sum, therefore
1 1
1
1
1 1
+
+ +
2 L.H.S. =
1 3
3 5
2n 1 2n + 1
2n
1
=
.
=1
2n + 1
2n + 1
1.0.51.
Back
Prove that the following identity holds for all positive integer n:
13 + . . . + n3 =
n (n + 1)
2
2
1 + . . . + n + (n + 1) =
= (n + 1)2
Solution 2.
n (n + 1)
2
2
+ (n + 1)3 =
2
n2
(n + 2)2
(n + 1)(n + 2)
.
+ n + 1 = (n + 1)2
=
4
4
4
197
12
12
16
The sum P
of the numbers in the n-th
square is ( i)2 , the sum of the numbers
connected with curves is n2 , and we have
n 1 on one level and we also have n2 in
the lower right corner.
Back
1.0.56.
Show that for all positive integer n 6 a square can be divided into
n squares.
Solution: Dividing a square into for ones of half the side we see that if a
square can be divided into n squares, then it can also be divided into n + 3
squares. On the other hand we have the solutions for 1, 6 and 8:
2k + 2, 2k + 5
Back
a2
b2
c2
+
+
3.
bc
ac ab
Solution: Apply the AM-GM inequality to the terms on the left-hand side:
r
b2
c2
a2
2
b2 c 2
3 a
3
bc + ac + ab
= 1 = 1.
3
bc ac ab
1.0.74.
Back
Which rectangular box has the greatest volume among the ones with
given surface area?
sz-m
3
Solution: A = 2(ab + ac + bc) = 6 ab+ac+bc
6 a2 b2 c2 = 6V 2/3 . Equality
3
can occur only for ab = ac = bc, i.e. for the case of the cube.
198
16. Solutions
1.0.77.
Back
Back
Prove that the cylinder with the least surface area among the ones
with given volume V is the cylinder whose height equals the diameter of its
base.
r
A
2r2 + rh + rh AM-GM
V2
3
3
2
Solution:
=
2r rh rh = 2 2 .
3
3
Back
n
n
+
1
1.0.79. Prove that n! <
.
2
AM-GM n+1
n
2
Solution: n!
for n > 1.
n
Back
1.0.83. Prove that for any sequence a1 , a2 , . . . , an of positive real numbers,
1
1
a1
1
a1
2
+
1
a2
1
a1
1
a2
1
a3
+. . .+
1
a1
1
a2
n
+ ... +
1
an
(K
oMaL N. 189., November 1998)
Solution: Applying the weighted AM-HM inequality,
n
X
1
k=1 a1
n
X
k=1
k
+ ... +
1
a2
n
X
k=1
1
ak
n
X
k=1
k+1
1
a1
1 + 2 + ... + k
+ 2a22 + . . . + kakk
1 a1 + 2 2a2 + . . . + k kak
2
=
k+1
1 + 2 + ... + k
n
X
n
X
n
n
X
X
4
2(2k + 1)
2
i
a
<
=
i
2
k(k + 1)
k 2 (k + 1)2
i=1
i=1
i=1
i=k
i=k
X
n
n
n
X
X
2
2
2
2
2
<
<
i
a
=
i2 a i
i
k2
(k + 1)2
i2
(n + 1)2
i=1
i=1
4
k(k + 1)2
k
X
i2 a i =
i2 a i
i=k
<
n
X
i=1
i2 a i
n
X
2
=
2
ai .
i2
i=1
199
Remark: The constant 2 on the right-hand side is sharp. If ai = 1i and n is
sufficiently large, the ratio between the two sides can be arbitrarily close to
1.
Back
1.1.3.
Using the field axioms prove the following statement: (a)(b) = ab.
Solution: a + (1) a = 1 a + (1) a = (1 + (1)) a = 0, because of the
definition of 1 and 1 and distributivity. Therefore the uniqueness of the
additive inverse implies (1) a = a. = (a)(b) = ((1) a)((1) b),
which further equals ((1) (1))ab because associativity of multiplication
and commutativity. Finally it is easy to see that (1) (1) = 1.
Back
1.1.37. Does the ordered field of the rational functions satisfy the completeness
theorem: all non-empty set has a supremum?
Solution: No.
Denote by R(x) the ordered field of the rational functions. Mapping the
real numbers to the constant functions, R can be considered as an ordered
subfield of R(x). We show that R is non-empty, bounded from above but it
has no smallest upper bound.
x
R is obviously non-empty. The function x = R(x) is an upper bound
1
xa
> 0. Hence, R is a
of R because for any a R we have x a =
1
non-empty subset of R(x) and it is bounded from above.
Now we show that R has no smallest upper bound. If K R(x) is an
upper bound, then K 1 is also an upper bound since for every a R we
have a + 1 R a + 1 K a K.
Back
1.1.42. Prove that (1 + x)r 1 + rx if r Q, 0 < r < 1 and x 1.
Solution: r = p/q,
p
q
(1 + x)p 1qp
AM-GM
p(1+x)+(qp)
.
q
2.1.18.
Back
2.1.27.
1
n2
and yn = n.
Back
Solution: (a) 1 +
2
n
(b) 1 +
1
n
2.
200
2.1.30.
16. Solutions
Does
an a?
a2n
a3n
Back
a imply that
then |an a| =
2.1.47.
|a3n a3 |
a2n +aan +a2
|a3n a3 |
3(a/2)2
n+
Back
p(n + 1)
= 1.
p(n)
Solution: Simplify by a0 nk :
k
1 + n1 + a(n)
p(n + 1)
=
,
p(n)
1 + b(n)
where a(n) 0 and b(n) 0.
Back
2.1.54.
n
8
4
4 8 . . . 2
2n < n + 1.
n
2n .
It is easy to check by
Back
201
n
n
1
(n/2)k+1 if n > 2(k + 1).
> (k+1)!
if n > k + 1. k+1
Solution: 2n > k+1
1
k+1
> nk if n > 2k+1 (k + 1)!. This estimate is not sharp: logn n >
(k+1)! (n/2)
2
k. E.g. for k = 10 it holds from n = 60.
Back
2.2.10. Prove that for the sequence a1 = 1, an+1 = an + 1 we have a10001 >
100 (see the 2.2.9 exercise and its solution.)
an
n an2 +1 > a1 + n2 n1
2.3.1.
1
ai
>
1
n
Back
Back
Find a sequence such that the set of limit points of it is [0, 1].
Solution: List the elements of a countable dense subset of [0, 1]. (E.g. [0, 1]
Q.)
Back
n
2.4.6. Calculate limn 2n n.
Solution:
2=
2n
r
p
n
n 1
n
n
n
n1
> 2 n> 2 2
=2
,
2
for n big enough. The RHS tends to 2 by 2.4.5, so the sandwich theorem
implies the result.
Back
2.4.17.
1
lim
=?
2
n( n 1 n)
Solution:
1
1
n2 1 n
=
=
n( n2 1 n)
n( n2 1 n) n2 1 n
therefore lim n(n211n) = 2.
1
n2
+1
Back
202
2.4.24.
16. Solutions
Is
p
n
convergent?
Solution: 1 <
2.5.19.
n2 + cos n
3
n
n
n2 + cos n < n3 = ( n n) 13 = 1.
Let a1 = 1, an+1
which an 10.
Back
2
= an + 2 . Prove the existence of an n N, for
an
2
a2n
>
2
100
an+1 > a1 + n
2
2
=1+n
,
100
100
2
= 11,
100
Back
Prove that
1+
1
n
n+1
>
2.6.10.
1+
1
n+1
n+2
1 n+1
n
Solution:
an
therefore an e.
1
1+
n+1
1
1+
n+1
n+1
e,
203
Back
2.7.1.
Solution: Yes, since we have an ank a convergent subsequence and because of the monotonicity n > nk |an a| |ank a|, therefore an a.
Back
2.8.6.
Prove that
X
1
< 2.
2
n
n=1
Solution:
1
n2
<
1
(n1)n
and
1
n=2 (n1)n
2.8.8.
1
n2
= 1 (telescopic sum).
Back
and a2n+1 =
1
n3 .
Back
3.1.2.
Show that the following functions are injective on the given set H,
and calculate the inverse.
1. f (x) =
x
, H = [1, 1];
x+1
Solution: f 1 (y) =
y
1|y| ,
2. f (x) =
x
, H = R.
|x| + 1
y (1, 1).
3.1.6.
Back
204
16. Solutions
3.4.2.
3.4.7.
Back
ea1 b1
ea2 b1
det .
..
ean b1
e a 1 b2
e a 2 b2
..
.
...
...
..
.
e a n b2
...
e a 1 bn
e a 2 bn
.. > 0.
.
e a n bn
(K
oMaL A. 463., October 2008)
e
e a 1 b2 . . . e a 1 bn
e a 2 b1 e a 2 b2 . . . e a 2 bn
det .
..
.. =
..
..
.
.
.
ean b1
e a 1 b1
a
1
e b1 e c 2 b1
= det
..
e a 1 b1 e c n b1
e a n b2
...
e a n bn
ea1 b2
a1 b2 c2 b2
e
e
..
.
...
...
..
.
ea1 b2 ecn b2
...
ec2 b1
ea1 bn
ea1 bn ec2 bn
=
..
ea1 bn ecn bn
e c 2 b2
..
.
...
...
..
.
e c n b2
...
e c 2 bn
.. ,
.
e c n bn
205
To eliminate the first row, subtract the (n 1)th column from the nth
column. Then subtract the (n 2)th column from the (n 1)th column, and
so on, finally subtract the first column from the second column. Then
1
1
...
1
e c 2 b1 e c 2 b2 . . . e c 2 bn
det .
..
.. =
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ecn b1 ecn b2 . . . ecn bn
0
e c 2 b1
e c 3 b1
..
.
0
ec2 b2
ec3 b2
..
.
...
...
...
..
.
0
ec2 bn1
ec3 bn1
=
..
e c 2 b1 e c 2 b2
e c 2 bn
e c 2 b3
cb
c
b
c
b
3 1 e3 2
e3 3
e c 3 bn
= det e
..
.
ecn b1 ecn b2 ecn b1 ecn b3 ecn b2 . . . ecn bn ecn bn1
c 2 b2
e
ec2 b1 ec2 b3 ec2 b2 . . . ec2 bn ec2 bn1
ec3 b2 ec3 b1 ec3 b3 ec3 b2 . . . ec3 bn ec3 bn1
= det
.
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
e c n b2 e c n b1
f (t) = det .
..
ec n t
Then
ec2 b2
ec3 b2
det
ecn b2
ecn b3 ecn b2
...
e c 2 b3 e c 2 b2
e c 3 b3 e c 3 b2
..
.
...
...
..
.
ecn b3 ecn b2
...
e c 2 b1
e c 3 b1
..
.
e c 2 b3 e c 2 b2
e c 3 b3 e c 3 b2
..
.
...
...
..
.
e c n b1
ecn b3 ecn b2
...
.
..
= f (b2 ) f (b1 ).
..
By Lagranges mean value theorem, there exists a b1 < x1 < b2 such that
f (b2 ) f (b1 ) = (b2 b1 )f (x1 ), i.e.,
e c 2 b2
e c 3 b2
det
e c n b2
e c 2 b1
e c 3 b1
..
.
e c 2 b3 e c 2 b2
e c 3 b3 e c 3 b2
..
.
...
...
..
.
e c n b1
e c n b3 e c n b2
...
=
..
206
16. Solutions
c 2 ec 2 x 1
c 3 ec 3 x 1
= (b2 b1 ) det .
..
c n ec n x 1
e c 2 b3 e c 2 b2
e c 3 b3 e c 3 b2
..
.
...
...
..
.
e c n b3 e c n b2
...
.
..
Repeating the same argument for each column, it can be obtained that
there exist real numbers xi (bi , bi+1 ) (1 i n 1) such that
cb
det
=
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
e c n b2 e c n b1
cx
c2 e 2 1 c2 ec2 x2 . . . c2 ec2 xn1
n1
Y
..
..
..
=
(bi+1 bi ) det ...
=
.
.
.
i=1
cn ecn x1 cn ecn x2 . . . cn ecn xn1
cx
..
.. .
..
ci det ...
(bi+1 bi )
=
.
.
.
cn x1
cn x2
cn xn1
i=2
i=1
e
e
... e
Back
n1
|a | > 1 +
2k 2
.
n
a () = f () (1) = 0.
207
The polynomials 0 (y), . . . , k (y) form a basis of the vector space of polynok
P
c (y) with some real numbers
mials with degree at most k, so q(y) =
=0
c0 , . . . , ck . Then
n
X
a q() =
=0
n
X
k
X
c ()
=0
=0
k
X
=0
n
X
a ()
=0
= 0.
1+
( n + 1)2
= cosh k log
= cosh k log
n1
1
6.0.30.
Then
|a |
n1
X
=0
1+x
1x
1
n
1
n
2k
> cosh .
n
> 2x.)
2k 2
2k
.
a q() = q(n) > cosh > 1 +
n
n
Back
an
n=1
convergent
2k a2k
convergent.
k=1
Solution:
a1 +
a1 +
1
2 a1 +
a2 +
a2 +
a2 +
a2 +
a3 +
a4 +
a4 + a4 +
a4 + a5 +
a4 + a8 +
a4 +
a6 +
a8 +
a4 + a8 +
a7 + a8 +
a8 + a8 +
208
16. Solutions
Back
11.1.6.
and let
An = In =
1
n
I.
IIn
12.0.9.
Back
k=2
1
(1 u2 ) . . . (1 un1 ) + . . . + (1 u3 ) . . . (1 un )
a2
=
= .
1 uk
(1 u2 ) . . . (1 un )
a1
(1 v1 ) . . . (1 vn2 ) + . . . + (1 v2 . . . vn1 )
2a2
1
=
=
.
1 v
(1 v1 ) . . . (1 vn1 )
a1
209
Combining the two equations,
n1
X
=1
X 1
1
=2
.
1 v
1 uk
k=2
For every k, the number uk lies in the unit disc (or on its boundary), and
1 uk lies in the circle with center 1 and unit radius (or on its boundary).
The operation of taking reciprocals can be considered as the combination of
1
lies in
an inversion from pole 0 and mirroring over the real axis. Hence 1u
k
1
1
1
the half plane Re z 2 , i.e. Re 1uk 2 .
Summing up these inequalities,
max Re
1n1
n1
n
1
1
1
1 X
2 X
Re
Re
=
1,
1 v
n1
1 v
n1
1 uk
=1
k=2
1
lies in the half plane Re z 1.
so at least one 1v
Re
1
1 (1 v )
1 v
i
1 1
v
2
2
1 1
= Re v 0.
2 2
1 uk
1
2
uk
1
1uk
1
1v
v
0
1
0
1 v
13.1.7.
z a 2
|a b|2
z b | dz| = 1 |b|2 + 1.
|z|=1
Back
210
16. Solutions
Solution:
1
2
Z
z a 2
(z a)(z a) dz
| dz| = 1
=
z b
2
iz
|z|=1
|z|=1 (z b)(z b)
Z
(z a)( z1 a) dz
1
=
=
2i |z|=1 (z b)( z1 b) z
Z
1
1
1
(z a)(1 az)
=
dz =
2i |z|=1
zb z
b(1 bz)
(z a)(1 az)
(z a)(1 az)
=
=
b(1 bz)
b(1 bz)
z=b
z=0
(b a)(1 ab) a
(a b)(a b)
|a b|2
=
+ =
+1=
+ 1.
b
1 |b|2
b(1 bb)
1 bb
13.3.1.
Back
14.3.12.
1
k .
Back
Let D = {z C : |z| < 1} be the complex unit disc and let 0 < a < 1
be a real number. Suppose that f : D C is a holomorphic function such
that f (a) = 1 and f (a) = 1.
(a) Prove that
1
sup f (z) .
a
zD
sup f (z) exp
zD
1 a2
.
4a
(Schweitzer competition, 2012)
211
f (z) f (z)
for z 6= 0 and let g(0) = f (0). This
2z
is a holomorphic function too, satisfying g(a) = 1(1)
= a1 . For a < r < 1,
2a
by the triangle inequality and the maximum principle we have
Solution: (a) Let g(z) =
|f (z)| + |f (z)|
2r
|z|=r
|z|=r
r
r max |g(z)| r |g(a)| = .
a
|z|=r
zD
z+a
,
1 + az
(z) =
and
: H D,
(z) =
1 (z) =
za
1 az
z
.
2 log M z
h
1 (a) = 1+a
1+a2 1+a2 , so
2
2a
ki
= q
h(1 (a)) = |(g(a))| =
2
1+a
2 log M ki
|k|
log M
2
s
1 + a2
2a
2
1=
2 log M 2
|k|
+1
|k| 1 a2
1 a2
.
2
2a
4a
have equality for f (z) = in part (a), and for f (z) = i exp
a
iz + 1 2a
in part (b).
Back