Worm Gearing

The calculation is used for geometrical and strength designs and worm gearing check. The
program solves the following tasks.
1. Calculation of gearing dimensions.
2. Automatic transmission design with minimum input requirements.
3. Design for safety coefficients entered.
4. Calculation of a table of proper solutions.
5. Calculation of complete geometrical parameters.
6. Calculation of strength parameters, safety check.
7. Gearing design for precise centre-line distance.
8. Auxiliary calculations (heating, shaft design).
9. Support of 2D and 3D CAD systems.
The calculations use procedures, algorithms and data from standards ANSI, ISO, DIN, BS and
specialized literature.
List of standards: ANSI/AGMA 6022-C93 (Revision of AGMA 341.02), ANSI/AGMA 6034-B92
(Revision of ANSI/AGMA 6034-A87), DIN 3996, DIN 3975-1, DIN 3975-2
Hint: The comparative document Choices of transmission can be helpful when selecting a
suitable transmission type.

Control, structure and syntax of calculations.

Information on the syntax and control of the calculation can be found in the document "Control,
structure and syntax of calculations".

Information on the project.

Information on the purpose, use and control of the paragraph "Information on the project" can be
found in the document "Information on the project".

Theory
Application
Worm (globoid) gearing can transmit high outputs, the common ones being 50 to 100 kW
(optimum 0.04kW-120kW, extreme 1000 kW); within one stage, it is able to realize high
transmission ratios i = 5 to 100, (up to i=1000 in kinematical transmissions), being of small size,
low weight, and compact structure. It features quiet and silent operation and can be designed as
a self-locking transmission.
The disadvantage is the large slip in the gearing causing higher friction losses and thereby lower
transmission efficiency; the endeavours for improvement require using deficit nonferrous metals
for wormgear rims. Gearing production is more demanding and expensive and the service life of
such gearing is usually shorter than in rolling gearing.
Worm gearing is used for power transmission in mixers, vertical lathes, vehicles and lifting
equipment, textile machines, presses, conveyors, shears, drums, hoists, ship propeller drives,
planers, machine tools, cars...
This calculation deals with the most frequently used gearing with cylindrical worm and globoid
gear.
Geometry

Worm gearing is a special case of screw gearing with the angle of axes 90 and a low number of
pinion/worm teeth (mostly z1=1-4). Worm gearing types are distinguished by shape as follows:
1. Cylindrical wheel/cylindrical worm (kinematical, non-power transmissions, low torque,
manual drive, adjusting mechanisms, point contact of teeth, cheap production)
2. Cylindrical worm/globoid wheel most frequent (power transmissions, compact design,
divided by cylindrical worm shape see below)
3. Globoid worm/cylindrical wheel (not used)
4. Globoid wheel and worm (high outputs, compact design, special production, highest
quality, high price)

Types of cylindrical worms:

ZA wormgear with straight-line (trapezoidal) tooth profile in axial section; the tooth
sides are slightly convex in the normal section; the cross section results in the spiral of
Archimedes. The elements in the axial section are usually standardized, i.e. mx=m, x=.
The gearing is produced using lathes or thread-cutting machines (the worm resembles a
motion screw with trapezoidal threads). A tool shaped as the basic profile is applied onto the

workpiece in the axial plane. With larger angles, different cutting angles occur in the
forming tool on the lateral edges, which results in unequal cutting edge loading and blunting.
The lateral worm areas can only be sharpened using a special form grinding wheel. Therefore,
spiral gearing is used in worms with a low pitch angle (<10) in those cases when tooth
sides are not treated thermally and do not require regrinding.

ZN worm with a straight-line tooth profile in normal tooth section, namely:

a) On the mean helix of space
b) On the mean helix of tooth
In the axial section, tooth sides are slightly convex and the cross section results in a general
evolvent curve (in an extended or shortened evolvent). The elements in the normal plane are

n=. The gearing is worked in case a) with one and in case b)

with two forming in the normal plane. The cutting angles are identical with great angles .
standardized, i.e. mn=m,

Thermally treated sides can be ground using a grinding wheel with straight-line bevel areas
on thread grinding machines; this grinding process results in non-straight-line lateral areas
which, however, rather approximate the theoretical ones. If also the screw milling cutter used
to produce worm gear toothing is subject to this grinding process, the worm and the worm
gear create a theoretically proper pair. The common gearing is also suitable for worms with
greater angles

and for worms with thermally treated tooth sides that require regrinding.

ZI worm with an evolvent profile (a straight-line tooth profile in a plane tangential to the
main cylinder). The tooth sides are convex in both the centre-line and normal sections and
the cross section results in an evolvent. The elements in the normal plane are standardized,
i.e. mn=m, n=. The gearing is worked using two tools applied onto the workpiece. The tool
cutting edge lies in the tangent direction towards the helix on the main cylinder. The evolvent

gearing is used in worms with a higher number of teeth, e.g. z1>4; the worm resembles a
cylindrical gear with helical teeth. Tooth sides can be ground with the flat side of the grinding
wheel; special grinding machines must be used given the relatively small angle .

ZK profile formed by a cone ground using a wheel and/or shank tool

ZH concave tooth profile (the most perfect and most expensive)

Note: The worm type options depend particularly on the production possibilities and
transmission used. Detailed information is available in professional and the firms literature.
Formulas (geometry calculation)
The formulas given in this article are used in geometry calculation.

1- Centre-line section (mx,x,sx,ex) , 2-Normal section (mn,n,sn,en), 3-Worm frontal section

Worm basic profile parameters: m (DP for calculation in inches),,ha*,c*,rf* Module and
pressure angle in the centre-line section are selected for spiral gearing ZA, while module and
pressure angle in the normal section are selected for common gearing ZN,ZI,ZK,ZH.
Worm and worm gear parameters: z1, z2, x1=0, x2=x
1. Transmission ratio
i=z1 / z2
2. Pitch diameter

ZA: d1=mx z1 / tan() = q mx; d2=mx z2

ZN: d1=mn z1 / tan() = q mn; d2=mn z2

3. Rolling diameter
ZA: dw1=d1+2 x mx; dw2=d2
ZN: dw1=d1+2 x mn; dw2=d2
4. Equivalent diameter: dwe2=2 a - d2
5. Mean diameter: DIN (10): dm1=2 a - dm2; (11) dm1=q mx

6. Tip diameter
ZA: da1=d1 + 2 ha* mx; da2=d2 + 2 (ha* + x) mx; dae2 = da2 + 2 v mx
ZN: da1=d1 + 2 ha* mn; da2=d2 + 2 (ha* + x) mn; dae2 = da2 + 2 v mn
7. Root diameter
ZA: df1=d1 - 2 (ha* + c*) mx; df2=d2 - 2 (ha* + c* - x) mx
ZN: df1=d1 - 2 (ha* + c*) mn; df2=d2 - 2 (ha* + c* - x) mn
8. Addendum
ZA: ha1=ha* mx; ha2=(ha* + x) mx
ZN: ha1=ha* mn; ha2=(ha* + x) mn
9. Dedendum
ZA: hf1=(ha* + c*) mx; hf2=(ha* + c* - x) mx
ZN: hf1=(ha* + c*) mn; hf2=(ha* + c* - x) mn
10. Pitch angle

ZA: tan()=mx z1 / d1 = z1 / q
ZN: tan()=mx z1 / d1 = z1 / q

11. Tooth thickness; Tooth space thickness

mx; sn1=en1=0.5 mx cos();

mx + 2 x mx tan(x); ex2=0.5 mx - 2 x mx tan(x);
sn2=sx2 cos(); en2=ex2 cos()
ZN: sn1=en1=0.5 mn; sx1=ex1=0.5 mn / cos()
sn2=0.5 mn + 2 x mn tan(n); en2=0.5 mn - 2 x mn tan(n);
sx2=sn2 / cos(); ex2=en2 / cos()
ZA: sx1=ex1=0.5
sx2=0.5

12. Worm face width

SN(ZA): [z1<4] L=(11 + 0.06 z2) mx; [z1>=4] L=(11 + 0.09 z2) mx
SN(ZN): [z1<4] L=(11 + 0.06 z2) mn; [z1>=4] L=(11 + 0.09 z2) mn
DIN (40): L=((de2 / 2)^2 -(a - da1 / 2)^2)^0.5
13. Worm gear face width
SN: [z1<4] b2=0.75 (1 + 2 / q) d1; [z1>=4] b2=0.67 (1 + 2 / q) d1
DIN: b2<=b2max=2*((dm1/2)^2-(a-de2/2)^2)^0.5
14. Centre-line distance
SN(ZA): a=0.5 (d1 + d2) + x mx; a=0.5 mx (q + z2 + 2 x)

SN(ZN): a=0.5 (d1 + d2) + x mn; a=0.5 mx (q + z2 / cos() + 2 x)

DIN: a=(dm1 + dm2) / 2; a = (dwe1 + d2) / 2

Note: Article [12] provides the calculation of dimensions as per AGMA 6022-C93. Since the worm
gearing design permits considerable liberty, some of the dimensional parameters may differ in
both calculations as either of the standards may recommend different parameter options, namely
tooth profile [3.0] and worm diameter parameters [4.11].
Force conditions.

The following formulas are used to calculate the forces occurring in toothing.

Ftm1=2000 T2 / (dm1 ges z1 / z1) = -Fxm2

Ftm2=2000 T2 / dm2 =-Fxm1
Frm1 = -Frm2 = Ftm1 tan() / sin()
Fr1 = (Ftm1^2 + Frm1^2)^0.5
Fr2 = (Ftm2^2 + Frm2^2)^0.5

Worm transmission efficiency.

Total loss of power in worm transmission consists of gearing, bearing and sealing losses. The
calculation neglects any losses associated with the lubrication system and transmission cooling.
Gearing efficiency is defined as a ratio of the driven and driving members and differs if the worm
(index 1) or the wheel (index 2) is the driving member.
Worm is the driving member
Efficiency of gearing:

z = tan() / tan(z)

where:

...pitch angle
...friction angle =atan()
As the pitch angle increases (with given friction angle), efficiency rises quickly at first to change
into a flat curve and drop quickly again (see the Figure).
The curve peak is in the middle of the interval [0; 90-] and the theoretical maximum efficiency
of a worm gearing is then calculated as follows:

max =

tan(45/2) / tan(45/2)

The vertical axis shows gearing efficiency, the horizontal axis shows the pitch angle, and
individual curves are for different friction coefficients.
In practice, pitch angles up to 10 and up to 20-25 are used for worms ZA and for common
worms ZN, ZI respectively, namely for production reasons. Endeavours after the highest possible
efficiency then result in using higher pitch angles, which can be achieved by reducing worm
diameter and using multiple worms.
Wheel is the driving member
This design is virtually not used in power transmissions.
Efficiency of gearing:

z = P1 / P2 = tan() / tan()

Self-locking feature
In this case, the point of intersection of the curve with the horizontal axis (red circled), which
defines the self-locking limit, is important. It is the moment when gearing cannot be moved using
even the highest possible torque acting on the worm gear (this feature is used in lifting

mechanisms, for instance). The self-locking limit occurs when the pitch angle equals to the angle
of friction.
In practice, the following self-locking features are used as a minimum:

Static the static friction coefficient is considerably higher than the dynamic one (2 or
more times); therefore, static self-locking occurs typically at 5-8;

Dynamic dynamic friction coefficient where self-locking typically occurs at 1-3 should
be taken into account on vibrations or shocks in the transmission.

Friction coefficient
Friction coefficient has the highest effect on transmission efficiency. It depends on a number of
parameters (material, surface, lubricant, speed, size). It is calculated using the following formula:

zm = 0T YS YG YW YR; line calculation [6.1-6.7]

Total efficiency
Total efficiency includes bearing, sealing and no-loads losses and is calculated using the following
formula:

ges = Pw2 / (Pw2 + PV), where PV is total power loss; line calculation [6.9-6.15]
Wear load capacity SW
Abrasive loss of material occurs during gearing operation, which means that tooth thickness is
reduced. This predominantly affects the tooth side made of a material of lower hardness (wheel
as a rule). A number of tests were performed recently with different materials, dimensions and oil
types, giving the results as shown on the Figure.

Example of wear curve depending on torque for:

Worm: 16MnCr5E; Wheel: CuSn12Ni-GZ; a=160mm; n1=500; i=20
Curves:

Mineral oil: a) 40=220 [mm2/s]; b) 40=460 [mm2/s]; c) 40=680 [mm2/s]

Synthetic oil: d) EO:PO=0:1
As follows from the results, using synthetic oils reduces wear fundamentally. Oil viscosity has an
effect in mineral oils only; wear increasing significantly with low viscosity.

Abrasive wear in the normal section

combination of materials used

oil type and structure

lubrication film thickness

load cycle

loading intensity

Permissible wear

Wn is the function of:

Wlimn..

Permissible wear of worm gear Wlimn depends predominantly on the equipment in which the
worm transmission is used. It may be determined by the maximum backlash in the gearing, for
instance. In any case, however, permissible wear is achieved at the tooth sharpness limit. If no
particular conditions are agreed/determined, the following is considered as a rule:

Wlimn=0.3 mx cos(m), calculation line [7.18]

Permissible wear is in the green field, the common value is filled in automatically after activating
the ticking box.
Wear safety SW.
SW = Wlimn / Wn SWmin (SWmin=1.1)
It can be influenced (increased) by choosing lower service life required [2.12], oil of higher grade,
higher viscosity [2.7,2.8] and, of course, through the choice of geometrical parameters.
Pitting resistance (DIN 3996)
Fatigue cracks occur on the tooth surface through the pulsating load of the tooth side and
through the action of sliding friction forces. Oil penetrates into these cracks and hydrostatic
forces cause tearing off of surface particles and pitting. The following graph shows pitting
occurrence as a function of the load cycles and centre-line distance. The pitting occurrence
calculation formula is based on a number of test results and operation experience.

Example of pitting occurrence for different centre-line distances based on tests:

Horizontal axis: load cycle - wheel; vertical axis: [%] of pitting area from tooth side area

Worm: 16MnCr5E; Wheel: CuSn12Ni-GZ; Syntetick olej; n1=500; i=20; Hm = 330 MPa
Curves: A) a=160 [mm]; B) a=100 [mm]; C) a=65 [mm]
The following basic formulas are used to check safety:
Contact stress

Hm

Limiting value of contact stress

HG

Pitting safety SH
SH =

HG / Hm SHmin (SHmin=1.0)

It can be influenced (increased) by choosing lower service life required [2.12], oil of higher grade
[2.7] and, of course, through the choice of geometrical parameters.
Worm deflection (DIN 3996)
Too great and dynamically changing worm deflection may result in interferences and thereby in
increased wear.
Worm shaft deflection

Hint: The calculation module for shaft design and check can advantageously be used for the final
precise establishment of worm shaft deflection and its more detailed analysis.
Permissible worm shaft deflection

The value of permissible deflection was achieved from practical experience.

Worm deflection safety S

S = lim / m Smin (Smin = 1.0)

Root-strength of teeth (DIN 3996)
If too high stress on the tooth root occurs, gear teeth suffer plastic deformation resulting in a shift
in the contact area and subsequent breaking of the tooth. Research studies and tests of tooth
root stress were performed for different centre-line distances, transmission ratios, diameter
quotients and different materials. The Figure shows test results and values calculated as per DIN
3996.

Root-strength of teeth based on tests:

Horizontal axis: load cycle wheel; vertical axis: output torque
Worm: 16MnCr5E; Wheel: CuSn12Ni-GZ; Synthetic oil; a=120,u=8/20/50.
Green: calculation to DIN, Blue: test result, failure probability 50[%]
The tests show that the output torque moment causing tooth damage reduces with the
transmission ratio increase. This moment increases with reduced load cycle. At the same time,
the tests show that permanent plastic deformation occurs before tooth breakage in bronze
wheels.
Shear stress:

F = Ftm2 / (b2H mx) Yeps YF Yg

Permissible shear stress:

FG = Flim YNL

Comparison of strength calculations to DIN and AGMA

The value of maximum permissible output to AGMA was used as an input value to calculation to
DIN for the purposes of the following graphs.

Worm: 16MnCrSEh; Wheel: GZ-CuSn12Ni; polyglycol (EO:PO=0:1); a = 180 mm; u = 50/2; L =

25000 h

Worm: 16MnCrSEh; Wheel: GZ-CuSn12Ni; polyglycol (EO:PO=0:1); a = 180 mm; n1 = 500 rpm; L
= 25000 h

Worm: 16MnCrSEh; Wheel: GZ-CuSn12Ni; polyglycol (EO:PO=0:1); u = 50/2; n1 = 500 rpm; L =

25000 h
Thermal safety (DIN 3996), Thermal analysis
When designing a gearbox, one should also consider the heat generated inside the gearbox
(efficiency of gearing, friction of bearings, and friction in sealing). This parameter is not so
important in spur or bevel but it is in worm gearing. As worm gearing efficiency is lower
considerably than that of spur or bevel gearing, considerably more heat is generated in the
gearing and has to be removed. Therefore, thermal safety has great importance for a correct
design to ensure gearbox function within the permitted temperature range of oil. Thermal
design/safety tends to be one of the limiting factors when designing transmissions.
In addition to an approximate formula for heating calculation as per DIN 3996, this calculation
also includes a simple temperature analysis. This analysis makes it possible to calculate the heat
passing through the gearbox walls and the heat removed by oil cooling. For designs of important
transmissions it is in any case recommended to make a detailed thermodynamic analysis, best in
connection with pertinent tests.
Two fundamental formulas are used in this temperature analysis, namely:
P = k A dT
where:
P..... power losses [kW]
k..... combined heat transfer coefficient (heat transmission, radiation) [W/m2*K]
A..... gearbox outer surface [m^2]
dT... temperature difference between oil and ambient air temperature [C]
A number of recommendations can be found in the literature for coefficient k determination.
Selected values are provided in the Article [11.12].
Basic area A is given by the calculation as a minimal right parallelepiped free from any
projections and ribbing, which comprises the designed gearing. The ribbing effect is then
established by means of a coefficient.
P = c ro Q dT
where:
P.....cooler power [kW]
c.....oil specific heat [Ws/Kg/K]

ro... oil density [kg/dm3]

Q... oil volume [litre/s]
dT.. temperature difference between oil leaving the gearbox and cooled oil re-entering the
gearbox.
Note: The design should also take into account transmission load in time. This calculation
considers permanent load. If this load is variable in time or sporadic, it must be reflected in the
thermal analysis.

Calculation procedure.
Gear transmissions are split into:
Power gearing The gearing intended predominantly for power transfer and transformation
must be designed/checked for strength (e.g. machine drives, industrial gearboxes).
Non-power gearing No strength design/check needs to be performed in gearing where the
torque moment is minimal given the wheel size (e.g. instrumentation, regulation equipment...).
Power gearing design.
Any worm gearing design provides considerable liberty in selecting gear diameters and width.
Therefore, the calculation makes it possible to create a table of proper solutions to pick from a
number of parameters, such as weight, centre-line distance, efficiency, etc.
Design procedure:
The result of this procedure is a table of proper solutions of the gearing being designed.
1. Enter transmission power parameters (transmitted power, speed, required transmission
ratio). [1.0]
2. Select pinion and wheel material, loading conditions, operating and production
parameters, and safety coefficients. [2.0]
3. Select tooth profile parameters [3.0]
4. Select the marginal parameters for the calculation of the table of proper solutions.
[4.2,4.3,4.4,4.5]
5. Press "Run the table".
6. Select that solution which suits your requirements best from the table [4.7].
7. Check the results.
Parameter optimization:
Although the solution table provides correct proposals, it is advisable to optimize and fine-tune
some parameters, namely centre-line distance [4.23,4.24] and worm bearing distance
[4.16,4.17].
Gearing design for precise centre-line distance:
The following procedure is most appropriate in power gearing:
1. Carry out a standard design (see above)
2. Sort the solution table by centre-line distances [4.5]
3. Select the centre-line distance nearest to your required centre-line distance in the solution
table
4. Fine-tune the centre-line distance [4.23,4.24]
An auxiliary calculation [16.0] can be used for non-power gearing.
Non-power gearing design.

No strength parameters need to be addressed and checked when designing a non-power gearing.
Therefore, directly select the proper number of teeth and a module [4.8-4.20] and check the
dimensions of the gearing being designed.
Hint: When designing a non-power gearing, select an appropriately low power to be transmitted.

Options of basic input parameters. [1]

Enter the basic input parameters for the gearing being designed in this article.
1.1 Calculation units
Select the required system of calculation units in the list of options. All values will be recalculated
immediately after changing the units.
1.2 Driven worm / worm gear
Select the driven element (worm or gear) in the list of options.
1.3 Transferred power.
Enter the required power on the worm gear. The common values range from 0.1 to 300kW / 0.14420HP, in extreme cases up to 1000kW / 1400HP. Using the right push-button, calculate the
maximum power the particular worm gearing is able to transmit.
1.4 Speed (Worm / Worm gear).
Enter the worm speed. The common worm speed is up to 3000 rpm, while extreme speed may be
up to 40000 rpm. Worm gear speed is calculated from the number of teeth of both gears.
Hint: If you require calculating the transmission ratio and you know the speed of the worm and
the worm gear, press the push-button on the right hand side from the entry field and make the
calculation in the Additions Section.
1.5 Torsional moment.
It is the calculation result and cannot be entered.
Hint: If you require establishing the power transmitted from the torsional moment and speed,
press the right push-button and make the calculation in the Additions Section.
1.6 Transmission ratio.
The optimum transmission ratio ranges between 5 and 100. In extreme cases, it may reach up to
300 (1000 in non-power gearing). Transmission ratio is entered in the left entry field using the
keyboard. The roll-out menu on the left offers the recommended transmission ratio values; when
choosing from this menu, the selected value is added to the left field automatically.
1.7 Actual transmission ratio.
Since the actual transmission ratio is the proportion of the number of teeth of both gears
(integers), the actual transmission ratio will mostly differ from the required (entered) one. The
value of the Actual transmission ratio is shown on the left, while the percentage deviation from
the required one is given on the right.
Hint: If you require designing a transmission with the most precise transmission ratio or need to
divide the transmission ratio among more gearbox stages, use "Transmission ratio calculation".

Options of materials, loading conditions, operational and

production parameters. [2]
When designing a power transmission, enter additional operational and production input
parameters in the article. Try to be as accurate as possible when choosing and entering these
parameters as each one of them may have a dramatic effect on the properties of the gearing
being designed.
2.1, 2.2 Material of worm/gear.
Worm gearing strength is limited by various conditions, namely:

Pitting formation on gear tooth sides

Tooth side wear

Fatigue break at tooth root

Worm deflection

Oil heating

These conditions must be reflected when choosing the worm and gear materials. Hardened and
ground worm mating with tin or phosphorus bronze gear is mostly selected.
Material of worm gear
The basic material is bronze, less frequently being cast iron or brass. Plastic gears are used for
lower powers (to absorb shocks and provide lower noise) and non-power gearing. Bronze gears
are manufactured as composite for economical reasons (a bronze rim put on a steel or cast-iron
wheel). Centrifugal casting is advisable.
The optimum options are tin bronze with high Sn content of 10-12% (excellent friction properties,
high resistance to seizure and good running-in), but are too expensive. Their application can only
be justified in loaded transmissions and with sliding speed exceeding 10 m/s. Even in these
cases, however, there is an effort to replace them by Sn-Ni bronze and other alloys. Bronze with
lower Sn content (5-6%) can be used for speed v = 4-10 m/s.
Less expensive bronze free from tin, e.g. aluminium or lead bronze, or brass are suitable for
speeds v<4 m/s. They are relatively hard and strong, but are less resistant to seizure and are not
so good for running-in. The mating worm, therefore, must have high surface hardness (HRC>45).
In gearing with a greater worm gear, a combination of bronze worm and cast-iron gear can be
used for economical reasons.
Grey cast iron mated with a steel worm can be used for low outputs, quiet load and low
peripheral speed up to 2 m/s.
Material of worm
Carbon or alloyed steel which allows surface heat hardening (hardening to HRC 45-50, cementing
and hardening to HRC 56-62, and nitriding) is used for worms. Tooth sides are ground and/or
polished. When nitrided, the material need not be ground and polished only. Heat-treated or
normalized steel worms are only used for lower outputs and lower peripheral speeds.
Customers own material values If a material which is not specified in the table of materials
should be used for gearing, a number of data should be entered about the material. Go to the
sheet Materials. The first 5 lines in the materials table are reserved for defining the customers
own materials. Enter the material name in the pertinent column (will be shown in the options
menu) and fill in all parameters in the line (white boxes) gradually. After that, go to the
Calculations sheet, select the newly defined material and continue the calculation.
Warning: Customers own material values must be entered in the SI units (MPa,GPa).
Warning: Calculation to DIN 3996 is based on worm gearing research and tests for a hardened,
cemented worm made from 16MnCr5 (DIN EN 10084) and a worm gear made from the following
materials: Bronze - CuSn12-C-GZ, CuSn12Ni2-C-GZ (centrifugal cast), CuSn12Ni2-C-GC
(continuous casting), CuAl10Fe5Ni5-C-GZ (DIN EN 1982), grey cast iron EN-GJS-400-15 (DIN EN
1563), EN-GJL-250 (DIN EN 1561). The results must be transposed in a suitable manner for other
materials.
2.3 Type of worm
Select the type of worm. For details on worm types see the theoretical section of the Help.
2.4 Gearbox loading, driving machine - examples.
Setting of these coefficients substantially affects the calculation of safety coefficients. Therefore,
try to enter as accurate a specification as possible when selecting the type of loading. Examples
of driving machines:
A. Continuous: electric motor, steam turbine, gas turbine
B. With light shocks: hydraulic motor, steam turbine, gas turbine

C. With medium shocks: multi-cylinder internal combustion engine

D. With heavy shocks: single-cylinder internal combustion engine
2.5 Gearbox loading, driven machine - examples:
Setting these parameters substantially affects the calculation of safety coefficients. Therefore, try
to enter as accurate a specification as possible when selecting the type of loading. Examples of
driven machines:
A. Continuous: generator, conveyor (belt, plate, worm), light lift, gearing of a machine tool
traverse, fan, turbocharger, turbo compressor, mixer for materials with a constant density
B. With light shocks: generator, gear pump, rotary pump
C. With medium shocks: main drive of a machine tool, heavy lift, crane swivel, mine fan,
mixer for materials with variable density, multi-cylinder piston pump, feed pump
D. With big shocks: press, shears, rubber calendar, rolling mill, vane excavator, heavy
centrifuge, heavy feeding pump, drilling set, briquetting press, kneading machine
2.6 Type of lubrication and cooling
The types of gearing lubrication and gearbox cooling (or oil on pressure lubrication) depend on a
number of conditions such as power transmitted, transmission ratio, speed, material, gearbox
design, application, etc. The design can be based on worm peripheral speed, but all the
conditions must be reflected in the final design.
Options of lubrication types depending on worm peripheral speed.
Oil bath lubrication: 0-4 [m/s] (0-13 [ft/s])
Oil-spray lubrication: 2-10 [m/s] (6-33 [ft/s])
Pressure circulation lubrication: 8 and more [m/s] (25 [ft/s])
2.7 Type of oil
Mineral oil can be used for less loaded gears, while synthetic oil is recommended for higher
speeds, higher powers transmitted and higher efficiency requirements.
Some advantages of synthetic oils

Total losses reduced by 30% and more (smaller and more economical driving unit)

Increased efficiency by 15% and more (smaller units)

Oil working temperature reduced by up to 20C (68F)

Oil change interval prolonged 3-5x (maintenance cost reduction)

Reduced friction and gear wear

These advantages are opposed by higher price, possible problems with the plastic or rubber
parts, and limited miscibility with mineral oils.
2.8 Oil designation - selection
In the menu, oils are ordered by ISO (AGMA) viscosity. By selecting oil from the menu, selected oil
parameters are transmitted to corresponding boxes (viscosity at 40 C, viscosity at 100 C,
specific weight [kg/dm^3]). If oil parameters are known from the manufacturers material sheet,
enter the parameters in the appropriate boxes [2.9,2.10].
Table: Recommended values for viscosity selection in [mm^2/s] (cSt)
Bulk temperature [C]

Sliding speed [m/s]

Max. working

Starting

< 2.5

2.5 ... 5

>5

0 - 10

-10 - 0

110 130

110 130

110 130

0 - 10

>0

110 150

110 150

110 150

10 - 30

>0

200 245

150 200

150 200

30 - 55

>0

350 510

245 350

200 245

55 - 80

>0

510 780

350 510

245 350

80 - 100

>0

900 1100

510 780

350 510

AGMA-ISO comparison table

AGMA no of Gear Oil
R&O

EP

ISO Viscosity Grade

VG 46

2 EP

VG 68

3 EP

VG 100

4 EP

VG 150

5 EP

VG 220

6 EP

VG 320

7 7comp

7 EP

VG 460

8 8comp

8 EP

VG 680

8A comp
9

VG 1000
9 EP

VG 1500

2.9 Kinematical viscosity for 40C and 100C

Enter the value from the oil manufacturers material sheet.
2.10 Lubricant density at 15C
Enter the value from the oil manufacturers material sheet.
2.11 Roughness average value of the worm
Enter the roughness value. The following Ra values can be achieved for working methods:

Milling: common Ra=1.6-6.3 m (63-250inch); under special conditions up to 0.2m

(8inch)

Machining: common Ra=0.8-6.3 m (32-250inch); under special conditions up to 0.1m

(4inch)

Grinding: common Ra=0.2-1.6 m (8-63inch); under special conditions up to 0.05m

(2inch)

2.12 Application factor

It is proposed based on load irregularity from the driven/driving machine [2.4,2.5]. The value is
filled in automatically after activating the ticking box. The KA factor is used to multiply the torque
value.
2.13 Desired service life
The parameter specifies the desired service life in hours. Orientation values in hours are given in
the table.
Specification

Durability

Household machines, seldom used devices

2000

Electric hand tools, machines for short-term runs

5000

Machines for 8-hour operation

20000

Machines for 16-hour operation

40000

Machines for continuous operation

80000

Machines for continuous operation with log service life

150000

2.14 Requested coefficients of safety

Use lines [2.14-2.17] to enter the requested coefficients of safety. When calculating the table of
proper solutions [4.1], only those solutions will be entered in the table which meet the required
coefficients of safety. Recommended values are provided on the right of the entry field.

Parameters of the tooth profile. [3]

Parameters of the tooth profile can be changed within a wide range and are often dependent on
the manufacturing possibilities. The following values are commonly used:
Addendum - Coefficient of the height of the tooth head ha* = 1.0
Unit head clearance ca* = 0.25 (0.2,0.3)
Coefficient of the root radius rf* = 0.38
Note: Values are entered in module units, which is the mx value for ZA worm (axial module) and
the mn value for ZN, ZI, ZK and ZH worms (normal module).

Design of a geometry of toothing. [4]

This is the central article of the whole calculation and the worm gearing geometry design. It is
divided into three, closely interrelated parts.
1. Proposal of a table of proper solutions [4.1-4.7]
2. Direct design of geometry [4.8-4.22]
3. Design (fine tuning) of precise centre-line distance [4.23-4.25]
Recommendation: When designing power gearing, it is recommended to use in any case the
"Table of proper solutions". In non-power transmissions or where geometry is known, parameters
can be entered right in the second section.
4.1 Table of proper solutions
The table of proper solutions is set up as follows: Numbers of worm teeth are entered in the
calculation gradually (the range is set in [4.3]); worm diameter quotient q is gradually entered for
each value (the range is set in [4.4]); and a minimum module value is searched for every such
combination (and/or maximum value DP for inches) which meets the safety coefficients required
(selected in [4.2]). After finding all proper solutions, the table is sorted by the parameter set in
line [4.5] and the first solution in the table [4.7] is put into the calculation.
Start table calculation pressing the Run the table push-button. The calculation process is shown
in the dialog.
Warning: The values of transmission ratio [1.6], pressure angle [4.10] and addendum
modification coefficient for worm gear [4.21] are also entered in the table of proper solutions.
When selected from the table [4.7], these values are set for the saved values. Therefore, when
changing the parameters, recalculate the table of proper solutions.
4.2 Check safety
In this line, tick the safety type which must be fulfilled to include the solution in the table of
solutions. Set the coefficients in lines [2.14-2.17]. It is recommended to have the check of all
coefficients activated.
4.3 Range of z1 from - to
In this line, enter the range of worm tooth number z1 for which the table should be solved.
Usually z1=1~4 (higher number of worm teeth z1 for higher transmission ratio) is used.

The range of permissible values is z1=1~12, the first value being lower than or equal to the
second one.
4.4 Range q from - to
In this line, enter the range of diameter quotient q for which the table should be solved. Usually
q=8-16 (higher value q for smaller module).
The range of permissible values is q=6~25, the first value being lower than or equal to the
second one.
4.5 Sort results by parameters
Choose by which column the table has to be sorted.
4.6 Table of solutions
By selecting a solution from the table, the solution parameters are transferred into the
calculation. The small push-button "<" on the right will transfer the values from the actual table
line into the calculation.
The table includes the following parameters:

z1 - Number of teeth - Worm

z2 - Number of teeth - Worm Gear

i - Transmission ratio

n2 - Speed - Worm gear

q - Diameter quotient

m - Module

DP - Diametral pitch

eta - Total efficiency

gama - Pitch angle

a - Center distance

d1 - Reference diameter

d2 - Reference diameter

mass - Approximate weight of the gearbox

SW - Safety coefficient (pitting)

SH - Safety coefficient (wear)

Sd - Safety coefficient (deflection)

SF - Safety coefficient (fatigue failure)

ST - Safety coefficient (temperature)

Warning: The values of transmission ratio [1.6], pressure angle [4.10] and addendum
modification coefficient for worm gear [4.21] are also entered in the table of proper solutions.
When selected from the table [4.7], these values are set for the saved values. Therefore, when
changing the parameters, recalculate the table of proper solutions.
4.8 Design of a geometry.

In this section, one can define directly all important worm gearing parameters which influence
and define its geometry. The description and importance of individual parameters are specified
for each of them.
4.9 Number of teeth of Worm/Worm Gear
Enter the number of teeth of worm. The value commonly used ranges from 1 to 4, in special
cases up to 12. It is recommended to select the proper number of teeth from the table of
solutions [4.6] on the basis of your optimization requirements (e.g. weight, efficiency, centre-line
distance ...). In any case, it is advisable to consult manufacturing possibilities with the
technologist.
The number of worm gear teeth is calculated on the basis of the required transmission ratio. The
number of gear teeth must acquire a certain minimum value; otherwise, tooth undercut would
occur. If this is the case, the minimum value is shown in brackets and the box text is shown in
red.
Hint: The minimum number of worm gear teeth can be changed by suitable correction [4.21].
Hint: If you know the numbers of worm and wormgear teeth and need to calculate the
transmission ratio, press the push-button on the right from the entering field and make the
calculation in the Additions Section.
4.10 Pressure angle
Axial pressure angle is entered for the ZA type worm, while normal pressure angle is entered for
other types (ZN,ZI,ZK,ZH). Pressure angle is selected from 15 to 30.
The value of 20 is commonly used. Pressure angle can be selected in dependence on the
requirements for the equipment being designed. Greater pressure angle results in higher safety
against fatigue break (SF) and lower danger of gear tooth undercut. On the other hand, greater
pressure angle reduces the number of engaged teeth, increases bearing load and the worm
deflection load (greater worm deflection). Pressure angle can also be selected in dependence on
pitch angle [4.13], the greater being the pressure angle, the greater pitch angle is chosen.
Minimum number of gear teeth in dependence on pressure angle at zero gearing correction (table
in Help).
Pressure angle
[]

Min. z2/NG

14.5

40

17.5

27

20

21

22.5

17

25

14

27.5

12

30

10

4.11 Diameter quotient

q=d1/m
Worm diameter d1 is virtually arbitrary with the chosen number of worm teeth z1 and the known

module value (mx or mn), unless a certain value of pitch angle is required. In the effort towards
the least possible number of screw cutters for manufacturing work gears, the manufacturers
recommend choosing d1=qm, where q is the coefficient depending on the size of standardized
module m. In consideration of worm rigidity in bending, greater values q are assigned to lower
values m.
m

2.5

10

12

16

20

25

16

12

12

14

10

10

10

10

10

12

12

12

10

14

14

14

12

Note: Since diameter quotient, worm diameter and pitch angle [4.11, 4.12, 4.13] correlate, each
of these values can be entered. Tick the selection push-button on the proper line to select the
entry.
4.12 Worm pitch diameter
d1=qm
If you require entering a precise worm diameter value, activate the entry field by ticking the
selection push-button. The recommended approximate value d1 in dependence on the module
and on the number of worm teeth is given on the right of the entry field.
Note: Since diameter quotient, worm diameter and pitch angle [4.11, 4.12, 4.13] correlate, each
of these values can be entered. Tick the selection push-button on the proper line to select the
entry.
4.13 Pitch angle
Pitch angle is one of the key parameters of worm gearing closely related to worm dimensions and
transmission efficiency. Efficiency grows with increasing pitch angle (for detailed information see
the efficiency section).
The important pitch angle is at the self-locking limit (friction angle [6.8] is equal to pitch angle).
This angle is filled in after pressing the "<=SL" push-button on the right.
Recommended value:
6-40 in worms manufactured from one piece
do 17 in worms put on a shaft
Hint: Since the selection of parameters allows considerable liberty, it is not easy to choose all
parameters manually at once. It is therefore recommended to choose such a solution from the
table of proper solutions which meets ones requirements best, use the solution and fine-tune
individual parameters gradually.
Note: Since diameter quotient, worm diameter and pitch angle [4.11, 4.12, 4.13] correlate, each
of these values can be entered. Tick the selection push-button on the proper line to select the
entry.
4.14 Pitch direction
Select pitch direction. It only has an effect on force orientation and sense of rotation. Unless the
drive kinematics require otherwise, the worm has the right sense of rotation.
4.15 Module/Standardized value/Diametral Pitch (module reverse value)
Module (DP) is the key parameter which affects the gearing size and, thereby, pertinent safety
coefficients. The following entries are required in dependence on the selected calculation units
[1.1]:
SI units (N, mm, kW)
Gearing module is required, axial mx for ZA worm type and normal mn for other types
(ZN,ZI,ZK,ZH).
Imperial units (lbf, in, HP)
The DP value (Diametral Pitch) is required.
The table value can be selected from the options menu on the right.
4.17, 4.18 Distance of left/right bearing
Bearing distance from worm centre (see the Figure) has a direct impact on worm deflection and
thus on worm deflection safety. In the line [4.17] enter the distance of the left and right bearing
from the gear centre as percentage of worm gear outer diameter. This method of selection is
used automatically when calculating the table of proper solutions [4.6]. If you require entering a
precise value, clear the ticking box on the line [4.18] and enter the precise value.

4.19 Worm face width

Worm face width is proposed automatically on the basis of the module and the number of teeth.
If you want to enter your own value, clear the ticking box on the right.
4.20 Worm gear face width
Worm face width is proposed automatically on the basis of worm diameter. If you want to enter
your own value, clear the ticking box on the right.
4.21 Addendum modification coefficient for wormgear
In principle, the worm is manufactured without any addendum modification. Worm gear only is
modified, the main reason for using addendum modification (manufacturing tool shifting) being to
achieve required (standardized) centre-line distance. The use of addendum modification to
eliminate tooth root undercut or to improve tooth bending strength is less frequent.
The minimum value of the addendum modification coefficient to prevent tooth root undercut is
given on the right of the input box. If the actual value is lower, the value is shown in red. The
minimum addendum modification coefficient depends on the number of gear teeth [4.9] and on
the pressure angle [4.10].
Hint: Use the scroll bar to change addendum modification directly.
4.23 Calculation of gearing for the given axis distance
A worm gear design with given axis distance is the most frequent task. The following procedure is
recommended for designing:
1. Calculate a table of proper solutions [4.1]
2. Sort the results by axis distance [4.5]
3. Select such a solution where the axis distance is close to your requirement and also
meets other requirements [4.7]
4. Enter the axis distance required [4.24]
5. Select the method for reaching required axis distance [4.25]
6. Press the "Solve" push-button
4.25 Fit the axis distance by changing the parameter
Axis distance can be influenced by a number of parameters. The following can be used in this
calculation:

Change of module (DP for inch units)

Change in addendum modification x

Change in diameter quotient q

For every method, the range of possible parameter change is specified in brackets "<>" and the
range of possible change in axis distance is specified in parentheses "( )".
4.26 Approximate weight of the gearbox/gears
The first box shows the weight of the complete gearbox (the sum of weights of gear wheels,
shafts and gearbox body). The second box provides the weight of the worm and gears including
shafts. Cast iron is considered as material for gearbox weight calculation.
Note: Although the calculation is approximate only, it provides a suitable optimization
parameter.
4.27 Total efficiency/Max. theoretical
The first box shows the total efficiency of the actually designed gearing, while the right one
shows the maximum theoretically possible efficiency for the actual conditions (lubrication,
materials, bearings, etc.).
Total efficiency is affected most by pitch angle [4.13], when higher pitch angle results in higher
efficiency.
Hint: More information is provided in the theoretical section.
Note: Achieving the highest efficiency will be favourable in most designs. It is therefore a
suitable optimization parameter.

Basic dimensions of gearing [5]

This article provides a well-arranged list of all basic dimensional parameters of gearing. Formulas
used, figures and other information are specified in the theoretical section of the Help.
5.10 Outside diameter of worm gear
It is the greatest diameter of worm gear, while the approximate recommended value as per DIN
3975 is: de2=da2+mx, which has been pre-set. The minimum and maximum values are provided
in the green box on the right.
If a specific value has to be entered, clear the ticking box in this line.
Note: This dimension has an effect on drawing worm gear in 2D.

Efficiency and losses (DIN 3996) [6]

This article provides calculation of gearing efficiency and all other relating parameters. Formulas
used, figures and other information are specified in the theoretical section of the Help.
Hint: Gearing efficiency can be improved through a number of parameters, especially material
selection, geometry (pitch angle increase), lubricant of higher quality grade and roughness
reduction.
6.11 Bearing losses
Bearing losses are one of the parameters having an impact on efficiency. This value depends on
bearing type and supporting method. Identify the worm shaft supporting method in the options
menu.
A. Shaft supported on both sides in fixed bearings, either of the bearings retaining one of the
axial force directions
B. Bearing is floating on one shaft end, the other retaining axial forces in both directions
C. Friction bearings (friction coefficient estimated for less loaded bearings)

Wear safety (DIN 3996) [7]

This article shows wear safety calculation. More detailed information is available in the theoretical
section of the Help.
7.18 Permissible wear of the tooth side
Permissible wear of tooth gear Wlimn depends predominantly on the equipment in which the
worm gear is used. It may be determined by maximum clearance in toothing, for instance. In any
case, however, permissible wear at the tooth sharpness point will be achieved. Unless particular
conditions have been determined/set, the following is considered as a rule

Wlim=0.3 mx cos(m)
Permissible wear is shown in the green box, while the actual value appears automatically after
activating the ticking box.
7.19 Wear safety
It can be controlled (increased) by choosing lower required service time [2.12], oil of higher
grade, higher viscosity [2.7,2.8] and, of course, selecting geometrical parameters.

Pitting safety (DIN 3996) [8]

This article provides the pitting safety calculation. More detailed information is available in the
theoretical section of Help.

Worm deflection (DIN 3996) [9]

The article provides the calculation of worm deflection and reactions in supports (bearing
loading). More detailed information is available in the theoretical section of Help.

Root-strength of teeth (DIN 3996) [10]

This article provides the calculation of root-strength of teeth. More detailed information is
available in the theoretical section of Help
10.4 Thickness of rim
Enter the thickness of gear rim. The minimum recommended value is added automatically so that
the rim thickness coefficient is YK=1.0
10.6 Life factor/Accuracy grade
Higher life factor is conditioned by higher plastic deformations only acceptable for gearing with
lower accuracy grade. If higher reliability is required, it is advisable to set life factor to YNL=1.0. If
the ticking box is crossed, the value based on material used, number of load cycles and accuracy
grade selected is filled in automatically.

Thermal safety (DIN 3996) [11]

This article provides the tools for calculation and check of gearbox energy balance. Since worm
gear efficiency is substantially lower than that of spur or bevel gearing, considerably more heat
which has to be removed is generated in the gearing. Therefore, thermal safety is of great

importance for correct design, which would ensure gearbox function within the permissible oil
temperature range.
The first section provides thermal safety calculation to DIN 3996, method C, while the other
includes a worm gearing thermal analysis. More detailed information is available in the
theoretical section of Help.
Warning: Any change in gearbox temperature parameters or oil temperature results in oil
parameter change, which affects the calculation of safety coefficients SW and SF. It is
recommended to re-check the coefficients.
11.1 Ambient air temperature
Enter ambient air temperature, usually 20C [68F].
11.2 Extreme temperature of gearbox (oil)
The usual maximum temperatures are for:

Mineral oil 90C [194F]

Polyalphaolefin-based synthetic oil (SHC) (PAO) 100C [212F]

Polyglycol-based synthetic oil (PEG) 120C [248F]

Temperature appears automatically according to the oil type selected. If you want to enter your
specific value, clear the ticking box.
11.3 Cooling of gearbox
Select whether a fan is attached to the worm shaft or the gearbox has no fan.
Note: It is advisable to use a fan when the speed exceeds 800 rpm.
11.5 Oil bath lubrication, method C
According to DIN 3996, it is possible to use an approximate formula to calculate the temperature
of a well-ribbed gearbox for cast-iron gears with centre-line distance 63-400 [mm], worm speed
60-3000 [rpm] and transmission ratio 10-40. A deviation of 10K from the actual value should
be taken into account.
The approximate formula result shows gearbox temperature [11.6] and thermal safety [11.7],
which should be higher than 1.1.
11.8 Thermal analysis
This section enables making a simple thermal analysis of a gearbox. Most input parameters are
estimated on the basis of size, power transmitted, design type and others. But more precise
values can also be used, obtained from measurement on a similar gearbox or from the
professional literature, for instance. Clear the ticking box in the pertinent line to enter a specific
value of a required parameter.
Note: Unless oil-spray lubrication [2.6] is selected, pertinent partial calculation [11.14-11.18] in
this section is highlighted in grey and is not included in the result.
11.9 Requested max. temperature of gearbox (oil)
It is proposed on the basis of oil used so as to achieve thermal safety coefficient 1.1.
11.10 Ribbing of the gearbox
Select the type of gearbox surface (design) in the options menu. The parameter has an impact on
surface estimate [11.11].
11.11 Gearbox surface
Surface area is achieved by an approximate calculation based on gearing dimensions. It is
advisable to use a suitable output from the CAD 3D model for precise calculation (check).
11.12 Heat transfer coefficient
Heat transfer (transmission, radiation) coefficient depends on the gearbox operation environment
(ventilation, room size), gearbox size, ribbing, number of worm speed, temperature, etc. The use
of a fan can triple the coefficient. Any precise calculation of the coefficient is therefore difficult

and requires a thorough analysis. Values from 5 [W/m2*K] to 50 [W/m2*K] were measured in
practice. If the ticking box is crossed, an approximate value estimated based on gearbox speed,
size and design is added automatically.
Recommended values:
Basic values for box without fan:
- Small unventilated rooms ...8-12 [W/m2*K]
- Well ventilated rooms ...14-20 [W/m2*K]
Fan effect: The use of a fan may increase the coefficient by up to 100%
Size effect: Small gearboxes may have the coefficient up to 50% higher than big ones
Temperature effect: The coefficient may increase by up to 15% with the difference of ambient
temperature and oil temperature increasing
Speed effect: The coefficient increases with worm speed increasing
11.13 Oil cooler power (inside/outside) if used
In gearboxes where the loss heat is higher (higher power, lower efficiency), natural cooling is
often insufficient and additional oil cooling must be used in the form of an external oil cooler or a
cooling worm in the gearbox. This line shows the loss power necessary to achieve the required
temperature [11.9]. If additional cooling is not required, the value is zero.
Note: If oil-spray lubrication method is specified in line [2.6], zero value is entered and the
following lines are used to calculate additional cooling.
11.14 Oil-spray lubrication
If oil-spray lubrication is selected [2.6], the volume of oil supplied by the pump can be proposed
in this section.
11.15 Use of oil cooler
Specify in this line whether or not an oil cooler is used. Oil cooler application has an effect on the
temperature difference of the lubrication oil.
11.16 Temperature difference of the lubrication oil
It is the difference of temperatures between oil drawn by the pump and sprayed oil.
The usual values are as follows:

Oil spray without oil cooler 2-5 C

Oil spray with oil cooler 10-20C

Note: Precise values depend on cooling/lubrication equipment design and size.

11.17 Oil specific heat
The value for lubrication oil is pre-set at 1900 Ws/Kg/K [0.454 BTU/lb/F]
11.18 Oil spray volume
Such oil spray volume which will guarantee gear cooling to the required temperature [11.8] is
proposed on the basis of entered parameters [11.8-11.15].
Note: Even if no oil spray volume is necessary in terms of cooling, certain minimum volume is
proposed automatically for gear lubrication.
11.20 Gearbox temperature
It should be lower than the extreme value [11.2]
11.21 Thermal safety
The value should be higher than 1.1

Dimensions of cylindrical worm gearing (AGMA 6022-C93) [12]

This article provides a calculation of dimensions as per AGMA 6022-C93. Since the design of
worm gearing allows considerable liberty, some dimensional parameters to DIN and to AGMA may
differ.

Check (ANSI/AGMA 6034-B92) [13]

A strength calculation (check) according to AGMA is given here to have the full picture. In
comparison with the calculation to DIN, the one to AGMA is much simpler, comprising less input
parameters. This, of course, has an impact on calculation accuracy. It is therefore recommended
to use the check to DIN, which is more precise and describes the worm gear behaviour better.
Comparison of both is in the theoretical section.

Force conditions (forces acting on the toothing) [14]

Forces are generated in loaded gearing and transmitted to the machine structure. The knowledge
of these forces is quite crucial for proper dimensioning. Force orientation is shown on the figure
and force magnitudes are specified in this article [14.1-14.6].

Parameters of the chosen material [15]

This article provides the material characteristics of pinion and gear.
Hint: You can enter your specific material values in the "Material" sheet.

Calculation of gearing for the given axis distance [16]

This article provides the calculation of parameters necessary to achieve the required precise
centre-line distance. Enter the number of worm teeth and the number of worm gear teeth in the
line [16.1]. Enter the required centre-line distance in the line [16.2] and press the "Run the
calculation" push-button. The calculation may take several seconds and the table of proper
solutions in the line [16.4] is filled in after it. After selecting a suitable variant from the table, the
parameters (z1,z2,modul,q,x) are transferred to the main calculation.
Project notes: The calculation does not take the strength parameters of the worm gearing into
account.

Preliminary design of shaft diameters (steel). [17]

This article offers shaft diameters (steel) corresponding to required load (power transmitted,
speed). These values are approximate only and a more precise calculation should be used for the
final design.

Auxiliary calculations. [18]

Auxiliary calculations are available in this article. Use the same units when entering values as in
the main calculation. Transfer the entered and calculated values to the main calculation by
pressing the "OK" push-button.

Graphic output, CAD systems.

Information on options of 2D and 3D graphic outputs and information on cooperation with 2D and
3D CAD systems can be found in the document "Graphic output, CAD systems".
Additions This calculation:

19.3 Shaft shoulder (diameter, width)

Enter the values according to the Figure. If the ticking box is crossed, the values are entered
automatically.
19.4 Angle of worm shrink
Enter the angle of worm shrink.

Setting calculations, change the language.

Information on setting of calculation parameters and setting of the language can be found in the
document "Setting calculations, change the language".

Workbook modifications (calculation).

General information on how to modify and extend calculation workbooks is mentioned in the
document "Workbook (calculation) modifications".

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