+ sin 2 π f 1+ sin 2 π f: A=V V t V V t A=V

MODULATION THEORY
Modulation
- A process by which a low frequency signal
is made to change a property of a higher
frequency signal to allow effective
transmission and reception of the desired
information.-A
process
of
imposing
information contained in lower-frequency
signal onto a higher frequency signal.
- The low frequency signal is called the
modulating
signaland
the
high
frequency signal is called the carrier.
Why modulate?
1.) Direct transmission of low-frequency
information signal would cause to interference
problem since the resulting radio waves would all
be at the same frequency range.
2.) Transmitting low-frequency information
signal in free space is not practical since it will
require a very high antenna.
Type of Modulation
A. Analog Modulation
I. Amplitude Modulation
II. Angle Modulation
a.) Frequency Modulation
b.) Phase Modulation
1+
A=V c +V m sin 2 f m t
or
Vm
sin 2 f m t
VC
A=V c
Therefore:
V AM ( t )=V c 1+
Vm
sin 2 f m t sin 2 f c t
Vc
But
Vm
m=
Modulation index =
Vc
Substituting then,
V AM ( t )=V c [ 1+ msin 2 f m t ] sin 2 f c t

V AM ( t )=[ V c +mV c sin 2 f m t ] sin 2 f c t
V AM ( t )=V c sin 2 f c t+ mV c sin 2 f m t sin2 f c t
Note:
B. Digital Modulation
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
What is AMPLITUDE MODULATION?
- Type of analog modulation wherein the
amplitude of the carrier signal is varied or
changed
according
to
the
instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal.
- Process of modulation wherein the information is
imposed on the carrier, causing the amplitude of
the carrier to vary in accordance with the
modulating signal. Note that the carrier frequency
remains constant during the modulation process.
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF AN AM
SIGNAL
V AM ( t )= Asin 2 f c t
Let:
where:
V AM
is the Amplitude Modulated signal
A is the instantaneous amplitude of the AM signal
1
1
sinxsiny= cos ( x y ) c 0 s ( x+ y )
2
2
Let:
x=2 f c t y =sin 2 f m t
Substituting gives you,
V AM ( t )=V c sin 2 f c t+
V c ( rms )=
Vc
;
2
mVc
mV c
cos 2 ( f c f m ) t
cos 2
2
2
V USB ( pk )=V LSB ( pk )=
V USB ( rms )=V LSB ( rms )=
mV c
2 2
mV c
;
2
2. 100 % modulation, m=1,
V m=V c
(ideal)
3. Over modulation
m>1,V m >V c
Frequency Spectrum of an AM signal

POWER CONTENT OF AN AM SIGNAL
PT =P c +P LSB +PUSB
Where:
PLSB =PU SB =
f USB f LSB
Bandwidth=
Substituting;
2f m
BW =
PT =P c +
Where:
Percent Modulation, % Modulation and Modulation

Index, m
Show the relationship of the modulating
signal and carrier. Also referred to as the
modulation factor or depth of modulation.
[ ]
PT =P c 1+
m2
2
Where:
PT = total transmitted power or total
modulated power, Watts
PLSB , PUSB = lower and upper sideband
power, Watts
Recall:
m=
m2
m2
Pc + Pc
4
4
Therefore:
f USB =f c + F mf LSB=f c f m
m2
P
4 c
Pc = unmodulated carrier power in
Vm
Vc
watts.
Note : carrier power remains the same , regardless of
percent modulation.
V
%M= m x 100
Vc
CALCULATION OF VOLTAGE IN AM SYSTEMS

Or in terms of
m=
V max and V min ,
V max V min
V max +V min
m2
2
CALCULATION OF CURRENT IN AM SYSTEMS
Degree of Modulation:
I T =I c
1. Undermodualtion, %M <100 , m<1

a.
V T =V c 1+
V m <V c
(practical)
m2
1+
2
EFFICIENCY OF TRANMISSION
Ratio of the total sideband power to the

total transmitted power
P
( USB + P LSB)
x 100
PT
P
% ( eta )= SB x 100=
PT
Note that the above modulation methods, amplitude

modulation and some of its forms ate to be covered
under this chapter.
The ITU Emission Designation
Or
2
m
% ( eta )=
x 100
2+m2
MODULATION BY A COMPLEX INFORMATION
SIGNAL OR BY SEVERAL INFORMATION SIGNAL
Symbol
Description
First (letter)
The type of modulation of the main
Second (number)
The nature of signal(s) modulating t
Third (letter)
The type of information to be transm
Fourth (letter)
Details of signal(s)
Fifth (letter)
Nature of multiplexing
Note that the fourth and fifth symbols are optional can
be added to the basic characteristics for a more
complete description of an emission.
1. Double Sideband, Full Carrier Transmission

(DSBFC) or A3
- Standard AM transmission
- Component of the AM wave being transmitted:
USB, LSB and carrier signal
- In conventional AM systems, at least two thirds
of the transmitted power is in the carrier. There is
no information in the carrier; the sidebands
contain the information. Also the information
contained in the upper sideband is identical to
the information contained in the lower sideband.
The Total modulation signal,
V m = V m21+ V m 22 +V m33+
t
The total modulation index,
2.
Double
Sideband,
Transmission (DSBSC)
m t= m 21 +m 22+ m33 +
- Produced by balanced modulator
[ ]
2
m
PT =P c 1+ t
2
3. Single sideband, Full Carrier Transmission or

H3E emission
The total sideband power,
- Form of amplitude modulation in which the

carrier is transmitted at full power, but only one
sideband is transmitted
m2t Pc
2
4.
Single
Sideband,
Suppressed
Transmission (SSBSC) or J3E emission
FORMS
OF
TRANSMISSION
AMPLITUDE
MODULATION
In 1982, the International Telecommunications Union

(ITU) designated the various types of amplitude
modulation as follows:
ITU Designation
New
Old
A3E
A3
R3E
A3E
H3E
J3E
A3H
A3J
B8E
A3B
C3F
Lincompex
A5C
Carrier
- Component of the AM wave being transmitted:

USB and LSB signals
The total transmitted power,
PSBt =
Suppressed
Description
double sideband full carrierthe basic Am modulation
scheme
single sideband reduced
carrier
single sideband full carrier
single sideband suppressed
carrier
independent sideband
emission
vestigial sideband
linked compressor and
expander
Carrier
- Form of amplitude modulation in which the

carrier is totally suppressed and only one
sideband is transmitted.
- It reduces the amount of power and bandwidth
necessary to transmit a given amount of
information.
- Used for radio communication.
5. Single sideband, Reduced Carrier Transmission
or R3E
- Form of amplitude modulation in which one
sideband is totally removed and the carrier
voltage is reduced to approximately 10% of its
unmodulated amplitude
6. Two independent sidebands, with an

attenuated or suppressed carrier Transmission or
B8E
-Also known
emission).
as
ISB
(independent
sideband
-A form of amplitude modulation in which a single

carrier frequency is independently modulated by
two different modulating signals.
-Used for HF point to point radiotelephony
7. Vestigial Sideband Transmission or C3F
-Used for TV video transmission
-A form of amplitude modulation in which the
carrier and one complete sideband are
transmitted, but only part of the second sideband
is transmitted.
-Picture carrier and only a small vestige of the
lower sideband is transmitted to conserve
bandwidth.
8. Amplitude Compandored Single Sideband
(ACSSB)-recently developed AM system in which
the speech signal is compressed at the
transmitter and expanded at the receiver.
PERCENTAGE POWER SAVING
%PS=
Power saving during suppression

x 100
Total Power without suppression
Example:
7. A SSB transmission contains 800W. This
transmission is to replaced by a DSBFC AM signal
with the same power content. Determine the
power being transmitted at the carrier and at
each sideband when the %M is 85%. Find the
efficiency of transmission.
8. A SSB signal contains 10KW. How much power
is contained in the sideband and how much at the
carrier?
9. A 500 W carrier is modulated to a depth of
75%. Calculate the total power in the modulated
wave in the following form of AM transmission.
a)DSBFC b)DSBSC c)SSBFC d)SSBSC

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MODULATION THEORY

V AM ( t )=V c [ 1+ msin 2 f m t ] sin 2 f c t

is the Amplitude Modulated signal

A is the instantaneous amplitude of the AM signal

V USB ( pk )=V LSB ( pk )=

V USB ( rms )=V LSB ( rms )=

2. 100 % modulation, m=1,

Frequency Spectrum of an AM signal

Percent Modulation, % Modulation and Modulation

PT = total transmitted power or total

modulated power, Watts

PLSB , PUSB = lower and upper sideband

Pc = unmodulated carrier power in

Note : carrier power remains the same , regardless of

CALCULATION OF VOLTAGE IN AM SYSTEMS

V max and V min ,

CALCULATION OF CURRENT IN AM SYSTEMS

1. Undermodualtion, %M <100 , m<1

Ratio of the total sideband power to the

Note that the above modulation methods, amplitude

The type of modulation of the main

The nature of signal(s) modulating t

The type of information to be transm

1. Double Sideband, Full Carrier Transmission

The Total modulation signal,

The total modulation index,

- Produced by balanced modulator

3. Single sideband, Full Carrier Transmission or

The total sideband power,

- Form of amplitude modulation in which the

In 1982, the International Telecommunications Union

- Component of the AM wave being transmitted:

The total transmitted power,

- Form of amplitude modulation in which the

6. Two independent sidebands, with an

-A form of amplitude modulation in which a single

Power saving during suppression

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