JGI 20120305-Tectonostratigraphy of The Southern Part of Papua and Arafura
JGI 20120305-Tectonostratigraphy of The Southern Part of Papua and Arafura
JGI 20120305-Tectonostratigraphy of The Southern Part of Papua and Arafura
167
168
Akhir - Kapur, yaitu Kelompok Aifam dan Formasi Tipuma (Fase saat pemekaran) serta Kelompok Kembelangan (Fase
tepian pasif Mesozoikum). Kontak antara Kelompok Aifam dan Formasi Tipuma Trias - Jura Awal dipisahkan oleh batas
bentang regional. Formasi ini terdiri atas lapisan merah yang mengisi subcekungan lembah pemekaran sesar bongkah
sebagai endapan benua tahap pemisahan. Erosi permukaan berkembang secara luas membentuk ketidak selarasan,
memisahkan lapisan merah tersebut dari endapan trangresif pasca pemisahan pada umumnya dari endapan laut Kelompok Kembelangan Jura - Kapur. Kelompok ini terdiri atas batupasir dan serpih glaukonitan yang diendapkan pada
lingkungan pantai - laut dangkal, dan menerus ke atas menjadi batulumpur paparan. Penurunan relatif permukaan air
laut yang berkaitan dengan stabilitas tektonik daerah tersebut menyebabkan perkembangan paparan karbonat berumur
Eosen - Miosen Akhir dari Supergroup Batugamping Nugini yang terbentuk di seluruh Pulau Papua dan di selatan
Arafura, menutupi unit bukan karbonat (Fase tepian pasif Tersier). Unit ini terpisah dari paket kaya silisiklastika oleh
pembatas Tersier - Pra-Tersier. Fluktuasi permukaan laut dalam supergroup ini terekam selama pembentukan lapisan/
lensa batupasir tipis tidak menerus dari Formasi Sirga dan Anggota Adi berumur Oligosen (Fase konvergen). Batuan
sedimen turbidit Formasi Klasafet berumur Miosen diendapkan pada lingkungan laut dalam bersamaan dengan erupsi
magma busur (Fase kompresional). Daerah daratan utama muncul di atas permukaan laut pada Miosen Akhir sampai
Plistosen (Orogen Melanesia) dan endapan detritus terigenos mulai terendapkan dalam cekungan sebagai sedimen
tipe molase dan di lingkungan laut secara setempat (Formasi Buru dan Formasi Steenkool).
Kata kunci: Fanerozoikum, tektonostratigrafi, benua, fase, Papua
Introduction
The southern Papua and Arafura Sea is a continental shelf area situated on the northern part of
the Australian Craton (Figure 1). To the north, it is
bordered by the Tertiary collision zone between the
Australian craton and the northern Papua island arc,
while to the south it adjoins the stable Australian
craton. The bathymetry of the Arafura Shelf exhibits
depths of between 50 and 80 m (160 and 260 ft),
but deeper parts down to more than 600 m (1,970
ft) occur at the edges. Papua (formerly Irian Jaya)
located in the eastern Indonesia has the most complete stratigraphic succession and contains the oldest
rock (Cambrian) in Indonesia. Eastern Indonesia is
one of the most active tectonic regions in the world.
Three major crustal plates converge in this area (the
Pacific, Eurasia and Australian plates) (Figure 1)
have caused a complex pattern of subduction zones,
volcanic arcs, mountain ranges and sedimentary
basins (Simanjuntak and Barber, 1996).
The landscape of eastern Indonesia is a reflection
of this active tectonics. Volcanoes, raised terraces,
fault escarpments, and deep valleys characterize
it. Eastern Indonesia consists of a core of drowned
oceanic crust (Banda Sea) that is surrounded by continent (Australia). The islands of eastern Indonesia
are an active belt at the boundary of the Banda Sea,
Pacific, and Australia. Most of the non-volcanic
islands in eastern Indonesia containing fragments
169
Tectonostratigraphy of the Southern Part of Papua and Arafura Sea, Eastern Indonesia (B.H. Harahap)
EURASIAN
PLATE
20 o N
PHILIPPINE
SEA PLATE
15 o
Sumatra
/y
Transitional Complex
Sulu
Sea
SUNDALAND
CRATON
Ocean Plates
cm
Andaman
Sea
Marginal Seas
10 o
SOUTH
CHINA
SEA
Craton
10.2
PASIFIC
PLATE
Celebes
Sea
cm/
yr
Study Area
Kalimantan
Papua
5o
7 cm
/yr
Java
10 o S
Barikis
K en
Sumba
100 o
Timor
Sahul
Shelf
105 o
110 o
115 o
120 o
125 o
hru
st
Papua
New Guinea
Arafura
Shelf
AUSTRALIAN
CRATON
Flores Thrust
deng Thrust
INDIAN OCEAN
PLATE
95 o E
Asm
at T
Banda Sea
130 o
135 o
140 o
145 o E
Figure 1. Tectonic framework of Indonesia (Simandjuntak and Barber, 1996). Papua (formerly Irian Jaya) lies on the Australian continental margin
Major faults
Arafura Sea
25
50
75
100km
Carboniferous
Permain
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
Sediments
Shelf
Metamorphics
Acid to intermediete
volcanic and intrusive
AUSTRALIAN PLATE
Figure 2. Regional geologic setting of Papua (modified from Dow et al., 1986), the southern region discussed in this article is part of the Australian Continental Crust.
Banda Sea
MESOZOIC
Limestone
170
Indonesian Journal of Geology, Vol. 7 No. 3 September 2012: 167-187
Tectonostratigraphy of the Southern Part of Papua and Arafura Sea, Eastern Indonesia (B.H. Harahap)
4oN
128o E
140o E
136o E
132o E
4oN
gh
PACIFIC
(CAROLINE)
PLATE
Ayu T
hrou
PACIFIC
(PHILIPPINE SEA)
PLATE
50
171
LEGEND
250km
Offshore extension
Indo-Australian Plate (Southern Area)
0o
0o
Sorong
ault
Molucca-Sorong F
Offshore extension
Fault
Yapen Fault
North Sule
Soro
ng F
ault
ult
Fa
ru
Bu
Lengguru Fold/
Thrust Belt
Offshore extension
t
ffse
ier O
Mamberamo Fold/
Thrust Belt
tt
Gau
4oS
4oS
Banda Sea
Mera
uke
So
uth
nd
r Ba
aA
rc
nd
r Ba
ta
ali
for
lat
lP
hu
Cald
u
cG
Oute
Sa
ESIA
INDON
RALIA
AUST
uG
rab
en
Offshore extension
INDO-AUSTRALIAN
PLATE
Thrust fault
Normal fault
Strike-slip fault
Go
lbu
en
rn
Gr
132o E
Anticline
Syncline
ab
en
128o E
Subduction Zone
Divergent plate boundary
Fault/Structural lineament
ab
Gr
Ar
Rise
8oS
a Arc
rabe
Inn
8oS
Banda Ridge
136o E
140o E
Figure 3. Regional tectonic map of eastern Indonesia (data source from KNOC, 1999; Dow et al., 1986; Hamilton, 1979;
Simandjuntak and Barber, 1996).
172
AGE
Lower
Lower
JURASSIC
160
Middle
250
300
Phase II
Kopai Sandstone
Berriasian
Kimmeridgian
Oxfordian
Bathonian
Bajocian
Aalenian
Toarcian
Pliensachian
Sinemurian
Norian
Middle
Lower
Lower
PERMIAN
Lower
Mississippian Pennsylvianian
290
KOPAI
Hauterivian
Valanginian
Carnian
Ladinian
Anistan
Scythian
CARBONIFEROUS
280
WONIWOGI
Aptian
Barremian
Upper
260
270
KLEMBENGAN
GROUP
TIPUMA GROUP
Rhaetian
TRIASSIC
240
Hettagian
210
230
PINIYA
Coniacian
Callovian
Lower
200
EKMAI
Santonian
TIPUMA-1
150
220
Paleocene
Shale
Camapanian
Albian
140
190
IMSKIN GROUP
Middle
Turonian
Cenomanian
Neocomian
CRETACEOUS
Upper
130
180
ADI-1
TIPUMA-2
80
170
Lower
Maastrichian
70
120
COVERGENCE
ADI-2
Upper
Paleocene
65
110
Upper
Yawee
Klasafet
DARAM
60
90
COMPRESSION
Lower
55
100
Middle
Upper
Paleogene
50
Buru/Steenkool
Phase I
35
45
Miocene
Neogene
30
40
Upper
Lower
Lower
Oligocene
25
TECTONIC
Upper
Eocene
20
TERTIARY
15
NOMENCLATURE
Flent
5
10
LITHOLOGY
Holocene
PASSIVE MARGIN/
THERMAL SAG
Quaternary
Pliocene
YM
PRE-RIFT
TIPUMA
MUDSTONE
TIPUMA SANDSTONE
AIDUNA MUDSTONE
AIFAM GROUP
AIDUNA LIMESTONE
Upper
GRANITE
Lower
330
SILURIAN
340
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
BASEMENT
Middle
Upper
380
400
Lower
Lower
370
390
Upper
Upper
350
360
Middle
Lower
320
MODIO
DEVONIAN
KEMUM
Upper
310
PRE-RIFT
TUABA, KARIM
AND AWITAGOH
Middle
Lower
Figure 4. Tectonostratigraphy phase diagram of southern Papua and Arafura Sea area (data is derived from many sources i.e.
Pieters et al., 1983; Dow et al., 1986 etc).
Neogene
Paleocene
Lower
Middle
Upper
Lower
Middle
Upper
Lower
Lower
Middle
Upper
Lower
Middle
Upper
Upper
Lower
Kais
Roabiba
FIELD SECTION
Klasafet
Steenkool
Non Deposition
Kaimana
Faumai
ASE
IGNEOUS INTRUSION
ASF
Kembalangan-1
Taporomay
Kayu Merah
Kiruru
LakahiaBuru
ASB
ASA
EAST
Non Deposition
Green sand
Non Deposition
Non Deposition
ASM
Figure 5. Time space stratigraphic diagram from Roabiba to South Oeta wells (data is derived from wells and KNOC, 1999).
WELLS
CAMBRIAN
ORDOVICIAN
SILURIAN
Upper
Middle
Lower
Lower
Upper
Carnian
Ladinian
Anistan
Scythian
Norian
Bajocian
Aalenian
Toarcian
Pliensachian
Sinemurian
Hettagian
Rhaetian
Bathonian
Callovian
Oxfordian
Kimmeridgian
Berriasian
Valanginian
Hauterivian
Aptian
Barremian
Albian
Santonian
Coniacian
Turonian
Cenomanian
Camapanian
Maastrichian
Lower
Middle
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Middle
Upper
Lower
Upper
DEVONIAN
CARBONIFEROUS
Upper
Pensilvania
Missisipian
PERMIAN
TERTIARY
Pliocene
Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
Upper
Lower
Paleogene
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
Neocene
WEST
Pre-Rift
Syn-Rift
Mega Sequence-4
Passive Margin
Mega Sequence-4
Passive Margin
Mega Sequence-4
Syn-convergence
Mega Sequence-4
Syn-compression
Mega Sequence-5
Sequence
Divisions
Rising
Present
Sea Level
Falling
Tectonostratigraphy of the Southern Part of Papua and Arafura Sea, Eastern Indonesia (B.H. Harahap)
173
174
Tectonostratigraphy of the Southern Part of Papua and Arafura Sea, Eastern Indonesia (B.H. Harahap)
Alluvium
Buru Fm
Alluvium
1200 m
Mudstone, bluish grey, soft, calc,
rich in carbonaceous material and
contain foraminifera
Limestone
300 m
Imskin
Lengguru &
Yawee Fms
800 m
Adi Fm
1000 m
Shallow to parallic
Yawee Fm
700 m
Shallow Shelf
Waripi Fm
500 m
Shallow Shelf
EkmaiFm
500 m
Piniya Fm
900 m
Shallow Shelf
Wonowogi Fm
250 m
Well bedded-mass, glauc, py, ortoqzt, minor slst, and calc, mdst
belemnite present
Kapai Fm
300 m
Shallow Shelf
Tipuma Fm
500 m
Well bedded maroon, locally, green mdst, and maroon, green grywh.
lithic sst, & cgl.X.bdd abundant.
Fluviatile environt
Aiduna Fm
1200 m
Modio Fm
1000 m
Kariem Fm
175
2500 m
Delta-shallow
marine
Marine environt
Marine environt
Figure 7. Summary of the lithostratigraphy of the eastern part of southern Papua and Arafura Sea areas (data is derived from
many sources i.e. Pieters et al., 1983; Dow et al., 1986 etc).
176
UNIT
THICKNESS
LITHOLOGY
DESCRIPTION
ENVIRONMENT
Alluvium
Deltaic to paralic
Steenkool Fm
2000-4000 m
Klasafet Fm
100-300 m
Kais Fm
250-350 m
Sirga Fm
50-200 m
Beach doposits
Shallow water carbonate
shelf
Faumai Fm
200-434 m
Puragi Fm
144-320 m
Dolomitic shale to clayey dolostone, with minor sandy shale and sandy
limestone near base, and anhydrite bed near top
Jas Fm
400 m
Tipuma Fm
300-500 m
Reddish brown, light reddish grey, cream and white mudstone, siltstone,
minor sandstone, local conglomerate, cross bedding, lamination.
750 m
Fluvio deltaic
Ainim Fm
Aifat Fm
700 m
Aimau Fm
250-1500 m
Shallow-marine shelf to
shoreline
Shallow marine
Fluviatile to littoral
Kemum Fm
>1000 m
Figure 8. Summary of the lithostratigraphy of the western part of southern Papua and Arafura Sea area (data is derived from
many sources i.e. Pieters et al., 1983; Dow et al., 1986 etc).
Tectonostratigraphy of the Southern Part of Papua and Arafura Sea, Eastern Indonesia (B.H. Harahap)
177
178
Tectonostratigraphy of the Southern Part of Papua and Arafura Sea, Eastern Indonesia (B.H. Harahap)
179
180
Tectonostratigraphy of the Southern Part of Papua and Arafura Sea, Eastern Indonesia (B.H. Harahap)
181
182
Tectonostratigraphy of the Southern Part of Papua and Arafura Sea, Eastern Indonesia (B.H. Harahap)
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184
Tectonostratigraphy of the Southern Part of Papua and Arafura Sea, Eastern Indonesia (B.H. Harahap)
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186
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