(A. Hobbacher) Fatigue Design of Welded Joints

The International Institute of Welding
Fatigue design of
welded joints and
components
Recommendations of IIW
Joint Working Group XIII-XV
XIII-1539-96IXV-845-96
A Hobbacher
ABINGTON PUBLISHING
Woodhead Publishing Ltd in association with The Welding Institute
Cambridge England
This document contains contributions from:

Prof Dr A Hobbacher, FH Wilhelmshaven, Germany
Prof P Haagensen, Inst of Technology, Trondheim, Norway
M Huther, Bureau Veritas, France
Prof Dr K Iida, Inst of Technology, Shibaura, Japan
Dr Y F Kudriavtsev, Paton Welding Institute, Kiev, Ukraine
Dr H P Lieurade, CETIM, Senlis, France
Dr S J Maddox, TWI, Cambridge, UK
Prof Dr Ch Miki, Inst of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Prof Erkki Niemi, Lappeenranta Univ of Technology, Finland
A Ohta, NRIM, Tokyo, Japan
Oddvin 0rjasreter, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway
Prof Dr H J Petershagen, Univ Hamburg, Germany
DR V van Delft, Delft Univ of Technology, The Netherlands
Published by Abington Publishing

Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington,
Cambridge CB21 6AH, England
www.woodheadpublishing.com
First published 1996, Abington Publishing
1996, The International Institute of Welding
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-85573-315-2
ISBN-I0: 1-85573-315-3
Printed by Victoire Press Ltd, Cambridge, England
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
1.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
1.4 SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 BASIC PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
1.6 NECESSITY FOR FATIGUE ASSESSMENT. . . . . . . . . . . ..
1. 7 APPLICATION OF THE DOCUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 FATIGUE ACTIONS (LOADING) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Determination of Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2 Stress Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
2.1.3 Types of Stress Raisers and Notch Effects . . . . . . . . . ,
2.2 DETERMINATION OF STRESSES AND STRESS INTENSITY
FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Definition of Stress Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
2.2.2 Nominal Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2.2 Calculation of Nominal Stress . . . . . . . . . . ..
2.2.2.3 Measurement of Nominal Stress . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 Geometric Stress (hot spot stress) .. . . . . . . . . . . . ..
2.2.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3.2 Calculation of Geometric Stress . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3.3 Calculation of Geometric Stress by Parametric
Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
2.2.3.4 Measurement of Geometric Stress . . . . . . . . .
2.2.4 Effective Notch Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
2.2.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.4.2 Calculation of Effective Notch Stress . . . . . . .
2.2.4.3 Measurement of Effective Notch Stress . . . . ..
2.2.5 Stress Intensity Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.5.2 Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors by Parametric Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.5.3 Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors by Finite
Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
2.3 STRESS HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
page 3
6
6
6
7
12
13
13
14
17
17
17
17
18
19
19
20
20
22
22
23
23
24
26
26
28
28
29
29
30
30
30
31
31
3 F ATIGUE RESISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
3.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
3.2 FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF CLASSIFIED STRUCTURAL DETAILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
3.2.2 Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
34
34
34
37
57
3.3 FATIGUE RESISTANCE AGAINST GEOMETRIC STRESS (HOT SPOT

STRESS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3.1 Fatigue Resistance using Reference S-N Curve . . . . . .. 73
3.3.1.1 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73
3.3.1.2 Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73
3.3.2 Fatigue Resistance Using a Reference Detail . . . . . . . . 73
3.4 FATIGUE RESISTANCE AGAINST EFFECTIVE NOTCH
STRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75
3.4.1 Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75
3.4.2 Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75
3.5 FATIGUE STRENGTH MODIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.5.1 Stress Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.5.1.1 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76
3.5.1.2 Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76
3.5.2 Wall Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.5.2.1 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77
3.5.2.2 Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78
3.5.3 Improvement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.5.4 Effect of Elevated Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
3.5.4.1 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
3.5.4.2 Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
3.5.5 Effect of Corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
3.6 FATIGUE RESISTANCE AGAINST CRACK PROPAGATION.. 80
3.6.1 Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80
3.6.2 Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80
3.7 FATIGUE RESISTANCE DETERMINATION BY TESTING . .. 81
3.8 FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF JOINTS WITH WELD IMPERFECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
3.8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
3.8.1.1 Types of Imperfections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
3.8.1.2 Effects and Assessment of Imperfections '" .. 83
3.8.2 Misalignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.8.3 Undercut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 86
3.8.3.1 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 86
3.8.3.2 Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.8.4 Porosity and Inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.8.4.1 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88
3.8.4.2 Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88
page 4
3.8.5 Cracklike Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

3.8.5.1 General Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
3.8.5.2 Simplified Procedure .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
89
89
90
4 FATIGUE ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 COMBINATION OF NORMAL AND SHEAR STRESS . . . . . .
4.3 FATIGUE ASSESSMENT USING S-N CURVES . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1 Linear Damage Calculation by "Palmgren-Miner" Summation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.2 Nonlinear Damage Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
4.4 FATIGUE ASSESSMENT BY CRACK PROPAGATION CALCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ..
4.5 FATIGUE ASSESSMENT BY SERVICE TESTING. . . . . . . ..
4.5.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
4.5.2 Safe Life Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.3 Fail Safe Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.4 Damage Tolerant Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
94
94
95
100
101
101
101
103
103
5 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
5.2 FATIGUE DESIGN STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Infinite Life Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 Safe Life Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.3 Fail Safe Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.4 Damage Tolerant Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
106
6 APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
6.1 LOAD CYCLE COUNTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1 Transition Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
6.1.2 Rainflow or Reservoir Counting Method . . . . . . . . . .,
6.2 FRACTURE MECHANICS .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
6.2.1 Rapid Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors . . . . . . . .
6.2.2 Dimensions of Cracks .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
6.2.3 Interaction of Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
6.2.4 Formulae for Stress Intensity Factors . . . . . . . . . . . ..
6.3 FORMULAE FOR MISALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON SAFETY . . . . . . . . .
6.4.1 Statistical Evaluation of Fatigue Test Data. . . . . . . . ..
6.4.2 Statistical Evaluation at Component Testing . . . . . . . ..
6.4.3 Statistical Considerations for Partial Safety Factors . . . .
107
107
107
107
108
108
109
110
110
115
119
119
120
122
7 REFERENCES
95
99
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
page 5
1 GENERAL
The IIW, every other body or person involved in the preparation and publication of
this document hereby expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for loss or
damage resulting from its use, for any violation of any mandatory regulation with
which the document may conflict, or for the infringement of any patent resulting from
the use of this document.
It is the user's responsibility to ensure that the recommendations given here are
suitable for his purposes.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The aim of these recommendations is to provide a basis for the design and analysis of
welded components loaded by fluctuating forces, to avoid failure by fatigue. In
addition they may assist other bodies who are establishing fatigue design codes. It is
assumed that the user has a working knowledge of the basics of fatigue and fracture
mechanics.
The purpose of designing a structure against the limit state due to fatigue damage is to
ensure, with an adequate survival probability, that the performance is satisfactory
during the design life. The required survival probability is obtained by the use of
appropriate partial safety factors.
1.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The recommendations present general methods for the assessment of fatigue damage
in welded components, which may affect the limit states of a structure, such as ultimate limit state and servicability limited state [1].
The recommendations give fatigue resistance data for welded components made of
wrought or extruded products of ferritic/pearlitic or bainitic structural steels up to
f y =700 MPa and of aluminium alloys commonly used for welded structures.
The recommendations are not applicable to low cycle fatigue, where aqnom> l.Sfy, for
corrosive conditions or for elevated temperature operation in the creep range.
page 6
1 GENERAL
The IIW, every other body or person involved in the preparation and publication of
this document hereby expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for loss or
damage resulting from its use, for any violation of any mandatory regulation with
which the document may conflict, or for the infringement of any patent resulting from
the use of this document.
It is the user's responsibility to ensure that the recommendations given here are
suitable for his purposes.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The aim of these recommendations is to provide a basis for the design and analysis of
welded components loaded by fluctuating forces, to avoid failure by fatigue. In
addition they may assist other bodies who are establishing fatigue design codes. It is
assumed that the user has a working knowledge of the basics of fatigue and fracture
mechanics.
The purpose of designing a structure against the limit state due to fatigue damage is to
ensure, with an adequate survival probability, that the performance is satisfactory
during the design life. The required survival probability is obtained by the use of
appropriate partial safety factors.
1.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The recommendations present general methods for the assessment of fatigue damage
in welded components, which may affect the limit states of a structure, such as ultimate limit state and servicability limited state [1].
The recommendations give fatigue resistance data for welded components made of
wrought or extruded products of ferritic/pearlitic or bainitic structural steels up to
f y =700 MPa and of aluminium alloys commonly used for welded structures.
The recommendations are not applicable to low cycle fatigue, where aqnom> l.Sfy, for
corrosive conditions or for elevated temperature operation in the creep range.
page 6
1.3 DEFINITIONS
Characteristic value
Classified structural
detail
Concentrated load
effect
Constant amplitude
loading
Crack propagation
rate
Crack propagation
threshold
Loads, forces or stresses, which vary statistically, at a

specified fractile, here: 95 % at a confidence level of the
mean of 75% .
A structural detail containing a structural discontinuity

including a weld or welds, for which the nominal stress
approach is applicable, and which appear in the tables of
the recommendation. Also referred to as standard structural detail.
A local stress field in the vicinity of a point load or reaction force, or membrane and shell bending stresses due
to loads causing distortion of a cross section not sufficiently stiffened by a diaphragm.
A type of loading causing a regular stress fluctuation

with constant magnitudes of stress maxima and minima.
Amount of crack tip propagation during one stress cycle.
Limiting value of stress intensity factor range below

which crack propagation will not occur.
Cut off limit
Fatigue strength under variable amplitude loading, below

which the stress cycles are considered to be non-damaging.
Design value
Characteristic value factored by a partial safety factor.
Effective notch
stress
Equivalent stress
range
Notch stress calculated for a notch with a certain effective notch radius.
Constant amplitude stress range which is equivalent in

terms of fatigue damage to the variable amplitude loading
under study, at the same number of cycles.
page 7
Fatigue
Detoriation of a component caused by crack initiation

and/or by the growth of cracks.
Fatigue action
Load effect causing fatigue.
Fatigue damage ratio
Ratio of fatigue damage sustained to fatigue damage

required to cause failure, defined as the ratio of the
number of applied stress cycles and the corresponding
fatigue life at constant amplitude.
Fatigue life
Number of stress cycles of a particular magnitude required to cause fatigue failure of the component.
Fatigue limit
Fatigue strength under constant amplitude loading corresponding to infinite fatigue life or a number of cycles
large enough to be considered infinite by a design code.
Fatigue resistance
Structural detail's resistance against fatigue actions in

terms of S-N curve or crack propagation properties.
Fatigue strength
Magnitude of stress range leading to a particular fatigue

life.
Fracture mechanics
A branch of mechanics dealing with the behaviour and

strength of components containing cracks.
Geometric stress
See 'hot spot stress'
Hot spot
A point in a structure where a fatigue crack may initiate

due to the combined effect of structural stress fluctuation
and the weld geometry or a similar notch.
Hot spot stress
The value of structural stress on the surface at a hot spot

(also known as geometric stress).
Local nominal stress
Nominal stress including macro-geometric effects, concentrated load effects and misalignments, disregarding
the stress raising effects of the welded joint itself. Also
referred to as modified nominal stress.
Local notch
A notch such as the local geometry of the weld toe,

including the toe radius and the angle between the base
plate surface and weld reinforcement. The local notch
does not alter the structural stress but generates nonlinear
stress peaks.
page 8
~acro-geomeUic
discontinuity
~acro-geomeUic
~embrane
~ner
A global discontinuity, the effect of which is usually not

taken into account in the collection of standard structural
details, such as a large opening, a curved part in a
beam, a bend in a flange not supported by diaphragms or
stiffeners, discontinuities in pressure containing shells,
eccentricity in a lap joint (see fig. (2.2)-3).
effect
stress
sum
A stress raising effect due to macro-geometry in the

vicinity of the welded joint, but not due to the welded
joint itself.
Average normal stress across the thickness of a plate or
shell.
Summation of individual fatigue damage ratios caused by
each stress cycle or stress range block above a certain
cut-off limit according to the Palmgren-~er rule.
~salignment
Axial and angular misalignments caused either by detail

design or by poor fabrication or welding distortion.
~odified
See 'Local nominal stress'.
nominal stress
Nominal stress
A stress in a component, resolved using general theories,

e.g. beam theory. See also local nominal stress.
Nonlinear stress peak
The stress component of a notch stress which exceeds the

linearly distributed structural stress at a local notch.
Notch stress
Total stress at the root of a notch taking into account the

stress concentration caused by the local notch, consisting
of the sum of structural stress and nonlinear stress peak.
Notch stress concentration

factor
Paris' law
The ratio of notch stress to structural stress.

An experimentally determined relation between crack
growth rate and stress intensity factor range.
Palmgren-Miner rule
Fatigue failure is expected when the Miner sum reaches
unity.
page 9
Rainflow counting
A standardized procedure for stress range counting.
Range counting
A procedure of determining various stress cycles and

their ranges from a stress history, preferably by rain flow
counting method.
Shell bending stress
Bending stress in a shell or plate-like part of a component, linearly distributed across the thickness as assumed in the theory of shells.
S-N curve
Graphical presentation of the dependence of fatigue life

N on fatigue strength S (~O"R or ~TJ, also known as
Wohler curve.
Stress cycle
A part of a stress history containing a stress maximum

and a stress minimum, determined usually by a range
counting method.
Stress history
A time based presentation of a fluctuating stress, defined

by sequential stress peaks and troughs (valleys), either
for the total life or for a certain sample.
Stress intensity
factor
Main parameter in fracture mechanics, the combined

effect of stress and crack size at the crack tip region.
Stress range
The difference between stress maximum and stress minimum in a stress cycle, the most important parameter
governing fatigue life.
Stress range block
A part of the total spectrum of stress ranges which is discretized in a certain number of blocks.
Stress range exceedances
A tabular or graphical presentation of the cumulative

frequency of stress range exceedances, i.e the number of
ranges exceeding a particular magnitude of stress range
in a stress history. Here, frequency is the number of
occurrances. (Also referred to as "stress spectrum" or
"cumulative frequency diagram").
Stress range occurrences
A tabular or graphical presentation of stress ranges, usually discretized in stress range blocks. See also "stress
range exceedances".
Stress ratio
Ratio of minimum to maximum algebraic value of the
page 10
stress in a particular stress cycle.

Stress intensity factor ratio Ratio of minimum to maximum algebraic value of the
stress intensity factor of a particular load cycle.
Structural discontinuity
A geometric discontinuity due to the type of welded

joint, usually to be found in the tables of classified structural details. The effects of a structural discontinuity are
(i) concentration of the membrane stress and (ii) formation of secondary shell bending stresses (see fig.
(2.2)-6).
Structural stress
Structural stress
concentration factor
A stress in a component, resolved taking into account the

effects of a structural discontinuity, and consisting of
membrane and shell bending stress components. Also
referred to as geometric stress.
The ratio of structural (hot spot) stress to modified (local) nominal stress.
Variable amplitude loading A type of loading causing irregular stress fluctuation with
stress ranges (and amplitudes) of variable magnitude.
page 11
1.4 SYMBOLS
K
stress intensity factor

Kmax stress intensity factor caused by O'max
Kmm stress intensity factor caused by O'min
magnification function for K due to nonlinear stress peak
Mk
magnification function for K, concerning membrane stresses
Mk,m
M ..,b magnification function for K, concerning shell bending stresses
R
stress ratio
Y
correction function for K, taking into account crack form, aspect ratio,
relative crack size etc.
correction function for K, concerning membrane stress
correction function for K, concerning shell bending stress
depth of a surface crack or semi length of a through crack
initial depth of a surface crack
crack size at failure
ar
eccentricity,
amount of offset misalignment
e
yield strength of the material
fy
stress magnification factor due to misalignment
ku.
stress concentration factor due to structural discontinuity
ks
stress concentration factor due to local notch
~
m
exponent of S-N curve or Paris power law
plate thickness, thickness parameter (crack center to nearest surface)
t
4K
stress intensity factor range
4KS,d design value of stress intensity factor range caused by actions
~ threshold stress intensity factor range
stress range
aO'
design
value of stress range caused by actions
aO'S,d
aO'R,L characteristic value of fatigue limit
aT shear stress range
partial safety factor for fatigue resistance in terms of stress
'YM
r M partial safety factor for fatigue resistance in terms of cycles
normal stress
0'
shell bending stress
effective notch stress
Subscripts:
(local) notch stress
stress maximum in stress history
S fatigue actions
membrane stress
R fatigue resistance
O'min
stress minimum in stress history
O'nlp
nonlinear stress peak
d design value
k characteristic value
O'nom
nominal stress
O'geo
geometric stress, structural stress
T
shear stress
page 12
1.5 BASIC PRINCIPLES

According to the ISO format for verification of structures [1], fatigue action and
fatigue resistance are clearly separated. Fatigue resistance is given in terms of tentative
data. The representation of tentative data has also been separated from the assessment
curves used for damage calculation, because different damage calculation methods may
require special modifications to the resistance S-N curve, which is usually based on
constant amplitude tests. Thus, the flexibility and possibility for continuous updating
of the document is maintained.
No recommendations are given for the fatigue load (action) side, nor for the partial
safety factor on fatigue actions 'YF.
The different approaches for the fatigue assessment of welded joints and components
considered are: nominal stress, geometric stress, effective notch stress, fracture mechanics method and component testing.
1.6 NECESSITY FOR FATIGUE ASSESSMENT

Fatigue assessment is generally required for components subject to fluctuating loads.
In the following cases, detailed fatigue assessment is not required:
a)
The highest nominal design stress range satisfies

steel
/loS.d ~ 36 [MPa]
aluminium: /loS.d ~ 14 [MPa]
I YM
I YM
'YM should be taken from an applicable design code.
This paragraph is not applicable to tubular joints.

b)
A Miner sum (4.3.1) equal to D=O.S using a FAT fatigue class according to (3.2) of FAT 36 for steel or FAT 14 for aluminium corresponds
to a fatigue life greater than 5 million cycles.
c)
For a detail for which a constant amplitude fatigue limit /lUR,L is specified and all design stress ranges are under the design resistance fatigue
limit
page 13
d)
For a crack, at which all design stress intensity factors are under the
threshold level 4~ for crack propagation.
I1Ks,d ~ AKth I YM
for steel
for aluminium
4~=2.0 MPa"m
4~=O.7 MPa"m
1.7 APPLICATION OF THE DOCUMENT

Based on the initial information about the welded joint, the stress type to be used in
the fatigue assessment is defined and determined. The fatigue resistance data are then
selected according to the stress type of the fatigue action. The corresponding types of
fatigue action and resistance are:
Tab. {l}-l: Fatigue actions and resistances
IFatigue action
IFatigue resistance
Nominal stress
Resistance given by tables of structural

details in terms of a set of S-N curves
Geometric stress (hot spot stress)
Resistance against geometric stress in terms

of S-N curve
Effective notch stress
Resistance against effective notch stress in

terms of a universal S-N curve
Stress intensity at crack tip
Resistance against crack propagation in

terms of the material parameters of the
crack propagation law
The fatigue assessment procedure depends on the presentation of fatigue resistance

data. The chosen procedure has to be performed using adequate safety factors.
Tab. {1}-2: Assessment procedures

Presentation of fatigue resistance data
Assessment procedure
S-N curves
Linear cumulative damage, (in special

cases nonlinear damage calculation)
Material parameters of crack propagation law
Crack propagation calculation
No data available
Fatigue testing
page 14
Tab. {1}-3: General guidance for the application of the document

Item
Initial Information
Fatigue
Action
Fatigue
Resistance
(1)
Does joint
correpond to a
tabulated
structural
detail?
yes -
determine
nominal
stress (2.2.2)
then -
look up
fatigue
resistance
class (FAT)
in tables
(3.2)
yes -
determine
geometric
stress (2.2.3)
then -
look up resistance S-N

curve for
go to
(6)
geometric
stress (3.3)
if no
(2)
(3)
Is effective
notch stress
assessment
applicable?
if no
(4)
Is geometric
stress assessment applicable?
if no
yes -
determine
effective
notch stress
(2.2.4)
then-
look up resistance S-N

curve for
go to
(6)
effective
notch stress
(3.4)
Are cracks or
cracklike
imperfections
present?
if no
go to
(6)
yes -
determine
(2.2.5)
page 15
then -
look up
resistance
against
crack propagation
(3.6 and
3.8)
go to
(7)
(5)
Test entire
component
(4.5)
test structural
detail (3.7)
go to (8)
go to (1)
Modifications and Assessment Procedures

(6)
Modify resistance S-N

curve (3.5)
for all effects
not yet covered
is Miner
rule adequate
(4.3)1
yes -
calculate
design resistance S-N
curve (4.3.1)
using 'YM (8)
if no -
calc. dimensionless crack

propagation
paramo from
resistance
S-N curve
(4.3.2) using
'YM (8)
then
(7)
calc. design
crack propagation resistance data
using r M (8)
then-
then -
perform
crack propagation calc.
(4.4) giving
life cycles
assess if OK
Safety Considerations
(8)
define 'YM according to safety considerations (chapter 5)
page 16
perform
summation
(4.3.1)
giving life
cycles,
assess if OK
2 FATIGUE ACTIONS (LOADING)

All types of fluctuating load acting on the component and the resulting stresses at
potential sites for fatigue have to be considered. Stresses or stress intensity factors then
have to be determined according to the fatigue assessment procedure applied.
The actions originate from live loads, dead weights, snow, wind, waves, pressure, accelerations, dynamic response etc. Actions due to transient temperature changes should
be considered. Improper knowledge of fatigue actions is one of the major sources of
fatigue damage.
Tensile residual stresses due to welding decrease the fatigue resistance, however, the
influence of residual weld stresses is already included in the fatigue resistance data
given in chapter 3.

2.1.1 Determination of Actions
The actions in service have to be determined in terms of characteristic loads. Partial
safety factors on actions 'YF have to be applied as specified in the application code
giving the design values of the actions for fatigue assessment.
In this document, there is no guidance given for the establishing of design values for
actions (loads), nor for partial safety factors 'YF for actions (loads).
2.1.2 Stress Range

Fatigue assessment is usually based on stress range or stress intensity factor range.
Thus, the actions have to be given in these terms.
ll.K :;: Kmax - Kmm
page 17
The maximum and the minimum values of the stresses are to be calculated from a
superposition of all non permanent, i.e. fluctuating, actions:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
fluctuations in the magnitudes of loads

movement of loads on the structure
changes in loading directions
structural vibrations due to loads and dynamic response
temperature transients
Fatigue analysis is based on the cumulative effect of all stress range occurrences
during the anticipated service life of the structure.
2.1.3 Types of Stress Raisers and Notch Effects

Different types of stress raisers and notch effects lead to the calculation of different
types of stress. The choice of stress depends on the fatigue assessment procedure used.
Tab. {2}-1: Stress raisers and notch effects
Stress determined
Assessment procedure
A + Macrogeometrical
effects due to the design
of the component (also
effects of concentrated
loads and misalignments)
Range of nominal
stress (also moditied or local nominal stress)
Nominal stress approach
A + B + Structural
discontinuities due to the
structural detail of the
welded joint
Range of structural geometric

stress (hot spot
stress)
Geometric stress (hot

spot stress) approach
A + B + C + Notch
stress concentration due
to the weld bead (e.g. at
toe or root)
a) actual notch stress
b) effective notch stress
Range of elastic
notch stress (total
stress)
a) Fracture mechanics
approach
b) effective notch
stress approach
Type
Stress raisers
General stress analysis

using general theories
e.g. beam theory
page 18
2.2 DETERMINATION OF STRESSES AND STRESS

INTENSITY FACTORS
2.2.1 Definition of Stress Components
The stress distribution over the plate thickness is non-linear in the vicinity of notches.
----
stress = O'mem + O'ben + O'nlp
Notch
",--
Fig. (2.2)-1 Non-linear stress distribution separated to stress components

The stress components of the notch stress
O"mem
O"hen
O"Dlp
0"1n
are [2]:
membrane stress
non-linear stress peak
If a refmed stress analysis method is used, which gives a non-linear stress distribution,
the stress components can be separated by the following method:
The membrane stress O"mem is equal to the average stress calculated through the
thickness of the plate. It is constant through the thickness.
The shell bending stress O"hen is linearly distributed through the thickness of the
plate. It is found by drawing a straight line through the point 0 where the
membrane stress intersects the mid-plane of the plate. The gradient of the shell
bending stress is chosen such that the remaining non-linearly distributed component is in equilibrium.
The non-linear stress peak
O"Dlp
is the remaining component of the stress.
The stress components can be separated analytically for a given stress distribution u(x)
for x=O at surface to x=t at through thickness:
page 19
x=t
a mem =
1.. Ja(x)dx
t x=o
x=t
ben
6 Jo(x)(--x)dx
t
= _.
2
2
,,=0
a.J..(x) = a(x)-a
'Nt'
mem
-(l-x),o
ben
2.2.2 Nominal Stress

2.2.2.1 General
Nominal stress is the stress calculated in the sectional area under consideration, disregarding the local stress raising effects of the welded joint, but including the stress
raising effects of the macrogeometric shape of the component in the vicinity of the
joint, such as e.g. large cutouts. Overall elastic behaviour is assumed.
The nominal stress may vary over the section under consideration. E.g. at a beam-like
component, the modified (also local) nominal stress and the variation over the section
can be calculated using simple beam theory. Here, the effect of a welded on attachment is ignored.
~--------------------------------------~
Weld
'-......CJ nom
Fig. (2.2)-2 Nominal stress in a beam-like component
The effects of macrogeometric features of the component as well as stress fields in the
vicinity of concentrated loads must be included in the nominal stress. Consequently,
macrogeometric effects may cause a significant redistribution of the membrane stresses
across the section. Similar effects occur in the vicinity of concentrated loads or
reaction forces. Significant shell bending stress may also be generated, as in curling of
a flange, or distortion of a box section.
The secondary bending stress caused by axial or angular misalignment needs to be
page 20
(a)
(J
(J
(c)
nom
nom
nom
(e) ...4;,-~..~..:;;:;;:.~..
(f)
,,1/
- P ~.-.- ..
/ \
~-.-.-.-.-.-.-,~
Fig. (2.2)-3 Examples of macrogeometric effects
Fig. (2.2)-4 Modified Oocal) nominal stress near concentrated loads

considered if the misalignment exceeds the amount which is already covered by fatigue
resistance S-N curves for the structural detail. This is done by the application of an
additional stress raising factor km,efT (see 3.8.2). Intentional misalignment (e.g.allowable misalignment specified in the design stage) is considered when assessing the fatigue
actions (stress) by multiplying by the factor. If it is non-intentional, it is regarded as
a weld imperfection which affects the fatigue resistance and has to be considered by
dividing the fatigue resistance (stress) by the factor.
page 21
(a)
(b)
c)
Fig. (2.2)-5 Axial and angular misalignement
2.2.2.2 Calculation of Nominal Stress

In simple components the nominal stress can be determined using elementary theories
of structural mechanics based on linear-elastic behaviour. In other cases, finite element
method (FEM) modelling may be used. This is primarily the case in:
a)
b)
complicated statically over-determined (hyperstatic) structures

structural components incorporating macrogeometric discontinuities, for
which no analytical solutions are available
Using FEM, meshing can be simple and coarse. Care must be taken to ensure that all
stress raising effects of the structural detail of the welded joint are excluded when
calculating the modified Oocal) nominal stress.
2.2.2.3 Measurement of Nominal Stress

The fatigue resistance S-N curves of classified structural details are based on nominal
stress, disregarding the stress concentrations due to the welded joint. Therefore the
measured nominal stress must exclude the stress or strain concentration due to the corresponding discontinuity in the structural component. Thus, strain gauges must be
placed outside of the stress concentration field of the welded joint.
In practice, it may be necessary firstly to evaluate the extension and the stress gradient
of the field of stress concentration (see 2.2.3.4) due to the welded joint. For further
measurements, simple strain gauge application outside this field is sufficient.
page 22
2.2.3 Geometric Stress (hot spot stress)

2.2.3.1 <ieneral
The structural geometric stress includes all stress raising effects of a structural detail
excluding all stress concentrations due to the weld profile itself. So, the non-linear
peak stress unlp caused by the local notch, e.g. by the weld toe, is excluded from the
geometric stress. The geometric stress is dependent on the global dimensional and
loading parameters of the component in the vicinity of the joint (type C in 2.1.3 table
{2}-l). They are determined on the surface at the point of the component which is to
be assessed.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Fig. (2.2)-6 Structural details and geometric stress

Structural geometric stresses ugeo are generally encountered in plate, shell and tubular
structures. They can be divided in two stress components, the membrane stress U mem
and the shell bending stress Uben. Because of the inclusion of stress raising effects of
structural discontinuities they are usually higher than the nominal stresses.
page 23
For fatigue assessment, the geometric stress has to be determined in the critical direction at the critical point of a welded joint (hot spot), where fatigue crack initiation is
expected. In general, maximum principle stress is used. Figure (2.2)-6 shows examples
of structural discontinuities and details together with the structural geometric stress
distribution.
computed total
stress
measuring points
geometric stress
1/
stress on surface
hot spot
Fig. (2.2)-7 Defmition of geometric stress

The geometric stress approach is recommended for welded joints where there is no
clearly defined nominal stress due to complicated geometric effects, and where the
structural discontinuity is not comparable to a classified structural detail.
It is important that the same stresses are determined for the fatigue action and the
fatigue resistance (see 3.3). The calculation or measurement procedures have to
correspond as closely as possible. When using measured geometric stress, no correction for misalignment is necessary. However, calculations have to refer to the actual
shape a joint including any possible misalignment.
The method is limited to the assessment of the weld toe.
2.2.3.2 Calculation of Geometric Stress

In general, analysis of structural discontinuities and details to obtain the geometric
stress is not possible using analytical methods. Parametric formulae are rarely available. Thus, finite element (FEM) analysis is mostly applied. In this case the maximum
page 24
principal stress should be calculated.

Usually, geometric stress is calculated on the basis of an idealized, perfectly aligned
welded joint. Consequently, any possible misalignment has be taken into consideration
in the fatigue resistance data.
The FEM mesh must be fme enough near the critical point (hot spot) to enable the
stress and the stress gradient to be determined at points comparable with the extrapolation points used for strain gauge measurement (see 2.2.3.4).
For FEM analysis, sufficient expertise of the analyst is required. Guidance is given in
ref. [2]. In the following, only some rough recommendations are given:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Elements and number of integration points are to be selected on the basis of a

linear stress distribution over the plate thickness. 4-node thin shell or solid
elements or in cases of a steep stress gradient, 8-node thin shell elements or
20-node solid elements are recommended.
When thin shell elements are used, the structure is modelled at midface of the
plates or the tube walls. The stiffness of the weld intersection should be taken
into account, e.g. by modelling the welds with inclined shell elements [2]. This
is important when adjacent intersections are present, or when e.g. a longitudinal gusset would cause a singularity behaviour.
The dimension of the first element adjacent to the weld toe, perpendicular to
the weld, must be such that valid results can be obtained at the extrapolation
points (see 2.2.3.4). The dimension of the element perpendicular to the intersection curve of the plates or tubes should be such, that the distance of the
center point or first integration point of the element to the weld toe is no more
than 0.4 t (distance a).
The FEM model should be able to represent the variation of stress along the
weld toe. For tubular joints, the dimension b of the element should be less than
1124 of the length of the intersection line.
The ratio between the biggest and smallest dimension of an element must not
exceed 3.
Transition of elements size should be gradual. For tubular structures, the maximum dimension of elements far from the weld toe is half the radius of the tube.
The stresses are calculated at the surface of the plate or shell.
When the weld size is not given in the drawings, it will be determined according to the rules for welds for the type of the considered structure.
page 25
-1: -- B race
a l1i 0.4 t
Fig. (2.2)-8 Maximum element size for plate and tubular

structures
2.2.3.3 Calculation of Geometric Stress by Parametric Formulae
For many joints between circular section
tubes parametric formulae have been
established for the stress concentration
factor ~ in terms of structural geometric
stress at the critical points (hot spots).
Hence the geometric stress ugeo becomes:
ft
VgllO
Possible crack initiation sites
kS 00110m
where Unom is the nominal axial. membrane stress in the braces, calculated by
elementary stress analysis.
Fig. (2.2)-9 Example of tubular joint
2.2.3.4 Measurement of Geometric Stress
The geometric stress can be measured using two or three strain gauges attached at
particular distances from the weld toe. The closest gauge position must be chosen to
avoid any influence of the notch due to the weld itself (which leads to a non-linear
stress peak). The structural geometric stress at the weld toe is then obtained by
extrapolation.
Measurings have to be made at the critical points (hot spots) which can be found by:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
measuring several different points

prior investigation by brittle lacquer
analysing the results of a prior FEM analysis
experience of existing components, which failed
photoelastic investigations
thermo-elastic investigations
page 26
Fig. (2.2)-10 Locations of strain gauges in plate structures

The placement of the strain gauges should lead to a reasonable extrapolation to the
critical point. The center point of the first gauge should be placed at a distance of 0.4 t
from the weld toe. The gauge length should not exceed 0.2 t. If this is not possible
due to a small plate thickness, the leading edge of the gauge should be placed at a
distance 0.3 t from the weld toe. The following extrapolation procedure and number
of gauges are recommended:
a)
Two gauges and linear extrapolation in cases of mainly membrane stresses.
b)
Three gauges and quadratic extrapolation in cases of shell bending stresses

caused e.g. by eccentric attachments in large diameter tubes or plane plates.
Figure (2.2-10) shows gauge positions for low bending stress due to low stiffness to
left, high bending stress due to high stiffness top right and bottom an example of a
thin walled structure.
For tubular joints, there exist recommendations which allow the use of linear extrapolation using two strain gauges (see figure 2.2-11).
Usually the measurement of simple uniaxial stress is sufficient. For additional details
see ref. [2]
page 27
Brace
lit
Real Stress
Distribution
Fig. (2.2)-11 Location of strain gauges at tubular structures
2.2.4 Effective Notch Stress

2.2.4.1 General
Effective notch stress is the total stress at the root of a notch, obtained assuming
linear-elastic material behaviour. To take account of the statistical nature and scatter
of weld shape parameters, as well as of the non-linear material behaviour at the notch
root, the real weld contour is replaced by an effective one. For structural steels an
effective notch root radius of r = 1 IDID has been verified to give consistent results.
For fatigue assessment, the effective notch stress is compared with a common fatigue
resistance curve.
The method is restricted to welded joints which are expected to fail from the weld toe
or weld root. Other causes of fatigue failure, e.g. from surface roughness or embedded
defects, are not covered. Also it is also not applicable where considerable stress components parallel to the weld or parallel to the root gap exist.
The method is well suited to the comparison of alternative weld geometries. Unless
otherwise specified, flank angles of 30 0 for butt welds and 45 0 for fillet welds are
suggested.
In cases where a mean geometrical notch root radius can be defined, e.g. after certain
post weld improvement procedures, this geometrical radius plus 1 IDID may be used in
the effective notch stress analysis.
The method is limited to thicknesses t > = 5
method has not yet been verified.
IDID.
page 28
For smaller wall thicknesses, the
2.2.4.2 Calculation of Effective Notch Stress

Effective notch stresses or stress concentration factors can be calculated by parametric
fonnulae, taken from diagrams or calculated from finite element or boundary element
models. The effective notch radius is introduced such that the tip of the radius touches
the root of the real notch, e.g. the end of an unwelded root gap.
Radius
=1 mm
Fig. (2.2)-12 Effective notch stress concentration factors

Possible misalignment has to be considered in the calculations.
2.2.4.3 Measurement of Effective Notch Stress

Because the effective notch radius is an idealization, the effective notch stress cannot
be measured directly in the welded component. In contrast, the simple definition of the
effective notch can be used for photo-elastic stress measurements in resin models.
page 29
2.2.5 Stress Intensity Factors

2.2.5.1 General
Fracture mechanics assumes the existence of an initial crack 3j. It can be used to
predict the growth of the crack to a final size ar. Since for welds in structural metals,
crack initiation occupies only a small portion of the life, this method is suitable for assessment of fatigue life, inspection intervals, crack-like weld imperfections and the
effect of variable amplitude loading.
The parameter which describes the fatigue action at a crack tip in terms of crack
propagation is the stress intensity factor (SIF) range .:1K.
Fracture mechanics calculations generally have to be based on total stress at the notch
root, e.g. at the weld toe. For a variety of welded structural details, correction functions for the local notch effect and the nonlinear stress peak of the structural detail
have been established. Using these correction functions, fracture mechanics analysis
can be based on geometric stress or even on nominal stress. The correction function
formulae may be based on different stress types. The correction function and the stress
type have to correspond.
2.2.5.2 Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors by Parametric Formulae

First, the local nominal stress or the structural geometric stress at the location of the
crack has to be determined, assuming that no crack is present. The stress should be
separated into membrane and shell bending stresses. The stress intensity factor (SIF)
K results as a superposition of the effects of both stress components. The effect of the
remaining stress raising discontinuity or notch (non-linear peak stress) has to be
covered by additional factors M k
where
K
O'mem
O'beo
Ymem
Y beo
Mk,mem

membrane stress
correction function for membrane stress intensity factor
correction function for shell bending stress intensity factor
correction for non-linear stress peak in terms of membrane action
correction for non-linear stress peak in terms of shell bending
The correction functions Ymem and Yben can be found in the literature. The solutions in
page 30
ref. [14-16] are particularly recommended. For most cases, the formulae for stress
intensity factors given in appendix 6.2 are adequate. Mk-factors may be found in
references [19] and [20].
2.2.5.3 Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors by Finite Elements

Stress intensity factor determination methods are usually based on FEM analyses. They
may be directly calculated as described in the literature, or indirectly using the weight
function approach. For more details see appendix 6.2
2.3 STRESS mSTORY

2.3.1 General
The fatigue design data presented in chapter 3 were obtained from tests performed
under constant amplitude loading. However, loads and the resulting fatigue actions
(i.e. stresses) on real structures usually fluctuate in an irregular manner and give rise
to variable amplitude loading. The stress amplitude may vary in both magnitude and
periode from cycle to cycle. Because the physical phemomena implied in fatigue are
not chaotic but random, the fluctuations can be characterized by mathematical functions and by a limited number of parameters.
The stress history is a record and/or a representation of the fluctuations of the fatigue
actions in the anticipated service time of the component. It is described in terms of
successive maxima and minima of the stress caused by the fatigue actions. It covers all
loading events and the corresponding induced dynamic response.
Fig. (2.3)-1 Stress time history illustration

In most cases, the stress-time history is stationary and ergodic, which allows the
definition of a mean range and its variance, a statistical histogram and distribution, an
energy spectrum and a maximum values probabilistic distribution from a representation
of a limited length. Therefore, the data needed to perform a fatigue analysis can be
page 31
determined from measurements conducted during a limited time.

A stress history may be given as
a)
a record of successive maxima and minima of stress measured in a comparable

structure with comparable loading and service life, or a typical sequence of
load events.
b)
a two dimensional transition matrix of the stress history derived from a).
c)
a one- or two-dimensional stress range histogram (stress range occurrences)

obtained from a) by a specified counting method.
d)
a one-dimensional stress range histogram (stress range exceedances, stress

range spectrum) specified by a design code.
The representations a) and b) may be used for component testing. c) and d) are most
useful for fatigue analysis by calculation.
2.3.2 Cycle Counting Methods

Cycle counting is the process of converting a variable amplitude stress sequence into
equivalent (in terms of fatigue damage) constant amplitude stress cycles. Different
methods of counting are in use, e.g. zero crossing counting, peak: counting, range pair
counting or rainflow counting. For welded components, the reservoir or rainflow
method is recommended for counting stress ranges [26 and 27].
2.3.3 Cumulative Frequency Diagram (Stress Spectrum)

The cumulative frequency diagram (stress spectrum) corresponds to the cumulative
probability of stress range expressed in terms of stress range level exceedances versus
the number of cycles. The curve is therefore continuous.
The spectrum may be discretized giving a table of discrete blocks. For damage calculations 20 stress levels are recommended if more than 108 cycles are expected.
Below this number of cycles, 8 or 10 stress levels may be sufficient. All cycles in a
block should be assumed to be equal to the mean of the stress ranges in the block.
Besides the representation in probabilities, a presentation of the number of occurrences
or exceedances in a given number of cycles, e.g. 1 million, is used. An example
showing a Gaussian normal distribution is given below:
page 32
Tab. {2.3}-1: Stress range occurrance table (stress histogram or frequency)
# of block
Relative
stress range
Occurrence
(frequency)
2
1.000
0.950
0.850
0.725
0.575
0.425
0.275
0.125
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
280
2720
20000
92000
280000
605000
Gaussian normal distribution

relative stress range
~
...
1-0...
0,8
.........
0,6
.......
to-.
0,4
0,2
o
10
100
1000
10000
100000
cyclces
Fig. (2.3)-2 Cumulative frequency diagram (stress spectrum)
page 33
100000
3 FATIGUE RESISTANCE
Fatigue resistance is usually derived from constant or variable amplitude tests. The
fatigue resistance data given here are based on published results from constant amplitude tests. Guidance on the direct use of test data is given in section 3.7 and 4.5.
The fatigue resistance data must be expressed in terms of the same stress as that
controlled or determined during the generation of those data.
In conventional endurance testing, there are different definitions of failure. In general,
small specimens are tested to complete rupture, while in large components the obser-
vation of a through wall crack is taken as a failure criterion. The fatigue resistance
data are based on the number of cycles N to failure. The data are represented in S-N
curves
C
N=~GIII
or
In fracture mechanics crack propagation testing, the crack growth rate data are derived
from crack propagation monitoring.
All fatigue resistance data are given as characteristic values, which are assumed to
have a survival probability of at least 95 %, calculated from a mean value of a twosided 75 % confidence level, unless otherwise stated (see 3.7).
3.2 FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF CLASSIFIED STRUCTURAL DETAILS

The fatigue assessment of classified structural details and welded joints is based on the
nominal stress range. The (nominal) stress range should be within the limits of the
elastic properties of the material. The range of the design values of the stress range
shall not exceed 1.5 fy for nominal normal stresses or 1.5 f/,./3 for nominal shear
stresses.
In most cases structural details are assessed on the basis of the maximum principal
stress range in the section where potential fatigue cracking is considered. However,
guidance is also given for the assessment of shear loaded details, based on the maximum shear stress range. Separate S-N curves are provided for consideration of normal
or shear stress ranges, as illustrated in figures (3.2)-1 and (3.2)-2 respectively.
page 34
Care must be taken to ensure that the stress used for the fatigue assessment is the same
as that given in the tables of the classified structural details. Macrogeometric stress
concentrations not covered by the structural detail of the joint itself, e.g. large cutouts
in the vicinity of the joint, have to be accounted for by the use of a detailed stress
analysis, e.g. finite element analysis, or appropriate stress concentration factors (see
2.2.2).
The fatigue curves are based on representative experimental investigations and thus
include the effects of:
structural stress concentrations due to the detail shown
local stress concentrations due to the weld geometry
weld imperfections consistent with normal fabrication standards
stress direction
welding residual stresses
metallurgical conditions
welding process (fusion welding, unless otherwise stated)
inspection procedure (NDT), if specified
postweld treatment, if specified
Furthermore, within the limits imposed by static strength considerations, the fatigue
curves of welded joints are independent of the tensile strength of the material.
Each fatigue strength curve is identified by the characteristic fatigue strength of the
detail at 2 million cycles. This value is the fatigue class (FAT).
The slope of the fatigue strength curves for details assessed on the basis of normal
stresses (fig. (3.2)-1) is m=3.00. The constant amplitude fatigue limit is S 106 cycles.
The slope of the fatigue strength curves for detailes assessed on the basis of shear
stresses (fig. (3.2)-2) is m=S.OO, but in this case the fatigue limit corresponds to an
endurance of 108 cycles.
The descriptions of the structural details only partially include information about the
weld size, shape and quality. The data refer to a standard quality as given in codes and
standard welding procedures. For higher or lower qualities, modifications may be
necessary as given in 3.5 and 3.8 . All butt welds shall be full penetration welds
without lack of fusion, unless otherwise stated.
All S-N curves of details are limited by the material S-N curve, which may vary due
to different strengths of the materials.
Disregarding major weld defects, fatigue cracks originate from the weld toe, and then
propagate through the base material, or from the weld root, and then propagate
through the weld throat. For potential toe cracks, the nominal stress in the base
page 35
log 11 G
limit by material S-N curve
.,
.................
FAT
Class
Constant amplitude
fatigue limit
slope m - 3.00
186
286
187 log N
5e6
Fig. (3.2)-1: Fatigue resistance S-N curves for m=3.00, normal stress (steel)
log A't
FAT
Class
fatigue limit
slope m-5
286
1e8
N cycles
Fig. (3.2)-2 Fatigue resistance S-N curves for shear stress (steel)
material has to be calculated and compared with the fatigue resistance given in the
tables. For potential root cracks, the nominal stress in the weld throat has to be
page 36
calculated. If both failure modes are possible, e.g. at cruciform joints with fillet welds,
both potential failure modes have to be assessed.
3.2.1 Steel
The fatigue resistance values given below refer to welded joints in the as welded
condition unless otherwise stated. The effects of welding residual stress and axial
misalignment up to e/t=O.I (see 3.8.2) are also included.
NDT indicates that the weld must be inspected using appropriate methods to ensure
that it does not contain any significant imperfections. Arrows indicate the loading
direction.
Tab. {3.2}-I: Fatigue resistance values for structural details in steel assessed on the
basis of normal stresses.
No.
FAT
Description
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
I 100 IUnwelded parts of a component

111
-=::0
~
~
I
Rolled and extruded products
1) Plates and flats
2) Rolled sections
3) Seamless hollow sections
160
m = 5
For high strength steels a higher
FAT class may be used if verified by test.
No fatigue resistance of a detail
to be higher at any number of
cycles!
121
~
/~
I, /' ~IIUIl.l
Machine gas cut or sheared material with no drag lines, corners removed, no cracks by
inspection, no visible imperfections
m=3
page 37
140
No.
StructuralI>etail
(Structural steel)
122
7*
/~
mllll1 .
Description
FAT
Machine thermally cut edges,

corners removed, no cracks by
inspection
125
I /'
=3
Manually thermally cut edges,

free from cracks and severe
notches
123
7*
/~
mU1l1 .
,
I /'
124
=3
Manually thermally cut edges,

uncontrolled, no notch deeper
than.5 mm
m =3
7*
/~
IWIIIII.l
I /'
100
80
1 200
IButt welds, transverse loaded
211
I
Transverse loaded butt weld (Xgroove or V-groove) ground
flush to plate, 100% NDT
125
Transverse butt weld made in

shop in flat position,
toe angle < 30 0 , NDT
100
.-~~-+
212
.-~--
page 38
No.
Structural Detail
Description
FAT
Transverse butt weld not satisfying conditions of 212, NDT
80
(Structural steel)
213
--~~~--.
214
Transverse butt weld, welded

on ceramic backing, root crack
80
-~~
215
Transverse butt weld on permanent backing bar
71
.-~~-216
./'
Transverse butt welds welded

from one side without backing
bar, full penetration
root controlled by NDT
noNDT
page 39
71
45
No.
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
217
.-~-.
Description
FAT
Transverse partial penetration

butt weld, analysis based on
stress in weld throat sectional
area, weld overfill not to be
taken into account.
45
The detail is not recommended

for fatigue loaded members.
It is recommended to verify by
fracture mechanics (3.8.5.2)!
221
u:=
Slope
---
1-
Slope
+-1
222
--f
-+
:z
)-
Transverse butt weld ground

flush, NDT, with transition in
thickness and width
slope 1:5
slope 1:3
slope 1:2
125
100
80
For misalignement see 3.8.2
Ie tr::= +-

shop, welded in flat position,
weld profile controlled, NDT,
with transition in thickness and
width:
slope 1:5
slope 1:3
slope 1:2
100
90
80
For misalignment see 3.8.2

223
Slope
-c:e=JSlope
-~
1-
Transverse butt weld, NDT,

with transition on thickness and
width
slope 1:5
slope 1:3
slope 1:2
page 40
80
71
63
No.
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
224
~~225
Description
FAT
Transverse butt weld, different

thicknesses without transition,
centres aligned.
In cases, where weld profile is
equivalent to a moderate slope
transition, see no. 222
71
Three plate connection, root

crack
71
Transverse butt weld flange

splice in built-up section welded
prior to the assembly, ground
flush, with radius transition,
NDT
112
Transverse butt weld splice in

rolled section or bar besides
flats, ground flush, NDT
80
-~T-
226
r
~ ~
/~,(r~b)
~b--=:1l
231
/'
232
I~I---lO
I
I

circular hollow section, welded
from one side, full penetration,
"
page 41
root inspected by NDT

noNDT
71
45
No.
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
233
Description
FAT
Tubular joint with permanent

backing
71
~[O::1}
234
1-~-L--lD
I
"
root inspected by NDT

noNDT
241
edges
ground
242

rectangular hollow section,
welded from one side, full
penetration,
56
45

flush, weld ends and radius
ground, 100% NDT at crossing
flanges, radius transition.
125

shop at flat position, weld profile controlled, NDT, at crossing flanges, radius transition
100
page 42
No.
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
243
r---
--I
ground
.,/
~/
----
J--
244
~
---I
245
""'-
ground
~-
r--
1-
-I
Description
FAT

flush, NDT, at crossing flanges
with welded triangular transition plates, weld ends ground.
Crack starting at butt weld.
80
Transverse butt weld, NDT, at

crossing flanges, with welded
triangular transition plates, weld
ends ground.
71
Transverse butt weld at crossing

flanges.
50
----300
Longitudinal load-carrying welds
311
~ ~
Automatic longitudinal seam

welds without stop/start positions in hollow sections
125
with stop/start positions
90
page 43
No.
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
Description
FAT
312
Longitudinal butt weld, both

sides ground flush parallel to
load direction, 100% NDT
125
313
Longitudinal butt weld, without

stop/start positions, NDT
125
90
321
Continuous automatic longitudinal fully penetrated K-butt

weld without stop/start positions
(based on stress range in flange)
NDT
125
322
Continuous automatic longitudinal double sided fillet

100
323
Continuous manual longitudinal

fillet or butt weld (based on
stress range in flange)
90
page 44
No.
324
325
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
Description
FAT
Intermittent longitudinal fillet

weld (based on normal stress in
flange u and shear stress in web
T at weld ends).
T/U = 0
0.0 - 0.2
0.2 - 0.3
0.3 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.5
0.5 - 0.6
0.6 - 0.7
> 0.7
80
71
63
56
50
45
40
36
Longitudinal butt weld, fillet

weld or intermittent weld with
cope holes (based on normal
stress in flange u and shear
stress in web T at weld ends),
cope holes not higher than 40 %
of web.
T/U = 0
0.0 - 0.2
0.2 - 0.3
0.3 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.5
0.5 - 0.6
> 0.6
71
63
56
50
45
40
36
page 45
No.
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
FAT
Description
Joint at stiffened knuckle of a
flange to be assessed according
to no. 411 - 414, depending on
type of joint.
331
Stress in stiffener plate:

a = a'
f
2sin
LAst
Af = area of flange
ASt = area of stiffener
Stress in weld throat:
Aw = area of weld
throat
U nstiffened curved flange to
web joint, to be assessed according to no. 411 - 414, depending on type of joint.
332
--
Stress in web plate:
a =-L
rt

=
C1
W
T"La
F faxial force in flange

t thickness of web plate
a weld throat
page 46
No.
1 400
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
Description
FAT
Cruciform joints and/or T-joints
411
~
412
tl
~
t"::
e+
-v/ / / /.....: ~ ~vj ' // /1-
Cruciform joint or T-joint, Kbutt welds, full penetration, no

lamellar tearing, misalignment
e<0.15t, weld toes ground,
toe crack
80

e<0.15t, toe crack
71
Cruciform joint or T -joint, fillet

welds or partial penetration Kbutt welds, no lamellar tearing,
misalignment e< 0.15t,
toe crack
63

welds or partial penetration Kbutt welds including toe ground
joints,
weld root crack.
Analysis based on stress in weld
throat.
45
+ ~
~
413
tl
el
~
~
v / / / / / :"-. f"/A//
+ ~~""
/ A-
414
(~ ..1111~~
~
L.
0)0<~t0"'/L
~~~
page 47
No.
Structural Detail
Description
FAT
421
Splice of rolled section with

intermediate plate, fillet welds,
weld root crack.
Analysis base on stress in weld
throat.
45
422
Splice of circular hollow section

with intermediate plate, single. sided butt weld, toe crack
wall thickness > 8 mm
wall thickness < 8 mm
(Structural steel)
t:~-U:-:-I 0
d]q
423
I~~::-J 0
r=it=J
424
t~U::ml [JJ
~
425
t-~[~ __ I [ ]
~
56
50
Splice of circular hollow section

with intermediate plate, fillet
weld, root crack. Analysis
based on stress in weld throat.
Splice of rectangular hollow
section, single-sided butt weld,
toe crack
Splice of rectangular hollow

section with intermediate plate,
fillet welds, root crack
page 48
45
40
50
45
40
36
No.
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
Description
431
FAT
Weld connecting web and flange, loaded by a concentrated

force in web plane perpendicular to weld. Force distributed
on width b = 2h + 50 IDIn.
Assessment according to no.
411 - 414. A local bending due
to eccentric load should be
considered.
I500 INon-load-carrying attachments

511
512
513
Transverse non-load-carrying
attachment, not thicker than
main plate
K-butt weld, toe ground
Two-sided fillets, toe
ground
Fillet weld(s), as welded
Thicker than main plate
100
100
80
71
Transverse stiffener welded on

girder web or flange, not thikker than main plate. For weld
ends on web principle stress to
be used
ground
Fillet weld(s): as welded
thicker than main plate
100
80
71
Non-Ioadcarrying stud
as welded
80
page 49
100
No.
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
514
I
_/1t
-r full pene~tion
..
_.
515
f~~lat ~d ~
~.
i(ff/:
:~
HI
Hr
_
FAT
Trapezoidal stiffener to deck

plate, full penetration butt weld,
calculated on basis of stiffener
thickness, out of plane bending
71

plate, fillet or partial penetration weld, calculated on basis of
stiffener thickness and weld
throat, whichever is smaller
45
weld
Description
HI
521
522
:-. t
Longitudinal fillet welded gusset at length I

I < 50 mm
I < 150 mm
I < 300 mm
1 > 300 mm
gusset near edge: see 525 "flat
side gusset"
Longitudinal fillet welded gusset with radius transition, end
of fillet weld reinforced and
ground, c < 2 t, max 25 mm
523
t~
__ _ ,
9-
(t)
.L~'-
r".........
--.t
1.
63
50
90
> 150 mm
Longitudinal fillet welded gusset with smooth transition

(sniped end or radius) welded
on beam flange or plate.
c < 2 t, max 25 mm
r > 0.5 h
r < 0.5 h or cp < 20
page 50
80
71
71
63
No.
524
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
Description
r
t~
- -- -
.....
t
Longitudinal flat side gusset

welded on plate edge or beam
flange edge, with smooth transition (sniped end or radius).
c < 2~, max. 25 mm
r > 0.5 h
r < 0.5 h or q; < 20
For ~ < 0.7 t1 , FAT rises 12 %
<J
=-T
....i.
.II:
(t.].)
525
~-~
i..a..~~
526
~
~~
--
531
:rr c,=fJ ~
-
--
,..,
I I
I I
I I
I I
-- -
,I
I ~ ],00
FAT
50
45

welded on plate or beam flange
edge, gusset length I:
I < 150 mm
I < 300 mm
1 > 300 mm
50
45
40

welded on edge of plate or
beam flange, radius transition
ground.
r> 150 or r/w > 113
116 < r/w < 113
r/w < 116
90
71
50
Circular or rectangular hollow

section, fillet welded to another
section. Section width parallel
to stress direction < 100 mm,
else like longitudinal attachment
71
IIII1l
1600 1 Lap joints

611
...... VZ~~7I--+
Transverse loaded lap joint with

fillet welds
Fatigue of parent metal
Fatigue of weld throat
Stress ratio must be 0 < R < 1 !
page 51
63
45
No.
Description
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
612
F
0"=-
r
C:~:
+
613
~~~P1~~
t===:=::;1 --L.
700
50
50
Lap joint gusset, fillet welded,

non-load-carrying, with smooth
transition (sniped end with
cp<20 or radius), welded to
loaded element c<2t,
max 25 mm
to flat bar
to bulb section
to angle section
63
56
50
End of long doubling plate on 1beam, welded ends (based on

stress range in flange at weld
toe)
to < 0.8 t
0.8 t < to < 1.5 t
to > 1.5 t
56
50
45
End of long doubling plate on

beam, reinforced welded ends
ground (based on stress range in
flange at weld toe)
to < 0.8 t
0.8 t < to < 1.5 t
to > 1.5 t
71
63
56
Reinforcements
711
t.
712
Longitudinally loaded lap joint

with side fillet welds
Fatigue of weld (calc. on
max. weld length of 40
times the throat of the
weld
FAT
tD~
page 52
No.
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
721
Description
End of reinforcement plate on
rectangular hollow section.
~~~
wall thickness:
t < 25 mm
~EJ
731
FAT
Reinforcements welded on with

fillet welds, toe ground
Toe as welded
ground
~ Dum
50
80
71
Analysis based on modified

nominal stress
I I
800
Flanges, branches and nozzles
811
Stiff block flange, full penetration weld
812
Stiff block flange, partial penetration or fillet weld

toe crack in plate
root crack in weld throat
821
Flat flange with almost full

penetration butt welds, modified
nominal stress in pipe, toe
crack
page 53
71
63
45
71
No.
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
822
~ ...
~~
Flat flange with fillet welds,

modified nominal stress in pipe,
toe crack.
63
,1 ~
!
Tubular branch or pipe penetrating a plate, K-butt welds.
831
"
FAT
~~
f\
t'-
Description
I
i
~~
832
80
If diameter> 50 mm, stress
concentration of cutout has to

be considered
Tubular branch or pipe penetrating a plate, fillet welds.

71
be considered
841
..
Nozzle welded on plate, root

pass removed by drilling .
~-
If diameter > 50 mm, stress

be considered
page 54
71
No.
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
842
Description
FAT
Nozzle welded on pipe, root

pass as welded.
63

be considered
I
i
I
I
1900 1Tubular joints

911
Circular hollow section butt

joint to massive bar, as welded
63
912
Circular hollow section welded

to component with single side
butt weld, backing provided.
Root crack.
63

to component single sided butt
weld or double fillet welds.
Root crack.
50
~~
,
913
I
~
~
i ~~
921
-:~V
Circular hollow section with

welded on disk
Fillet weld, toe ground
Fillet welds, as welded
page 55
90
90
71
No.
931
Structural Detail
(Structural steel)
f-]
~4-
932
>
1-)
I
l1-.
So:::CO
Description
FAT
Tube-plate joint, tubes flattened, butt weld (X-groove)
71
Tube diameter < 200 mm

and
plate thickness < 20 mm
Tube-plate joint, tube slitted

and welded to plate
tube diameter < 200 mm and
plate thickness < 20 mm
tube diameter > 200 mm or
plate thickness > 20 mm
63
45
Tab. {3.2}-2: Fatigue resistance values for structural details in steel assessed on the
basis of shear stresses.
Structural detail
FAT
class
log C for m=5
stress range at fatigue limit [N/mm2]
Parent metal, full

penetration butt welds
100
16.301
46
Fillet welds, partial

80
15.816
36
page 56
3.2.2 Aluminium
The fatigue resistance values given below refer to welded joints in the as-welded
condition unless otherwise stated. Effects of welding residual stress and axial misalignment up to e/t=O.l (see 3.8.2) are also included.
NDT indicates that the weld must be inspected using appropriate methods to ensure
that it does not contain any significant imperfections.
Arrows indicate the loading direction. All slopes are m=3.00 if not stated otherwise.
The grid of the S-N curves is given in fig. (3.2)-3 for normal stress and in fig. (3.2.)4 for shear stress.
log t.a
II
limit by material 8-N curve
...........
'.
FAT
Class
'
.........
Constant amplitude
fatigue limit
.. .. .. ..... 1
slope m - 3.00
186
286
5e6
Fig. (3.2)-3 Fatigue resistance curves for aluminium (normal stress)
page 57
187 log N
log 11
't
FAT
Class
fatigue limit
slope m-5
1e8
286
N cycles
Fig. (3.2)-4 Fatigue resistance curves for aluminium (shear stress)
Tab. {3.2}-3: Fatigue resistance values for structural details in aluminium alloys
assessed on the basis of normal stress.
No.
Structural Detail
(Structural aluminium alloys)
Description
FAT
I 100 IUnwelded parts of a component

111
~~
-::0 ~
I
Rolled and extruded products or
components with edges machined, m=5
AA 5000/6000 alloys
AA 7000 alloys
No fatigue resistance of a detail
to be higher at any number of
cycles!
page 58
71
80
No.
Structural Detail
122
200
Description
FAT
Machine thermally cut edges,

comers removed, no cracks by
inspection
40
= 3.0
Butt welds, transverse loaded
211
.... ~~-.
212
.-~--
213
Transverse loaded butt weld (Xgroove or V-groove) ground

flush to plate, 100% NDT
50

shop in flat position,
toe angle < 30 0 , NDT
40
Transverse butt weld,

toe angle < 50 0
32
Transverse butt weld,

toe angle > 50 0 , or
transverse butt weld on permanent backing bar
25
.-~-215
~~~--
page 59
No.
Structural Detail
216
./'
Slope
-cC
---
1-
Slope
+-1
I-

flush, NDT, with transition in
thickness and width
slope 1:5
slope 1:3
slope 1:2
28
18
40
32
25
For misalignement see 3.8.2
-+
Ie
j-
--+
:--
+-
222
FAT
Transverse butt welds welded

from one side without backing
bar, full penetration
root controlled by NDT
noNDT
/
221
Description

shop, welded in flat position,
weld profJ.le controlled, NDT,
with transition in thickness and
width:
slope 1:5
slope 1:3
slope 1:2
32
28
25

223
Slope
-a:J-
---
Slope
+-1
:z
1-
Transverse butt weld, NDT,

with transition on thickness and
width
slope 1:5
slope 1:3
slope 1:2
page 60
25
22
20
No.
Structural Detail
224
.-~225
Description
FAT
Transverse butt weld, different

thicknesses without transition,
centres aligned .
In cases, where weld profile is
equivalent to a moderate slope
transition, see no. 222
22
Three plate connection, root

crack
22
Transverse butt weld flange

splice in built-up section welded
prior to the assembly, ground
flush, with radius transition,
NDT
45
-~T'+-
226
r~. ~
~~,
~b-::::::ll
(ra})}
1300 1 Longitudinalload-carrying welds

311
~ ~
312
~
Automatic longitudinal seam

welds without stop/start positions in hollow sections
50
36
Longitudinal butt weld, both

sides ground flush parallel to
load direction, 100% NDT
50
,..
page 61
Description
FAT
Longitudinal butt weld, without

stop/ start positions, NDT
45
36
321
Continuous automatic longitudinal fully penetrated K-butt

NDT
50
322
Continuous automatic longitudinal double sided fillet

40
323
Continuous manual longitudinal

fillet or butt weld (based on
stress range in flange)
36
No.
313
Structural Detail
page 62
No.
324
325
Structural Detail
Description
Intermittent longitudinal fillet

weld (based on normal stress in
flange (f and shear stress in web
T at weld ends).
Tier = 0
0.0 - 0.2
0.2 - 0.3
0.3 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.5
0.5 - 0.6
0.6 - 0.7
> 0.7
Longitudinal butt weld, fillet
weld or intermittent weld with
cope holes (based on normal
stress in flange (J and shear
stress in web T at weld ends),
cope holes not higher than 40 %
of web.
Tier = 0
0.0 - 0.2
0.2 - 0.3
0.3 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.5
0.5 - 0.6
> 0.6
page 63
FAT
32
28
25
22
20
18
16
14
28
25
22
20
18
16
14
No.
Structural Detail
FAT
Description
Joint at stiffened knuckle of a
flange to be assessed according
to no. 411 - 414, depending on
type of joint.
Stress in stiffener plate:
(J
(J
f ' 2 . sin IX
LAst
Ar = area of flange
ASt
= area of stiffener
Aw
= area of weld
throat
332
~./
)
)
~I
, ~ "'' !',T771'J7( ..
cr (t)
"'+(
U nstiffened curved flange to

web joint, to be assessed according to no. 411 - 414, depending on type of joint.
Stress in web plate:
(J
=~
rt
(J
W
r"La
F faxial force in flange

t thickness of web plate
a weld throat
page 64
---
No.
1 400
Structural Detail
FAT
ICruciform joints and/or T-joints
411
t!
e!
~
t\:
-v/////. l'...: ~VK///
+ ~
~
412
t~
e+
~
~
-v////.;:: ~ ~VK///j-
~
~
V / / / / /'~r//V//A-
, "II~'"
;::;
~~ ~
~h..

e<O.15t, weld toes ground,
toe crack
28

e<O.15t, toe crack
25

welds, or partial penetrating Kbutt weld,
misalignment e<O.15t,
toe crack
22
Cruciform joint or T-joint, fillet

welds or partial penetrating Kbutt welds (including toe ground
welds),
weld root crack.
Analysis based on stress in weld
throat.
16
t::::
413
t~
414
Description
.....
050<~~ffij"..~,..
page 65
No.
1500
Structural Detail
512
I)
514
FAT
Transverse non-load-carrying
attachment, not thicker than
main plate
ground
Fillet weld(s), as welded
Thicker than main plate
36
36
INon-load-carrying attachments
511
513
Description
28
25
Transverse stiffener welded on

girder web or flange, not thikker than main plate. For weld
ends on web principle stress to
be used
ground
Fillet weld(s): as welded
thicker than main plate
36
28
25
Non-Ioadcarrying stud
as welded
28

plate, full penetration butt weld,
calculated on basis of stiffener
thickness, out of plane bending
page 66
36
25
Description
FAT
515

plate, fillet or partial penetration weld, calculated on basis of
stiffener thickness and weld
throat, whichever is smaller
16
521
Longitudinal fillet welded gusset at length I

I < 50 mm
I < 150 mm
I < 300 mm
I > 300 mm
gusset near edge: see 525 "flat
side gusset"
No.
Structural Detail
Longitudinal fillet welded gusset with radius transition, end

of fillet weld reinforced and
ground, c < 2 t, max 25 mm
522
28
25
20
18
32
-- t
"f
523
I~
__ _ ,
(t)
.L~''''
...
-- "f
t
524
t~
L~---- -+
..-
I
(t1 )
;"""T
.r:
-..
> 150 mm
Longitudinal fillet welded gusset with smooth transition

(sniped end or radius) welded
on beam flange or plate.
c < 2 t, max 25 mm
r > 0.5 h
r < 0.5 h or cp < 20
welded on plate edge or beam
flange edge, with smooth transition (sniped end or radius).
c < 2t2 , max. 25 mm
r > 0.5 h
r < 0.5 h or cp < 20
For t2 < 0.7 t}, FAT rises 12%
page 67
25
20
18
16
No.
Structural Detail
525
~
526
-.:::..
~"1IC
--
600
~
r
Description
FAT

welded on plate or beam flange
edge, gusset length I:
1 < 150 mm
1 < 300 mm
I > 300 mm
18
16
14

welded on edge of plate or
beam flange, radius transition
ground.
r> 150 or r/w > 113
116 < r/w < 113
r/w < 116
36
28
22
Lap joints
611
+-v~;?~!-+
Transverse loaded lap joint with

fillet welds
Fatigue of weld throat
22
16
Stress ratio must be 0 < R < 1 !

612
F
(]'::A
[:~: r
Longitudinally loaded lap joint

with side fillet welds
Fatigue of weld (calc. on
max. weld length of 40
times the throat of the
weld
page 68
18
18
No.
Structural Detail
613
9-
"';'~m;J~~~
~==;;;:J-1..
Description
FAT
Lap joint gusset, fillet welded,

non-load-carrying, with smooth
transition (sniped end with
~<20 or radius), welded to
loaded element c < 2 t,
max 25 mm
to flat bar
to bulb section
to angle section
22
20
18
I700 IReinforcements
711
1; (""til"") "
t,
712
721
to~
End of long doubling plate on 1beam, welded ends (based on

stress range in flange at weld
toe)
to < 0.8 t
0.8 t < to < 1.5 t
to > 1.5 t
End of long doubling plate on
beam, reinforced welded ends
ground (based on stress range
in flange at weld toe)
to ::;; 0.8 t
0.8 t < to < 1.5 t
to > 1.5 t
20
18
16
28
25
22
End of reinforcement plate on

rectangular hollow section.
wall thickness:
t < 25 mm
page 69
20
No.
Structural Detail
731
ground
~ ~
..-
1800
FAT
Reinforcements welded on with

fillet welds, toe ground
Toe as welded
32
25
Analysis based on modified

nominal stress
---+-
Flanges, branches and nozzles
811
Stiff block flange, full penetration weld
i
I
I
I
25
W~
812
821
Description
a~~
~
~~
,~
!
~~
22
16
FIat flange with almost full

penetration butt welds, modified
nominal stress in pipe, toe
crack
25
FIat flange with fillet welds,

modified nominal stress in pipe,
toe crack.
22
822
~II..
Stiff block flange, partial penetration or fillet weld

toe crack in plate
root crack in weld throat
,~
I
page 70
No.
Structural Detail
r;;:
t'\
"
~
~
~~
832
T
I
-k"'-."'-."'~
~ ~"'-."""'IIIIIr..:y
v
v
v
v
841
~
-~) ~
~
:s~
~-
I
i
I
I
28
be considered
Tubular branch or pipe penetrating a plate, fillet welds.
25
be considered
Nozzle welded on plate, root
pass removed by drilling.
~~
~ ..
."""""""'-
25

be considered
Nozzle welded on pipe, root
pass as welded.
842
I
FAT
Tubular branch or pipe penetrating a plate, K-butt welds.
831
-S
Description
22

be considered
1900 1Tubular joints

911
Circular hollow section butt

joint to massive bar, as welded
page 71
22
No.
Structural Detail
912
913
t
I
t
~ ~~
~
Description
FAT

to component with single side
butt weld, backing provided.
Root crack.
22

to component single sided butt
weld or double fillet welds.
Root crack.
18
Circular hollow section with

welded on disk
Fillet weld, toe ground
Fillet welds, as welded
921
32
32
25
Tab. {3.2}-2: Fatigue resistance values structural details in aluminium alloys assessed
on the basis of shear stress.
Structural detail
FAT
class
log C for m=5
stress range at fatigue limit [N/mm 2]
Parent metal, full

36
14.083
16.5
Fillet welds, partial

28
13.537
12.8
page 72
3.3 FATIGUE RESISTANCE AGAINST GEOMETRIC

STRESS (HOT SPOT STRESS)
3.3.1 Fatigue Resistance using Reference S-N Curve
The S-N curves for fatigue resistance against structural geometric stress (2.2.3) are
given in the table {3.3}-1 for steel, where the definition of the FAT class is given in
chapter 3.2. The resistance values refer to the as-welded condition unless stated
otherwise. The effects of welding residual stress are included.
The design value of the geometric stress range shall not exceed
2r
3.3.1.1 Steel
Tab. {3.3}-1: Fatigue resistance against geometric stress
INo. IDescription
IFAT
Flat butt welds, full penetration, with a possible

misalignment according to notch cases 211-213 (Tab.
3.2-1)
ftllet welds at toe,

toe ground
toe as welded
m=3
112
100
Cruciform joints with a possible misalignment, not

yet accounted for in determination of geometric
stress, to be assessed according to notch cases 411413 in (Tab. 3.2-1)
3.3.1.2 Aluminium
At present, no commonly accepted data for the resistance of aluminium alloys against
geometric stress are available. Therefore, the reference detail method outlined in 3.3.2
is recommended.
3.3.2 Fatigue Resistance Using a Reference Detail

The tables of the fatigue resistance of structural details given in 3.2, or fatigue data
from other sources which refer to a comparable detail may, be used. The reference
page 73
detail should be chosen as similar as possible to the detail to be assessed. Thus the
procedure will be:
a)
Select a reference detail with known fatigue resistance, which is as similar as

possible to the detail being assessed with respect to geometric and loading
parameters.
b)
Identify the type of stress in which the fatigue resistance is expressed. This is
usually nominal stress (as in tables in chapter 3.2).
c)
Establish a FEM model of the reference detail and the detail to be assessed
with the same type of meshing and elements following the recommendations
given in 2.2.3.
d)
Load the reference detail and the detail to be assessed with the stress identified
in b).
e)
Determine the geometric stress ugeo,rd' of the reference detail and the geometric
stress ugeo,assess of the detail to be assessed.
t)
The fatigue resistance for 2 million cyles of the detail to be assessed FATassess
is then calculated from fatigue class of the reference detail FATref by:
FAT
aste&S'
(J
geo,Te/.
(J
geo,assus
page 74
FAT
ref
3.4 FATIGUE RESISTANCE AGAINST EFFECTIVE

NOTCH STRESS
3.4.1 Steel
The effective notch stress fatigue resistance against fatigue actions, as determined in
2.2.4 for steel, is given in table {3.4}-1. The defInition of the FAT class is given in
chapter 3.2. The fatigue resistance value refers to the as-welded condition. The effect
of welding residual stresses is included. Possible misalignment is not included.
Tab. {3.4}-1: Effective notch fatigue resistance for steel
No.
Quality of weld notch
Description
FAT
Effective notch radius

equalling 1 mm replacing
weld toe and weld root
notch
Notch as-welded, normal

welding quality
225
m=3
3.4.2 Aluminium
At present, no commonly accepted data can be given.
page 75
3.5 FATIGUE STRENGTH MODIFICATIONS

3.5.1 Stress Ratio
3.5.1.1 Steel
For stress ratios R < 0.5 a fatigue enhancement factor f(R) may be considered by
multiplying the fatigue class of classified details by f(R). The fatigue enhancement
factor depends on the level and direction of residual stresses. The following cases are
to be distinguished:
I:
Base material and wrought products with negligible residual stresses
0.2fy),
stress relieved welded components, in which the effects of constraints or
secondary stresses have been considered in analysis.
f(R) = 1.6
f(R) = -0.4 R
f(R) = I
II:
1.2
for R < -1
for -1 S R < 0.5
for R > 0.5
Small scale thin-walled simple structural elements containing short welds. Parts
or components containing thermally cut edges.
f(R) = 1.3
f(R) = -0.4 R
f(R) = 1
ill:
0.9
for R < -1
for -1 < R < -0.25
for R > -0.25
Complex two- or three-dimensional components, components with global

residual stresses, thickwalled components.
f(R) = 1
no enhancement
The ranking in categories I, II or III should be done and documented by the design
office. If no reliable information on residual stress is available, f(R) = 1.
It has to be noted in this respect that stress relief in welded joints is unlikely to be
fully effective, and long range residual stresses may be introduced during assembly of
prefabricated welded components. For such reasons, it is recommended that values of
f(R) > 1 should only be adopted for welded components in very special circumstances.
3.5.1.2 Aluminium
The same regulations as for steel are recommended.
page 76
Factor f(R)
1.61'C""'"----.:....;-----,-----,.------,---,------,
1.5i-----""k:----+----+----t---t-----i
1,41-----+---~---+-----i---+------l
1.3-1c----t----+----"";c---t----+----i
1.21-----"......"..---+---_+--~o;:----+_-____l
1.1 i-----t---""Ioo;::----+----t------"''Ioc-----i
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0.25
0.5
Stress ratio R
- I : low resld. stress
~ II: medium res. str.
.....111: high resid. str
Fig. (3.5)-1 Enhancement factor f(R)
3.5 .2 Wall Thickness

3.5.2.1 Steel
The influence of plate thickness on fatigue strength should be taken into account in
cases where cracks start from the weld toe on plates thicker than 25 mm. The reduced
strength is taken in consideration by multiplying the fatigue class of the structural
detail by the thickness reduction factor f(t). The thickness correction exponent n is
dependent on the effective thickness terrand the joint category (see table {3.5}-1) [21].
Tab. {3.5}-1: Thickness correction exponents
Joint category
Condition
Cruciform joints, transverse T-joints,

plates with transverse attachments
as-welded
0.3
Cruciform joints, transverse T-joints,

plates with transverse attachments
toe ground
0.2
Transverse butt welds
as-welded
0.2
any
0.1
Butt welds ground flush, base material,

longitudinal welds or attachements
The plate thickness correction factor is not required in the case of assessment based on
effective notch stress procedure or fracture mechanics.
page 77
j(t)
(;;r
If LIt
where t>2Smm
then
tef! =
else
tef! = t
O.SL
~tOJ
~JI
toe""""","L
Fig. (3.5)-2 Toe distance

3.5.2.2 Aluminium
The same regulations as for steel are recommended.
3.5.3 Improvement Techniques

Post weld improvement techniques may raise the fatigue resistance. These techniques
improve the weld profile, the residual stress conditions or the environmental conditions
of the welded joint. The improvements methods are:
a)
Methods of improvement of weld profile:

Machining or grinding of weld seam flush to surface
Machining or grinding of the weld transition at the toe
Remelting of the weld toe by TIG-, plasma or laser dressing
b)
Methods for improvement of residual stress conditions:

Peening (hammer-, needle-, shot- or brush-peening)
Coining
Overstressing
Stress relieving thermal treatment
c)
Methods for improvement of environmental conditions:

Painting
Resin coating
The effects of all improvement techniques are sensitive to the method of application
and the applied loading, being most effective in the low stress / high cycle regime.
They may also depend on the material, structural detail and dimensions of the welded
joint. Consequently, fatigue tests for the verification of the procedure in the endurance
range of interest are recommended (chapters 3.7 and 4.5).
page 78
3.5.4 Effect of Elevated Temperatures

3.5.4.1 Steel
For higher temperatures, the fatigue resistance data may be modified with a reduction
factor given in fig. (3.5)-3. The fatigue reduction factor is a conservative approach and
might be raised according to test evidence or application codes.
Reduction factor
1 ..............
0,9
~ ...........
0,8
0,7
0,6
r"-.
","
0,5
0,4
~"-
"
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Temperature T [deg Celsius]
Fig. (3.5)-3 Fatigue strength reduction factor for steel at elevated temperatures
3.5.4.2 Aluminium
The fatigue data given here refer to operation temperatures lower than 70C. This
value is a conservative approach. It may be raised according to test evidence or an applicable code.
3.5.5 Effect of Corrosion

The fatigue resistance data given here refer to non-corrosive environments. Normal
protection against atmospheric corrosion is assumed.
A corrosive environment or unprotected exposure to atmospheric conditions may reduce the fatigue class. The fatigue limit may also be reduced considerably. The effect
depends on the spectrum of fatigue actions and on the time of exposure.
No specific recommendations are given for corrosion fatigue assessment.
page 79
3.6 FATIGUE RESISTANCE AGAINST CRACK PROPAGATION

The resistance of a material against cyclic crack propagation is characterized by the
material parameters of the "Paris" power law of crack propagation
da
dN
C I!..K m
0
if
I!..K < I!..Kth
then
-da = 0
dN
where the material parameters are

constant of the power law
exponent of the power law
range of cyclic stress intensity factor
threshold value of stress intensity
ratio Kmin/K.ou, taking all stresses including residual stresses into account (see 3.5.1)
Co
m
AI{
~
In the absence of specified or measured material parameters, the values given below
are recommended. They are characteristic values.
3.6.1 Steel
Co = 9.5 .10-12
Co = 3.0 '10-13
(units in MPav'm and m) or

(units in N*mm-3n and mm)
m = 3
I!..~
~
= 6.0 - 4.56' R
but not lower than 2

= 190 - 144'R but not lower than 62
(units in MPaVm) or
(units in N*mm- 3n )
3.6.2 Aluminium
Co = 2.6 .10-10
Co = 8.1 _10-12
m
(units in MPav'm and m) or

(units in N*mm-312 and mm)
=3
I!..~
2.0 - 1.5 .R
I!..Kth = 63 - 48 .R
but not lower than 0.7

but not lower than 21
page 80
(units in MPaVrn) or
(units in N*mm- 3n )
3.7 FATIGUE RESISTANCE DETERMINATION BY

TESTING
Fatigue tests may be used to establish a fatigue resistance curve for a component or a
structural detail, or the resistance of a material against (non critical) cyclic crack
propagation.
It is recommended that test results are obtained at constant stress ratios R. The S-N
data should be presented in a graph showing log (endurance in cycles) as the abscissa
and log (range of fatigue actions) as the ordinate. For crack propagation data, the
log (stress intensity factor range) should be the abscissa and the log (crack propagation
rate per cycle) the ordinate.
Experimental fatigue data are scattered, the extent of scatter tends to be greatest in the
low stress/low crack propagation regime (e.g. see fig. (3.7)-1). For statistical evaluation, a Gaussian log-normal distribution should be assumed. The number of failed test
specimens must be equal or greater than
5. For other conditions, special statistical
log .t.o
considerations are required.
scatter
scatterband
Many methods of statistical evaluation

,
mean curve
"
are available. However, the most com''',
scatter
mon approach for analysing fatigue data
""~.-""'::"';--"'-....
is to fit S-N or crack propagation curves
characterlstlc '"
curve
by regression analysis, taking log(N) or
,
log(da/dN) as the dependent variable.
Then, characteristic values are establilog N
shed by adopting curves lying approximately two standard deviations (2 Stdv at Fig. (3.7)-1 Scatterband in SN curve
a greater number of specimens) of the
dependent variable from the mean. In the case of S-N data, this would be below the
mean, while the curve above the mean would be appropriate in case of crack propagation data.
Thus, more precisely, test results should analysed to produce characteristic values
(subscript k). These are values at a 95 % survival probability in reference to a twosided 75 % confidence level of the mean. They are calculated by the following procedure:
a)
Calculate 10glO of all data: Stress range .&U and number of cycles N, or
stress intensity factor range .&K and crack propagation rate daldN.
b)
Calculate exponents m and constant logC (or logCo resp.) of the formulae:
page 81
for S-N curve
logN
= logC -m 'logAa
da
dN
for crack propag. log- = logCo - m logAK
by linear regression taking stress or stress intensity factor range as the

independent variable. If the number of data n < 15, or if the data are not
sufficiently evenly distributed to determine m correctly, a fixed value of
m should be taken, as derived from other tests under comparable conditions, e.g. m=3 for welded joints.
c)
Calculate mean xm and standard deviation Stdv of logC (or logC o resp.)
using m obtained in b).
d)
If Xj are the logs of tentative data, the formulae for the calculation of
the characteristic value X k will be:
Stdv
S-N data:
xk
Crack propagation rate: xk
= x", -k'Stdv
=
x", +k'Stdv
The values of k are given in table {3.7}-1.

Tab. {3.7}-1: Values of k for the calculation of characteristic values
n
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
100
3.5
2.7
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.15
2.05
2.0
1.9
For more details and information, see appendix 6.4.1 and ref. [35].
In case of S-N data, proper account should be taken of the fact that residual stresses
are usually low in small-scale specimens. The results should be corrected to allow for
the greater effects of residual stresses in real components and structures. This may be
achieved either by testing at high R-ratios, e.g. R=O.5, or by testing at R=O and
lowering the fatigue strength at 2 million cycles by 20 % .
page 82
3.8 FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF JOINTS WITH WELD

IMPERFECTIONS
3.8.1 General
3.8.1.1 Types of Imperfections
The types of imperfections covered in this document are listed below. Other imperfections, not yet covered, may be assessed by assuming similar imperfections with comparable notch effect.
Imperfect shape
All types of misalignment including centre-line mismatch (linear misalignment)
and angular misalignment (angular distortions, roofing, peaking).
Undercut
Volumetric discontinuities
Gas pores and cavities of any shape.
Solid inclusions, such as isolated slag, slag lines, flux, oxides and metallic
inclusions.
Planar discontinuities
All types of cracks or cracklike imperfections, such as lack of fusion or lack of
penetration (Note that for certain structural details intentional lack of penetration is already covered, e.g. at partial penetration butt welds or cruciform
joints with fillet welds)
If a volumetric discontinuity is surface breaking or near the surface, or if there
is any doubt about the type of an embedded discontinuity, it shall be assessed
like a planar discontinuity.
3.8.1.2 Effects and Assessment of Imperfections

At geometrical imperfections, three effects affecting fatigue resistance can be distiguished, as summarized in table {3.8}-1.
page 83
Increase of general stress level

This is the effect of all types of misalignment due to secondary bending. The
additional effective stress concentration factor can be calculated by appropriate
formulae. The fatigue resistance of the structural detail under consideration is
to be lowered by division by this factor.
Local notch effect
Here, interaction with other notches present in the welded joint is decisive.
Two cases are to be distinguished:
Additive notch effect
If the location of the notch due to the the weld imperfection coincides with a
structural discontinuity associated with the geometry of the weld shape (e.g.
weld toe), then the fatigue resistance of the welded joint is decreased by the
additive notch effect. This may be the case at weld shape imperfections.
Competitive notch effect
If the location of the notch due to the weld imperfection does not coincide with
a structural geometry associated with the shape geometry of the weld, the
notches are in competition. Both notches are assessed separately. The notch
giving the lowest fatigue resistance is governing.
Cracklike imperfections
Planar discontinuities, such as cracks or cracklike imperfections, which require
only a short period for crack initiation, are assessed using fracture mechanics
on the basis that their fatigue lives consist entirely of crack propagation.
After inspection and detection of a weld imperfection, the fIrst step of the assessment
procedure is to determine the type and the effect of the imperfection as given here.
If a weld imperfection cannot be clearly associated to a type or an effect of imperfec-
tions listed here, it is recommended that it is assumed to be cracklike.
page 84
Tab. {3.8}-1: Categorization and assessment procedure for weld imperfections

Effect of imperfection
Type of imperfection
Assessment
Rise of general stress

level
Misalignment
Formulae for effective

stress concentration
Local
notch
effect
additive
Weld shape imperfections, undercut
Tables given
competitive
Porosity and inclusions

not near the surface
Tables given
Cracks, lack of fusion

and penetration, all types
of imperfections other
than given here
Fracture mechanics
Cracklike imperfection
3.8.2 Misalignment
Misalignment in axially loaded joints leads to an increase of stress in the welded joint
due to the occurrence of secondary shell bending stresses. The resulting stress is
calculated by stress analysis or by using the formulae for the stress magnification
factor k m given in appendix 6.3.
Secondary shell bending stresses do not occur in continuous welds longitudinally
loaded or in joints loaded in pure bending, and so misalignment will not reduce the
fatigue resistance. However, misalignment in components, e.g. beams, subject to
overall bending may cause secondary bending stresses in parts of the component,
where the through thickness stress gradient is small, e.g. in a flange of a beam, where
the stress is effectively axial. Such cases should be assessed.
Some allowance for misalignment is already included in the tables of classified structural details (3.2). In particular, the data for transverse butt welds are directly applicable for misalignment which results in an increase of stress up to 30%, while for
the cruciform joints the increase can be up to 45% . In these cases the effective stress
magnification factor km,eff should be calculated as given below.
Tab. {3.8}-2: Effective stress magnification

Type of welded joint
1<;. already
covered
I~~
butt welds, transverse
1.30
~/1.3
at least 1.0
cruciform joints
1.45
~/1.45
at least 1.0
page 85
For the simultaneous occurrence of linear and angular misalignment, both stress magnification factors should be applied simultaneously using the formula:
(22)
As misalignment reduces the fatigue resistance, the fatigue resistance of the classified
structural detail (3.2) has to be divided by the effective stress magnification factor.
3.8.3 Undercut
The basis for the assessment of undercut is the ratio ult, i.e. depth of undercut to plate
thickness. Though undercut is an additive notch, it is already considered to a limited
extent in the tables of fatigue resistance of classified structural details (3.2).
Undercut does not reduce fatigue resistance of welds which are only longitudinally
loaded.
3.8.3.1 Steel
Tab. {3.8}-3: Acceptance levels for weld toe undercut in steel
Allowable undercut ult
Fatigue class
100
90
80
71
63
56 and lower
Notes:
a)
b)
butt welds
fillet welds
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.10
0.10
0.10
not applicable
not applicable
0.05
0.075
0.10
0.10
undercut deeper than 1 mm shall be

assessed as a crack-like imperfection.
the table is only applicable for plate
thicknesses from 10 to 20 mm
page 86
3.8.3.2 Aluminium
Tab. {3.8}-4: Acceptance levels for weld toe undercut in aluminium
Allowable undercut ult
Fatigue class
50
45
40
36
32
28 and lower
Notes:
a)
b)
butt welds
fillet welds
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.10
0.10
0.10
not applicable
not applicable
0.05
0.075
0.10
0.10
undercut deeper than 1 mm shall be

assessed as a crack-like imperfection.
the table is only applicable for plate
thicknesses from 10 to 20 mm
3.8.4 Porosity and Inclusions

Embedded volumetric discontinuities, such as porosity and inclusions, are considered
as competitive weld imperfections which can provide alternative sites for fatigue crack
initiation than those covered by the fatigue resistance tables of classified structural
details (3.2).
Before assessing the imperfections with respect to fatigue, it should be verified that the
conditions apply for competitive notches, i.e. that the anticipated sites of crack initiation in the fatigue resistance tables do not coincide with the porosity and inclusions to
be assessed and no interaction is expected.
It is important to ensure that there is no interaction between multiple weld imperfections, be it from the same or different type. Combined porosity or inclusions shall be
treated as a single large one. The defect interaction criteria given in (3.8.5) for the
assessment of cracks also apply for adjacent inclusions. Worm holes shall be assessed
as slag inclusions.
If there is any doubt about the coalescence of porosity or inclusions in the wall
thickness direction or about the distance from the surface, the imperfections shall be
assessed as cracks. It has to be verified by NDT that the porosity or inclusions are
embedded and volumetric. If there is any doubt, they are to be treated as cracks.
The parameter for assessing porosity is the maximum percentage of projected area of
porosity in the radiograph; for inclusions, it is the maximum length. Directly adjacent
inclusions are regarded as a single one.
page 87
3.8.4.1 Steel
Tab. {3.8}-5: Acceptance levels for porosity and inclusions in welds in steel
Fatigue class
100
90
80
71
63
56 and lower
Max. length of an inclusion in

mm
as-welded
stress relieved +
1.5
2.5
4
10
35
no limit
7.5
19
58
no limit
no limit
no limit
Limits of
porosity in %
of area * **
3
3
3
5
5
5
Area of radiograph used is length of weld affected by porosity multiplied by width of weld
Maximum pore diameter or width of an inclusion less than
114 plate thickness or 6 mm
Stress relieved by post weld heat treatment
*
**
+
3.8.4.2 Aluminium
Tab. {3.8}-6: Acceptance levels for porosity and inclusions in welds in aluminium
Fatigue class
Max. length of an
inclusion in mm **
Limits of porosity
in % of area * **
as-welded
40 and higher
36
32
28
25
15 and lower
*
**
+)
1.5
2.5
4
10
35
no limit
0+)
3
3
5
5
5
Area of radiograph used is length of weld affected by porosity multiplied by width of weld
Maximum pore diameter or width of an inclusion
less than 114 plate thickness or 6 mm
Single pores up to 1.5 mm allowed
Tungsten inclusions have no effect on fatigue behaviour and therefore do not need to
be assessed.
page 88
3.8.5 Cracklike Imperfections

3.8.5.1 General Procedure
Planar discontinuities, cracks or cracklike defects are identified by non-destructive
testing and inspection. NDT indications are idealized as elliptical cracks for which the
stress intensity factor is calculated according to 2.2.5.
2e
l
J
Ei!
I
,
2a
1
t
-'
-r
&
CLADDING
2e
LlIMIH1tR
,~.
IHDICATION
,
2& 2&
~---.
G;
2&
'
-2e
1
l
~
Fig. (3.8)-1 Transformation ofNDT indications to an elliptic or semi-elliptic cracks

For embedded cracks, the shape is idealized by a circumscribing ellipse, which is
measured by its two half-axes a and c. The crack parameter a (crack depth) is the
half-axis of the ellipse in the direction of the crack growth to be assessed. The remaining perpendicular half-axis is the half length of the crack c. The wall thickness
parameter t is the distance from the center of the ellipse to the nearest surface. If the
ratio alt > 0.75, the defect is to be recategorized as a surface defect.
Surface cracks are described in

c
c
terms of a circumscribing halfellipse. The wall thickness
parameter is wall thickness t. If
b
the ratio of alt> 0.75, the
defect is regarded as being fully
penetrating and is to be recateb =distance to nearest edge
t =distance to nearest surface
gorized as a centre crack or an
edge crack, whichever is ap- Fig. (3.8)-2 Crack dimensions for assessment
plicable.
For details of dimensions of cracks and recategorization see appendix 6.2.
page 89
3.8.5.2 Simplified Procedure

The simplified procedure is based on the integration of the crack propagation law (4.4)
from an initial defect size ~ to defect size of 0.75 times wall thickness using the
material resistance against crack propagation as given in 3.6.1 for steel.
In the tables the stress ranges at 2*1()6 cycles corresponding to the definition of the
fatigue classes (FAT) of classified structural details (3.2) are shown. The tables have
been calculated using the correction functions and the weld joint local geometry
correction given in 6.2.4. (see tab. {6.2}-1 and tab. {6.2}-3).
In assessing a defect by the simplified procedure, the stress range AOi for the initial
crack size parameter ~ and the stress range AO'e for the critical crack size parameter
a e are taken. The stress range Au or the FAT class belonging to a crack propagation
from 3j to a e at 2.106 cycles is then calculated by:
Il.a
~Il.a3r -Il.a c3
For aluminium, the tables may be used by dividing the resistance stress ranges at 2
106 cycles (FAT classes) for steel by 3.
.1
L=toe distance
Fig. (3.8)-3 Toe distance I for simplified

procedure
Tables {3.8}-7: Stress ranges at 2.106 cycles (FAT classes in N/mm2) of welds containing cracks for the simplified procedure (following 3 pages)
page 90
Surface cracks at fillet weld toes

long surface crack near plate edge, fillet welds (lit
ai
25.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.2
t
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
a
0
0
0
0
a
a
a
0
0
0
0
a
a
a
a
a
a
0
0
0
8
26
43
59
0
0
0
15
32
47
60
0
0
10
20
36
49
60
0
7
14
23
38
50
60
8
13
20
29
42
51
59
a
a
a
0
0
0
0
9
13
17
24
32
43
51
58
6
12
16
21
27
34
44
51
57
4
9
15
19
23
29
36
45
51
56
0
0
0
0
7
12
17
21
25
31
37
45
51
56
10
12
14
16
a
a
long surface crack (a:c
ai
25.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.2
t
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
13
38
59
83
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
23
45
64
86
0
16
30
50
67
87
11
21
34
53
69
88
89
0
0
0
0
14
20
26
34
44
59
74
89
10
a
a
0
0
a
0
a
13
20
29
40
57
72
short surface crack (a:c
ai
0
0
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
42
0
0
25.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.2
a
26
63
87
109
0
0
0
0
31
51
75
71
91 92
109 108
4
0
0
0
a
a
0
0
0
= 1: 10) ,
0
0
0
0
10
19
24
31
38
47
61
75
89
0
0
0
0
7
15
23
28
34
40
49
63
75
88
12
14
10
12
20
7
12
15
19
24
27
31
35
40
46
50
53
0
6
9
14
18
22
27
29
32
36
40
46
49
52
4
8
12
17
20
24
28
31
34
37
41
45
48
51
6
10
14
19
22
25
29
32
34
37
41
45
48
50
10
13
17
22
24
28
31
33
35
38
41
44
47
49
25
30
35
40
50 100
0
12
18
26
31
36
42
50
64
76
88
0
0
12
17
23
31
35
39
45
53
66
76
87
16
20
0
0
14
page 91
19
22
24
28
29
31
34
35
36
38
39
42
43
44
= 2.5)
fillet welds (lit
10
18
23
28
34
38
42
48
55
67
76
86
0
8
15
22
26
31
37
40
44
49
57
67
76
84
6
12
18
25
29
33
39
42
46
51
58
68
76
83
10
15
21
27
31
35
40
43
47
52
58
68
75
82
15
20
25
30
34
38
42
45
49
54
59
68
74
81
25
30
35
40
50 100
1:2), fillet welds (lit
0
a 0 0 0
0
a a 0 0
0
0
a 0 0
0
0
a 0 0
0
0
0
0 15
0
0
0 21 29
0
0 28 35 40
0 27 36 42 47
23 38 45 50 54
40 50 55 59 62
57 63 67 69 71
78 81 82 83 83
93 94 93 93 92
107 105 103 101 100
6
0
0
0
8
11
15
21
25
28
33
39
46
50
54
= 2.5)
26
30
33
38
40
44
48
50
53
56
61
66
71
75
= 2.5)
83
91
99
0
0
0
25
32
40
49
54
60
66
73
83
90
96
0
0
21
33
39
46
53
58
62
68
74
83
88
94
0
18
28
38
43
49
56
60
64
68
74
82
87
92
13
25
32
41
46
52
58
61
65
69
74
81
86
90
20
29
36
44
48
53
59
62
65
69
74
80
85
88
28
35
41
48
51
55
60
63
66
69
74
79
83
86
16
20
25
30
35
40
50 100
a
0
24
34
44
50
56
64
72
41
46
49
54
56
59
62
64
66
68
70
74
76
78
I Surface cracks at butt weld toes

long surface crack near plate edge, butt welds (lit
aj
25.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.2
t
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
26
46
65
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
a
0
0
0
a
a
a
a
a
a
0
0
0
a
a
a
a
a
0
0
0
a
a
a
a
15
33
50
67
10
20
38
53
67
7
14
24
41
54
67
8
13
20
30
45
56
67
0
0
0
0
0
9
13
17
24
34
47
57
66
6
12
16
21
28
36
48
58
65
4
9
15
19
24
30
38
49
58
65
7
12
17
21
26
32
40
50
58
64
0
0
0
8
11
15
22
25
30
35
42
51
57
62
a
a
10
12
14
16
20
long surface crack (a:c
aj
25.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.2
t
a
a
a
0
a
a
a
a
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
39
61
88
23
46
67
91
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
0
0
0
a
a
a
0
a
a
a
16
30
51
70
93
11
21
34
55
73
95
13
20
29
41
59
76
96
0
0
0
14
20
26
35
46
63
78
96
10
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
9
14
18
22
28
31
35
39
44
51
56
60
4
8
12
17
21
25
30
33
36
40
45
51
55
59
6
10
14
19
23
27
31
34
37
41
45
51
55
58
10
13
17
23
26
29
33
36
39
42
46
51
54
56
25
30
35
40
50 100
a
0
a
a
a
10
15
21
27
32
36
42
45
50
55
62
73
82
91
15
20
25
31
35
39
44
48
52
57
64
74
82
90
40
50 100
a
a
a
a
a
0
a
a
10
19
24
31
39
49
65
80
96
7
15
23
28
34
42
51
67
81
96
12
14
= 1:2),
a a a
0
0
a
0
a 0
0
a 0
0
a 15
0
0
12
18
26
31
37
44
53
68
82
96
12
17
23
31
35
41
47
56
70
82
95
71
72
83
94
83
93
6
12
18
25
29
34
40
44
48
54
61
73
82
92
16
20
25
30
35
a
10
18
23
28
35
39
44
50
58
0
8
15
22
26
32
38
42
46
52
60
25.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.2
a a a a
a a 0 a 13
0
0
0
0
0
0
a a 0 18 25
0
0
a a a
a 21 28 32
0
0
0
a a 0
0 25 33 38 41
a 0 0
0
0
24 32 39 43 47
0
0
a a 0 0 21 29 34 40 46 50 53
0
0
a a a 28 35 40 44 50 54 57 60
0
0
0
a 27 36 42 47 50 55 59 62 63
0
0
0 23 38 45 51 54 57 61 65 67 68
0
0 31 40 50 56 60 63 65 69 71 72 73
26 42 51 57 64 69 72 74 75 77 79 79 80
64 72 77 81 85 87 88 89 89 90 90 89 89
91 95 97 99 100 101 101 100 100 99 98 96 95
116 117 117 117 115 114 112 111 110 107 105 103 101
3
10
19
23
26
30
32
34
37
39
41
43
45
48
50
51
1:10), butt welds (1ft
short surface crack (a:c
1)
0
0
7
12
15
19
25
29
33
38
43
51
57
61
aj
12
14
page 92
fillet welds (lit
16
20
25
30
35
1)
27
31
35
40
43
46
51
53
57
61
66
73
78
84
1)
20
29
36
44
49
55
61
65
69
74
80
88
94
99
28
35
41
48
53
57
63
66
70
74
80
87
92
97
40
50 100
42
47
51
56
59
62
66
68
71
74
78
82
85
88
Embedded cracks
ai
embedded long crack near plate edge
25.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.2
t
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
43
65
90
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
27
50
69
93
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
34
55
73
95
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
26
39
58
75
97
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7 12 18 29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 11 15 19 23 33
0
0
0
0
0
0 13 18 21 24 28 37
0
0
0
0
0 15 21 25 28 30 34 41
0
0
0
9 14 21 26 30 32 34 37 44
0
0 12 18 22 27 31 35 37 39 41 47
0 17 23 27 30 34 38 41 42 44 46 52
16 23 28 32 34 38 42 44 46 47 49 54
24 30 34 37 40 43 46 48 50 51 53 58
33 38 42 44 46 49 52 54 55 56 58 62
45 49 51 53 55 58 60 61 62 63 65 68
62 65 67 68 69 71 73 74 75 76 77 79
78 80 81 82 83 85 86 87 88 88 89 91
99 100 101 102 103 104 105 105 106 106 107 108
8
10
embedded long crack (a:c
a,
25.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.2
t
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
0
0
20
53
77
108
0
0
a
a
a
0
a
a
0
0
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 18
0 25 32
34 42 47
60 65 69
83 86 90
113 117 119
4
0
0
25.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.2
t
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
0
0
a
a
a
a
a
a
0
a
30 49
74 83
105 111
140 144
0
0
0
a
a
a
a
0
0
0
a
0
a
a
0
0
0 27
36 46
59 66
89 93
115 117
146 148
5
14
16
20
25
30
35
40
50 100
1:10) apart from plate edge
0
0
0
0
0
a 0 0 7 12 18 32
0
0
0
a 0 12 17 20 26 37
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a 15 21 25 28 32 43
0
0
0
0
0 19 26 30 33 36 40 48
0
0
0 11 18 25 31 35 38 40 44 52
0 16 22 27 33 38 41 44 46 49 57
0
0 22 28 33 36 41 45 48 50 52 55 62
21 29 35 39 42 46 50 52 54 56 59 66
30 37 42 45 48 52 55 57 59 61 64 71
41 46 50 53 55 59 62 64 66 68 70 77
54 58 61 63 65 69 72 74 76 77 80 85
73 77 80 82 84 87 89 91 93 94 96 100
94 97 100 102 103 105 107 109 110 111 112 115
123 125 127 128 129 131 132 133 134 134 135 138
8
10
embedded short crack (a:c
ai
12
12
14
16
20
25
30
35
40
1:2) apart from plate edge
0
0
0
a 0 0 0 0 14 23
0
0
0
0
0
0
a 21 29 34
0
0
0
0
a 0 24 33 38 42
0
0
0
0
0 29 38 44 48 51
0
0
0 17 27 38 45 50 54 57
0
0 24 33 39 47 53 57 61 63
0 32 41 47 51 58 63 66 69 71
31 42 49 54 58 64 68 71 74 75
44 53 59 63 66 71 75 77 79 81
58 65 69 73 76 79 83 85 87 88
74 79 83 86 88 91 94 95 97 98
99 102 105 106 108 110 112 113 114 115
121 1:3 125 127 128 129 131 132 132 133
150 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 158 159
8
10
12
50 100
14
page 93
16
20
25
30
35
40
32
40
47
56
61
67
74
78
83
90
100
116
134
160
49
54
59
66
70
74
80
84
89
95
104
119
136
161
50 100
4 FATIGUE ASSESSMENT
4.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
In fatigue assessment, the fatigue actions and the fatigue resistance are related by
means of an appropriate assessment procedure. It must be ensured that all three elements (actions, resistance and assessment procedure) correspond. Three procedures
may be distinguished:
a)
Procedures based on S-N curves, such as

nominal stress approach
geometric stress approach
effective notch stress approach
b)
Procedures based on crack propagation considerations
c)
Direct experimental approach by fatigue testing of components or entire

structures
4.2 COMBINATION OF NORMAL AND SHEAR

STRESS
If normal and shear stress occur simultaneously, their combined effect shall be considered. Three cases may be distinguished:
a)
If the equivalent nominal shear stress range is less than 15% of the
equivalent normal stress range or if the damage sum due to shear stress
range is lower than 10% of that due to normal stress range, the effect
of shear stress may be neclected.
b)
If the normal and shear stress vary simultaneously in phase, or if the

plane of maximum principal stress is not changed significantly, the
maximum principal stress range may be used.
c)
If normal and shear stress vary independently out of phase, in damage

calculation the damage sums shall be calculated separately and finally
added. A Miner damage sum of l:Di =O.5 or the usage of 112 of the calculated life cycles is recommended.
Fracture mechanics crack propagation calculations should be based on maximum

principal stress range.
page 94
4.3 FATIGUE ASSESSMENT USING S-N CURVES

Fatigue verification is carried out using
the design spectrum of fatigue actions in terms of stress ranges .dUi,S,d' in which
the stresses of the characteristic spectrum .dUi,S,k have been multiplied by the
partial safety factor 'YF for fatigue actions.
and
the design resistance S-N curve based on design resistance stresses .dUR,d, in
which the characteristic resistance stress ranges .dUR,k have been divided by the
partial safety factor 'YM for fatigue resistance.
The design resistance S-N curve may be modified further according to the needs of the
damage calculation procedure.
For constant amplitude loading, the characteristic stress range .dUR,k at the required
number of stress cycles is firstly determined. Secondly the fatigue criterion is checked:
IlCJ Sd =
"
.dCJn
YF
s:
IlCJ R,t
.dCJR,d = - -
YM
At variable amplitude loading, cumulative damage calculation procedure is applied.

Usually a modified "Palmgren-Miner"-rule, as described in 4.3.1, is appropriate. For
load spectra which are sensitive to the position of the fatigue limit or cut-off limit, or
in which the spectrum changes during the service time, additional assessment using the
nonlinear damage calculation method described in 4.3.2 is recommended.
In fields of application, where no test data nor service experience exist and the shape
of the stress spectrum is not close to constant amplitude, it is recommended that only
half of the calculated life should be assumed. This is equivalent to a Miner sum (4.3.1)
of Dd=O.S.
4.3.1 Linear Damage Calculation by "Palmgren-Miner" Summation

If the maximum design stress range .dUmax,S,d of the load spectrum is lower than the
design fatigue limit .dUL,R,d of the design fatigue resistance S-N curve, or if it is lower
than the design cut-off limit .dUcut, R,d in cases where no fatigue limit is given, the life
of the welded joint can be assumed to be inimite and no further damage calculation is
necessary.
If the constant amplitude fatigue limit of the resistance S-N curve corresponds to an
endurance less than 108 cycles, the fatigue resistance curve has to be modified accor-
page 95
ding to fig. (4)-1. Then the slope m l of the S-N curve from the constant amplitude
fatigue limit (5 106 cycles) up to lOs cycles is assumed to be m l = 2 m 1 - 1 [30] 1.
log stress range
2E6 Nc
1E8
igue limit
cut off
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
1.0E+09
log N
Fig. (4)-1 Modification of fatigue resistance Wohler S-N curve for PalmgrenMiner summation
Although it is accepted that the stresses below the constant amplitude fatigue
limit must be included in cumulative damage calculation relating to welded joints,
there are currently different opinions how this should be achieved. The method
presented here (fig. (4)-1) appears in a number of codes, including Eurocode 3.
However, recent research indicates that it can be unconservative. Here, this question
is partially solved by recommending a Miner sum of ED=O.S if the spectrum is not
close to constant amplitude. Other suggestions recommend that the S-N curve should
be extrapolated further down before the slope change is introduced. For critical cases
or areas of doubt, the user should consult relevant published literature.
1
page 96
For fatigue verification it has to be shown that:

"E.Dd =
where EDd
i
nj
Nj
n.
Ni
L -'
~ 0.5 ... 1
damage by summation (note restrictions in 4.2 and 4.3)

index for block number in load spectrum of required design life
number of cycles of design load stress range 40i,s,d in load spectrum
block i
number of cycles at which design stress range 4Ui,S,d causes failure in
the modified design fatigue resistance S-N curve.
The order of sequence of the blocks has no effect on the results of this calculation.
In some cases it might be convenient to calculate an equivalent constant amplitude
stress range 40E and to compare it directly to the constant amplitude resistance S-N
curve neglecting the constant amplitude fatigue limit.
For the grid of fatigue resistance classes and an initial slope of m=3 predominantly
used in 3.2, the values of the modified characteristic fatigue resistance S-N curves
have been calculated. Stepping down one class corresponds to a division by 1.12. So
different levels of safety 'YM of S-N curve can be achieved (see 6.4.3).
page 97
Tab. {4}-1: Constants, constant amplitude fatige limit and cut-off limits
Values of modified characteristic fatigue resistance S-N curves for PalmgrenMiner summation. Initial slope IDI =3.0, constant amplitude fatigue limit ,4O"L,k at
5.106 cycles, second slope IDz=5.0, cut-off at 108 cycles.
Class
Constant C for S-N

curve at N < 5e6
cycles, m1 =3
constant
amp!. fat.
limit
Constant C for S-N

curve at N> 5e6
cycles, m2 = 5
cut-off
limit
225
200
180
160
140
125
112
100
90
80
71
63
56
50
45
40
36
32
28
25
22
20
18
16
14
2.278e13
1.600e13
1. 166e 13
8.192e12
5.488e12
3.906e12
2.810e12
2.000e12
1.458e12
1.012e12
7.158e11
5.oo1e11
3.512e11
2.500el1
1. 823ell
1. 280ell
9.331elO
6.554elO
4.390e1O
3. 125elO
2. 130elO
1.6ooelO
1. 166e1O
8. 192e9
5.488e9
166
147
133
118
103
92.1
82.5
73.7
66.3
58.9
52.3
46.4
41.3
36.8
33.2
29.5
26.5
23.6
20.6
18.4
16.2
14.7
13.3
11.8
10.3
6.261e17
3.474e17
2.052e17
1. 13ge17
5.840e16
3.313eI6
1.913e16
1.086e16
6.411e15
3.558e15
1.95ge15
1.078e15
5.980e14
3.393e14
2.004e14
1. 112e14
6.565e13
3.643e13
1. 86ge13
1.060e13
5.596e12
3.474e12
2.052e12
1. 13ge12
5.840e11
91.1
80.9
72.8
64.8
56.7
50.6
45.3
40.5
36.4
32.4
28.7
25.5
22.7
20.2
18.2
16.2
14.6
13.0
11.3
10.1
8.9
8.1
7.3
6.5
5.7
page 98
4.3.2 Nonlinear Damage Calculation

A nonlinear fracture mechanics damage calculation according to 4.4 is recommended
in cases, where
a)
b)
c)
the Miner summation is sensitive to the exact location of the knee point of the
fatigue resistance S-N curve,
the spectrum of fatigue actions (loads) varies in service or is changed, and so
the sequence of loads becomes significant or
the resistance S-N curve of a pre-damaged component has to be estimated.
Where the parameters for a fracture mechanics fatigue assessment are not known and
only the resistance S-N curve is known, the S-N curve can be used to derive dimensionless fracture mechanics parameters, which allow a damage calculation [31]. The
procedure is based on the "Paris" power law of crack propagation
da
-dN = C0 'AK'"
where a
N
.AK
.AKu.
Co, m
if AK< AKtb then
da = 0
dN
crack parameter, damage parameter (dimensionless)

Number of cycles
range of stress intensity factor
threshold value of stress intensity factor range
material constants
The characteristic stress intensity factor range .AKS,k of the fatigue action is calculated
with the stresses of the spectrum .AUi,S,k and the crack parameter a
AKs,1e
A a S,1e
ra
The characteristic resistance parameters can be derived from the characteristic constant
amplitude fatigue resistance S-N curve: The threshold value corresponds to the fatigue
limit, .AKu.,k=.AUL,R,k' m equals the slope of the S-N curve, and the constant CO,k can
be calculated from a data point (.Aus-N and NS-N) on the S-N curve, preferably from the
fatigue class at 2 . 106 cycles
2
CO,1e = - - - - - - (m -2)Ns _N AO;-N
The fatigue verification is executed according to 4.4, using an initial crack parameter
00 or a large number e.g. a r =109 The restrictions on life
cycles given in 4.3 are to be considered.
~=1 and a final one a r =
The actual fatigue class of a pre-damaged component is FATact = FATtVa.
page 99
4.4 FATIGUE ASSESSMENT BY CRACK PROPAGATION CALCULATION

The fatigue action represented by the design spectrum of stress intensity factor ranges
tl.Ki,S,d :;:: tl.Ki,s,kY F
is verified by the material resistance design parameters against crack propagation

CO,d = CO,k 'Y:' =
CO,k M
using the "Paris" power law

da
-dN
= C0 -tl.K m
'
da
if tl.K<tl.Kth then = 0
dN
where a
N
aK
crack parameter, damage parameter

Number of cycles
range of stress intensity factor
aKua threshold value of stress intensity factor range
Co, m material constants
At stress intensity factors which are high compared with the fracture toughness of the
material, ~, an acceleration of crack propagation will occur. In these cases, the
following extension of the "Paris" power law of crack propagation is recommended.
In the absence of an accurate value of the fracture toughness, a conservative estimate
should be made.
Ctl.K m
da
= -o - - -
dN
(l_R) __
tl._K
Kc
where
Kc
R
fracture toughness
stress ratio
The number of life cycles N is determined by integration starting from an initial crack
parameter ~ to a final one ar. The calculated number of life cycles N has to be greater
or equal to the required number of cycles.
page 100
In general, the integration has to be carried out numerically. The increment for one
cycle is
It is recommended that a continous spectrum is subdivided to an adequate number of
stress range blocks, e.g. 8 or 10 blocks, and the integration performed blockwise by
summing the increments of a and the number of cycles of the blocks. The entire size
of the spectrum in terms of cycles should be adjusted by multiplying the block cycles
by an appropriate factor in order to ensure at least 20 loops over the whole spectrum
in the integration procedure.
4.5 FATIGUE ASSESSMENT BY SERVICE TESTING

4.5.1 General
Components or structures may be tested or verified in respect to fatigue for different
reasons:
a)
Existence of a new design with no or not sufficient knowledge or experience of

fatigue behaviour.
b)
Verification of a component or structure for a specified survival probability

under a special fatigue action (stress) history.
c)
Optimization of design and/or fabrication in respect of weight, safety and

economy.
The fatigue tests should be performed using the data of the fatigue action history (see
3.7), factored by the partial safety factors 'YF and 'YM'
The tests should be performed according to well established and appropriate procedures or standards [32].
The verification or assessment depends of the safety strategy considered (see 5.2). Safe
life strategy on the one hand, and fail safe or damage tolerant strategy on the other,
have to be distinguished.
4.5.2 Safe Life Verification

The number design life cycles of the component or structure should be less than the
factored number of the log mean of test life cycles.
page 101
N
N <2-
where
Nd
NT
number of design life cycles, up to which the component or structure

may be used in service
log mean value of number of test life cycles of the test specimens or
number of cycles of the first test specimen to fail, whichever is applicable.
factor dependent of the number of test results available as defined in
tables {4.5}-1 and {4.5}-2.
Before using the tables, an estimate on standard deviation of log N has to be made.
The standard deviation varies with the life cycles of the component to be assessed, see
fig. (3.7)-1. For geometrically simple stuctures at a number of cycles between IQ4 and
IQ5 a standard deviation of 0.178 may be chosen. For complex structures at cycles up
to 106 , 0.25 is more appropriate. For higher cycles near the endurance limit, no
estimate can be given. Here, special verification procedures are recommended, see ref.
[32]
If all components or test specimens are tested to failure, table {4.5}-1 shall be used.
If the tests are carried out until failure of the first test specimen, table {4.5}-2 shall be
used (see also 6.4). The F-factors refer to a 95 % survival probability at a confidence
level of 75 % of the mean.
Tab. {4.5}-1: F-factors for failure of all test specimens
I Stdv. \ n
10
0.178
3.93
2.64
2.45
2.36
2.30
0.200
4.67
2.97
2.73
2.55
2.52
0.250
6.86
3.90
3.52
3.23
3.18
Tab. {4.5}-2: F-factors for the first test specimen to fail
Stdv. \ n
II
10
0.178
2.72
2.07
1.83
1.69
1.55
0.200
3.08
2.26
1.98
1.80
1.64
0.250
4.07
2.77
2.34
2.09
1.85
The factor F may be further modified according to safety requirements as given in
page 102
chapter 5.3. For more details see appendix 6.4.
4.5.3 Fail Safe Verification

Fatigue life verification of fail safe structures depends largely on the design and
operation parameters of a structure. The effectivness of statically over-determined
(hyperstatic) behaviour or redundancy of structural components, the possibility of
detection of failures in individual structural parts and the possibility of repair determine the level of safety required in the individual structural parts. So, no general recommendation can be given.
It is recommended that 4.5.2 is used as a general guidance and to establish agreement
on the factor F.
4.5.4 Damage Tolerant Verification

The verification is based on crack growth measurements, starting from a crack size,
which can be detected in inspection up to a critical crack size, at which the limit state
of critical safety against brittle or plastic fracture or other modes of failure of the
remaining sectional area is attained.
The criteria for factoring the observed life cycles for the test depend of the application.
It is recommended to establish agreement on the factor F.
page 103
5 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
A component has to be designed for an adequate survival probability. The required
survival probability is dependent on the
a)
b)
c)
uncertainties and scatter in the fatigue assessment data,

safety strategy and
consequences of failure.
The uncertainties of fatigue assessment data may arise from fatigue actions, such as
1.
2.
3.
determination of loads and load history,

determination of stresses or stress intensity factors from the model used
for analysis, and
dynamic response problems.
These uncertainties are covered by an appropriate partial safety factor for the fatigue
actions 'YF' which is not considered here.
Uncertainties of fatigue assessment data arising from fatigue resistance and damage
calculation are:
4.
5.
scatter of fatigue resistance data,

scatter of verification results of damage calculations.
The sources of uncertainty numbered 4. and 5. are considered here. For normal applications, they are already covered in the fatigue resistance data given here. For
special applications, the data may be modified by the selection of an adequate partial
safety factor 'YM'
5.2 FATIGUE DESIGN STRATEGIES

Different ways of operation in service require different fatigue design strategies. The
definition of a fatigue strategy refers predominantly to the method of fatigue analysis,
inspection and monitoring in service.
5.2.1 Infinite Life Design

This strategy is based on keeping all fatigue actions under the resistance fatigue limit
page 104
or threshold value. No regular monitoring in service is specified. So a high survival

probability has to be provided. For fatigue actions which are almost uniform and act
at very high cycles this strategy may be adequate.
5.2.2 Safe Life Design

This design strategy is based on the assumption that initially the welded joint is free of
imperfections. No regular monitoring in service is specified, so a high survival
probability has to be provided.
5.2.3 Fail Safe Design

This design strategy is based on statically over-determined (hyperstatic) or redundant
structures. No regular monitoring in service is provided. In case of a fatigue failure,
redistribution of forces provides an emergency life, so that the failure can be detected
and repaired. The welded joints can be designed for a normal survival probability.
5.2.4 Damage Tolerant Design

This design strategy is based on the assumption of the presence of cracks as large as
the detection level of the non-destuctive testing method applied. Fracture mechanics is
used to calculate the life cycles until failure. From the number of life cycles, regular
inspection intervals are derived. A normal probability of survival is adequate.
5.3 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS

The required partial safety factor 'YM depends largely on circumstances such as
a)
b)
c)
fatigue design strategy

consequences of failure
practical experience in fields of application.
Thus, no general recommendation can be given. In most cases for normal fabrication
quality and regular inspections in service, 'YM= 1 might be adequate.
The safety factors are given in terms of stress. If safety factors are needed in terms of
cycles, r M may be calculated using the slope m of the resistance S-N curve
page 105
It should be recognized that the slope m of the S-N curve varies with the number of
cycles, see fig. (3.7)-1. An example of a possible table of partial safety factors is
given in appendix 6.4.
5.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE

Weld quality is assured preferably by the application of an ISO 9000 quality management system or a comparable system.
The weld quality should be equal to quality class B according to ISO 5817. However,
some exceptions may be allowed in the tables given in chapter 3.2.
Besides regulations and quality codes, the general standards of good workmanship have
to be maintained.
page 106
6 APPENDICES
The appendices are intended to give special guidances, background information and
additional explanations. They are not normative.
6.1 LOAD CYCLE COUNTING

6.1.1 Transition Matrix
To establish a transition matrix, first the number of different stess levels or classes has
to be defined. 32 stress levels are sufficient. Then the numbers (occurrence) of transitions (reversals) from one extreme value (peak or through) to another are counted and
summarized in the matrix. A number in the matrix element ~,j indicates the number
of transitions from a stress belonging to class i to a stress belonging to class j.
(1, 1)
a(l,j)
a (l,n)
transition from
min to max i<j
a(i,l)
stress j
transition from
max to min i>j
a(n,l)
stress i
a(n,n)
Fig. (6.1)-1 Principle of the transition matrix

The data for the transition matrix can be obtained by measurement or by time simulation computations. A time signal for fatigue tests or crack propagation simulations or
cumulative frequency diagrams (stress spectra) for damage calculations can be generated from the transition matrix by a Markov random draw.
6.1.2 Rainflow or Reservoir Counting Method

The algorithm of rain flow counting method is well explained by using the analogy of
the flow of water on a pagoda roof. The stress signal, looked at vertically, is regarded
as the pagoda roof. A cycle is obtained, when a contour is closed by the drop of the
page 107
flow from a peak to a slope of the roof [26 and 27]. The range is then equal to the
difference between the extreme values of the contour. Later the smaller included cycles
can be determined the same way. The non closed contour from the extreme of the
entire signal leads to a half cycle. Reservoir counting is similar.
19 ........... ~
Cycles:
2
5
4
8
11
12
11
3
6
7
9
12
open:
1 - 10 - 1
13
Fig. (6.1)-2 Illustration of rainflow counting
6.2 FRACTURE MECHANICS

6.2.1 Rapid Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors
A simplified method may be used to determine Mk-factors [19]. Here, the Mk-factors
are derived from the non-linear stress peak distribution Unlp(x) along the anticipated
crack path x assuming no crack being present. Hence, the function of the stress concentration factor ~n1p(x) can be calculated. The integration for a certain crack length
a yields:
For different crack lengths a, a function Mk(a) can be established, which is preferably
presented in the form:
COnst
aCXl'
page 108
6.2.2 Dimensions of Cracks

Tab. {6.2}-1: Dimensions for assessment of crack-like imperfections (example)
Idealizations and dimensions of crack-like imperfection for fracture mechanics
assessment procedure (t = wall thickness).
~_=----'(V
I.
I.
.1
.Y
2e
Jt
page 109
6.2.3 Interaction of Cracks

Adjacent cracks may interact and behave like a single large one. The interaction
between adjacent cracks should be checked according to an interaction criterion.
There are different interaction criteria, and in consequence no strict recommendation
can be given. It is recommended to proceed according to an accepted code, e.g. [24].
6.2.4 Formulae for Stress Intensity Factors

Stress intensity factor formulae may be taken from literature, see references [13] to
[20]. For the majority of cases, the formulae given below are sufficient.
Tab. {6.2 }-2: Stress intensity factors at welds
Surface cracks under membrane stress
c
~
b
The formula for the stress intensity factor KI is valid for

a/c < 1,
for more details see ref. [14]
blt<
Q7'I
b =distance to ......- edge
= distonce to nearest sutfac:e
KI = a V ( n . a / Q)
= 1 + 1.464 (a/c)J.6.S
F. = [MI +
~
M2
M3
F.
Mz' (a/t)2 +
M3 ' (a/t)41gffw
= 1.13 - 0.09 (a/c)
= -0.54
= 0.5 -
+ 0.89 / (0.2 + a/c)

1 I (0.65 + a/c) + 14 (1 - a/c)~
fw = [sec(n'c v(a/t) 1(2'b]
112
9 and f are dependent to direction

Halt-direction: 9 = 1
ItcH-direction: 9 = 1 + [0.1 + 0.35 (a/t)2]
page 110
= 1
v(a/c)
Embedded cracks under membrane stress

c
.
It )
u~r
~
b
The formula for the stress intensity factor K( is valid for

a/c < 1,
for more details see ref. [14]
c
b
~
I
b =distance II> neare5t edge
t = distance II> nmrest surface
F., f ... as given in A.1.1.1, but:
Kl1 Q,
M( = 1
~
0.05 I
M3 = 0.29 /
(0.11 + (a/c)312)
(0.23 + (a/c)312)
"a"-direction: 9
c"-direction: 9
=1
=1
(a/t)4
I (1 + 4a/c)
f = v(a/c)
Surface cracks under shell bending and membrane stress
The formula for the stress intensity factor K( is valid for

a/c < 1,
for more details see ref. [14].
I---b--I
b =distance II> nearest edge
t = distance II> nmrest surface
K(
= 1 + 1.464 (a/c)l.65
(omcm + Ho0bcn ) v(7ra / Q)
F. = [M( +
~o
F.
(a/t)2 + ~. (a/t)4]ogofof...
M( = 1.13 - 0.09 (a/c)

M2 = -0.54 - 0.89 I (0.2 + a/c)
M3 = 0.5 - 1 / (0.65 + a/c) + 14 (1 - a/c)24
(12
f ... = [sec(7rc v(a/t) /(2 ob]
"a"-direction: 9
"c"-direction: 9
=1
=1
+ [0.1 + 0.35 (a/t)2]
f = 1
f = v(a/c)
The function H is given by the formulae:

"a"-direction: H
=1
where G(
G2
"c"-direction: H
+ Gda/t) + G2(a/t)2
-1.22 -0.12o(a/c)
- 1. 05 (a/ c) 0.75 + 0.47 (a/ c) 1.5
= 0.55
1 - 0.34 (a/t) - 0.11 (a/c)
page 111
(a/t)
Surface crack in cylinder under internal pressure

e
b~lt(
~
I--b--i
~
I
b = dis!ance lI> .....rest edge
The formula for the stress intensity factor KJ is valid for

a/c < 1,
for more details see ref. [15],
where D is the diameter in mm
and P is the internal pressure
in N/mm2
t= distance II>.-.est surface
= p"D~ /
= 1 + 1.464 (a/c)l.6S
(2t)
F. = 0.97" [M J + M2" (a/t)2 + M3" (a/t)4] "C"g"f"fw

MJ = 1.13 - 0.09 (a/c)
M2 = -0.54 - 0.89 / (0.2 + a/c)
M3 = 0.5 - 1 / (0.65 + a/c) + 14 (1 - a/c)~
fw = [sec(1l'"c v(a/t) /(2"b]
C = [(Do} + Din2) /
(D"",2 -
112
2) + 1 - O.S"V aft ] "2t/D in
Din
g and f are dependent to direction

"an-direction: g = 1
nCB-direction: g = 1 + [0.1 + 0.35 (a/t)2]
f
f
= 1
v(a/c)
Through the wall cracks in curved shells under internal pressure

In sphere and longitudinal
cracks in cylinder loaded by
internal pressure. Mk covers increase of stress concentration
factor due to bulging effect of
shell. For details see ref.
[15,18].
K
where
Mk
and
Mk = v(0.9S + 0.6S"x - 0.03S"x1.6 )
with
x
a
r
t
0mcm
V ( 1l' " a )
Mk
for
1.0
x < 0.8
for x > 0.8

and x < 50
a / v(r"t)
half distance between crack tips of through the wall crack

radius of curvature perpenticular to the crack plane
wall thickness
page 112
Root gap crack in a fillet welded cruciform joint
j
H
The formula for the stress intensity factor K is valid for

H/t from 0.2 to 1.2 and for a/w
from 0.0 to 0.7. For more details see ref. [17].
.- ~ljP
t
"d
1.., ~
I-~
-I
~I
~LDTOECRACK I ~ r\. ~ ROOT CRACK
SR
L-
a" (AI
+ Az
"
a/w)
(n"a
sec(n"a/2w) )
K =
1 + 2"H/t
where
w = H + t/2
a = nominal stress range in the longitudinal plates
and with
x = H/t
Al = 0.528
+ 3.287"x - 4.361"xz + 3.696"x3
Az = 0.218
+ 2.717"x - 10.171"xz + 13.122 "X3
page 113
1.875 "X 4 + 0.415 "Xs
7.755"x 4 + 1.783xs
For a variety of welded joints parametric formulae of the Mk functions have been
established and published [18,19]. For the majority of cases, the formulae given below
are sufficient [20].
Tab. {6.2}-3:
Weld local geometry correction for crack at weld toe
n~l~I ~I
vtI
Applicable for transverse

full penetrating or nonloadcarrying welds, e.g.
butt weld, transverse
attachment, cruciform
joint K-butt weld. For
more details see ref.
L= toe distance
[20 J
jrf-:I'
Jt\t
Stress intensity magnification factor Hie > 1 for membrane stress:

for 1ft !S 2:
Hie =
0.sl-(lft)o.27-(a/t)~31
, for (aft) !S O.Os-(lft)o.ss
Hie = 0.83 - (aft)~IS(lIt)\).46 , for (aft) > 0.05 - (lft)o.ss

for 1ft> 2:
Hie = 0.615-(aft)~31, for (aft)!S 0.073
Hie = 0.83- (a/t)~2 , for (aft) > 0.073
Stress intensity magnification factor Hie > 1 for bending stress:
for 1ft !S 1:
Hie =
Hie
0.45-(lft)0.21-(aft)~31
0.68-
(a/t)~19(lI1)\).21
, for (aft) !S 0.03-(lft)o.ss
, for (aft) > 0.03- (lft)o.ss
for 1ft > 1:

Hie = 0.45- (aft)~.31 , for (aft) !S 0.03
Hie = 0.68' (aft)~19 , for (aft) > 0.03
page 114
6.3 FORMULAE FOR MISALIGNMENT

Tab. {6.3}-1: Formulae for assessment of misalignment
1#
1
ITYPE OF MISALIGNMENT
Axial misalignment between flat plates
le
t \
km
e'l1
= 1+,t,
t(ll +12)
- --tt-=---f
12 ~I
I~ 11 ~IE
A is dependent on restraint, A=6 for unrestrained joints,

For remotely loaded joints assume I. = 12 ,
2
Axial misalignment between flat plates of differing thickness

t 1\
km
--~~
T \ t2
6e
t1"
tl
tl"+~"
= 1+-,--
t2 ~ t1
Relates to remotely loaded unrestraint joints,

The use of n = 1.5 is supported by tests,
Axial misalignment at joints in cylindrical shells with thickness change

t1
t 1
e
--~
t 1 ~
km
6e
= 1+
tl (1-v 2)
t2
f2~h
n= 1.5 in circumferential joints and joints in spheres,

n=O.6 for longitudinal joints,
page 115
t"
- 1tt+~"
Angular misalignment between flat plates

Assuming fixed ends:
with
2 I
=
m
altern.:
21 ~ 3 ".
t
E
1+ 3y . tanh(P/2)
t
P/2
1 +~. oZ. tanh(P/2;

2 t
P/2
assuming pinned ends:

k
1 + 6y . tanh(P)
t
P
1+ 3oZ. tanh(P)
t
P
altern.:
The tanh correction allows for reduction of angular misalignement due to

the straightening of the joint under tensile loading. It is always < 1 and it
is conservative to ignore it.
Angular misalignment at longitudinal joints in cylindrical shells

Assuming fixed ends:
with
2/
21 ~ 3(1-.2)."
t
E
= 1+ 3d . tanb(P!2)
t(1-v2)
P/2
assuming pinned ends:

k
=
m
d is the deviation from the idealized geometry
page 116
1+
6d
tanh(P)
2
t(1-v )
P
Ovality in pressurized cylindrical pipes and shells

Wei
.,..
/'
.... ......
I'
(1+ O.5P~(1-V2). ( ~)']
D ......
I
OIMX.
......
__ t
l.S(Dmax -Dmin)-cos(2<P)
km = 1+
.,.. /'
Axial misalignment of cruciform joints (toe cracks)
~+~
IE
k = l.
m
t(ll +12)
A is dependent on restraint
11 "1< 12 ~I
f1
el
12
A varies from A=3 (fully restrained) to A=6 (unrestraint). For unrestrained remotely loaded joints assume: 11 =12 and A=6
Angular misalignment of cruciform joints (toe cracks)
\ ~-&~
k = l+locx
m
-:f
IE
l1"IE
12
"I
11 .12
t(ll +12)
A is dependent on restraint
If the inplane displacement of the transverse plate is restricted, A varies

from >"=0.02 to A=O.04. If not, A varies from A=3 to A=6.
page 117
Axial misalignment in rillet welded cruciform. joints (root cracks)

k
refers to the stress range in weld throat.
page 118
e
1+t+h
6.4 STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON SAFETY

6.4.1 Statistical Evaluation of Fatigue Test Data
The different methods as described in 3.7 consider different statistical effects, when
evaluating a set of fatigue data. Ideally, all effects have to be considered, e.g.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Variance of data
Variance of the mean value
Difference of the distribution of the whole set of data (population) and
the distribution of the sample (Gaussian versus t-distribution)
Deviation from the assumed Gaussian distribution
The values given are so called characteristic values xk These are the values at a 95 %
survival probability at a confidence level of 75 % of the mean X m The general formula
for the characteristic value is given by:
xk = xm - kStdv
The factor kJ considers the effects a) to d). It is calculated by
k = t (0.875,n-l) +<1>-1
.;n
n-l
(0.95)
2
X(O.l2S, n-l)
where t
n
~
value of the t-distribution, here for a one sided probability of 0.875 or

a two sided probability of 0.75 at n-1 degrees of freedom
number of thest pieces
distribution function of the Gaussian normal distribution, here 1.645 for
a survival probability of95% (superscript -1 indicates inverse function)
Chi-sqare, here for a probability of 0.125 at n-1 degrees of freedom
The Chi-square correction covers a possible deviation of test data from the assumed
Gaussian normal distribution. If there is evidence about the distribution from other
tests, or if a large number of test specimens is available, this correction may be
dropped, giving:
z,
1(0.875, n-l) +<1>-1

_
(0.95) -
1(0.875, n-l) +
.;n
.;n
1.645
At a higher number of test specimens, the t-distribution may be replaced by the

Gaussian normal destribution. Hence
z,
"'3
-1
<I> (0.875) + <I> -1
.;n
(0.95)
page 119
1.15 + 1.645
rn
With this simplification, the evaluation is equal to the conventional one at about 10 test
specimens.
Tab. {6.4}-1: k-values for the different methods

n
t
kl
x2
2
3
4
5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
100
2.40
1.61
1.44
1.32
1.24
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.16
11.53
5.41
4.15
3.58
2.73
2.46
2.32
2.24
2.17
2.09
2.04
1.91
0.028
0.270
0.69
1.21
4.47
8.21
12.17
16.26
20.45
29.07
37.84
83.02
k2
3.34
2.57
2.36
2.23
2.04
1.96
1.91
1.88
1.86
1.83
1.81
1.76
k3
2.45
2.30
2.22
2.15
2.00
1.93
1.90
1.87
1.85
1.82
1.80
1.75
6.4.2 Statistical Evaluation at Component Testing

Testing all test specimens to failure
Starting from the formula in 4.5.2, there is
N
N <2
d
logNT-logF> logNd
Taking the acceptance criterion from chapter 3.7 Xm - k Stdv >

be received:
logF ;:: kStdv
Xk
the factor F can
With the formula for k the different values of F can be calculated, depending on
number of test specimens n and on the assumed standard deviation Stdv of the test
pieces in terms of 10gN.
k
t(O.87S, n-1)
/it
..4..- 1
+ 'I' (0.95)
_
-
page 120
t(O.S7S, n-1)
/it
+ 1.645
Tab. {6.4}-2: k-values for 75 % confidence of the mean
181 ~.34
I~.37 I~.19 I~.1O I~~04
100
1.76
Testing all test specimens simultaneously until iIrst failure

When considering statistical evaluation, account must be taken of additional effects:
1)
Distribution of the lIn-th extreme

value
Distribution of the sample between lIn-th extreme and mean
Safety margin for the characteristic value
2)
3)
Frequency
first failure
mean of the sample
charactristic value
design value
NT
N (log)
2 -----__
1 __
Nk __
O - - - - _
Fig. (6.4)-1 Distribution of action and

resistance
With these definitions the criterion for

assessment will be:
log NT - k 1' (X 'Stdv + k,. 'Stdv - ~ 'Stdv > 10gNd
with
Stdv
ex
k%
standard deviation of the sample

from table of variance order statistics
from table of expected values of normal order statistics
For more details see ref. [35, 36].

With the formula or the table {6.4}-3 for k the different values of F can be calculated,
depending on number of test specimens n and on the assumed standard deviation Stdv
of the test specimens in terms of log N.
logNT-k'Stdv > 10gNd
k = ~+(Xkl-k,.
logF
k'Stdv
Tab. {6.4}-3: Values k for testing until first failure
~.44
I~.77
I~.48
page 121
I~.28
10
1.07
II
6.4.3 Statistical Considerations for Partial Safety Factors

No general recommendations on partial safety factors are given. For special fields of
application, tables of safety factors may be established. Table {6.3}-4 shows a possible
example which may be adjusted according to the special requirements of the individual
application.
Tab. {6.4}-4: Possible example for partial safety factors 'YM for fatigue resistance
Partial safety factor 'YM Consequence of failure
Fail safe and damage

tolerant strategy
Safe life and infinite life

strategy
Loss of secondary structural parts
1.0
1.15
Loss of the entire structure
1.15
1.30
Loss of human life
1.30
1.40
page 122
7 REFERENCES
General:
[1]
ISO 2394
General principles on reliability for structures.
Second edition 1986-10-14
[2]
Niemi E.
Recommendations concerning stress determination for fatigue analysis of
welded components.
IIW doc. XIII-1458-92/XV-797-92
[3]
Gurney T .R.
Fatigue of Welded Structures.
Cambridge University Press, UK, 1978
[4]
Maddox, S.l.
Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures.
Abington Publishing, Abington UK, 1991
[5]
Radaj D.
Design and analysis of fatigue resistent welded structures
Abington Publishing, Abington Cambridge, U.K. 1990
[6]
Hobbacher A. et al.
Design recommendations for cyclic loaded welded steel structures
IIW doc. XIII-998-811XV-494-81; Welding in the World, 20(1982), pp. 153165
Geometric stress procedure:

[7]
Huther M. and Henry l.

Recommendations for hot spot stress definition in welded joints.
IIW doc. XIII-1416-91
[8]
Huther M, Parmentier G. and Henry l.

Hot spot stress in cyclic fatigue for linear welded joints.
IIW doc. XIII-1466-92/XV-796-92
page 123
Effective notch stress procedure:

[9]
Petershagen H.
A comparison of approaches to the fatigue strength assessment of welded
components
IIW document XIII-1208-86, 1986
[10]
Petershagen H.
Experiences with the notch stress concept according to Radaj (transl.)
15. Vortragsveranstaltung des DVM Arbeitskreises Betriebsfestigkeit, Ingolstadt 18.-19.10.1989
[11]
Olivier R., Kottgen V.B., Seeger T.

Welded connection I: Fatigue assessment of welded connections based on local
stresses (transl.)
Forschungskuratorium Maschinenbau, Bericht No. 143, Frankfurt 1989 (143
pages)
[12]
Kottgen V.B., Olivier R., Seeger T.

Fatigue analysis of welded connections based on local stresses
IIW document Xm-1408-91, 1991
Fracture mechanics:
[13]
Murakami Y.
Stress Intensity Factors Handbook
Pergamon Press, Oxford U.K. 1987
[14]
Newman J.C. and Raju LS.

Stress intensity factor equations for cracks in three-dimensional finite bodies.
ASTM STP 791 1983, pp. 1-238 - 1-265.
[15]

Stress intensity factors for internal surface cracks in cylindrical pressure vessels.
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 102 (1980), pp. 342-346.
[16]

An empirical stress intensity factor equation for the surface crack.
Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol 15. 1981, No 1-2, pp. 185-192.
[17]
Frank K.H. and Fisher J.W.

Fatigue strength of fille welded cruciform joints.
J. of the Structural Div., Proc. of the ASCE, vol 105 (1979) pp. 1727-1740
page 124
[18]
Folias E.S.
Axial crack in pressurized cylindrical shell.
Int. J. of Fracture Mechanics, vol 1 (1965) No.2, pp 104
[19]
Hobbacher A.
Stress intensity factors of welded joints.
Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol 46 (1993), no 2, pp. 173-182, et vol 49
(1994), no 2, p. 323.
[20]
Maddox S.J., Lechocki J.P. and Andrews R.M.

Fatigue Analysis for the Revision of BS:PD 6493: 1980
Report 3873/1186, The Welding Institute, Cambridge UK
Fatigue strength modifications:

[21]
0rjasreter, O.
Effect of plate thickness on fatigue of welded components.
IIW doc. xm-1582-95 1 XV-890-95
Weld imperfections:
[22]
IIW guidance on assessment of the fitness for purpose of welded structures.

IIW doc. SST-1157-90
[23]
Hobbacher A. et al.
Recommendations for assessment of weld imperfections in respect of fatigue.
IIW doc. XIII-1266-88/XV-659-88
[24]
Guidance on some methods for the derivation of acceptance levels for defects
in fusion welded joints.
British Standard Published Document 6493: 1991
[25]
Ogle M.H.
Weld quality specifications for steel and aluminium structures.
Welding in the World, Vol. 29(1991), No, 11112, pp. 341-362
Stress spectrum:
[26]
Endo T. et al.
Fatigue of metals subjected to varying stress - prediction of fatigue lives
(transl.) Kyushu District Meeting of the JSME, Nov. 1967.
also: Rain flow method - the proposal and the applications.
page 125
Memoir Kyushu Institut of Technical Engineering, 1974.

[27]
Standard Practice for Cycle Counting in Fatigue Analysis.

ASTM E 1049-85
Damage calculation:
[28]
Palmgren, A.
On life duration of ball bearings (transl.).
VDI-Z. vol. 68(1924), pp 339-341
[29]
Miner, A.M.
Cumulative damage in fatigue.
J. Appl. Mech. September 1945. pp 151-164.
[30]
Haibach E.
Modified linear damage accumulation hypothesis considering the decline of the
fatigue limit due to progressive damage (transl.)
Laboratorium fUr Betriebsfestigkeit, Darmstadt, Germany, Techn. Mitt. TM
50/70 (1970)
[31]
Hobbacher A.
Cumulative fatigue by fracture mechanics.
Trans. ASME Series E, J. Appl. Mech. 44(1977), pp. 769-771
Fatigue testing:
[32]
Lieurade H.P.
Fatigue Testing of Welded Joints
IIW doc. XIII-1516-93 (ISO porposal)
Quality and safety considerations:

[33]
ISO 6520: 1982 (EN 26520: 1982)

Weld irregularities
[34]
ISO 5817: 1992 (EN 25817: 1992)

Quality groups of welds
[35]
Ruther M.
Uncertainties, Confidence Intervals and Design Criteria
IIW dec. XIII-1371-90
page 126
[36]
Maddox S.l.
Statistical Analysis of Fatigue Data Obtained from Specimens Containing many
Welds
IIW doc. JWG-XIll-XV-l22-94
page 127

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3.3 FATIGUE RESISTANCE AGAINST GEOMETRIC STRESS (HOT SPOT

3.8.5 Cracklike Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

suitable for his purposes.

1.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

suitable for his purposes.

1.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Loads, forces or stresses, which vary statistically, at a

A structural detail containing a structural discontinuity

A type of loading causing a regular stress fluctuation

Amount of crack tip propagation during one stress cycle.

Limiting value of stress intensity factor range below

Cut off limit

Fatigue strength under variable amplitude loading, below

Characteristic value factored by a partial safety factor.

Constant amplitude stress range which is equivalent in

Detoriation of a component caused by crack initiation

Load effect causing fatigue.

Fatigue damage ratio

Ratio of fatigue damage sustained to fatigue damage

Structural detail's resistance against fatigue actions in

Magnitude of stress range leading to a particular fatigue

A branch of mechanics dealing with the behaviour and

See 'hot spot stress'

A point in a structure where a fatigue crack may initiate

Hot spot stress

The value of structural stress on the surface at a hot spot

Local nominal stress

A notch such as the local geometry of the weld toe,

A global discontinuity, the effect of which is usually not

A stress raising effect due to macro-geometry in the

Axial and angular misalignments caused either by detail

See 'Local nominal stress'.

A stress in a component, resolved using general theories,

Nonlinear stress peak

The stress component of a notch stress which exceeds the

Total stress at the root of a notch taking into account the

Notch stress concentration

The ratio of notch stress to structural stress.

A standardized procedure for stress range counting.

A procedure of determining various stress cycles and

Shell bending stress

Graphical presentation of the dependence of fatigue life

A part of a stress history containing a stress maximum

A time based presentation of a fluctuating stress, defined

Main parameter in fracture mechanics, the combined

Stress range block

Stress range exceedances

A tabular or graphical presentation of the cumulative

Stress range occurrences

Ratio of minimum to maximum algebraic value of the

stress in a particular stress cycle.

A geometric discontinuity due to the type of welded

A stress in a component, resolved taking into account the

stress intensity factor