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    Grey Body Radiation

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    faridzawi
    A grey body is a non-ideal emitter that absorbs some radiation, reflects some radiation, and emits radiation based on its temperature. Unlike a black body, a grey body has an emissivity of less than 1, meaning it emits less radiation than an ideal black body at the same temperature. The ratio of a grey body's actual emissive power to the emissive power of a black body at the same temperature is defined as its emissivity.

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    Grey Body Radiation

    Uploaded by

    faridzawi
    2K views8 pages
    A grey body is a non-ideal emitter that absorbs some radiation, reflects some radiation, and emits radiation based on its temperature. Unlike a black body, a grey body has an emissivity of less than 1, meaning it emits less radiation than an ideal black body at the same temperature. The ratio of a grey body's actual emissive power to the emissive power of a black body at the same temperature is defined as its emissivity.

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    A grey body is a non-ideal emitter that absorbs some radiation, reflects some radiation, and emits radiation based on its temperature. Unlike a black body, a grey body has an emissivity of less than 1, meaning it emits less radiation than an ideal black body at the same temperature. The ratio of a grey body's actual emissive power to the emissive power of a black body at the same temperature is defined as its emissivity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    2K views8 pages

    Grey Body Radiation

    Uploaded by

    faridzawi
    A grey body is a non-ideal emitter that absorbs some radiation, reflects some radiation, and emits radiation based on its temperature. Unlike a black body, a grey body has an emissivity of less than 1, meaning it emits less radiation than an ideal black body at the same temperature. The ratio of a grey body's actual emissive power to the emissive power of a black body at the same temperature is defined as its emissivity.

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    Grey Body Radiation

    A grey body is a non-ideal emitter or an imperfect radiator.


    A grey body will:
    o Absorb some energy it will receive
    o Reflect some of the energy it will receive
    o Emit the energy it absorbs
    A grey body is opaque: = 0

    Model of grey Body

    Grey Body Radiation


    (Absorptivity) + (Reflectivity) + (Transmissivity) = 1
    A+R+T=1
    Since there is no Transmissivity

    T=0

    Then
    Reflectivity + Absorptivity = 1
    Since there is Reflectivity

    A+R=1
    R=>0

    Then
    Absorptivity must be:

    A=<0

    Therefore
    Emissivity must be less than 1

    =<1

    Emissive Power of a Grey Body


    -

    Real surface emit less radiation than ideal black body surface.
    The ratio of actual emissive power [E] to the emissive power of a black
    body at the same temperature [Eb] is called the emissivity.
    It is defined by
    o = E/Eb

    Combined radiative and convective heat transfer is a particular case of simultaneous


    radiative, convective and conductive heat transfer which occurs when heat transfer by
    conduction is negligibly small compared with that by radiation and convection.
    Combined radiation and convection occurs between the boundary surfaces and the
    surrounding medium, between the surfaces separated by the moving medium and
    inside the moving medium. Depending on conditions in the medium, geometrical
    factors and surface state, regimes of strong and weak interaction between radiative and
    convective heat transfer are possible. For weak interaction, problems of heat transfer by
    radiation and convection can be solved successively and independently, while for strong
    interaction, these processes are essentially interdependent. Thus, energy transfer by one
    mechanism can influence heat exchange by the other mechanism and vice versa.
    Simultaneous radiative and convective heat transfer is taken into account when solving
    many problems of heat transfer for hypersonic flows around aircraft, for steam boilers,
    for aircraft and rocket engines for plasma generators, as well as of heat transfer in
    shocks, deflagration and detonation fronts and laser deflagration waves for various
    discharges.
    Mathematical formulation of combined radiation and convection problems includes the
    continuity equation, the momentum (in the Euler or Navier-Stokes forms) and energy
    conservation equations, the state equation and relations for thermodynamic,
    thermophysical transport and optical properties.
    The energy conservation equation has no terms corresponding to conductive heat
    transfer and is of the dimensionless form
    (1)

    All the letters and symbols in the above equation are defined in the article on Coupled
    Radiation, Convection and Conduction. That fact that there are no conductive terms in
    (1) means that heat conductivity is of no importance in the problem, both for the
    temperature field formation in the moving medium and for its heat transfer with the
    surface. Thus, heat conductivity can be ignored for small temperature gradients and
    when the sharp temperature front is replaced by a contact discontinuity. Obviously, in
    the latter case, the information on temperature distribution at the front is lost and the
    medium thermal state on both sides of the contact discontinuity should be determined
    without heat conductivity.
    When analyzing combined radiation and convection, the Boltzmann criterion can be
    represented in the form of the convective to radiative heat flux component ratio
    (2)

    The classical problem of combined radiation and convection is the problem of steadystate gas flow across a flat plate at a constant temperature [Sparrow and Cess (1970)].

    The flow scheme is shown in Figure 1 and the mathematical problem is to solve the
    energy conservation equation
    (3)

    subject to the following boundary conditions: at x = 0, T = T , u = u; at y = 0, u = u, T =


    Tw, v = 0, and the condition for radiation energy intensity (for example, the black-body
    assumption for the surface). Even such simplified and idealized problem has been
    addressed by a wide spectrum of methods with a range of results obtained; this is
    caused by the very complicated radiation problem. When formulating the complete
    problem for a radiation-scattering medium (for the optical thickness 0 ~ 1), it is simplier
    to use numerical methods. The assumptions of weak light scattering or implementation
    of limited optical thickness regimes ( 0 >> 1 and 0 << 1) make it possible to obtain
    analytical solutions. For example, in a "grey" gas without scattering and using the
    exponential approximation of the kernel of the integro-differential equation obtained
    from (3) by substituting qR, y for the plane layer, the following solution has been obtained
    by [Sparrow, E. M. and Cess, R. D. (1970)]:
    (4)

    Here I0 and I1 are the modified Bessel functions,


    , and is the
    volumetric gas absorption coefficient. When gas heat conductivity is excluded, any
    solution of (3) has a temperature discontinuity.

    Figure 1. Combined radiation and convection in flow across a flat plate.


    When solving the heat protection problem for flight vehicles entering the dense
    atmosphere at superorbital velocities the combined radiation and convection
    approximation appears to be very useful and fruitful. When a vehicle with bluntness
    radius ~ 1 m enters the Earths is atmosphere at superorbital velocities of v = 10 - 16
    km/s at an altitude of 75 km, radiation heating of its heating surface exceeds convection
    heating. Therefore, the thin boundary layer where the convective flow forms can be
    neglected. The problem where heat protecting material failure is taken into account is
    the more realistic one. In this case, in a stagnation streamline the shock layer structure
    can be represented as two oppositely-directed mass flows separated by a thin transient
    layer in which the viscosity is essential. Replacing the thin transient layer by a contact
    surface allows the exclusion of viscosity and thermal conductivity. Considering the flow
    to be steady-state, the governing equation system can be formulated [Olstad (1971)] as:
    (5)

    assuming Hugoniot conditions on the shock and the condition of flow nonpenetration or
    a given injection rate through the surface. In problems of radiating shock layers, the
    radiation transfer is considered, as a rule, to be as in a plane-parallel layer, this is
    justified by a small thickness of the layer. Solving Eqs. (5) makes it possible to obtain
    flow variable distributions inside the shock layer and the radiation fluxes to the surface
    and the shock front. In this situation, radiation transfer strongly influences the shock
    layer parameters, hence, the problem can be attributed to the class of strong interaction
    of radiation and convection.
    Problems on laser wave deflagration applied in laser rocket engines and in the optical
    plasmatron are also problems involving the strong interaction regime. The plasma cloud,
    localized in space and with a size of ~ 1 cm and a temperature of ~15,000 K, moves to
    meet a laser beam (e.g., from a CO2 laser) due to heating of the surrounding cold gas by
    the heat radiation of the plasma itself. The plasma exists due to laser energy absorption.
    The heating rate of the cold gas by heat radiation essentially exceeds that by heat
    conductivity, even for extremaly high temperature gradients in the laser deflagration
    wave. The process runs usually at atmospheric or higher pressures, and this makes it
    possible to use the equilibrium approximation for the thermodynamic medium state and
    an equation system similar to (5).
    The main difference is that the integral radiation flux vector is represented as a sum
    where qR, T and qR, L are the vectors of integral heat flux density and laser radiation flux
    density, respectively. To obtain the function qR, T the two-dimensional equation for
    selective radiation transfer must be solved, while for qR, Lthe geometrical optics
    approximation may be employed.
    Combined radiation and convection problems concerned with calculations of heat
    transfer in devices such as steam boiler furnaces are widely encountered in engineering
    practice [Siegel and Howell (1972); Ozisik (1973)]. The temperature of the furnace
    medium (multicomponent disperse system of gas and solid phases) is maintained by
    combustion, and the general configuration of the temperature field in the furnaces is
    determined mainly by convective processes formed when the gas-dust component flows
    in a working space. The surfaces are heated principally by radiation heat transfer from
    the furnace medium; therefore, the heat conductivity contribution is neglected when
    computing real furnace steam boilers. Analyzing the combined radiation and convection
    processes in furnaces, the transfer equation for this complicated geometry should take
    into account the radiation scattering and absorptive properties of the furnace medium
    with various additives (the properties of which are hardly known) as well as the opticalphysical characteristics of the heat-receptive surfaces

    Nucleate Boiling Evaporators

    In evaporators with nucleate boiling, vapor generation is initiated by wall nucleation (though
    in much of the evaporator, nucleation may be supressed). Such evaporators are really a
    subclass of boiling systems in general, and the heat transfer processes are those described in
    the article on Forced Convection Boiling. The types of evaporators in this category include:

    Climbing Film Evaporator.


    -

    Here, there is a short region of nucleate boiling near the evaporator entrance but the
    main part of the evaporator has climbing film flow in the tubes with no nucleate
    boiling.

    Short-tube Vertical Evaporator.


    -

    Here, relatively short tubes may be used with an internal circulation device to aid
    circulation and minimize fouling. A typical system is shown in Figure 3.

    Basket-type Evaporator.
    -

    This is a variant of the short-tube type in which the whole tube bank may be easily
    removed for cleaning.

    Long-tube Vertical Evaporator.


    -

    In this form, there is no free surface in the evaporator (in contrast to the short-tube
    typesee Figure 3); the tubes are much longer and separation occurs in a separate
    vessel.

    Plate Evaporators.
    -

    Here, evaporation occurs in channels separated by plates of one form or another. The
    plate heat exchanger can be adapted to act as an evaporator and this also applies to
    the Plate-fin Heat Exchanger. Evaporators with spiral plates are also employed.

    Horizontal Tube Shell-Side Evaporator.


    -

    This is one of a number of types in which evaporation takes place outside surfaces in
    crossflow, with the heating on the inside of the tubes.

    Figure 3. Short-tube vertical evaporator.

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