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    Psychology Revision: 1) Clinical Psychologists

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    Noura
    1) Psychologists work in various settings like hospitals, schools, and private practices helping people with issues ranging from mental health problems to learning disorders. 2) The study of psychology began in ancient Greece with philosophers like Plato and Aristotle exploring concepts like introspection and the influence of environment on behavior. 3) Modern psychology emerged in the 1800s with the development of the scientific method and fields like structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism seeking to understand the mind through introspection and observable behavior.

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    Psychology Revision: 1) Clinical Psychologists

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    Noura
    143 views3 pages
    1) Psychologists work in various settings like hospitals, schools, and private practices helping people with issues ranging from mental health problems to learning disorders. 2) The study of psychology began in ancient Greece with philosophers like Plato and Aristotle exploring concepts like introspection and the influence of environment on behavior. 3) Modern psychology emerged in the 1800s with the development of the scientific method and fields like structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism seeking to understand the mind through introspection and observable behavior.

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    Grade 12 Psychology

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    Psychology Revision

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    1) Psychologists work in various settings like hospitals, schools, and private practices helping people with issues ranging from mental health problems to learning disorders. 2) The study of psychology began in ancient Greece with philosophers like Plato and Aristotle exploring concepts like introspection and the influence of environment on behavior. 3) Modern psychology emerged in the 1800s with the development of the scientific method and fields like structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism seeking to understand the mind through introspection and observable behavior.

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    Public Domain
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    143 views3 pages

    Psychology Revision: 1) Clinical Psychologists

    Uploaded by

    Noura
    1) Psychologists work in various settings like hospitals, schools, and private practices helping people with issues ranging from mental health problems to learning disorders. 2) The study of psychology began in ancient Greece with philosophers like Plato and Aristotle exploring concepts like introspection and the influence of environment on behavior. 3) Modern psychology emerged in the 1800s with the development of the scientific method and fields like structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism seeking to understand the mind through introspection and observable behavior.

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    of 3

    El Fouad International School

    American Division
    Grade 12
    Teacher: Noura Abdel-halim

    Psychology Revision
    I) What Psychologists Do
    1) Clinical psychologists
    a) Largest group
    b) Help people with psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, or severe disorders,
    such as schizophrenia.
    Deal with problems such as relationships, drugs, and weight
    c) Work in Hospitals, clinics and private practices.
    d) Psychiatrist: a medical doctor, can prescribe medication.
    2) Counseling psychologists
    a) Treat people with adjustment problems.
    3) School psychologists
    a) They help students with problems which may interfere with learning.
    Problems such as peers, family, and learning disorders.
    b) They observe students in class.
    4) Educational psychologists
    a) Concerned with helping students learn.
    b) Focus on course planning and instructional methods for the whole school.
    c) Help prepare SAT tests.
    5) Developmental Psychologists
    a) Deal with changes that occur throughout a persons life span.
    Physical and emotional changes
    Cognitive and social changes
    b) Concentrate on the influences of heredity and the environment
    6) Personality Psychologists
    a) They identify characteristics or traits.
    Such as shyness
    b) Deal with problems such as: anxiety, aggression, or gender roles.
    7) Social Psychologists
    a) Deal with peoples behavior in social situations.
    II) A History of Psychology
    1) Ancient Greece
    a) Plato-Socrates Student
    b) Aristotle-Platos student
    c) Plato recorded his teacher Socrates advice know thyself which has remained a motto of
    psychological study ever since.
    d) Socrates: We can learn a lot about ourselves by examining our thoughts and feelings.
    Introspection: a methoud of learning which means looking within
    e) Aristotle: outlined the laws of associationsim.
    Associationism: experiences often remind us of similar experiences in the past.
    Peri psyches: about the mind
    Human behavior is subject to certain rules and laws
    People are motivated to seek pleasure and to avoid pain.
    2) Middle Ages
    a) Agitation and confusion ere signs of possession by demons.
    b) Possession was punishment or sins or a result of deals with the devil.
    c) Tests were conducted to see if a person is possessed.
    Water-float test: Floating=possessed, sinking=pure.
    3) Birth of Modern Science
    a) The 1500s saw scientific and intellectual advances.

    b) Scientific approach led to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800s.


    c) Labs were created.
    The methods used in chemistry were used in psychological research.
    d) Wilhelm Wundt (Structuralism)
    Founded structuralism
    Discovering the basic elements of consciousness. There are 2 types:
    Objective sensations: sight and taste reflect the outside world.
    Subjective feelings: emotional responses and mental images.
    The human mind functioned by combining these basic elements of experiences.
    Introspection is used to examine and report experiences.
    e) William James (Functionalism)
    Experience is a continuous stream of consciousness.
    Focused on the relationships between experiences and behavior.
    Described his views in The Principles of Psychology
    Created the 1st modern psychology tyextbook
    One of the founders of functionalism
    Concerned with how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment.
    Structuralism
    Relies only on introspection
    Ask questions such as: What are the elements
    of psychological process?

    Functionalism
    Relies on introspection and behavioral
    observation
    Ask questions such as: What are the purposes
    of behavior and mental processes? What do
    certain behaviors and mental processes
    accomplish for the person (or animal).

    f) John B. Watson (Behaviorism)


    Agreed with functionalist on the importance of learning, because he believed it is
    unscientific.
    Consciousness is a private event that is known only to the individual.
    For psychology to be scientific must be limited to observable, measurable events
    (behavior).
    Psychology: scientific study of observable behavior.
    g) B.F. Skinner (Reinforcement)
    Reward=repeated action
    Like animals, people learn by reinforcement (reward).
    h) Gestalt School
    Gestalt: shape or form
    Perceptions are wholes that give shape or meaning to parts.
    Learning is active and purposeful
    Problem solving is accomplished by insight.
    i) Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalysis)
    Emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in
    determining human behavior.
    Gained understanding of human behavior through consultations with patients.
    Psychodynamic thinking: most of what exists in mind is unconsciousness and consists
    of impulses, urges, and wishes.
    Behavior is aimed to satisfy these desires.
    Attempts to help people gain insight into their unconscious conflicts and find socially
    acceptable ways of expressing their wishes and meeting their needs.
    III) Contemporary Perspectives

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