Design Load Calculation Resource
Design Load Calculation Resource
Design Load Calculation Resource
IBC
Design loadings for buildings in general, including masonry buildings, are prescribed by the legally
adopted building code. In most parts of the United States, the legally adopted building code is based
on the International Building Code (IBC). In the following sections of this chapter, background
information and sample calculations are presented for each of the principal code-mandated design
loadings:
o
o
o
2)
3)
The 2012 IBC references the 2011 MSJC Code and Specification.
L
GRAVITY LOADS ACCORDING TO ASCE 7-10
Table 1 Minimum live loads (L) for floors (from Table 4-1 of ASCE 7-10)
Occupancy or Use
Assembly areas w/ moveable seats
Balconies (exterior) and decks
Uniform (psf)
100
1.5 times L for
the occupancy
served
100
50
40
100
20
40
80
100
100
40
100
75
Concentrated (lb)
--
2000
1000
1000
1000
300
300
1000
1000
By Section 4.7.2 of ASCE 7-10, live loads are permitted to be reduced based on the tributary area
over which those live loads act. Live loads in public assembly areas (balconies, corridors and stairs)
are not permitted to be reduced. The live-load reduction factor, shown below, applies to elements for
which the product K LL A T equals or exceeds 400 ft2as shown below:
L = Lo 0.25 +
15
K LL
AT
where:
L
Lo
=
=
K LL
AT
=
=
Reduced design live load per square foot of area supported by the member
Unreduced design live load per square foot of area supported by the member (see
Table 4-2)
Live element factor (see Table 4-2)
Tributary area, in square feet
L shall not be less than 0.50L o for members supporting one floor and L shall not be less than 0.40 L o
for members supporting or more floors.
Live load reduction factors are given in Table 4-2 of ASCE 7-10, reproduced below as Table 2.
L = Lo 0.25 +
15
K LL AT
15
= Lo 0.25 +
= 0.78 Lo
2
400
L = 0.78 Lo .
L = Lo 0.25 +
15
K LL AT
15
= Lo 0.25 +
= 0.37 Lo
(
)
4
10
400
L = 0.40 Lo .
Roof Live Load according to ASCE 7-10
In accordance with Table 4-1 of ASCE 7-10, the minimum roof live load for most roofs is 20 psf.
According to Section 4.8.2 of ASCE 7-10, roof live loads are permitted to be reduced in accordance
with the following:
Lr
L0R1R2
Lr
L0
R1
R2
=
=
=
=
where:
reduced roof live load per square foot
unreduced roof live load per square foot
see Figure 2 below
1.0 for flat roofs
The minimum reduced roof live load is 12 psf. The reduction is shown graphically in Figure 2.
R1
1.0
0.6
600
200
At
Figure 2 Graph showing permitted live load reduction for roofs (Section 4.8.2 of ASCE 7-10)
The first type is used to calculate the design base shear and base overturning moment on a
building due to wind pressure, and is used to design the buildings lateral force-resisting
system. These wind loads are referred to as Main Wind-Force Resisting System loads,
commonly abbreviated as MWFRS loads.
The second type is used to calculate the local pressures acting on sections of a building
envelope, and is used to design individual building components. These wind loads are
referred to as Components and Cladding loads, commonly abbreviated as C&C loads.
Section 26.1.2 of ASCE 7-10 gives the following general procedures for computing each type of
wind load:
Section 26.1.2.1: Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2)
4)
5)
Part 5 is applicable to an open building of all heights having a pitched free roof, monoslope
free roof, or trough free roof.
Part 6 is applicable to building appurtenances such as roof overhangs and parapets and
rooftop equipment.
6)
In this course, we shall calculate MWFRS loads using the directional procedure (1), and to calculate
C&C loads using Part (3). These procedures are generally applicable to a wide range of buildings,
and the simplified procedures are based on them.
10
Step 1: Determine risk category of building or other structure, see Table 1.5-1
The default risk category, Risk Category II, applies to most buildings.
11
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable risk category, see Figure 26.5-1A, B or
C
For buildings in Risk Category II, use Figure 26.5-1A. For Risk Category II structures, the basic
wind speed is associated with a return period of 700 years, or an annual probability of exceedance of
0.0014. This represents a faster wind than used previously in ASCE 7-05, which had a 2% annual
probability of exceedance (return period of 476 years). Basic wind speeds are described in terms of
a 3-second gust speed (average speed over a 3-second window).
Figure 3 Basic Wind Speeds for Risk Category II Buildings and Other Structures (adapted from
Figure 26.5-1A of ASCE 7-10).
12
The wind directionality factor K d is determined using Table 3 (Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1
of ASCE 7-10).
Table 3 Wind Directionality Factor, K d (Table 26.6-1 of ASCE 7-10)
The exposure category is determined using Section 26.7. One first determines the Surface
Roughness Category in the two 45-degree upwind sectors.
Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with
numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or larger.
Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less
than 30 ft (9.1 m). This category includes flat open country and grasslands.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces. This category includes
smooth mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.
13
A surface roughness category that extends a large multiple of the building height in the
upwind direction requires an exposure category equal to that surface roughness category.
The most common exposure category is Exposure Category C. In contrast to ASCE 7-05, in
ASCE 7-10 open stretches of water are considered Surface Roughness D, and require
Exposure Category D. These specifically include hurricane zones.
The topographic factor, K zt , is determined using Section 26.8 and Table 26.8-1.
The topographic factor applies to structures located on a hill (higher than the
surrounding terrain in all directions), ridge (higher than the surrounding terrain in
two opposite directions) or escarpment (higher than the surrounding terrain in one
direction only):
K zt = (1 + K 1 K 2 K 3 )
Values of K 1 , K 2 and K 3 are given in Figure 26.8-1 of ASCE 7-10. The default
condition is K zt = 1.0.
Classify the building as enclosed, partially enclosed, or open as defined in Section 26.2. In these
definitions,
Ao
Ag
A oi
=
=
=
A gi
14
1.10
2
> 4
0.20
enclosed buildings are those that do not comply with the requirements for open or partially
enclosed buildings
The internal pressure coefficient, (GC pi ), is determined using Section 26.11 and
Table 26.11-1 of ASCE 7-10.
15
16
Step 4: Determine the velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or K h using Table 27.3-1 of ASCE
7-10.
17
where:
Kd
Kz
K zt
V
=
=
=
=
Fig. 27.4-1 for walls and flat, gable, hip, monoslope or mansard roofs
Fig. 27.4-2 for domed roofs
Fig. 27.4-3 for arched roofs
Fig. 27.4-4 for monoslope roof, open building
Fig. 27.4-5 for pitched roof, open building
Fig. 27.4-6 for troughed roof, open building
Fig. 27.4-7 for along-ridge/valley wind load case for monoslope, pitched or troughed
roof, open building
Because the most common case is addressed by Figure 27.4-1, that figure is reproduced below.
Note that the title of the figure is in black letters on a white background.
18
19
20
Because Equation 27.4-1 addresses the most common case, it is provided below:
For main force-resisting systems of rigid systems,
=
where:
q
=
=
G
Cp
GC pi
=
=
=
q and q i shall be evaluated using exposure defined in Section 26.7.3. Pressure shall be applied
simultaneously on windward and leeward walls and on roof surfaces as defined in Figs. 27.4-1, 27.42 and 27.4-3.
21
10 stories x 12 ft = 120 ft
75 ft
150 ft
Figure 4 Schematic view of building in Austin, Texas
The critical direction will be NS, because the walls on the north and south sides have greater area,
and the shear walls in the north and south directions have less area.
Step 1: Determine risk category of building or other structure, see Table 1.5-1
Assume that the default risk category, Risk Category II, applies to this building.
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable risk category, see Figure 26.5-1A, B or
C
Because this building is in Risk Category II, use Figure 26.5-1A. For Austin, Texas, the basic wind
speed is 115 miles per hour.
22
Step 4: Determine the velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or K h using Table 27.3-1 of ASCE
7-10.
From Table 27.3-1 of ASCE 7-10, for Exposure Category B, relevant table cells are
reproduced below as Table 4.
23
Table 4 Velocity pressure coefficients for building of Example 1 (taken from Table 27.3-1 of ASCE
7-10)
Height above
ground level, z
1-15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
Kh , Kz
0.57
0.62
0.66
0.70
0.76
0.81
0.85
0.89
0.93
0.96
0.99
1.04
q z = 0.00256 K z K zt K d V 2
K d = 0.85
V = 115 miles / hr
K zt = 1.0
q z = 28.78 K z lb / ft 2
Note that the above expression for q z has the velocity pressure exposure coefficient K z
embedded in it.
Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient, C p or C N
The external pressure coefficients C p for main wind force resisting systems are given in
Figure 27.4-1 of ASCE 7-10 for walls and flat roofs. Note that the title of the figure is in
black letters on a white background.
From the plan views in Figure 27.4-1 of ASCE 7-10, the windward pressure is q z GC p . The
leeward pressure is q h GC p . The difference between the q z and the q h is that the former
varies as a function of the height above ground level, while the latter is uniform over the
height of the building, and is evaluated using the height of the building.
24
For wind blowing in the NS direction, L/B = 0.5. From Figure 27.4-1 (contd), on the
windward side of the building the external pressure coefficient C p is 0.8. On the leeward
side of the building, it is 0.5.
=
=
G
Cp
GC pi
=
=
=
q and q i shall be evaluated using exposure defined in Section 26.7.3. Pressure shall be
applied simultaneously on windward and leeward walls and on roof surfaces as defined in
Figs. 27.4-1, 27.4-2 and 27.4-3.
Because the building is enclosed, the internal pressures on the windward and leeward sides
are of equal magnitude and opposite direction, produce zero net base shear, and therefore
need not be considered.
On the windward side of the building,
p = qz G C p
p = (28.78 K z ) G C p
25
Because C p is positive in sign, this pressure is positive in sign, indicating that the pressure
acts inward against the windward wall. If the wind comes from the south, for example, the
force on the windward wall acts toward the north. These values are shown in the
Windward Side columns of the spreadsheet below (Table 5).
p = qh G C p
p = (28.78 K h ) G C p
Because C p is negative in sign, this pressure is negative in sign, indicating that the pressure
acts outward against the leeward wall. If the wind comes from the south, for example, the
force on the leeward wall acts toward the north. These values are shown in the Leeward
Side columns of the spreadsheet below (Table 5).
.
Table 5 Spreadsheet for wind forces, Example 1
Windward Side
Height
Building above Tributary
Floor Ground
Area
Leeward Side
Kz
qz
Cp
Force
Kh
qh
Cp
Force
Roof
120
900
1.04
29.93
0.85
0.8
20.35
18.32
1.04
29.93
10
108
1800
1.01
29.07
0.85
0.8
19.77
35.58
1.04
29.93
96
1800
0.98
28.20
0.85
0.8
19.18
34.52
1.04
29.93
84
1800
0.94
27.05
0.85
0.8
18.40
33.11
1.04
29.93
72
1800
0.9
25.90
0.85
0.8
17.61
31.70
1.04
29.93
60
1800
0.85
24.46
0.85
0.8
16.63
29.94
1.04
29.93
48
1800
0.8
23.02
0.85
0.8
15.66
28.18
1.04
29.93
36
1800
0.74
21.30
0.85
0.8
14.48
26.07
1.04
29.93
24
1800
0.65
18.71
0.85
0.8
12.72
22.90
1.04
29.93
12
1800
0.57
16.40
0.85
0.8
11.16
20.08
1.04
29.93
Ground
900
0.57
16.40
0.85
0.8
11.16
10.04
1.04
29.93
Total Force
290.44
-228.97
The design base shear due to wind load is the summation of 290.44 kips acting inward on the upwind
wall, and 228.97 kips acting outward on the downwind wall, for a total of 519.41 kips.
26
Step 1: Determine risk category of building or other structure, see Table 1.5-1
The default risk category, Risk Category II, applies to most buildings.
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable risk category, see Figure 26.5-1A, B or
C
27
For buildings in Risk Category II, use Figure 26.5-1A. For Risk Category II structures, the basic
wind speed is associated with a return period of 700 years, or an annual probability of exceedance of
0.0014. This represents a faster wind than used previously in ASCE 7-05, which had a 2% annual
probability of exceedance (return period of 476 years). Basic wind speeds are described in terms of
a 3-second gust speed (average speed over a 3-second window).
Figure 5 Basic Wind Speeds for Risk Category II Buildings and Other Structures (adapted from
Figure 26.5-1A of ASCE 7-10).
28
The wind directionality factor K d is determined using Table 3 (Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1
of ASCE 7-10).
Table 6 Wind Directionality Factor, K d (Table 26.6-1 of ASCE 7-10)
The exposure category is determined using Section 26.7. One first determines the Surface
Roughness Category in the two 45-degree upwind sectors.
Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with
numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or larger.
Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less
than 30 ft (9.1 m). This category includes flat open country and grasslands.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces. This category includes
smooth mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.
29
A surface roughness category that extends a large multiple of the building height in the
upwind direction requires an exposure category equal to that surface roughness category.
The most common exposure category is Exposure Category C. In contrast to ASCE 7-05, in
ASCE 7-10 open stretches of water are considered Surface Roughness D, and require
Exposure Category D. These specifically include hurricane zones.
The topographic factor, K zt , is determined using Section 26.8 and Table 26.8-1.
The topographic factor applies to structures located on a hill (higher than the
surrounding terrain in all directions), ridge (higher than the surrounding terrain in
two opposite directions) or escarpment (higher than the surrounding terrain in one
direction only):
K zt = (1 + K 1 K 2 K 3 )
Values of K 1 , K 2 and K 3 are given in Figure 26.8-1 of ASCE 7-10. The default
condition is K zt = 1.0.
Classify the building as enclosed, partially enclosed, or open as defined in Section 26.2. In these
definitions,
Ao
Ag
A oi
=
=
=
A gi
30
1.10
2
> 4
0.20
enclosed buildings are those that do not comply with the requirements for open or partially
enclosed buildings
The internal pressure coefficient, (GC pi ), is determined using Section 26.11 and
Table 26.11-1 of ASCE 7-10.
31
32
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or K h , using Table 30.3-1 of ASCE 710. This step is different for C&C loads, compared to MWFRS loads. The table is different for
each.
33
where:
Kd
Kz
K zt
V
qh
=
=
=
=
=
Because the most common case is addressed by Figure 30.6-1, that figure is reproduced below.
Note that the title of the figure is in white letters on a black background.
In computing the effective area of the cladding element, it is permitted to use an effective area equal
to the product of the span and an effective width not less than one-third the span (ASCE 7-10,
Section 26.2, Effective Wind Area).
34
35
=
=
=
GC p
GC pi
36
10 stories x 12 ft = 120 ft
75 ft
150 ft
Figure 6 Schematic view of building in Austin, Texas
Step 1: Determine risk category of building or other structure, see Table 1.5-1
Assume that the default risk category, Risk Category II, applies to this building.
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable risk category, see Figure 26.5-1A, B or
C
Because this building is in Risk Category II, use Figure 26.5-1A. For Austin, Texas, the basic wind
speed is 115 miles per hour.
37
Assume a long upwind stretch of Surface Roughness B (urban and suburban areas, wooded
areas, or other terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of singlefamily dwellings or larger), and corresponding Exposure Category B.
Topographic factor, K zt , see Section 26.8 and Table 26.8-1
Assume K zt = 1.0 (no hills, ridges, or escarpments)
Gust Effect Factor, G, see Section 26.9
Because this structures period of vibration is much shorter than the characteristic period of
wind gusts, it is considered rigid, and the gust effect factor G can be taken as 0.85.
Enclosure classification, see Section 26.10
Because this structure has few openings, and be cause glazing is impact-resistant, it is
classified as enclosed.
Internal pressure coefficient, (GC pi ), see Section 26.11 and Table 26.11-1
Because this structure is enclosed, from Table 26.11-1, the internal pressure coefficient
(GC pi ) is 0.18.
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or K h , using Table 30.3-1 of ASCE 710. This step is different for C&C loads, compared to MWFRS loads. The table is different for
each.
For Exposure Category B, at a height of 120 ft above the ground, K z equals 1.04.
q z = 0.00256 K z K zt K d V 2
K d = 0.85
V = 115 miles / hr
K zt = 1.0
q z = 28.78 K z lb / ft 2
38
Note that the above expression for q z has the velocity pressure exposure coefficient K z
embedded in it.
39
p = q(GC p ) qi (GC pi )
Windward Side of Building
On the windward side of the building, the maximum inward pressure will be produced on the
cladding, due to the combination of GC p acting inward (positive sign) and GC pi also acting
inward (negative sign).
q
qi
(GC p )
(GC pi )
=
=
=
=
p = q (GC p ) qi (GC pi )
p = q z (GC p ) qh (GC pi )
p = (28.78 K z ) G C p (28.78 K h ) G C pi
These values are shown in the spreadsheet of Table 7 below. The maximum inward pressure
is the sum of 25.44 psf on the outside plus 5.39 psf on the inside, for a total of 30.83 psf
acting inward.
Table 7 Spreadsheet for Components and Cladding pressures, windward side of Example 2
Maximum Inward Pressure (windward wall)
External Pressure
Internal Pressure
Building
Height,
h
120
Height
above
Ground, z
120
Total
p
Kz
qz
1.04 29.93
GC p
0.85
40
Kh
qh
25.44 1.04 29.93
outside
GC pi
-0.18
p inside p total
-5.39 30.83
=
=
=
=
q h , or 120 ft
q h , or 120 ft
-1.7 (Figure 30.6-1)
0.18 (Table 26.11-1).
p = q (GC p ) qi (GC pi )
p = q z (GC p ) qh (GC pi )
p = (28.78 K z ) G C p (28.78 K h ) G C pi
These values are shown in the spreadsheet of Table 8 below. The maximum outward
pressure is the sum of -50.88 psf on the outside plus 5.39 psf on the inside, for a total of
56.27 psf acting outward.
Table 8 Spreadsheet for Components and Cladding pressures, leeward side of Example 2
Height
above
Ground, z
120
Kh
qh
1.04 29.93
GC p
-1.7
p outside
Kh
qh
-50.88 1.04 29.93
GC pi
0.18
inside
5.39
Total
p total
-56.27
The cladding must therefore be designed for a pressure of 30.8 lb/ft2 acting inward, and 56.3
lb/ft2 acting outward.
41
EARTHQUAKE LOADING
Design earthquake loads are calculated according to Section 1613 of the 2012 IBC. That section
essentially references ASCE 7-10. Seismic design criteria are given in Chapter 11 of ASCE 7-10.
The seismic design provisions of ASCE 7-10 begin in Chapter 12, which prescribes basic
requirements (including the requirement for continuous load paths) (Section 12.1); selection of
structural systems (Section 12.2); diaphragm characteristics and other possible irregularities (Section
12.3); seismic load effects and combinations (Section 12.4); direction of loading (Section 12.5);
analysis procedures (Section 12.6); modeling procedures (Section 12.7); and specific design
approaches. Four procedures are prescribed: an equivalent lateral force procedure (Section 12.8); a
modal response-spectrum analysis (Section 12.9); a simplified alternative procedure (Section 12.14);
and a seismic response history procedure (Chapter 16). The equivalent lateral-force procedure is
described here, because it is relatively simple, and is permitted in most situations. The simplified
alternative procedure is permitted in only a few situations. The other procedures are permitted in all
situations, and are required in only a few situations.
ug (t )
Mu + 2Mu + 2 Mu = Mug (t )
where:
M
K
=
=
=
=
=
=
relative acceleration
relative velocity
relative displacement
ground acceleration
mass
stiffness
42
=
=
K /M
equivalent viscous damping coefficient, whose value is chosen so that the energy
dissipation of the system in the elastic range will be similar to that of the original
structure.
For a given ground motion, the solution to the above equation can be calculated step by step using
computer programs. The response of a structure depends on the strength of the ground motion, and
also on the relationship between the characteristic frequencies of ground motion, and the frequency of
the structure.
Of particular interest are the maximum values of the seismic response, which can be graphed in the
form of a response spectrum, whose ordinates indicate the maximum response as a function of the
period of vibration of the structure. For example, the acceleration response spectrum gives the values
of absolute acceleration (which can be multiplied by mass to give the maximum inertial forces that act
on the structure) in terms of period. An example of an acceleration response spectrum smoothed for
use in design is given in Figure 8.
Sa, g
T, sec
Using a response spectrum, the maximum response of a structure can be calculated for a particular
earthquake, with little effort. Such response spectra, smoothed as shown above, can be used to
calculate design forces as part of the process of seismic design.
In modern design codes, these design spectra are modified to address the effects of inelastic response,
structural over-strength, and multi-modal response.
2)
43
3)
Determine the site class (A through F, a measure of soil response characteristics and soil
stability) in accordance with Section 20.3 and Table 20.3-1.
4)
5)
Determine the design response acceleration parameter for short periods, S DS , and for a 1second period, S D1 , using Equations 11.4-3 and 11.4-4 respectively.
6)
If required, determine the design response spectrum curve as prescribed by Section 11.4.5.
Determine Seismic Base Shear using the Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
7)
Determine the structures importance factor, I, and occupancy category using Section 11.5.
8)
9)
Calculate the structures seismic base shear using Sections 12.8.1 and 12.8.2.
11)
Now lets discuss each step in more detail, combining with an example for Charleston, South
Carolina.
Step 1:
Step 2:
Determine the parameters S s and S 1 from the 0.2-second and 1-second spectral response maps shown
in Figures 22-1 through 22-6 of ASCE 7-10.
With the exception of some parts of the western US (where design earthquakes have a deterministic
basis), those maps generally correspond to accelerations with a 2-percent probability of exceedance
within a 50-year period. The earthquake associated with such accelerations is sometimes described
as a 2500-year earthquake. To see why, let p be the unknown annual probability of exceedance of
that level of acceleration:
44
(1 p )
(1 p )50
[1 (1 p ) ]
50
[1 (1 p ) ] = 0.02
50
(1 p )50 = 0.98
p = 1 0.98
( 150 )
p = 4.04 10 4
The return period is the reciprocal of the annual probability of
exceedance:
1 = 2475
p
2500 years
45
46
47
48
49
Values for Charleston, South Carolina are given below from the detailed output for the USGS online calculation tool (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/designmaps).
Step 3:
Values for Charleston, South Carolina are given below from the detailed output for the USGS online calculation tool. In our case, Site Class D is assumed.
50
Step 4:
Determine the MCE spectral response acceleration for short periods (S MS ) and
at 1 second (S M1 ), adjusted for Site Class effects, using Equations 11.4-1 and
11.4-2 respectively.
S MS = Fa S s
(11.4-1)
S M 1 = Fv S1
(11.4-2)
Values for Charleston, South Carolina are given below from the detailed output for the USGS online calculation tool.
51
The maximum considered short-period response acceleration and the maximum considered 1-second
response acceleration are provided in the detailed output from the USGS on-line calculation tool:
Step 5:
S DS =
(11.4-3)
S D1
(11.4-4)
2
S MS
3
2
= SM1
3
With the exception of some parts of the western US (where design earthquakes have a deterministic
basis), these design spectral ordinates correspond to an earthquake with a 10-percent probability of
exceedance within a 50-year period. Such an earthquake is sometimes described as a 500-year
earthquake. To see why, let p be the unknown annual probability of exceedance of that level of
acceleration:
52
(1 p )
(1 p )50
[1 (1 p ) ]
50
[1 (1 p ) ] = 0.10
50
(1 p )50 = 0.90
p = 1 0.90
( 150 )
p = 2.10 10 3
The return period is the reciprocal of the annual probability of
exceedance:
1 = 475
p
500 years
The design response acceleration and the design 1-second response acceleration are provided in the
detailed output from the USGS on-line calculation tool:
Step 6:
Because the equivalent lateral force procedure is being used, the response spectrum curve is not
required. Nevertheless, for pedagogical completeness, it is developed here.
First, define T0 0.2
S D1
S
and TS D1 .
S DS
S DS
T0 0.2
TS
0.40 g
S D1
= 0.103 sec
= 0.2
S DS
0.78 g
S D1 0.40 g
= 0.513 sec
=
S DS 0.78 g
For periods less than or equal to T 0 , the design spectral response acceleration, S a , is given
by Equation 11.4-5:
53
T
S a = S DS 0.4 + 0.6
T0
(11.4-5)
For periods greater than T 0 and less than or equal to T S , the design spectral response
acceleration, S a , is equal to S DS .
For periods greater than T S and less than or equal to T L (from Figures 22-15 through 22-20),
the design spectral response acceleration, S a , is given by Equation 11.4-6. In our case, T L =
8 seconds.
Sa =
S D1
T
(11.4-6)
For periods greater than T L , the design spectral response acceleration, S a , is given by
Equation 11.4-7:
Sa =
S D1 TL
T2
(11.4-7)
54
Response acceleration, g
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Period, sec
Step 7:
Assume that the structure is assigned an Occupancy Category II. This corresponds to an Importance
Factor of 1.0.
55
Step 8:
Tables 11.6-1 and 11.6-2 of ASCE 7-10 (reproduced here as Table 9 and Table 10, respectively) must
be checked, and the higher seismic design category from those two tables applies.
Table 9 Seismic design category based on short period response acceleration parameter (Table
11.6-1 of ASCE 7-10)
Table 10 Seismic design category based on 1-s period response acceleration parameter (Table 11.62 of ASCE 7-10)
In our case, S DS is 0.78, and S D1 is 0.40. Because S DS exceeds 0.50 (Table 11.6-1), and S D1 exceeds
0.20 (Table 11.6-2), the structure is assigned to Seismic Design Category D.
Step 9:
Calculate the structures seismic base shear using Sections 12.8.1 and 12.8.2.
Step 10:
Step 11:
56
These last three steps are structure-dependent. They depend on the seismic response modification
coefficient assigned to the structural system, on the structures plan structural irregularities, on the
structures vertical structural irregularities, and on the structures redundancy.
plan eccentricities between the center of mass and the center of stiffness;
re-entrant corners;
out-of-plane offsets; and
non-parallel systems.
o
o
o
o
o
stiffness irregularity;
mass irregularity;
vertical geometric irregularity;
in-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral-force-resisting elements;
discontinuity in capacity weak story.
Structures with low redundancy have a higher probability of failure, which is compensated for by
increasing design seismic forces.
The above characteristics depend on the particular building, and are not addressed further here. They
are addressed in an example problem at the end of this set of course notes.
57
Later in these lectures, the strength design of masonry elements is discussed in detail. In this section,
strength design provisions are summarized.
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5 (L r or S or R)
1.2D + 1.6 (L r or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)
1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5 (L r or S or R)
1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
0.9D + 1.0W
0.9D + 1.0E
Strength-reduction
Factor
0.90
0.50
0.65
0.60
0.60
0.90
shear
0.80
58
For most boundary conditions, assume all load will be taken by the
vertical strip in the interior wythe.
Check that strip for maximum stresses. Because axial stresses are zero,
maximum compressive stress will not govern, nor will axial capacity
reduced by slenderness effects. Because masonry is unreinforced,
maximum tensile stresses will govern. So only tensile stresses need to
be checked.
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.2.2
Code Table 3.1.8.2.1
Specification Table
Table 2
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.2.4
1,
Usually, all load is taken by vertical strips. Check typical vertical strip Code 3.1.4
for slenderness-dependent axial capacity, maximum compressive stresses, Code 3.2.2
and maximum tensile stresses.
Specification Table 1,
Table 2
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.2.4
59
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.2.2
Specification Table 1,
Table 2
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.2.4
Check that depth is sufficient to ensure that shear can be resisted by Code 3.1.4
masonry alone, without shear reinforcement.
Code 3.3.4.1.2
Specification Table 1,
Table 2
Compute required flexural reinforcement, approximating internal lever Code 3.1.4
arm as 0.9d. Revise if necessary.
M n As f y 0.9 d
Code 3.3.2
Code 3.3.4.2.2.2
Code 3.3.3.5
60
All load must be taken by horizontal strips. Check that strip for stresses.
Usually, reinforcement will be needed.
Estimate required reinforcement using jd = d -d, then re-calculate if Code 3.1.4
Code 3.3.2
necessary:
Specification
'
Table 2
M = A f (d d )
n
Table
1,
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.3.4.1.2
Usually, all load is taken by vertical strips. Verify ability of roof Code 3.1.4
diaphragm to transfer horizontal reactions from those strips. Check Code 3.3.2
typical vertical strip for stresses using column interaction diagram.
Specification Table 1,
Table 2
Check one-way shear out of plane (usually will not govern)
61
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.3.4.1.2
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.2.2
Code 3.3.3.5
Specification Table 1,
Table 2
Code 3.1.4
Code 3.3.4.1.2
62
D
D+L
D + (L r or S or R)
D + 0.75L + 0.75 (L r or S or R)
D + (0.6W or 0.7E)
D + 0.75L + 0.75 (0.6W) + 0.75 (L r or S or R)
D + 0.75L + 0.75 (0.7E) + 0.75S
0.6D + 0.6W
0.6D + 0.7E
For most boundary conditions, assume all load will be taken by the
vertical strip in the interior wythe.
Check that strip for stresses. Because axial stresses are zero, (f a /F a ) Code 2.2.3.1(c)
will always be zero, and buckling will never govern. Because masonry Code Table 2.2.3.2
is unreinforced, tensile stresses will govern. So only tensile stresses
need to be checked.
VQ 3 V
=
2A
In b
n
63
Usually, all load is taken by vertical strips. Check typical vertical strip
for compressive stresses. Use unity equation:
Code Equation 2-14
f a fb
+
1
Fa Fb
F a depends on slenderness and f m . F b is (1/3) f m .
64
VQ 3 V
=
2A
In b
n
Code 2.2.3.2
Check that depth is sufficient to ensure that shear can be resisted by Code 2.3.5
masonry alone, without shear reinforcement.
Specification Table 1,
Table 2
Code 2.3.2
65
All load must be taken by horizontal strips. Check that strip for stresses.
Usually, reinforcement will be needed.
Estimate required reinforcement using k = 3/8, j = 7/8, then calculate k
and j and check:
Mo
As jd
f s Fs
fs =
2M o
jkbd 2
f m Fm
Code 2.3.3.2.2
Code 2.3.2
Specification Table
Table 2
fm =
fv =
V
Anv
66
1,
Usually, all load is taken by vertical strips. Verify ability of roof Code 2.3.2
diaphragm to transfer horizontal reactions from those strips. Check Code 2.3.3
typical vertical strip for stresses using column interaction diagram.
Code 2.3.4
Code 2.3.5
Specification Table 1,
Allowable stress in masonry is (1/3) f m
Table 2
Check one-way shear out of plane (usually will not govern)
fv =
V
Anv
fv =
V
Anv
Code 2.3.6
Specification Table 1,
Table 2
Check for in-plane flexure plus axial loads. See Reinforced Bearing Code 2.3.2
Walls above.
Code 2.3.3
Code 2.3.4
Code 2.3.5
Specification Table 1,
Table 2
67