7 Maths NCERT Chapter 8
7 Maths NCERT Chapter 8
7 Maths NCERT Chapter 8
Chapter 8
COMPARING QUANTITIES
Comparing
Quantities
8.1 INTRODUCTION
150
In our daily life, there are many occasions when we compare two quantities.
Suppose we are comparing heights of Heena and Amir. We find that
1. Heena is two times taller than Amir.
Or
1
of Heenas height.
2
Consider another example, where 20 marbles are divided between Rita and
Amit such that Rita has 12 marbles and
Amit has 8 marbles. We say,
75
2. Amirs height is
1. Rita has
150 cm 75 cm
Heena Amir
3
times the marbles that Amit has.
2
Or
2. Amit has
2
part of what Rita has.
3
1
of the speed of
6
Speed of Cheetah
120 km per hour
Speed of Man
20 km per hour
the Cheetah.
Do you remember comparisons like this? In Class VI, we have learnt to make comparisons
by saying how many times one quantity is of the other. Here, we see that it can also be
inverted and written as what part one quantity is of the other.
154
MATHEMATICS
So,
Thus,
3 km = 3 1000 m = 3000 m.
the required ratio, 3 km : 300 m is 3000 : 300 = 10 : 1.
We have,
1 1 3 3 2 2 2 4
=
=
= ; =
2 23 6 3 3 2 6
We find that
3 4
1 2
< , which means that < .
6 6
2 3
1 2
= .
2 3
Wins
Losses
8
4
2
2
COMPARING QUANTITIES
SOLUTION
4 2
> )
1 1
Hence, we can say that the team performed better last year.
In Class VI, we have also seen the importance of equivalent ratios. The ratios which
are equivalent are said to be in proportion. Let us recall the use of proportions.
Aruna made a sketch of the building she lives in and drew sketch of her
mother standing beside the building.
Mona said, There seems to be something wrong with the drawing
Can you say what is wrong? How can you say this?
In this case, the ratio of heights in the drawing should be the same as the
ratio of actual heights. That is
Actual height of building
Height of building in drawing
=
.
Actual height of mother
Height of mother in the drawin
ng
Only then would these be in proportion. Often when proportions are maintained, the
drawing seems pleasing to the eye.
Another example where proportions are used is in the making of national flags.
Do you know that the flags are always made in a fixed ratio of length to its breadth?
These may be different for different countries but are mostly around 1.5 : 1 or 1.7 : 1.
We can take an approximate value of this ratio as 3 : 2. Even the Indian post card is
around the same ratio.
Now, can you say whether a card with length 4.5 cm and breadth 3.0 cm
is near to this ratio. That is we need to ask, is 4.5 : 3.0 equivalent to 3 : 2?
We note that
4.5 : 3.0 =
4.5 45 3
=
=
3.0 30 2
EXAMPLE 4 A map is given with a scale of 2 cm = 1000 km. What is the actual distance
between the two places in kms, if the distance in the map is 2.5 cm?
155
156
MATHEMATICS
SOLUTION
Arun does it like this
Let distance = x km
So, 1 cm means
1000
2
=
x
2.5
1000 x 2.5
2
x 2.5
=
2.5
x
= 1250 km
1000
km
2
1000
2.5 km
2
1000 2.5 = x 2
x = 1250
Arun has solved it by equating ratios to make proportions and then by solving the
equation. Meera has first found the distance that corresponds to 1 cm and then used that to
find what 2.5 cm would correspond to. She used the unitary method.
Let us solve some more examples using the unitary method.
EXAMPLE 5 6 bowls cost ` 90. What would be the cost of 10 such bowls?
SOLUTION Cost of 6 bowls is ` 90.
90
6
Therefore,
cost of 1 bowl = `
Hence,
cost of 10 bowls = `
90
10 = ` 150
6
EXAMPLE 6 The car that I own can go 150 km with 25 litres of petrol. How far can
it go with 30 litres of petrol?
SOLUTION
150
km.
25
150
30 km = 180 km
25
In this method, we first found the value for one unit or the unit rate. This is done by the
comparison of two different properties. For example, when you compare total cost to
number of items, we get cost per item or if you take distance travelled to time taken, we get
distance per unit time.
Thus, you can see that we often use per to mean for each.
For example, km per hour, children per teacher etc., denote unit rates.
COMPARING QUANTITIES
THINK, DISCUSS
AND
WRITE
An ant can carry 50 times its weight. If a person can do the same, how much would
you be able to carry?
EXERCISE 8.1
1. Find the ratio of:
(a) ` 5 to 50 paise
(b) 15 kg to 210 g
(c) 9 m to 27 cm
(d) 30 days to 36 hours
2. In a computer lab, there are 3 computers for every 6 students. How many
computers will be needed for 24 students?
3. Population of Rajasthan = 570 lakhs and population of UP = 1660 lakhs.
Area of Rajasthan = 3 lakh km2 and area of UP = 2 lakh km2.
(i) How many people are there per km2 in both these States?
(ii) Which State is less populated?
Ritas Report
Total 300/360
Percentage: 83.3
Anita said that she has done better as she got 320 marks whereas Rita got only 300. Do
you agree with her? Who do you think has done better?
Mansi told them that they cannot decide who has done better by just comparing the
total marks obtained because the maximum marks out of which they got the marks are not
the same.
She said why dont you see the Percentages given in your report cards?
Anitas Percentage was 80 and Ritas was 83.3. So, this shows Rita has done better.
Do you agree?
Percentages are numerators of fractions with denominator 100 and have been
used in comparing results. Let us try to understand in detail about it.
1
= 0.01
100
157
158
MATHEMATICS
Number
of Tiles
Rate per
Hundred
Fraction
Written as
Read as
Yellow
14
14
14
100
14%
14 per cent
Green
26
26
26
100
26%
26 per cent
Red
Blue
Total
35
25
100
35
--------
-------
-------
-------
TRY THESE
1. Find the Percentage of children of different heights for the following data.
Height
110 cm
120 cm
Number of Children
22
25
128 cm
32
130 cm
21
Total
100
In Fraction In Percentage
Size 3 : 30
Size 5 : 14
Size 6 : 8
Size 4 : 28
In all these examples, the total number of items add up to 100. For example, Rina had 100
tiles in all, there were 100 children and 100 shoe pairs. How do we calculate Percentage
of an item if the total number of items do not add up to 100? In such cases, we need to
convert the fraction to an equivalent fraction with denominator 100. Consider the following
example. You have a necklace with twenty beads in two colours.
COMPARING QUANTITIES
Colour
Number
of Beads
Red
Blue
12
Total
20
Fraction
Denominator Hundred
8
20
12
20
8 100 40
=
20 100 100
12 100 60
=
20 100 100
8
100 = 40 (out of hundred) = 40%
20
159
In Percentage
40%
60%
==
40
= 40%
100
We see that these three methods can be used to find the Percentage when the total
does not add to give 100. In the method shown in the table, we multiply the fraction by
100
. This does not change the value of the fraction. Subsequently, only 100 remains in the
100
denominator.
5
Anwar has used the unitary method. Asha has multiplied by to get 100 in the
5
denominator. You can use whichever method you find suitable. May be, you can make
your own method too.
The method used by Anwar can work for all ratios. Can the method used by Asha also
work for all ratios? Anwar says Ashas method can be used only if you can find a natural
number which on multiplication with the denominator gives 100. Since denominator was 20,
she could multiply it by 5 to get 100. If the denominator was 6, she would not have been
able to use this method. Do you agree?
TRY THESE
1. A collection of 10 chips with different colours is given .
Colour
Number
Fraction
Green
Blue
Red
Total
Fill the table and find the percentage of chips of each colour.
G G G G
B B
R R
160
MATHEMATICS
2. Mala has a collection of bangles. She has 20 gold bangles and 10 silver bangles.
What is the percentage of bangles of each type? Can you put it in the tabular form
as done in the above example?
THINK, DISCUSS
AND
WRITE
1. Look at the examples below and in each of them, discuss which is better for
comparison.
In the atmosphere, 1 g of air contains:
.78 g Nitrogen
.21 g Oxygen
.01 g Other gas
or
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Other gas
2. A shirt has:
3
Cotton
5
2
Polyster
5
60% Cotton
or
40% Polyster
SOLUTION
COMPARING QUANTITIES
From these examples, we find that the percentages related to proper fractions are less
than 100 whereas percentages related to improper fractions are more than 100.
THINK, DISCUSS
AND
WRITE
(b) 0.09
(c) 0.2
SOLUTION
(a) 0.75 = 0.75 100 %
(b) 0.09 =
9
=9%
100
75
100 % = 75%
100
2
(c) 0.2 =
100% = 20 %
10
TRY THESE
1. Convert the following to per cents:
49
12
2
(b) 3.5
(c)
(d)
(e) 0.05
50
16
2
2. (i) Out of 32 students, 8 are absent. What per cent of the students are absent?
(ii) There are 25 radios, 16 of them are out of order. What per cent of radios are
out of order?
(iii) A shop has 500 parts, out of which 5 are defective. What per cent are defective?
(iv) There are 120 voters, 90 of them voted yes. What per cent voted yes?
(a)
161
162
MATHEMATICS
Per cent
1%
10%
Fraction
1
100
10
1
=
100 10
Decimal
0.01
0.10
25%
50%
90%
125%
250%
This means that if there were 100 students, 30 out of them would be boys and the
remaining would be girls.
Then girls would obviously be (100 30)% = 70%.
TRY THESE
1. 35% + _______% = 100%,
45% = 100% _________ %,
THINK, DISCUSS
AND
WRITE
COMPARING QUANTITIES
We first find the fraction of the figure that is shaded. From this fraction,
the percentage of the shaded part can be found.
1 1
You will find that half of the figure is shaded. And, = 100 % = 50 %
2 2
Thus, 50 % of the figure is shaded.
TRY THESE
What per cent of these figures are shaded?
(i)
(ii)
1
4
1
16
1
8
1
4
1
16
1
8
1
8
Tangram
You can make some more figures yourself and ask your friends to estimate the
shaded parts.
8.4 USE
OF
PERCENTAGES
EXAMPLE 12 A survey of 40 children showed that 25% liked playing football. How
many children liked playing football?
SOLUTION
Here, the total number of children are 40. Out of these, 25% like playing
football. Meena and Arun used the following methods to find the number.
You can choose either method.
163
164
MATHEMATICS
TRY THESE
1. Find:
(a) 50% of 164
1
2
(c) 12 % of 64
(b) 75% of 12
2. 8 % children of a class of 25 like getting wet in the rain. How many children like
getting wet in the rain.
EXAMPLE 13 Rahul bought a sweater and saved ` 20 when a discount of 25% was
given. What was the price of the sweater before the discount?
SOLUTION
Mohans solution
25% of the original price = ` 20
Let the price (in `) be P
So, 25% of P = 20 or
Abduls solution
` 25 is saved for every ` 100
Amount for which ` 20 is saved
25
P = 20
100
P
= 20 or P = 20 4
4
Therefore, P = 80
or,
100
20 = ` 80
25
TRY THESE
1. 9 is 25% of what number?
EXERCISE 8.2
1. Convert the given fractional numbers to per cents.
1
5
3
(a)
(b)
(c)
8
4
40
(d)
2
7
COMPARING QUANTITIES
(d) 12.35
3. Estimate what part of the figures is coloured and hence find the per cent which is
coloured.
(i)
4. Find:
(a) 15% of 250
(ii)
(b) 1% of 1 hour
(iii)
(c) 20% of ` 2500
(d) 75% of 1 kg
6. Convert given per cents to decimal fractions and also to fractions in simplest forms:
(a) 25%
(b) 150%
(c) 20%
(d) 5%
7. In a city, 30% are females, 40% are males and remaining are children. What per cent
are children?
8. Out of 15,000 voters in a constituency, 60% voted. Find the percentage of voters
who did not vote. Can you now find how many actually did not vote?
9. Meeta saves ` 400 from her salary. If this is 10% of her salary. What is her salary?
10. A local cricket team played 20 matches in one season. It won 25% of them. How
many matches did they win?
EXAMPLE 14 Reenas mother said, to make idlis, you must take two parts rice and
one part urad dal. What percentage of such a mixture would be rice
and what percentage would be urad dal?
SOLUTION
2
1
part is rice and part is urad dal.
3
3
2
200
2
Then, percentage of rice would be 100 % =
= 66 % .
3
3
3
1
100
1
= 33 % .
Percentage of urad dal would be 100 % =
3
3
3
Now, 2 + 1=3 is the total of all parts. This means
165
166
MATHEMATICS
EXAMPLE 15 If ` 250 is to be divided amongst Ravi, Raju and Roy, so that Ravi gets
two parts, Raju three parts and Roy five parts. How much money will
each get? What will it be in percentages?
SOLUTION
The parts which the three boys are getting can be written in terms of
ratios as 2 : 3 : 5.
Total of the parts is 2 + 3 + 5 = 10.
Amounts received by each
Percentages of money for each
2
250 = ` 50
10
3
` 250 = ` 75
10
5
` 250 = ` 125
10
2
100 % = 20 %
10
3
Raju gets
100 % = 30 %
10
5
Roy gets 100 % = 50 %
10
Ravi gets
TRY THESE
1. Divide 15 sweets between Manu and Sonu so that they get 20 %
and 80 % of them respectively.
2. If angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4. Find the value of
each angle.
EXAMPLE 16 A school team won 6 games this year against 4 games won last year.
What is the per cent increase?
SOLUTION
Percentage increase =
=
amount of change
100
original amount or base
increase in the number of wins
2
100 =
original number of wins
4
100 = 50
EXAMPLE 17 The number of illiterate persons in a country decreased from 150 lakhs
to 100 lakhs in 10 years. What is the percentage of decrease?
SOLUTION
COMPARING QUANTITIES
Amount of change = decrease in the number of illiterate persons = 150 100 = 50 lakhs
Therefore, the percentage of decrease
=
amount of change
50
1
100 =
100 = 33
original amount
150
3
TRY THESE
1. Find Percentage of increase or decrease:
Price of shirt decreased from ` 80 to ` 60.
Marks in a test increased from 20 to 30.
2. My mother says, in her childhood petrol was ` 1 a litre. It is ` 52 per litre today. By
what Percentage has the price gone up?
TO AN
ITEM
OR
BUYING
AND
SELLING
167
168
MATHEMATICS
8
Profit
100
100 =
CP
72
On ` 72 the profit is ` 8
1
1
100 = 11
9
9
On ` 100, profit =
8
100
72
1
1
= 11 . Thus, profit per cent = 11
9
9
Similarly you can find the loss per cent in the second situation. Here,
CP = ` 120, SP = ` 100.
Therefore, Loss = ` 120 ` 100 = ` 20
Loss
100
CP
20
100
=
120
50
2
= 16
=
3
3
EXAMPLE 18 The cost of a flower vase is ` 120. If the shopkeeper sells it at a loss
of 10%, find the price at which it is sold.
SOLUTION
We are given that CP = ` 120 and Loss per cent = 10. We have to find
the SP.
(100 10) = ` 90
When CP is ` 100, SP is ` 90.
Therefore, if CP were ` 120 then
90
120 = ` 108
SP =
100
COMPARING QUANTITIES
EXAMPLE 19 Selling price of a toy car is ` 540. If the profit made by shopkeeper is
20%, what is the cost price of this toy?
SOLUTION
We are given that SP = ` 540 and the Profit = 20%. We need to find the CP.
20
CP =
100
1
1 + 5 CP
6
CP . Therefore, 540 5 = CP
5
6
or ` 450 = CP
TRY THESE
1.
2.
3.
4.
A shopkeeper bought a chair for ` 375 and sold it for ` 400. Find the gain Percentage.
Cost of an item is ` 50. It was sold with a profit of 12%. Find the selling price.
An article was sold for ` 250 with a profit of 5%. What was its cost price?
An item was sold for ` 540 at a loss of 5%. What was its cost price?
ON
BORROWED MONEY
OR
SIMPLE
Sohini said that they were going to buy a new scooter. Mohan asked her
whether they had the money to buy it. Sohini said her father was going
to take a loan from a bank. The money you borrow is known as sum
borrowed or principal.
This money would be used by the borrower for some time before it is
returned. For keeping this money for some time the borrower has to pay
some extra money to the bank. This is known as Interest.
You can find the amount you have to pay at the end of the year by adding the sum
borrowed and the interest. That is, Amount = Principal + Interest.
Interest is generally given in per cent for a period of one year. It is written as say 10%
per year or per annum or in short as 10% p.a. (per annum).
10% p.a. means on every ` 100 borrowed, ` 10 is the interest you have to pay for one
year. Let us take an example and see how this works.
EXAMPLE 20 Anita takes a loan of ` 5,000 at 15% per year as rate of interest. Find
the interest she has to pay at the end of one year.
169
170
MATHEMATICS
SOLUTION The sum borrowed = ` 5,000, Rate of interest = 15% per year.
This means if ` 100 is borrowed, she has to pay ` 15 as interest for one year. If she has
borrowed ` 5,000, then the interest she has to pay for one year
15
5000 = ` 750
=`
100
So, at the end of the year she has to give an amount of ` 5,000 + ` 750 = ` 5,750.
We can write a general relation to find interest for one year. Take P as the principal or
sum and R % as Rate per cent per annum.
Now on every ` 100 borrowed, the interest paid is ` R
R P P R
Therefore, on ` P borrowed, the interest paid for one year would be
=
.
100
100
A=P+I
TRY THESE
1. ` 10,000 is invested at 5% interest rate p.a. Find the interest at the end of one
year.
2. ` 3,500 is given at 7% p.a. rate of interest. Find the interest which will be received
at the end of two years.
3. ` 6,050 is borrowed at 6.5% rate of interest p.a.. Find the interest and the amount
to be paid at the end of 3 years.
4. ` 7,000 is borrowed at 3.5% rate of interest p.a. borrowed for 2 years. Find the
amount to be paid at the end of the second year.
Just as in the case of prices related to items, if you are given any two of the three
P T R
quantities in the relation I =
, you could find the remaining quantity.
100
COMPARING QUANTITIES
Solution 1
I=
P T R
100
Solution 2
For 2 years, interest paid is ` 750
750
= 375
Therefore, for 1 year, interest paid `
2
4500 2 R
Therefore, 750 =
On ` 4,500, interest paid is ` 375
100
750
Therefore, on ` 100, rate of interest paid
=R
or
45 2
375 100
1
1
=
=8 %
8
%
Therefore, Rate =
4500
3
3
TRY THESE
1. You have ` 2,400 in your account and the interest rate is 5%. After how many years
would you earn ` 240 as interest.
2. On a certain sum the interest paid after 3 years is ` 450 at 5% rate of interest per
annum. Find the sum.
EXERCISE 8.3
1. Tell what is the profit or loss in the following transactions. Also find profit per cent or
loss per cent in each case.
(a) Gardening shears bought for ` 250 and sold for ` 325.
(b) A refrigerater bought for ` 12,000 and sold at ` 13,500.
(c) A cupboard bought for ` 2,500 and sold at ` 3,000.
(d) A skirt bought for ` 250 and sold at ` 150.
2. Convert each part of the ratio to percentage:
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(a) 3:1
(b) 2:3:5
(c) 1:4
(d) 1: 2:5
The population of a city decreased from 25,000 to 24,500. Find the percentage
decrease.
Arun bought a car for ` 3,50,000. The next year, the price went upto
` 3,70,000. What was the Percentage of price increase?
I buy a T.V. for ` 10,000 and sell it at a profit of 20%. How much money do I get for
it?
Juhi sells a washing machine for ` 13,500. She loses 20% in the bargain. What was
the price at which she bought it?
(i) Chalk contains calcium, carbon and oxygen in the ratio 10:3:12. Find the percentage
of carbon in chalk.
(ii) If in a stick of chalk, carbon is 3g, what is the weight of the chalk stick?
171
172
MATHEMATICS
8. Amina buys a book for ` 275 and sells it at a loss of 15%. How much does she sell
it for?
9. Find the amount to be paid at the end of 3 years in each case:
(a) Principal = ` 1,200 at 12% p.a.
(b) Principal = ` 7,500 at 5% p.a.
10. What rate gives ` 280 as interest on a sum of ` 56,000 in 2 years?
11. If Meena gives an interest of ` 45 for one year at 9% rate p.a.. What is the sum she
has borrowed?
WHAT
HAVE
WE DISCUSSED?
1. We are often required to compare two quantities in our daily life. They may be heights,
weights, salaries, marks etc.
2. While comparing heights of two persons with heights150 cm and 75 cm, we write it
as the ratio 150 : 75 or 2 : 1.
3. Two ratios can be compared by converting them to like fractions. If the two fractions
are equal, we say the two given ratios are equivalent.
4. If two ratios are equivalent then the four quantities are said to be in proportion. For
example, the ratios 8 : 2 and 16 : 4 are equivalent therefore 8, 2, 16 and 4 are in
proportion.
5. A way of comparing quantities is percentage. Percentages are numerators of fractions
with denominator 100. Per cent means per hundred.
For example 82% marks means 82 marks out of hundred.
6. Fractions can be converted to percentages and vice-versa.
For example,
75 3
1 1
=
= 100 % whereas, 75% =
100 4
4 4