Part I: Introduction and Basic Concepts: 1.1 Definition Fluid Mechanics
Part I: Introduction and Basic Concepts: 1.1 Definition Fluid Mechanics
Part I: Introduction and Basic Concepts: 1.1 Definition Fluid Mechanics
Chapter 1
1. Introduction
1.1 Definition
Fluid Mechanics
• Liquid
Wind Turbines
Hydropower
Engines
Energy Sector
Oil & Gas Boilers, heat exchangers, building HVAC
Extraction
Pipelines
Transport
Automobiles (drag, fuel injection, brake hydraulics, etc.)
Weather Oceanography, Water Transport
Environment
Air & Water Pollution
Life / Biology
Artificial Hearts and Organs
Solid
Initial (unstressed) position Solid deflects to new static equilibrium
FT
FT
F shear
Vterminal
W
F shear
Vterminal = ?
W
1.2 Fluid Properties
Density
•Density, ρ ≡ mass per unit volume
• Density of liquids
• Density of gases
P = ρRT
For air:
Rair = 287 N*m / (kg*K) = 1716 ft*lbf / (slug*°R)
• if velocities are not too high (in practice much less than speed of
sound) and temperature changes are not too great and pressure and
density vary only slightly within gas and density changes can be
neglected
mg
• English Engineering
SI: ( MLtT )
V (measured volume)
V0
• V0 is large enough measurement volume to include enough
molecules for the density to be accurately (repeatably) defined
• “Local” density,
• Force on any area of interest can be resolved into normal and tangential
components:
By definition:
F
FN Shear stress: = tangential force
per unit area
1.6 Pressure
• Pressure acting on a surface is the macroscopic result of
collision of fluid molecules with the surface.
P2 17.7 +3
P2(g)
Patm 14.7 0
P2(a) P1(g)
P1 10 -4.7
P1(a)
vacuum 0 -14.7
Note: Must use absolute values for P in the ideal gas equation !!
Boundary Boundary
Layer Layer
Δu
u2Δt
u2 τ
Δθ
Δy Δy
u1
τ
@ t = t0 u1Δt
y @ t = t0 + Δt
• The rate of deformation due to the shear force (i.e. rate of shear strain) is:
and as Δt ➔ 0, ➔
• or in fact
Δy
u1
or
u2Δt
τ
Δθ or as Δt, Δy ➔ 0,
Δy
τ Therefore
@ t = t0 u1Δt
@ t = t0 + Δt
(1)
• Fluids that obey this relation are called Newtonian Fluids (i.e. µ ≈
constant)
Note that no-slip condition plus viscosity explain why there is drag:
y
Boundary V∞
Layer
τwall ➩
x
V = Vwall = 0
Viscosity
T
• varies widely among fluids
• Gets its own name, “kinematic viscosity” and symbol, ν (Greek letter nu)
where
• Called kinematic simply because the mass units cancel out leaving L2/T or
Non-Newtonian Fluids
1. 7 Surface Tension
• Liquids can not expand freely like a gas and will form an interface
with a second liquid or gas
• Known as “Cavitation”