Application of Neural Network in Civil Engineering Problems: D.-S. Jeng, D. H. Cha and M. Blumenstein
Application of Neural Network in Civil Engineering Problems: D.-S. Jeng, D. H. Cha and M. Blumenstein
Application of Neural Network in Civil Engineering Problems: D.-S. Jeng, D. H. Cha and M. Blumenstein
I. INTRODUCTION
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method. In this model, a large tidal data was not required.
Mizumura [10] also proved that the harmonic parameters
using the Kalman filtering method could be easily determined
from only a small amount of historical tidal records. Yen et al.
[11] utilized the Kalman filtering method in determination of
parameters in the harmonic tide-level model as well. The
estimation of harmonic parameters could predict accurately
the tidal level using the Kalman filtering method, which is
solved by the covariance matrix. However, it is necessary to
determine the available parameters of the local tide before
predicating the tidal level. Tsai and Lee [5] applied the backpropagation neural network to forecast the tidal level using the
historical observations of water levels without determining the
harmonic parameters. However, their model is used only for
the instant forecasting of tidal levels, not a long-term
prediction.
Besides the prediction of tidal level, supplement of tidal
record is also important for a complete observation tide
database. The discontinuous observations may come from the
damage of recording facilities, natural disasters or
inappropriate operation and so on. The discontinuous record
could either be short-term (few hours) or long-term (few
months even up to one year). Thus, establishing a simple and
executable supplementary model for tidal record is desired.
B. ANN Model for Tide Forecasting
To demonstrate the ANN model, we use different data
based in the training procedure to predict the one-year tidal
level in Taichung Harbor. Based on the 15-day collected data
(1-15 Jan 2000), the one-year prediction of tidal level (Jan
2000- Dec, 2000) against the observation is illustrated in Fig.
2. In the figure, solid lines denote the observation data, and
dashed lines are the predicted values. The prediction of the
present model overall agree with the observation. The
correlation coefficient over one yea is 0.9182, which is
reasonable good.
6
(m)
4
1996,4
Observation
Prediction
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
6
(m)
days
31
1996,10
4
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
6
(m)
days
31
1997, 2
4
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
days
31
A. Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction
Recently, numerous strong earthquakes occurred
worldwide, such as North American, Taiwan, Japan, Turkey,
China and so on. The occurrence of earthquakes does not only
destroy the residents properties, but also cause the instability
of the whole societies. For example, the earthquake with
Richter magnitude of 7.3 occurred at Chi-Chi City on
September 21, 1999 has been recognized as the most serious
disaster by public concerns in Taiwan. During the earthquake,
numerous civil structures, such as buildings, highway
embankments and retaining structures etc. have been damaged
or completely destroyed. The resident regions affected by the
earthquake have not been re-established until now.
In general, damage of civil structures during earthquakes
occurs with two general failure modes evident. The first
mode is that of structural failure, caused by strong
acceleration of the earthquake, results in the damage of the
structure itself. The second mode is that of foundation failure,
caused by liquefaction, resulting in collapse of the structure as
a whole. Therefore, estimation of the earthquake-induced
liquefaction potential is essential for the civil engineers in the
design procedure.
Since the 1960s, numerous researches have been devoted to
the evaluation of earthquake-induced liquefaction. The
penetration resistance of the standard penetration test (SPT) is
commonly used as an index of liquefaction potential. The
reason why SPT test has been commonly used in the
prediction of the liquefaction potential is because the in-site
SPT-N value is easily obtained with reasonable accuracy. In
the SPT-N value method, the earthquake-induced cyclic stress
ratio (CSR) must be determined first, and then the cyclic
resistance ratio can be calculated for the estimation of
earthquake-induced liquefaction potential [12, 13]. Also,
Japanese Road Association [14] proposed an empirical
procedure for liquefaction assessment.
B. ANN Earthquake Model
Conventional SPT-N method for evaluating the liquefaction
potential requires soil and seismic variables, including the
magnitude of the earthquake, vertical stress, effective vertical
stress, N value, average shear stress, depth, peak horizontal
acceleration at ground surface, fines content, average grain of
soil and so on. Since only limited amount of in site material
parameters are available, the desired material parameters are
obtained from correlation formula. However, some parameters
cannot be directly obtained by from the test site. Thus, the
methodology of determining the optimal value is a challenge.
In this study, we try to employ the ANN to assess the
liquefaction potential. Firstly, we chose the parameters
determining form the field measurement as the input neurons,
such as depth, N value and fines content. Then, liquefaction
site is expressed as the "output" column, in which 1 denotes
the observation of liquefaction, while 0 represents no
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liquefaction. By using the existing correlations and the given
parameters, the corresponding values of unknown soil and
seismic parameters are determined.
To illustrate the capability of the ANN model, a site in the
Wufeng city, Taiwan is selected. There are fourteenth boring
holes at Wufeng city. These situations are categorized by insitu survey, including for settlements, no damaged and sand
boil.
2
1.5
Case 1-Training
JRL (1996)
ANN
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
30
60
90
120
2
1.5
Case 1-Training
1
0.5
r orr E
0
2
-0.5
1.5
-1
-1.5
-2
JRL (1996)
ANN
1
30
60
90
120
0.5
2
Case 1- ANN vs JRA(1996)
-0.5
15
30
1.5
1
0.5
30
60
90
120
r orr E
-1
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
15
30
2
Case 1- ANN vs JRA(1996)
Forecasting success rate=90%
-1
15
30
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boiling occur (Fig. 6). Case 4 is of the case with sand boiling
(Fig. 7). The above comparisons indicate that the proposed
ANN model can provide a high accurate prediction of the
earthquake-induced liquefaction.
Case 1-Training
1
0.5
r orr E
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
30
60
90
120
0
2
1.5
Error=ANN-SEED (1997)
-1
15
Data set number
0.5
r orr E
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
15
30
0
2
Case 1- ANN vs SEED(1997)
Forecasting success rate=80%
-1
15
Data set number
1
2
1
-1
15
30
-1
15
Data set number
2
1.5
Error=ANN-T&Y (1983)
Case 1-Training
1
0.5
r orr E
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
30
60
90
120
0
2
1.5
Error=ANN-T&Y (1983)
-1
1
16
0.5
r orr E
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
15
30
0
2
Case 1- ANN vs T&Y(1983)
Forecasting success rate=83%
-1
16
1
2
0
1
-1
15
30
-1
16
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2
Case 4- ANN vs T&Y(1983)
Forecasting success rate=95%
-1
16
Data set number
2
Case 4- ANN vs SEED(1997)
Forecasting success rate=95%
-1
16
Data set number
2
Case4- ANN vs JRA(1996)
Forecasting success rate=95%
-1
16
Data set number
INSTABILITY
Theroetical
value 10%
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Theroetical
value 5%
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CONCLUSION
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