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    Exercise 4 - Recovery calculations Part 1 Starting with Darcy´s equations for updip displacement of oil by water in a system of dip angle  : qo   kkroA o Po x   ogsin       qw   kkrwA w  Po Pc   x   wgsin       show all steps in the derivation of the following expression for fraction of water flowing, including capillary pressure and gravity: fw  qw qw  qo  1 kkroA q o  Pc  x  gsin      1  kro o w krw where q  qw  qo. (Hint: start by elimination of oil pressure by combination of the two equations) Part 2 Derive the expression for fraction of water flowing, including only gravity, based on the following parameters: -Relative permeability curves:    1 2 ( ) /(1 ) ( ) /(1 ) n rw rw w wir or wir n ro ro o or or wir k k S S S S k k S S S S           -Reduced water saturation: or wir w wir S S S S S     1 -Endpoint water-oil mobility ratio rw o ro w M  k  / k  -Gravity Number u N kk g o ro g    '  Plot the fraction of water flowing vs. saturation as follows: (n1=n2=2, Swir=Sor=0.2) 1- Varing endpoint mobility ratio and horizontal flow (M=10, 1, 0.1) 2- Varing gravity number and M=1 ( ' g N sinδ= -4, 0, 4) 3- Explain the effect of each parameter on the fraction of water and draw a conclusion. Part 3 Oil is being displaced by water in a horizontal, linear system under diffuse flow conditions. The relative permeabilities are given by    3 3 ( ) /(1 ) ( ) /(1 ) rw rw w wir or wir ro ro o or or wir k k S S S S k k S S S S           where endpoint relative permeabilities are   0.85,   0.35 ro rw k k and endpoint saturations are  0.25,  0.25 or wir S S The pressure is maintained during the displacement process, and the formation volume factors and the viscosities are B cP B cP o o w w  1.25,  1 ,  1.1,  0.5 TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2016 Exercise 4 Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Jon Kleppe Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics 13.9.16 Use Excel for the following calculations and plots: a) Neglect capillary pressure and make plots of fw for the case above and for a case where the oil viscosity is 15 times higher. Find the oil recoveries at the time of water break-through for the two cases, and also water cuts at both reservoir and surface conditions. b) Plot the Buckley-Leverett solution (Sw vs. Distance) for both cases approximately and show the difference between the front and the average water saturation in both cases. c) What are the positions (in fractions of the reservoir length) of water saturations of 0.7, 0.6 and 0.5 at the time of water break-through? Hint: Use the Buckley-Leverett equation: xSw  qinj t A dfw dSw       Sw d) Make a f w plot for the base case but with vertical displacement (from bottom) and determine the oil recovery at water break-through. Compare with the horizontal case. Use the following additional data: o  0.6, w 1 (g/cm3 ) g  9.81 (m/ s2 ) Assume an injection velocity of u  q A  0,0005 cm/ s and k=1 D NB: Make sure units are consistent!

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    Ex 4

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    Exercise 4 - Recovery calculations Part 1 Starting with Darcy´s equations for updip displacement of oil by water in a system of dip angle  : qo   kkroA o Po x   ogsin       qw   kkrwA w  Po Pc   x   wgsin       show all steps in the derivation of the following expression for fraction of water flowing, including capillary pressure and gravity: fw  qw qw  qo  1 kkroA q o  Pc  x  gsin      1  kro o w krw where q  qw  qo. (Hint: start by elimination of oil pressure by combination of the two equations) Part 2 Derive the expression for fraction of water flowing, including only gravity, based on the following parameters: -Relative permeability curves:    1 2 ( ) /(1 ) ( ) /(1 ) n rw rw w wir or wir n ro ro o or or wir k k S S S S k k S S S S           -Reduced water saturation: or wir w wir S S S S S     1 -Endpoint water-oil mobility ratio rw o ro w M  k  / k  -Gravity Number u N kk g o ro g    '  Plot the fraction of water flowing vs. saturation as follows: (n1=n2=2, Swir=Sor=0.2) 1- Varing endpoint mobility ratio and horizontal flow (M=10, 1, 0.1) 2- Varing gravity number and M=1 ( ' g N sinδ= -4, 0, 4) 3- Explain the effect of each parameter on the fraction of water and draw a conclusion. Part 3 Oil is being displaced by water in a horizontal, linear system under diffuse flow conditions. The relative permeabilities are given by    3 3 ( ) /(1 ) ( ) /(1 ) rw rw w wir or wir ro ro o or or wir k k S S S S k k S S S S           where endpoint relative permeabilities are   0.85,   0.35 ro rw k k and endpoint saturations are  0.25,  0.25 or wir S S The pressure is maintained during the displacement process, and the formation volume factors and the viscosities are B cP B cP o o w w  1.25,  1 ,  1.1,  0.5 TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2016 Exercise 4 Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Jon Kleppe Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics 13.9.16 Use Excel for the following calculations and plots: a) Neglect capillary pressure and make plots of fw for the case above and for a case where the oil viscosity is 15 times higher. Find the oil recoveries at the time of water break-through for the two cases, and also water cuts at both reservoir and surface conditions. b) Plot the Buckley-Leverett solution (Sw vs. Distance) for both cases approximately and show the difference between the front and the average water saturation in both cases. c) What are the positions (in fractions of the reservoir length) of water saturations of 0.7, 0.6 and 0.5 at the time of water break-through? Hint: Use the Buckley-Leverett equation: xSw  qinj t A dfw dSw       Sw d) Make a f w plot for the base case but with vertical displacement (from bottom) and determine the oil recovery at water break-through. Compare with the horizontal case. Use the following additional data: o  0.6, w 1 (g/cm3 ) g  9.81 (m/ s2 ) Assume an injection velocity of u  q A  0,0005 cm/ s and k=1 D NB: Make sure units are consistent!

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    Exercise 4 - Recovery calculations Part 1 Starting with Darcy´s equations for updip displacement of oil by water in a system of dip angle  : qo   kkroA o Po x   ogsin       qw   kkrwA w  Po Pc   x   wgsin       show all steps in the derivation of the following expression for fraction of water flowing, including capillary pressure and gravity: fw  qw qw  qo  1 kkroA q o  Pc  x  gsin      1  kro o w krw where q  qw  qo. (Hint: start by elimination of oil pressure by combination of the two equations) Part 2 Derive the expression for fraction of water flowing, including only gravity, based on the following parameters: -Relative permeability curves:    1 2 ( ) /(1 ) ( ) /(1 ) n rw rw w wir or wir n ro ro o or or wir k k S S S S k k S S S S           -Reduced water saturation: or wir w wir S S S S S     1 -Endpoint water-oil mobility ratio rw o ro w M  k  / k  -Gravity Number u N kk g o ro g    '  Plot the fraction of water flowing vs. saturation as follows: (n1=n2=2, Swir=Sor=0.2) 1- Varing endpoint mobility ratio and horizontal flow (M=10, 1, 0.1) 2- Varing gravity number and M=1 ( ' g N sinδ= -4, 0, 4) 3- Explain the effect of each parameter on the fraction of water and draw a conclusion. Part 3 Oil is being displaced by water in a horizontal, linear system under diffuse flow conditions. The relative permeabilities are given by    3 3 ( ) /(1 ) ( ) /(1 ) rw rw w wir or wir ro ro o or or wir k k S S S S k k S S S S           where endpoint relative permeabilities are   0.85,   0.35 ro rw k k and endpoint saturations are  0.25,  0.25 or wir S S The pressure is maintained during the displacement process, and the formation volume factors and the viscosities are B cP B cP o o w w  1.25,  1 ,  1.1,  0.5 TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2016 Exercise 4 Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Jon Kleppe Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics 13.9.16 Use Excel for the following calculations and plots: a) Neglect capillary pressure and make plots of fw for the case above and for a case where the oil viscosity is 15 times higher. Find the oil recoveries at the time of water break-through for the two cases, and also water cuts at both reservoir and surface conditions. b) Plot the Buckley-Leverett solution (Sw vs. Distance) for both cases approximately and show the difference between the front and the average water saturation in both cases. c) What are the positions (in fractions of the reservoir length) of water saturations of 0.7, 0.6 and 0.5 at the time of water break-through? Hint: Use the Buckley-Leverett equation: xSw  qinj t A dfw dSw       Sw d) Make a f w plot for the base case but with vertical displacement (from bottom) and determine the oil recovery at water break-through. Compare with the horizontal case. Use the following additional data: o  0.6, w 1 (g/cm3 ) g  9.81 (m/ s2 ) Assume an injection velocity of u  q A  0,0005 cm/ s and k=1 D NB: Make sure units are consistent!

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    Ex 4

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    Exercise 4 - Recovery calculations Part 1 Starting with Darcy´s equations for updip displacement of oil by water in a system of dip angle  : qo   kkroA o Po x   ogsin       qw   kkrwA w  Po Pc   x   wgsin       show all steps in the derivation of the following expression for fraction of water flowing, including capillary pressure and gravity: fw  qw qw  qo  1 kkroA q o  Pc  x  gsin      1  kro o w krw where q  qw  qo. (Hint: start by elimination of oil pressure by combination of the two equations) Part 2 Derive the expression for fraction of water flowing, including only gravity, based on the following parameters: -Relative permeability curves:    1 2 ( ) /(1 ) ( ) /(1 ) n rw rw w wir or wir n ro ro o or or wir k k S S S S k k S S S S           -Reduced water saturation: or wir w wir S S S S S     1 -Endpoint water-oil mobility ratio rw o ro w M  k  / k  -Gravity Number u N kk g o ro g    '  Plot the fraction of water flowing vs. saturation as follows: (n1=n2=2, Swir=Sor=0.2) 1- Varing endpoint mobility ratio and horizontal flow (M=10, 1, 0.1) 2- Varing gravity number and M=1 ( ' g N sinδ= -4, 0, 4) 3- Explain the effect of each parameter on the fraction of water and draw a conclusion. Part 3 Oil is being displaced by water in a horizontal, linear system under diffuse flow conditions. The relative permeabilities are given by    3 3 ( ) /(1 ) ( ) /(1 ) rw rw w wir or wir ro ro o or or wir k k S S S S k k S S S S           where endpoint relative permeabilities are   0.85,   0.35 ro rw k k and endpoint saturations are  0.25,  0.25 or wir S S The pressure is maintained during the displacement process, and the formation volume factors and the viscosities are B cP B cP o o w w  1.25,  1 ,  1.1,  0.5 TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2016 Exercise 4 Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Jon Kleppe Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics 13.9.16 Use Excel for the following calculations and plots: a) Neglect capillary pressure and make plots of fw for the case above and for a case where the oil viscosity is 15 times higher. Find the oil recoveries at the time of water break-through for the two cases, and also water cuts at both reservoir and surface conditions. b) Plot the Buckley-Leverett solution (Sw vs. Distance) for both cases approximately and show the difference between the front and the average water saturation in both cases. c) What are the positions (in fractions of the reservoir length) of water saturations of 0.7, 0.6 and 0.5 at the time of water break-through? Hint: Use the Buckley-Leverett equation: xSw  qinj t A dfw dSw       Sw d) Make a f w plot for the base case but with vertical displacement (from bottom) and determine the oil recovery at water break-through. Compare with the horizontal case. Use the following additional data: o  0.6, w 1 (g/cm3 ) g  9.81 (m/ s2 ) Assume an injection velocity of u  q A  0,0005 cm/ s and k=1 D NB: Make sure units are consistent!

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    TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2016

    Exercise 4

    Exercise 4 - Recovery calculations


    Part 1
    Starting with Darcys equations for updip displacement of oil by water in a system of dip angle :

    kk A P
    qo ro o o g sin
    o x

    kkrw A Po Pc

    w g sin

    w
    x

    show all steps in the derivation of the following expression for fraction of water flowing, including capillary
    pressure and gravity:
    kk A P

    1 ro c gsin

    qw
    q o x
    fw

    qw qo
    1 ro w
    o krw
    where q qw qo .
    (Hint: start by elimination of oil pressure by combination of the two equations)
    qw

    Part 2
    Derive the expression for fraction of water flowing, including only gravity, based on the following parameters:
    -Relative permeability curves:

    k ro k ro ( So Sor ) /(1 Sor S wir )

    n2

    ( S w S wir ) /(1 Sor S wir )


    k rw k rw

    n1

    -Reduced water saturation:

    S w S wir
    1 Sor S wir

    -Endpoint water-oil mobility ratio

    o / k ro w
    M k rw

    -Gravity Number

    N g'

    kk ro g
    o u

    Plot the fraction of water flowing vs. saturation as follows: (n1=n2=2, Swir=Sor=0.2)
    1- Varing endpoint mobility ratio and horizontal flow ( M =10, 1, 0.1)
    2- Varing gravity number and M =1 ( N g sin= -4, 0, 4)
    '

    3- Explain the effect of each parameter on the fraction of water and draw a conclusion.
    Part 3
    Oil is being displaced by water in a horizontal, linear system under diffuse flow conditions. The relative
    permeabilities are given by
    3
    k ro k ro ( So Sor ) /(1 Sor S wir )

    ( S w S wir ) /(1 Sor S wir )


    k rw k rw

    where endpoint relative permeabilities are

    0.35
    k ro 0.85,k rw

    and endpoint saturations are

    Sor 0.25,S wir 0.25


    The pressure is maintained during the displacement process, and the formation volume factors and the
    viscosities are
    Bo 1.25,o 1cP,Bw 1.1,w 0.5cP

    Norwegian University of Science and Technology


    Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics

    Professor Jon Kleppe


    13.9.16

    TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques 2016


    Exercise 4

    Use Excel for the following calculations and plots:


    a) Neglect capillary pressure and make plots of f w for the case above and for a case where the oil viscosity is
    15 times higher. Find the oil recoveries at the time of water break-through for the two cases, and also water cuts
    at both reservoir and surface conditions.
    b) Plot the Buckley-Leverett solution (Sw vs. Distance) for both cases approximately and show the difference
    between the front and the average water saturation in both cases.
    c) What are the positions (in fractions of the reservoir length) of water saturations of 0.7, 0.6 and 0.5 at the
    time of water break-through?
    Hint: Use the Buckley-Leverett equation:
    qinj t df w
    xSw

    A
    dSw Sw
    d) Make a f w plot for the base case but with vertical displacement (from bottom) and determine the oil
    recovery at water break-through. Compare with the horizontal case. Use the following additional data:
    o 0.6, w 1 ( g / cm3 )

    g 9.81 ( m / s2 )
    Assume an injection velocity of u

    q
    0,0005 cm/ s and k=1 D
    A

    NB: Make sure units are consistent!

    Norwegian University of Science and Technology


    Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics

    Professor Jon Kleppe


    13.9.16

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