HB C10 Ism 02

Chapter 2
Differentiation: Basic Concepts

8. f ( x) = x3
The difference quotient is
f ( x + h ) f ( x ) ( ( x + h )3 ) ( x 3 )
=
h
h
x3 3x 2 h 3xh 2 h3 + x3
=
h
2
2
3 x h 3 xh h3
=
h
2
= 3 x 3 xh h 2
2.1 The Derivative

2. f(x) = 3
f ( x + h) f ( x) 3 (3) 0
=
= =0
h
h
h
Then f ( x) = lim 0 = 0.
h 0
The slope of the line tangent to the graph

of f at x = 1 is f (1) = 0.
4. f(x) = 2 7x
f ( x + h) f ( x) (2 7( x + h)) (2 7 x)
=
h
h
2 7 x 7h 2 + 7 x
=
h
7 h
=
= 7
h
Then f ( x) = lim (7) = 7.
Then
f ( x) = lim (3 x 2 3xh h 2 ) = 3x 2 .
h 0

of f at x = 1 is f (1) = 3.
10. f ( x) =
x2
1
f ( x + h) f ( x ) ( x + h ) 2
=
h
h
h0

of f at x = 1 is f (1) = 7.
6. f ( x) = x 2 1
f ( x + h) f ( x) (( x + h) 2 1) ( x 2 1)
=
h
h
2
x + 2hx + h 2 1 x 2 + 1
=
h
2hx + h 2
=
= 2x + h
h
Then f ( x) = lim (2 x + h) = 2 x .
=
=
=
=
Then f ( x) = lim
h 0
1
x 2 + 2 hx + h 2
1
x2
h
2hx h 2
h( x 2 + 2hx + h 2 ) x 2
2 x h
( x 2 + 2hx + h 2 ) x 2
2 x h
2 x
x4
2
= 3.
x
40
x 2 ( x 2 + 2 hx + h 2 )
( x 2 + 2 hx + h 2 ) x 2
h 0 ( x 2

of f at x = 1 is f ( 1) = 2 .
1
x2
+ 2hx + h 2 ) x 2
Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

1
of f at x = 2 is f (2) = .
4
12. f ( x) = x
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
x+h x
=
h
x+h x
x+h + x
=
h
x+h + x
x+hx
=
h x+h + x
=
=
h
x+h + x
1
x+h + x
1
1
=
h0 x + h + x
2 x
1
of f at x = 9 is f (9) = .
6
Then f ( x) = lim
14. For f ( x) = 3 ,
f ( x + h) f ( x)
33
f ( x) = lim
= lim
=0
h
h 0
h 0 h
for all x. So at the point c = 4 , the slope
of the tangent line is m = f (4) = 0 . The
point (4,3) is on the tangent line so by
the point-slope formula the equation of
the tangent line is y 3 = 0[ x (4)] or
y =3.
16. For f(x) = 3x,
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f ( x) = lim
h
h0
3 x + 3h 3 x
= lim
h
h0
=3
for all x. So at the point c = 1, the slope of
the tangent line is m = f (1) = 3. The point
(1, 3) is on the tangent line so by the
41
point-slope formula the equation of the

tangent line is y 3 = 3(x 1) or y = 3x.
18. For f ( x) = 2 3 x 2 ,
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f ( x) = lim
h
h0
(2 3( x + h) 2 ) (2 3 x 2 )
= lim
h
h0
= lim (6 x 3h)
h0
= 6 x
for all x. At the point c = 1 , the slope of
the tangent line is m = f (1) = 6 . The
point (1, 1) is on the tangent line so by
the tangent line is y ( 1) = 6( x 1) or
y = 6 x + 5 .
20. For f ( x) =
,
x2
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f ( x) = lim
h
h0
3
3
2
2
( x + h)
x
= lim
h
h0
6 x 3h
= lim
h0 ( x + h) 2 x 2
6
= 3
x
1
At the point c = , the slope of the
2
1
tangent line is m = f = 48 . The
2
1
point , 12 is on the tangent line so by

2

the tangent line is
1
y 12 = 48 x or y = 48 x + 36 .
2
42

1
,
x
f ( x + h) f ( x)
f ( x) = lim
h
h 0
1 1
x
= lim x+ h
h
h 0
x x+h
= lim
h0 h x 2 + xh
x ( x + h)
= lim
2
h0 h x + xh
x + x+h
dy
at x0 = 3 is
dx
f (3 + h) f (3)
f (3) = lim
h
h0
(6 2(3 + h)) (6 2(3))
= lim
h
h0
2h
= lim
h0 h
= 2
22. For f ( x) =
= lim
h 0
=
=
x 2 + xh
1
x2 2 x
1
1
x + x+h
28. For f ( x) = 6 2 x ,
2 x3/2
So at the point c = 1, the slope of the
1
tangent line is f (1) = . The point (1,
2
1) is on the tangent line so by the pointslope formula, the equation of the tangent
1
1
3
line is y 1 = ( x 1) or y = x + .
2
2
2
24. From Exercise 7 of this section

f ( x) = 3 x 2 . At the point c = 1 , the slope
of the tangent line is m = f (1) = 3 . The
point (1,0) is on the tangent line so by the
point-slope formula the equation of the
tangent line is y 0 = 3( x 1) or
y = 3x 3 .
dy
26. For f(x) = 17,
at x0 = 14 is
dx
f (14 + h) f (14)
f (14) = lim
h
h 0
17 (17)
= lim
h
h 0
0
= lim
h 0 h
=0
dy
at x0 = 1 is
dx
f (1 + h) f (1)
f (1) = lim
h
h 0
((1 + h)2 2(1 + h)) (12 2(1))
= lim
h
h 0
2
h
= lim
h 0 h
=0
30. For f ( x) = x 2 2 x,
1
dy
,
at x0 = 3 is
2 x dx
f (3 + h) f (3)
f (3) = lim
h
h 0
1
1
2( 3+ h ) 2 ( 3)
= lim
h
h 0
1
= lim
h 0 5(5 h)
1
=
25
32. For f ( x) =
34. (a) m =
( 12 ) f (0)
2
=
=
=
3
4
1
2
( 12 ) ( 12 )
0
1
2
3
2
0
2
2
(2(0) 0 )
1
2

f (0 + h) f (0)
h
h 0
2
2h h 0
= lim
h
h 0
= lim (2 h)
(b) f (0) = lim
h 0
=2
The answer is part (a) is a relatively
good approximation to the slope of
the tangent line.
36. (a) m =
( )
f 12 f ( 1)
12 ( 1)
1
12 111
1
2
1
2
11
3 2
1
2
=
=
40. (a) save =
( 14 ) s(1)
1
4
1
4
34
1
2
34
2
=
3
s (1 + h) s (1)
h
h 0
1+ h 1
= lim
h
h 0
1 + h 1 1 + h +1
= lim
h
h 0
1+ h +1
1+ h 1
= lim
h 0 h 1 + h + 1
(b) s(1) = lim
f (1 + h) f (1)
h
h 0
1+ h 1
= lim 1+ h1 11
h
h 0
1
= lim
h0 2( h 2)
1
=
4
The answer in part (a) is a relatively
good approximation to the slope of
the tangent line.
h 0
=1
The answer in part a is not a very
good approximation to the average
rate of change.
(b) f (1) = lim
f (0 + h) f (0)
h
h 0
h(1 2h) 0
= lim
h
h 0
= lim (1 2h)
(b) f (0) = lim
1
3
38. (a) f ave =
43
( 12 ) f (0)
1
2
1
2
(1 2 ( 12 )) 0(1 2(0))
00
=0
1
2
1
2
= lim
1+ h +1
1
=
2
The answer in part a is a relatively
good approximation to the
instantaneous rate of change.
h 0
42. (a) ... the average rate of change of

revenue when the production level
changes from x0 to x0 + h units.
... the instantaneous rate of change of
revenue when the production level
is x0 units.
44

(b) ... the average rate of change in the
fuel level, in lb/ft, as the rocket
travels between x0 and x0 + h feet
above the ground.
... the instantaneous rate in fuel level
when the rocket is x0 feet above the
ground.
(c) ... the average rate of change in
volume of the growth as the drug
dosage changes from x0 to x0 + h mg.
... the instantaneous rate in the
growths volume when x0 mg of the
drug have been injected.
44. Answers will vary. Drawing a tangent line

at each of the indicated points on the
curve shows the population is growing at
approximately 10/day after 20 days and
8/day after 36 days. The tangent line slope
is steepest between 24 and 30 days at
approximately 27 days.
46. (a) Profit = (number sold)(profit on each)
Profit on each
= selling price cost to obtain
P ( p ) = (120 p )( p 50)
Since q = 120 p, p = 120 q.
P(q) = q[(120 q) 50]
or P (q ) = q (70 q) = 70q q 2 .
(b) The average rate as q increases from
q = 0 to q = 20 is
P (20) P (0) [70(20) (20)2 ] 0
=
20
20
= $50 per recorder
(c) The rate the profit is changing at

q = 20 is P(20).
P (q + h) P (q)
h
[70(q + h) (q + h) 2 ] [70q q 2 ]
=
h
2
70q + 70h q 2qh h 2 70q + q 2
=
h
2
70h 2qh h
=
h
= 70 2q h
P ( q + h) P ( q )
= 70 2q
h
h 0
P(20) = 70 2(20) = $30 per
recorder.
Since P(20) is positive, profit is
increasing.
P(q ) = lim
Q (3,100) Q(3,025)
3,100 3,025
3,100 3,100 3,100 3,025
=
75
3,100 10 31 55
=
75
28.01
The average rate of change in output
is about 28 units per worker-hour.
48. (a) Qave =
45
Q (3,025 + h) Q (3,025)
h
h 0
3,100 3,025 + h 3,100 3,025
= lim
h
h 0
3,100 3,025 + h 55
3,025 + h + 55
= lim
h
h 0
3,025 + h + 55
3,100(3,025 + h 3,025)
= lim
h 0
h 3,025 + h + 55
(b) Q(3,025) = lim
= lim
h 0
3,100
3,025 + h + 55
3,100
110
28.2
The instantaneous rate of change is 28.2 units per worker-hour.
=
50. (a) E ( x) = x D ( x)
= x(35 x + 200)
= 35 x 2 + 200 x
E (5) E (4)
54
= 35(5)2 + 200(5) (35(4)2 + 200(4))
= 125 240
= 115
The average change in consumer expenditures is $115 per unit.
(b) Eave =
E (4 + h) E (4)
h
h 0
35(4 + h) 2 + 200(4 + h) (35(4) 2 + 200(4))
= lim
h
h 0
2
35h 80h
= lim
h
h 0
= lim (35h 80)
(c) E (4) = lim
h 0
= 80
The instantaneous rate of change is $80 per unit when x = 4. The expenditure is decreasing
when x = 4.
52. (a) If P(t) represents the blood pressure function then P (0.7) 80 , P (0.75) 77 , and
77 80
P (0.8) 85 . The average rate of change on [0.7,0.75] is approximately
= 6 mm/sec
0.5
85 77
while on [0.75, 0.8] the average rate of change is about
= 16 mm/sec. The rate of
0.5
change is greater in magnitude in the period following the burst of blood.
(b) Writing exerciseanswers will vary.
45

54. (a) The rocket is
h(40) = 800 + 1200 = 400 feet above
ground.
(b) The average velocity between 0 and
40 seconds is given by
h(40) h(0) 400
=
= 10 feet/second.
40
40
(c) h(0) = 30 ft/sec and
h(40) = 10 ft/sec. The negative sign
in the second velocity indicates the
rocket is falling.
(3( x + h) 2) (3 x 2)
h
h0
3h
= lim
h0 h
=3
56. (a) f ( x) = lim
(b) At x = 1 , y = 3(1) 2 = 5 and

(1, 5) is a point on the tangent line.
Using the point-slope formula with
m = 3 gives y (5) = 3( x (1)) or
y = 3x 2 .
(c) The line tangent to a straight line at
any point is the line itself.
58. (a) For f ( x) = x 2 + 3 x , the derivative is
f ( x)
[( x + h)2 + 3( x + h)] ( x 2 + 3x)
h
h 0
2
2
x + 2hx + h + 3x + 3h x 2 3 x
= lim
h
h 0
= lim (2 x + h + 3) = 2 x + 3
= lim
h 0
(b) For g ( x) = x 2 , the derivative is

( x + h) 2 x 2
h
h 0
2
x + 2hx + h 2 x 2
= lim
h
h 0
= lim (2 x + h)
g ( x) = lim
h 0
= 2x
46
While for h( x) = 3 x , the derivative is

3( x + h) 3 x
3h
h( x) = lim
= lim
=3
h
h 0
h0 h
(c) The derivative of the sum is the sum
of the derivatives.
(d) The derivative of f ( x) is the sum of
the derivative of g ( x) and h( x) .
60. If y = mx + b then
dy
[m( x + h) + b] (mx + b)
= lim
dx h0
h
mx + mh + b mx b
= lim
h
h 0
mh
= lim
h 0 h
= lim m
h 0
= m, a constant.
62. (a) Write any number x as x = c + h . If

the value of x is approaching c, then h
is approaching 0 and vice versa. Thus
the indicated limit is the same as the
limit in the definition of the
derivative. Less formally, note that if
f ( x ) f (c )
is the slope of
x c then
xc
a secant line. s x approaches c the
slopes of the secant lines approach the
slope of the tangent at c.
(b) lim[ f ( x) f (c)]
x c
f ( x ) f (c )
( x c)
= lim
xc
x c
lim[ f ( x) f (c)]
x c
f ( x ) f (c )
= lim
( x c)
xlim
xc
x c
c
= f (c) 0
=0
using part (a) for the first limit on the
right.
(c) Using the properties of limits and the

result of part (b)

0 = lim[ f ( x) f (c)]
x c
= lim f ( x) lim f (c)

x c
x c
= lim f ( x) f (c)
x c
so lim f ( x) = f (c) meaning f(x) is
16. y = 3 x5 4 x3 + 9 x 6
dy
= 3(5 x 4 ) 4(3 x 2 ) + 9(1) 0
dx
= 15 x 4 12 x 2 + 9
x c
continuous at x = c .
64. Using the TRACE feature of a calculator
with the graph of y = 2 x3 0.8 x 2 + 4
shows a peak at x = 0 and a valley at
x = 0.2667 . Note the peaks and valleys
are hard to see on the graph unless a small
rectangle such as [0.3, 0.5] [3.8, 4.1] is
used.
18.
20.
1 8 1 6
x x x+2
4
2
1 7
1
f ( x) = 8 x 6 x5 1 + 0
4
2
7
5
= 2 x 3x 1
f ( x) =
f (u ) = 0.07u 4 1.21u 3 + 3u 5.2

f (u ) = 4(0.07u 3 ) 3(1.21u 2 ) + 3 0
= 0.28u 3 3.63u 2 + 3
2.2 Techniques of Differentiation
4. y = 2x + 7
dy
= 2(1) + 0 = 2
dx
6. y = x 7 / 3
dy 7 7 / 31 7 4 / 3
= x
= x
dx 3
3
8. y = 4 x 1.2
dy
= 0 (1.2) x 1.21 = 1.2 x 2.2
dx
4
10. y = r 3
3
dy 4
= (3r 2 ) = 4 r 2
dr 3
4 3
12. y = 2 x = 2 x
3/ 4
dy
3
3
3
= 2 x3/ 41 = x 1/ 4 = 4
dx
2
2 x
4
3
= t 2
2
2t
3
dy 3
= (2t 3 ) = 3
dt 2
t
14. y =
3 2
2
2
2 + 3 = 3 x 1 2 x 2 + x 3
x x
3
3x
dy
2
= (1)(3x 2 ) (2)(2 x 3 ) + (3) x 4

dx
3
= 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 2 x 4
3
4
2
=
+
2
3
x
x
x4
22. y =
2. y = 3
dy
=0
dx
47
24.
4
2
t
= 2t 3/ 2 + 4t 1/ 2 2
3
1
f (t ) = (2t 3 / 21 ) + (4t 1/ 21 ) 0
2
2
= 3t1/ 2 2t 3 / 2
2
=3 t
t3
f (t ) = 2 t 3 +
26. y =
7
1.2
5
2.1
= 7 x 1.2 + 5 x 2.1
x
x
dy
= 1.2(7 x 1.21 ) + 2.1(5 x 2.11 )
dx
= 8.4 x 2.2 + 10.5 x1.1
8.4
=
+ 10.5 x1.1
2.2
x
28. y = x 2 ( x3 6 x + 7) = x5 6 x3 + 7 x 2
dy
= 5 x 4 18 x 2 + 14 x
dx
48
30. Given y = x5 3x3 5 x + 2 and the point

dy
(1, 5) , then
= 5 x 4 9 x 2 5 and the
dx
slope of the tangent line at x = 1 is
m = 5(14 ) 9(12 ) 5 = 9 . The equation
of the tangent line is then
y ( 5) = 9( x 1) or y = 9 x + 4 .
32. Given y = x3 x 2 +
16
x2
and the point
dy 3
32
=
x 2 x 3 and the
dx 2
x
3
32
11
m=
4 2(4) 3 = . The equation
2
2
4
of the tangent line is then
11
11
y (7) = ( x 4) or y = x + 15 .
2
2
(4, 7) , then
3
and the point
x
dy
1
3
(1, 4) , then
= 8 x3
2 and the
dx
2 x x
1
3 9
m = 8(13 )
2 = . The equation
2
2( 1) 1
9
of the tangent line is then y 4 = ( x 1)
2
9
1
or y = x .
2
2
34. Given y = 2 x 4 x +
36. f ( x) = x 4 3 x3 + 2 x 2 6; x = 2
f ( x) = 4 x3 9 x 2 + 4 x
f (2) = 16 24 + 8 6 = 6 so (2, 6) is a
point on the tangent line. The slope is
m = f (2) = 32 36 + 8 = 4 . The equation
of the tangent line is y ( 6) = 4( x 2) or
y = 4 x 14 .
38. f ( x) = x3 + x ; x = 4
1
f ( x) = 3 x 2 +
2 x
f (4) = 64 + 2 = 66 so (4, 66) is a point on
the tangent line. The slope is
1 193
. The equation of
=
4
4
193
the tangent line is y 66 =
( x 4) or
4
193
y=
x 127 .
4
m = f '(2) = 48 +
40. f ( x) = x( x 1) = x3/ 2 x; x = 4
3
f ( x) =
x 1
2
f (4) = 8 4 = 4 so (4, 4)is a point on the
tangent line. The slope is
m = f (4) = 3 1 = 2. The equation of the
tangent line is y 4 = 2( x 4) or
y = 2x 4 .
42. f ( x) = x3 3x + 5; x = 2
f ( x) = 3 x 2 3
f (2) = 3(4) 3 = 9
44. f ( x) = x + 5 x; x = 4
1
f ( x) =
+5
2 x
1
21
f (4) =
+5=
2(2)
4
2
x x; x = 1
x
2 3
f ( x) =
x
x2 2
3
7
f (1) = 2 =
2
2
46. f ( x) =
1
= x + x 1; f(1) = 1 + 1 = 2
x
1
f ( x) = 1 x 2 = 1 2 ; f (1) = 1 1 = 0
x
At c = 1, the relative rate of change is
f (1) 0
= =0
f (1) 2
48. f ( x) = x +
50. f ( x) = (4 x) x 1 = 4 x 1 1;
f (3) =
4
1
1 =
3
3

4
9
At c = 3, the relative rate of change is
4
f (3) 9
4
=
= .
1
f (3)
3
3
f ( x) = 4 x 2 ; f (3) =
49
58. (a) P (t ) = t 2 + 200t + 10,000 = (t + 100)2

P(t ) = 2t + 200 = 2(t + 100)
The percentage rate of change is
P(t ) 200(t + 100)
200
=
=
100
.
2
P (t )
t + 100
(t + 100)
3
52. (a) Since f ( x) = x + 6 x + 15 x is the

number of radios assembled x hours
after 8:00 A.M., the rate of assembly
after x hours is
f ( x) = 3x 2 + 12 x + 15 radios per
hour.
(b) The rate of assembly at 9:00 A.M.
( x = 1 ) is
f (1) = 3 + 12 + 15 = 24 radios per
hour.
(c) The actual number of radios
assembled between 9:00 A.M. and
10:00 A.M. is
f (2) f (1) = 46 20 = 26 radios.
54. (a) Since N ( x) = 6 x3 + 500 x + 8,000 is
the number of people using rapid
transit after x weeks, the rate at which
system use is changing after x weeks
is
N ( x) = 18 x 2 + 500 commuters per
week. After 8 weeks this rate is
N (8) = 18(82 ) + 500 = 1652 users per
week.
(b) The actual change in usage during the
8th week is
N (8) N (7) = 15,072 13,558
= 1,514 riders.
125 517
2
x
x
125 1034
M ( x) = 2 + 3
x
x
125 1034
M (9) = 2 + 3 0.125 . Sales are
9
9
decreasing at a rate of approximately
1/8 motorcycle per $1,000 of advertising.
56. M ( x) = 2,300 +
100
200
300
400
500
600
(b) The percentage rate of changes

200
= 0.
approaches 0 since lim
t t + 100
60. (a) N (t ) = 5,175 t 3 (t 8)
= 5,175 t 4 + 8t 3
N (3) = 4(33 ) + 8 3(32 ) = 108 people
per week.
(b) The percentage rate of change of N is

given by
N (t ) 100(4t 3 + 24t 2 )
=
100
.
N (t )
5,175 t 4 + 8t 3
A graph of this function shows that it
never exceeds 25%.
(c) Writing exerciseanswers will vary.
62. (a) Since C (t ) = 100t 2 + 400t + 5,000 is
the circulation t years from now, the
rate of change of the circulation in t
years is
C (t ) = 200t + 400 newspapers per
year.
(b) The rate of change of the circulation
5 years from now is
C (5) = 200(5) + 400 = 1,400 newspap
ers per year. The circulation is
increasing.
50

(c) The actual change in the circulation
during the 6th year is
C (6) C (5) = 11,000 9,500
= 1,500 newspapers.
64. Let G(t) be the GDP in billions of dollars

where t is years and t = 0 represents
1995. Since the GDP is growing at a
constant rate, G(t) is a linear function
passing through the points (0,125) and
(8,155) . Then
155 125
15
G (t ) =
t + 125 = t + 125 .
80
4
In 2010, t = 15 and the model predicts a
GDP of G (15) = 181.25 billion dollars.
4N 2 1
=
T
9k

2
4 N 2
4 N 2
dP
=
=
9k
dt
9kT 2
66. P =
2
4
N
3kT
3
68. (a) s (t ) = t 2 2t + 6 for 0 t 2

v(t ) = 2t 2
a (t ) = 2
(b) The particle is stationary when
v(t ) = 2t 2 = 0 which is at time t = 1 .
70. (a) s(t ) = t 3 9t 2 + 15t + 25 for 0 t 6
v(t ) = 3t 2 18t + 15 = 3(t 1)(t 5)
a (t ) = 6t 18 = 6(t 3)
(b) The particle is stationary when

v(t ) = 3(t 1)(t 5) = 0 which is at
times
t = 1 and t = 5 .
72. (a) Since the initial velocity is V0 = 0
feet per second, the initial height is
H 0 = 144 feet and g = 32 feet per
second per second, the height of the
stone at time t is
1
H (t ) = gt 2 + V0t + H 0
2
= 16t 2 + 144.
The stone hits the ground when
H (t ) = 16t 2 + 144 = 0 , that is when
t 2 = 9 or after t = 3 seconds.
(b) The velocity at time t is given by

H (t ) = 32t . When the stone hits the
ground, its velocity is H (3) = 96
feet per second.
74. Let g be the acceleration due to gravity for
the planet our spy is on. Since he throws
the rock from ground level, H 0 = 0 , and
the equation describing the rocks height
is
1
H (t ) = gt 2 + V0t
2
When t = 5 the height is 0 so
25
g + 5V0 = 0
2
The rock reaches its maximum height
5
halfway through its trip at t = .
2
25
5
5
Therefore H = g + V0 = 37.5 .
8
2
2
Solving these two equations in V0 and g
gives g = 12 feet per second per second.
The spy concludes he is on Mars.
76. Let (x, y) be a point on the curve where
the tangent line goes through (0, 0). Then
the slope of the tangent line is equal to
y0 y
= . The slope is also given by
x0 x
y
f ( x) = 2 x 4 . Thus = 2 x 4 or
x
2
y = 2x 4x .
Since (x, y) is a point on the curve, we
must have y = x 2 4 x + 25 . Setting the
two expressions for y equal to each other
gives
x 2 4 x + 25 = 2 x 2 4 x
x 2 = 25
x = 5
If x = 5 , then y = 70 , the slope is
14 and the tangent line is y = 14 x .
If x = 5 , then y = 30 , the slope is 6 and
the tangent line is y = 6 x .

78. (a) If f ( x) = x 4 then
f ( x + h) = ( x + h)4
= x 4 + 4 x3h + 6 x 2 h 2 + 4 xh3 + h 4
f ( x + h) f ( x) = 4 x3h + 6 x 2 h 2 + 4 xh3 + h 4
and
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= 4 x3 + 6 x 2 h + 4 xh 2 + h3
h
(b) If f ( x) = x n then
f ( x + h) = ( x + h)n = x n + nx n1h +
f ( x + h) f ( x) = nx n1h +
n(n 1) n 2 2
x h + ... + nxh n1 + h n
2
n(n 1) n 2 2
x h + ... + nxh n1 + h n
2
and
f ( x + h) f ( x )
n(n 1) n 2
= nx n 1 +
x h + ... + nxh n 2 + h n 1
h
2
(c) From part (b)
f ( x + h) f ( x )
n(n 1) n 2
= nx n1 + h
+ ... + h n 2
x
h
2
The first term on the right does not involve h while the second term approaches 0 as h 0 .
d n
f ( x + h) f ( x)
Thus
[ x ] = lim
= nx n1.
dx
h
h 0
2.3 Product and Quotient Rules; Higher-Order Derivatives

2. f ( x) = ( x 5)(1 2 x)
d
d
f ( x) = ( x 5) (1 2 x) + (1 2 x) ( x 5)
dx
dx
= 2( x 5) + 1(1 2 x)
= 11 4 x
4. y = 400(15 x 2 )(3 x 2)
dy
d
= 400 (15 x 2 )(3 x 2)
dx
dx
d
d
= 400 (15 x 2 ) (3 x 2) + (3 x 2) (15 x 2 )

dx
dx
2
= 400 (15 x )(3) + (3x 2)(2 x)
2
= 400(9 x + 4 x + 45)
51
52

6. f ( x) = 3(5 x3 2 x + 5)( x + 2 x)
f ( x) = 3 (5 x3 2 x + 5)
+ 2 + x + 2 x (15 x 2 2)
2 x
105 5 / 2
15
=
x
120 x3 + 9 x1/ 2 + 24 x 1/ 2 30
2
2x
8. y =
2x 3
5x + 4
dy
=
dx
=
=
d
d
(2 x 3) (2 x 3) (5 x + 4)
dx
dx
(5 x + 4) 2
2(5 x + 4) 5(2 x 3)
(5 x + 4)
(5 x + 4)2
23
(5 x + 4)2
10. f ( x) =
f ( x) =
12. y =
1
x2
( x 2)(0) 1(1)
( x 2)
1
( x 2) 2
t2 +1
1 t2
dy (1 t 2 )(2t ) (t 2 + 1)(2t )
4t
=
=
2
2
dt
(1 t )
(1 t 2 ) 2
14. f (t ) =
t 2 + 2t + 1
f (t )
=
=
t 2 + 3t 1
(t 2 + 3t 1)(2t + 2) (t 2 + 2t + 1)(2t + 3)
(t 2 + 3t 1) 2
t 2 4t 5
(t 2 + 3t 1)2
( x 2 + x + 1)(4 x)
2x 1
(2 x 1)[1( x 2 + x + 1) + (4 x)(2 x + 1)] ( x 2 + x + 1)(4 x)(2)
g ( x) =
2
(2 x 1)
16. g ( x) =
4 x3 + 9 x 2 6 x 11
(2 x 1) 2

2
1
1
18. f ( x) = x + = x 2 + 2 + 2
x
x
2
f ( x) = 2 x 3
x
20. h( x) =
h( x) =
=
x
2
x 1
4 x
x2 + 1
( x 2 1)(1) x(2 x)
( x 2 1) 2
x2 1
( x 2 1)2
( x 2 + 1)(1) (4 x)(2 x)
( x 2 + 1) 2
x2 8x 1
( x 2 + 1)2
22. y = ( x 2 + 3 x 1)(2 x)
y = ( x 2 + 3 x 1)(1) + (2 x + 3)(2 x)
At x0 = 1 , y = (3)(1) = 3 and y = (3)(1) + (5)(1) = 2 . The equation of the tangent line is then
y 3 = 2( x 1) or y = 2 x + 1 .
24. y =
y =
x+7
5 2x
(5 2 x)(1) ( x + 7)(2)
(5 2 x)2
7
5 + 14 19
At x0 = 0 , y = and y = 2 =
.
5
25
5
The equation of the tangent line is then

26. y =
7 19
19
7
x+ .
= ( x 0) or y =
5 25
25
5
2x 1
1 x3
y =
(1 x3 )(2) (2 x 1)(3x 2 )
(1 x3 )2
20
= 2.
1
The equation of the tangent line is then y (1) = 2(x 0) or y = 2x 1.
At x0 = 0, y = 1 and y =
28. f ( x) = ( x 1)( x 2 8 x + 7)
f ( x) = 1 ( x 2 8 x + 7) + ( x 1)(2 x 8)
= 3x 2 18 x + 15
= 3( x 1)( x 5)
f ( x) = 0 when x = 1 and x = 5.
f (1) = (1 1)(12 8 1 + 7) = 0
f (5) = (5 1)(52 8 5 + 7) = 32
The tangent lines at (1, 0) and (5, 32) are horizontal.
53
54
30. f ( x) =
f ( x)
=
=
=
x2 + x 1
38. y = ( x + 3) 1 x
x x +1
2
( x 2 x + 1) 2
2 x 2 + 4 x
( x 2 x + 1)2
2 x( x 2)
( x 2 x + 1)2
f ( x) = 0 when x = 0 and x = 2
f (2) =
02 + 0 1
2
0 0 +1
22 + 2 1
2
2 2 +1
40. (a) y = 2 x 2 5 x 3
y = 4 x 5
= 1
=
y = ( x + 3)
+ 1 x
2 x
At x = 1, y = 2 so the slope of the
1
perpendicular line is m = . The
2
perpendicular line passes through the
point (1,0) and so has equation
1
1
y= x .
2
2
(2 x + 1)( x x + 1) ( x + x 1)(2 x 1)
f (0) =
5
3
5
The tangent lines at (0, 1) and 2,
3
are horizontal.
32. y = ( x 2 + 2)( x + x )
1
dy
= ( x 2 + 2) 1 +
+ 2x x + x
dx
2 x
At x0 = 4 ,
dy
1
= (18) 1 + + 8(6) = 70.5
dx
4
2x 1
3x + 5
dy 2(3 x + 5) 3(2 x 1)
13
=
=
2
dx
(3x + 5)
(3 x + 5)2
dy 13 13
At x0 = 1 ,
=
=
dx 82 64
34. y =
36. y = x 2 + 3 x 5
y = 2 x + 3
At x = 0, y = 3 so the slope of the
1
perpendicular line is m = . The
3
perpendicular line passes through the
point (0, 5) and so has equation
1
y = x5.
3
(b) y = (2 x + 1)( x 3)
y = (2 x + 1)(1) + (2)( x 3) = 4 x 5
42. f ( x) = 5 x10 6 x5 27 x + 4
f ( x) = 50 x9 30 x 4 27
f ( x) = 450 x8 120 x3
1
3 x 2
x
dy 5 1/ 2
1
= x
6 x 3 x 3/ 2
dx 2
6
2
d y
5
1
= x 3/ 2 + 18 x 4 + x 5 / 2
2
4
4
dx
5
18
1
= 3/ 2 + 4 + 5 / 2
4x
x
4x
44. y = 5 x +
46. y = ( x 2 x) 2 x
x
dy
1
1
= ( x 2 x) 2 + 2 + (2 x 1) 2 x
dx
x
= 6x2 4x 1
d2y
dx 2
= 12 x 4

1,000
48. (a) p( x) =
p( x) =
0.3x 2 + 8
(0.3 x 2 + 8)(0) 1,000(0.6 x)
(0.3 x 2 + 8) 2
600 x
(0.3 x 2 + 8)2
when the level of production is 3,000 ( x = 3 ) calculators, demand is changing at the rate of
p(3) = 15.72 dollars per thousand calculators.
(b) R ( x) = xp ( x)
R( x) = xp( x) + p ( x)(1)
600 x
1,000
= x
+
(0.3 x 2 + 8)2 0.3 x 2 + 8
2
300 x + 8,000
=
(0.3 x 2 + 8)2
R(3) = 46.29 so revenue is increasing at the rate of $46.29 per thousand calculators.
50. (a) Since profit equals revenue minus cost and revenue equals price times the quantity sold, the
profit function P(p) is given by
P ( p ) = pB( p) C ( p)
500 p
=
(0.2 p 2 + 3 p + 200)
p+3
(b) P( p ) =
( p + 3)500 500 p (1)
0.4 p 3
( p + 3)2
1500
=
0.4 p 3
( p + 3) 2
When the price is $12 per bottle, P(12) = 1.133 . The profit is decreasing.
52. (a) P (t ) =
P(t ) =
=
=
24t + 10
t2 +1
(t 2 + 1)(24) (24t + 10)(2t )
(t 2 + 1)2
24t 2 20t + 24
(t 2 + 1)2
4(2t + 3)(3t 2)
(t 2 + 1)2
P(1) = 5 so the population is decreasing at t = 1 .
(b) The population rate of change is 0 at t =

population begins to decline after t =
2
2
2
, positive for t < and negative for t > . The
3
3
3
2
or 40 minutes after the introduction of the toxin.
3
55
56
54. (a) C (t ) =
2t
2
3t + 16
R (t ) = C (t ) =
(3t 2 + 16)2 2t (6t )
32 6t 2
(3t 2 + 16) 2
(3t 2 + 16) 2
R(t) is changing at the rate
(3t 2 + 16)2 (12t ) (32 6t 2 )(2)(3t 2 + 16)(6t ) 36t (t 2 16)
R(t ) =
=
(3t 2 + 16)4
(3t 2 + 16)3
(b) C (1) =
26
, the concentration is increasing at this time.
361
(c) R(t) is positive and the concentration is increasing until R (t ) = 0 or when 32 6t 2 = 0 . This
4
2.3 hours (ignoring the negative solution.) The concentration begins to
occurs when t =
3
decline after roughly 2.3 hours.
(d) The concentration is changing at a declining rate when R(t ) =
36t (t 2 16)
(3t 2 + 16)3
<0
or when 36t (t 2 16) < 0 (assuming t > 0 ). This occurs when 0 < t < 4 .
56. (a) P (t ) = 20
P(t ) =
(b) P(1) =
6
t +1
6
(t + 1)2
thousand per year.
3
so the rate of change in 1 year will be 1,500 people per year.
2
(c) During the second year, the population will increase by P (2) P(1) = 1 thousand people.
(d) P(9) = 0.06 or 60 people per year.
(e) lim P(t ) = lim
t
t (t + 1) 2
= 0 so the rate of population growth approaches 0.
58. (a) s (t ) = 2t 4 5t 3 + t 3
v(t ) = s(t ) = 8t 3 15t 2 + 1
a (t ) = v(t ) = s(t ) = 24t 2 30t
= 6t (4t 5)
(b) a (t ) = 0 at t = 0 and t =
5
.
4

60. (a) s(t ) = 4t 5 / 2 15t 2 + t 3
v(t ) = s(t ) = 10t 3 / 2 30t + 1
a (t ) = v(t ) = s(t ) = 15t1/ 2 30
(b) a (t ) = 0 when t = 4 .
10 2 2 3
t t
3
9
20 2 2
v(t ) = D(t ) = 64 + t t
3
3
20 4
a(t ) = v(t ) = D(t ) =
t
3 3
62. (a) D (t ) = 64t +
20 24
4
= indicating the velocity is decreasing at a rate of approximately

3
3
3
1.33 kilometers per hour.
(b) a (6) =
(c) During the seventh hour, the velocity changes by v(7) v(6) = 78 80 = 2 km/hr.
64. (a) p( x) =
p( x) =
=
Ax
B + xm
( B + x m )( A) ( Ax)( mx m 1 )
( B + x m )2
A( B + (1 m) x m )
( B + x m )2
Amx m1 (m 1) x m B (1 + m)
(b) p( x) =
m 3
(B + x )
p( x) = 0 when x = m
B(1 + m)
1 m
66. f ( x) = x5 2 x 4 + x3 3 x 2 + 5 x 6
f ( x) = 5 x 4 8 x3 + 3x 2 6 x + 5
f ( x) = 20 x3 24 x 2 + 6 x 6
f ( x) = 60 x 2 48 x + 6
f (4) ( x) = 120 x 48
57
58
68. (a)
d
d
[ fgh] = [( fg )h]
dx
dx
dh
d
= ( fg ) + h ( fg )
dx
dx
dh
df
dg
= fg
+ h f
+g
dx
dx
dx
dh
dg
df
= fg
+ fh
+ gh
dx
dx
dx
(b) y = (2 x + 1)( x 3)(1 4 x)

y = (2 x + 1)( x 3)(4) + (2 x + 1)(1)(1 4 x) + (2)( x 3)(1 4 x)
= 24 x 2 + 44 x + 7
70.
d
df
d
c
[cf ] = c + f
dx
dx
dx
df
= c + f (0)
dx
df
=c
dx
72. Suppose n is a negative integer so that n = p where p is a positive integer. Then
since the power rule applies to positive integer powers. Now note
d n
d
d 1
[ x ] = [ x p ] = p
dx
dx
dx x
=
x p (0) 1( px p 1 )
x2 p
= p( x p 1 )( x 2 p )
= px p 1 = nx n1
proving the power rule for negative integer powers.
10
74.
5
10
20
30
f ( x) = 0 when x = 0.633 and x = 2.633 .
d p
x = px p 1
dx

76. f ( x) = x3 ( x 2)2
f ( x) = x3 (2( x 2)) + 3x 2 ( x 2)2
= x 2 (5 x 6)( x 2)
The x intercepts of the graph of f ( x)
6
occur at x = 0 , x = , and x = 2 . The
5
6
function f(x) has a maximum at x = and
5
a minimum at x = 2 . The maximum and
minimum of f(x) correspond to points
where the tangent line is horizontal, that
is, where f ( x) = 0 .
2.4 The Chain Rule

2. y = 1 3u 2 ; u = 3 2x
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
= (6u )(2)
= 12(3 2 x)
= 24 x + 36
4. y = 2u 2 u + 5; u = 1 x 2
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
= (4u 1)(2 x 2 )
= (4 4 x 2 1)(2 x)
= 2 x(4 x 2 + 3)
= 8 x3 6 x
1
6. y = ; u = 3 x 2 + 5
u
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
1
=
( 6x )
u2
6 x
=
(3 x 2 + 5)2
1
; u = x2 9
u
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
1
= 3/2 (2 x)
2u
x
=
2
( x 9)3/2
8. y =
10. y = u 3 + u; u =
1
x
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
= (3u 2 + 1)
2 x3/2
1
3
= + 1
x 2 x3/2
3
1
= 5/2 3/2
2x
2x
12. y = u 2 ; u =
1
x 1
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
1 2 1
= 2u
=
( x 1) 2 x 1 ( x 1) 2
2
=
( x 1)3
1
= u + u 1; u = 5 2x
u
dy dy du
=
= (1 u 2 )(2)
dx du dx
At x = 0, u = 5 2(0) = 5.
dy
dy
du
=
dx x =0 du u =5 dx x =0
1
= 1 (2)
25
48
=
25
14. y = u +
59
60
16. y = u 5 3u 2 + 6u 5; u = x 2 1
dy dy du
=
= (5u 4 6u + 6)(2 x)
dx du dx
At x = 1 , u = 12 1 = 0 .
dy
dx
x =1
dy
du
du u =0 dx
= (6)(2) = 12
x =1
18. y = 3u 2 6u + 2; u =
x2
dy dy du
2
=
= (6u 6)
dx du dx
x3
1
At x = , u = 9 .
3
dy
dy
du
=
dx x =1/ 3 du u =9 dx x =1/ 3
= (48)(54)
= 2,592
1
; u = x3 2 x + 5
u +1
dy dy du
1
=
=
(3 x 2 2)
2
dx du dx (u + 1)
At x = 0 , u = 5 .
20. y =
dy
dx
x =0
22. f ( x) =
dy
du
du u =5 dx
1
=
5 3x
f ( x) = 1
x =0
5 3x
1
1
(2) =
36
18
5 3x
(3) =
5 3x
24. f ( x) = 5 x 6 12 = (5 x 6 12)1/ 2
1
f ( x) = (5 x 6 12)1/ 2 (30 x5 )
2
15 x5
=
5 x 6 12
26. f (t ) = (3t 4 7t 2 + 9)5
f (t ) = 5(3t 4 7t 2 + 9)4 (12t 3 14t )
= 10t (6t 2 7)(3t 4 7t 2 + 9) 4

2
28. f ( x) =
(6 x + 5 x + 1)
= 2(6 x 2 + 5 x + 1) 2
f ( x) = 4(6 x 2 + 5 x + 1)3 (12 x + 5) =

1
30. f ( s ) =
5s + 2
48 x + 20
(6 x 2 + 5 x + 1)3
= (5s 3 + 2) 1/ 2
2
15s
1
f ( s ) = (5s3 + 2)3/ 2 (15s 2 ) =
2
2(5s3 + 2)3/ 2
32. f ( x) =
2
= (5 x 4 + 1)2
3
3(5 x + 1)
f ( x) =
4
80 x3
(5 x 4 + 1) 3 (20 x3 ) =
3
3(5 x 4 + 1)3
1/ 2
1
1
= 1 +
34. g ( x) = 1 +
3x 3x
1
1
g ( x) = 1 +
2 3x
1/ 2
3x
1
2 = 2
3x 6 x 3 x + 1
36. f ( x) = 2(3x + 1) 4 (5 x 3)2

f ( x) = 2(3 x + 1)4 (2)(5 x 3)(5) + 2(4)(3 x + 1)3 (3)(5 x 3)2
= 4(3 x + 1)3 (5 x 3)(45 x 13)
y+2
38. f ( y ) =
2 y
y + 2 (2 y )(1) ( y + 2)(1)
f ( y ) = 3
(2 y )2
2 y
12( y + 2)2
=
(2 y ) 4
40. F ( x) =
F ( x) =
=
(1 2 x) 2
(3 x + 1)3
(3x + 1)3 2(1 2 x)(2) (1 2 x) 2 3(3 x + 1)2 (3)
(1 2 x)(6 x 13)
(3x + 1) 4
(3 x + 1)3
61
62
42. f ( x) =
1 5x2
3
3 + 2x
1 5 x2
(3 + 2 x)1/ 3
1
(3 + 2 x)1/ 3 (10 x) (1 5 x 2 ) (3 + 2 x) 2 / 3 (2)
3
f ( x) =
2/3
(3 + 2 x)
=
2(25 x 2 + 45 x + 1)
3(3 + 2 x) 4 / 3
44. f ( x) = (9 x 1) 1/3
1
f ( x) = (9 x 1)4/3 (9) = 3(9 x 1)4/3
3
1
3
1
3
and the equation of the tangent line is y = ( x 1) or
At x = 1, y = f (1) = , f (1) =
2
16
2
16
3
11
y= x+ .
16
16
46. f ( x) = ( x 2 3)5 (2 x 1)3
f ( x) = ( x 2 3)5 (3)(2 x 1) 2 (2) + (2 x 1)3 (5)( x 2 3)4 (2 x)
At x = 2 , y = f (2) = 27, f '(2) = 594 and the equation of the tangent line is
y 27 = 594( x 2) or y = 594 x 1161 .
x +1
48. f ( x) =
x 1
( x 1)(1) ( x + 1)(1)
( x 1) 2
At x = 3 , y = f (3) = 8, f (3) = 6 and the equation of the tangent line is

y 8 = 6( x 3) or y = 6 x + 26 .
x +1
f ( x) = 3
x 1
50. f ( x) = x 2 2 x + 3
1
f ( x) = 2 x 2 x + 3 + x 2 (2 x + 3)1/ 2 (2)
2
x2
= 2x 2x + 3 +
2x + 3
At x = 1, y = f (1) = (1)2 2(1) + 3 = 1, f (1) = 2(1) 2(1) + 3 +

equation of the tangent line is y 1 = [x (1)] or y = x.
(1)2
= 1, and the
2(1) + 3

52. f ( x) = x3 (2 x 2 + x 3)2
f ( x) = x3 (2)(2 x 2 + x 3)(4 x + 1) + 3x 2 (2 x 2 + x 3)2
= x 2 ( x 1)(14 x 9)(3 + 2 x)( x + 1)
The tangent line to the graph of f(x) is horizontal when f '( x) = 0 or when x = 0, 1,
9
3
, , 1.
14
2
2x + 5
54. f ( x) =
(1 2 x)3
f ( x) =
=
(1 2 x)3 (2) (2 x + 5)(3)(1 2 x)2 (2)

8(4 + x)
(1 2 x)6
(1 2 x)4
The tangent line to the graph of f(x) is horizontal when f '( x) = 0 or when x = 4 .
56. f ( x) = ( x 1)2 (2 x + 3)3

f ( x) = ( x 1) 2 (3)(2 x + 3)2 (2) + (2 x + 3)3 (2)( x 1)
= 10 x( x 1)(2 x + 3) 2
The tangent line to the graph of f(x) is horizontal when f ( x) = 0 or when x = 0, 1,

58. f ( x) = (7 4 x) 2 = (7 4 x)(7 4 x)
By the general power rule
f ( x) = 2(7 4 x)(4) = 32 x 56
By the product rule
f ( x) = (7 4 x)(4) + (7 4 x)(4)
= 28 + 16 x 28 + 16 x = 32 x 56 .
60. f (t ) =
2
= 2(5t + 1)1
5t + 1
f (t ) = 2(5t + 1)2 (5) =
10
(5t + 1)2
f (t ) = (2)(10)(5t + 1)3 (5) =
100
(5t + 1)3
62. y = (1 2 x3 )4
y = 4(1 2 x3 )3 (6 x 2 ) = 24 x 2 (1 2 x3 )3
y = 24 x 2 (3)(1 2 x3 )2 (6 x 2 ) 48 x(1 2 x3 )3
= 48 x(1 2 x3 )2 (11x3 1)
3
.
2
63
64

1
64. f (u ) =
(3u 1)
= (3u 2 1)2
f (u ) = 2(3u 2 1) 3 (6u ) =
f (u ) =
=
12u
(3u 2 1)3
(3u 2 1)3 (12) (12u )(3)(3u 2 1)2 (6u )

(3u 2 1)6
12(15u 2 + 1)
(3u 2 1) 4
66. C (q ) = 0.2q 2 + q + 900

q (t ) = t 2 + 100t
dC dC dq
=
= (0.4q + 1)(2t + 100)
dt
dq dt
At t = 1 , q = 101 .
dC
dt
t =1
dC
dq
dq
q =101 dt t =1
= (41.4)(102)
= 4222.8
After 1 hour the manufacturing cost is changing at the rate of $4,222.80 per hour.
68. D ( p ) =
40,000
p
p(t ) = 0.4t 3/2 + 6.8
Need 100
dD
dt
d (t )
when t = 4.
When t = 4, p(4) = 0.4(4)3/2 + 6.8 = 10.

40,000
D (10) =
= 4,000
10
dD dD dp
=
dt
dp dt
dp
dD
40,000
40,000
and
= 0.6t1/2 = 0.6 t .
Since D ( p ) =
= 40,000 p 2 =
= 40,000 p 1 ,
2
dt
p
dp
p
dD 40,000
=
0.6 t
dt
p2
When t = 4,
dD 40,000
=
0.6 4 = 480
dt
(10)2
100
dD
dt
D (t )
= 100
480
= 12%
4,000
65
1
70. E = [0.074(v 35)2 + 32]
v
1
1
E = (2)(0.074)(v 35) + 2 [0.074(v 35) 2 + 32]
v
v
0.074v 2 122.65
=
v2
72. (a) Q(4) =
42 + 2(4) + 3 27
=
=3
2(4) + 1
9
p(3) = 3(3)2 + 4(3) + 200 = 239

In 4 years the quality-of-life index is expected to be 3, and the population is expected to be
239,000.
(b) Q(t ) =
=
Q(4) =
(2t + 1)(2t + 2) (t 2 + 2t + 3)(2)

(2t + 1)2
2t 2 + 2t 4
(2t + 1) 2
2(4)2 + 2(4) 4
2
(2(4) + 1)
p(Q ) = 6Q + 4
p(3) = 6(3) + 4 = 22
36 4
=
81 9
dp
dp
dQ
=
dt t = 4 dQ Q =3 dt t =4
4
= 22
9
9.778
In 4 years, the population is expected to be increasing at a rate of about 9,778 people per year.
74. (a) L(5) = 739 + 3(5) 52 = 729 = 27

Q(27) = 300(27)1/ 3 = 300(3) = 900
In 5 months, 27 worker-hours will be employed and 900 units will be produced.
1 1
1
100
(b) Q( L) = (300) L3 = 2 / 3
3
L
1 1
1
L(t ) = (739 + 3t t 2 ) 2 (3 2t )
2
3 2t
=
2 739 + 3t t 2
66
L(5) =
3 2(5)
2 739 + 3(5) 52
7
=
2(27)
7
=
54
When t = 5, L = 27.
100
100
Q(27) = 2 / 3 =
9
27
dQ
dQ
dL
=
dt t =5 dL L = 27 dt t =5
100 7
=

9 54
1.44
Production will be decreasing at a rate of about 1.44 units per month.
3 N + 430
76. V ( N ) =
N +1
2/3
N (t ) = t 2 10t + 45 = (t 2 10t + 45)1/2
(a) N (9) = (9)2 10(9) + 45

= 6 hours per day
2/3
3(6) + 430
V (6) =
6 +1
= 16 or $16,000.
(b)
dV dV dN
=
dt dN dt
dV 2 3 N + 430
=
dN 3 N + 1
2( N + 1)1/3
1/3
( N + 1)(3) (3 N + 430)(1)
( N + 1)2
427
3(3 N + 430)1/3 ( N + 1)2

854
=
3(3N + 430)1/3 ( N + 1)5/3
dN 1 2
= (t 10t + 45) 1/2 (2t 10)
dt 2
t 5
= 2
(t 10t + 45)1/2
Using t = 9 and N = 6.
854
95
dV
=
dt 3[3(6) + 430]1/3 (6 + 1)5/3 [(9)2 10(9) + 45]1/2

0.968 thousand
=

or 968 dollars per month
dV
Since
is negative when t = 9, the value will be decreasing.
dt
78. (a)
dA
r
= (520)(10,000) 1 +
dr
52
r
= 100,000 1 +
52
519
1
52
519
(b) % rate of change

dA / dr
= 100
A
( )
= 100
520
r
10,000 (1 + 52
)
r
100,000 1 + 52
519
1,000
r
1+
52
When r = 0.05 the percent rate of change with respect to A is

80. (a) v(t ) = (2t + 9)2 (8 t )3
1,000
999.039 .
1 + 0.05
52
0t 5
a (t ) = (2t + 9) 2 (3)(8 t ) 2 (1) + (8 t )3 (2)(2t + 9)(2)

= 5(2t + 9)(8 t ) 2 (1 2t )
9
and
2
t = 8 . Since neither value falls in the interval 0 t 5 , the object is never stationary.
(b) The object is stationary when v(t ) = 0 . The function (2t + 9) 2 (8 t )3 is 0 when t =
(c) a (t ) = 0 when t =
1
. At this time
2
1
v = 42,187.5 .
2
(d) 45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
5,000
10,000
(e) The object is speeding up for 0 t
1
.
2
67
68
82. (a) f ( x) = L(u ( x)); u ( x) = x 2

f ( x) = L(u ( x))u '( x)
1
(2 x)
=
u ( x)
1
= 2 (2 x)
x
2
=
x
f ( x) = L(u ( x))u ( x)
1 3
=
u ( x) (1 x) 2
1 2
x + 3x + 67
4
1
C ( x) = x + 3
2
2
R( x) = 9 x
5
2. (a) C ( x) =
2
3 x
1
(b) C (3) = (3) + 3 = 4.50
2
(c) C (4) C (3)

9
= (4 + 12 + 67) + 9 + 67 = 4.75
4
2x + 1
1 x
1 x 3
2 x + 1 (1 x)2
3
=
(2 x + 1)(1 x)
= 3[h( x)]2 h( x)
2.5 Marginal Analysis and

Approximations Using
Increments
f ( x) = L(u ( x))u ( x)
1 1
=
u ( x) 3x3/ 2
3 x 1
=
2 3 x3/ 2
1
=
2x
(d) f ( x) = L(u ( x)); u ( x) =
d
[h( x)]3
dx
d
= h( x)[h( x)]2
dx
= h( x)2(h( x)) h( x) + [h( x)]2 h( x)
= 2[h( x)]2 h( x) + [h( x)]2 h( x)
86. f (0 ) does not exist while

f (4.3) 16.63 . The graph of f(x) has one
horizontal tangent when x 0.50938 .
1
(b) f ( x) = L(u ( x)); u ( x) =
x
f ( x) = L (u ( x))u ( x)
1 1
=
u ( x) x 2
1
= x 2
x
1
=
x
(c) f ( x) = L(u ( x)); u ( x) =
84.
2
(d) R(3) = 9 (3) = 7.80
5
(e) R (4) R (3)

16
9
= 36 27
5
5
= 7.60

5
4. (a) C ( x) = x 2 + 5 x + 73
9
R ( x) = xp ( x)
= x x 2 2 x + 33
3
2
= x 2 x + 33 x
10
C ( x) = x + 5
9
R( x) = 3 x 2 4 x + 33
(b) C (3) =
8. f ( x) =
f ( x) =
10
(3) + 5 = 8.33
9
10. f ( x) = 3 x +
80
= + 20 + 73 ( 5 + 15 + 73) = 8.89
9
(d) R(3) = 27 12 + 33 = 6.00

(e) R (4) R (3)
= ( 64 32 + 132 ) ( 27 18 + 99 )
= 18.00
2 2
x + 65
7
12 + 2 x 12 x + 2 x
R ( x) = xp ( x) = x
= 3+ x
3+ x
4
C ( x) = x
7
2( x 2 + 6 x + 18)
R( x) =
( x + 3)2
4
(b) C (3) = (3) = 1.71
7
(c) C (4) C (3)

32
18
= + 65 + 65
7
7
= 2.00
45
(d) R '(3) = 2 = 2.50
36
80
(e) R (4) R (3) = 9 = 2.43
7
x
3
x +1
1
( x + 1)2
1
and x = 3.8 4 = 0.2 so
f (4) =
25
1
f (0.2) = 0.008
25
Thus f(x) will decrease by about 0.008.
(c) C (4) C (3)
6. (a) C ( x) =
69
f ( x) = 3
2
x
2
x2
2
f (5) = 3
= 2.92 and
25
x = 5 4.6 = 0.4 so
f 2.92(0.4) = 1.168
Thus f(x) will decrease by about 1.168.
12. (a) R (q ) = 240q 0.05q 2

R(q ) = 240 0.1q
At a production level of 80 units per
month the marginal revenue is
R(80) = 232 so the additional
revenue if production is increased by
one unit is approximately $232 .
(b) R (81) R (80)
= $19,111.95 $18,880.00
= $231.95
14. Q(t ) = 0.05t 2 + 0.1t + 3.4
Q(t ) = 0.1t + 0.1
Q(0) = 0.1, t = 0.5 (6 months)
The approximate change in carbon
monoxide level will be
Q = Q(0)t = 0.05 ppm.
16. C (q ) = 0.1q3 0.5q 2 + 500q + 200
C (q ) = 0.3q 2 q + 500
C (4) = 500.8, q = 4.1 4 = 0.1
The approximate change in cost will be
C C (4)q = $50.08 .
70
18. f ( x) = x3 + 6 x 2 + 15 x
f ( x) = 3x 2 + 12 x + 15
At 9:00 A.M., x = 1
f (1) = 24
Further, x = 0.25 (one quarter hour) so
the approximate change in radio
production from 9:00 to 9:15 A.M. will be
f f (1)x = 6 radios.
20. Q( L) = 60,000 L1/ 3

20,000
Q( L) = 2 / 3
L
Q(1,000) = 200, L = 940 1,000 = 60
The approximate effect on output will be
Q Q(1,000)L = 12,000 ,
that is, a decrease of about 12,000 units.
22. (a) P (t ) = t 3 + 9t 2 + 48t + 200
P(t ) = 3t 2 + 18t + 48
(b) R(t ) = 6t + 18
1
(one month)
12
so R 0 . There is no expected
change in the population growth rate
during the first month of the fourth
year.
= 0.08r 2
= 0.02(4 r 2 )
= 0.02 S
So the surface area increases by
approximately 2%.
28. The inner volume of the balloon is given

4
by V = (0.01)3 = 4.189 106 cubic
3
millimeters. The volume of the balloon
skin can be approximated as
V = V '(r )r = 4 (0.01)2 (0.0005)
= 6.283 107 cubic
millimeters.
The total volume inserted is
V + V = 4.817 106 mm3.
30. (a)
(c) R(3) = 0 and x =
26. A 1% increase in r means r = 0.01r or

r
= 0.01 . For the surface area,
r
S = 4 r 2 ,
V V ' R 4kR3R
R
=
=4
4
V
V
R
kR
R
If
= 0.05 then
R
V
4(0.05) = 0.20 or the volume
V
increases by about 20%.
2/3
24. Q( L) = 300 L
200
Q( L) = 1/ 3 , Q '(512) = 25
L
We seek L so that
12.5 = Q Q(512)L = 25L,
so L = 0.5 more worker-hours are
needed.
dS
r = 8r r
dr
= 8r (0.01)r
32. 100
R
RT
4kT 3T
100
= 100
R
R
kT 4
T
= 400
T
T
If
= 0.02 then the percentage
T
change in R is approximately 8%.

34. (a)
2.6 Implicit Differentiation and

Related Rates
10
10
20
The root is approximately 1.465571.

(b) For f ( x) = x3 x 2 1 , the iterative
formula for Newtons method is
f ( xn1 )
xn = xn1
f '( xn 1 )
= xn1
71
xn31 xn21 1
3 xn21 2 xn1
Beginning with x0 = 1 , the sequence

of approximations to the root are
x0 = 1 x1 = 2 x2 = 1.625
x3 = 1.485786 x4 = 1.465956
x5 = 1.465571 x6 = 1.465571
The sixth estimate agrees with the
fifth to at least four decimal places.
(c) Answers will vary based on the
accuracy of the estimate in part (a).
36. (a) Suppose N is a fixed number and let
f ( x) = x 2 N . Then f ( x) = 2 x and
Newtons method becomes
f ( xn )
x2 N
= xn n
f '( xn )
2 xn
x
N
1
N
= xn n +
= xn +
2 2 xn 2
xn
xn+1 = xn
2. (a) Differentiating both sides of

5x 7y = 3 with respect to x yields
dy
dy
5 7 = 0. Solving for
gives
dx
dx
dy 5
= .
dx 7
(b) Solving for y gives y =
5
3
x so
7
7
dy 5
= .
dx 7

x 2 + y 3 = 12 with respect to x yields
dy
2x + 3y2
= 0.
dx
dy
dy
2x
= 2 .
Solving for
gives
dx
dx
3y
(b) Solving for y gives y = (12 x 2 )1/ 3 so
dy
2 x
2x
=
=
.
dx 3(12 x 2 )2/3
3 y2
1
x + = 5 with respect to x yields
y
1 dy
1 2
=0.
y dx
Solving for
dy
dy
= y2 .
gives
dx
dx
1
so
5 x
dy
1
=
= y2.
2
dx (5 x)

xy + 2 y = x 2 with respect to x yields
dy
dy
dy
y + x + 2 = 2 x. Solving for
dx
dx
dx
dy 2 x y
=
.
gives
dx
x+2
72
x2
so
x+2
dy 2 x( x + 2) x 2 (1)
=
dx
( x + 2)2
=
2x
x2
x+2
x+2
2x y
=
.
x+2
10.
x 2 + y = x3 + y 2
dy
dy
= 3x 2 + 2 y
2x +
dx
dx
dy
2
(1 2 y ) = 3 x 2 x
dx
dy 3x 2 2 x
=
dx
1 2y
12.
5 x x 2 y3 = 2 y
dy
dy
5 x 2 (3 y 2 ) 2 xy 3 = 2
dx
dx
2 2 dy
(2 + 3x y ) = 5 2 xy 3
dx
dy 5 2 xy 3
=
dx 2 + 3 x 2 y 2
14.
1 1
+ =1
x y
1
1 dy
2 2
=0
x
y dx
dy
y2
= 2
dx
x
16.
2x + y2 = 4
dy
2
+ 2y
=0
dx
2 x
dy
1
=
dx
2 y 2x
18.
y 2 + 3 xy 4 x 2 = 9
dy
dy
2 y + 3x + 3 y 8 x = 0
dx
dx
dy
(2 y + 3 x) = 8 x 3 y
dx
dy 8 x 3 y
=
dx 2 y + 3x
20.
( x 2 y )2 = y
dy dy
2( x 2 y ) 1 2 =
dx dx
dy
dy
2( x 2 y ) =
+ 4( x 2 y )
dx
dx
2( x 2 y )
dy
=
dx 1 + 4( x 2 y )
2x 4 y
=
1 + 4x 8 y
22.
(3xy 2 + 1)4 = 2 x 3 y
dy
dy
4(3 xy 2 + 1)3 6 xy + 3 y 2 = 2 3
dx
dx
dy
2
3 dy
24 xy (3 xy + 1)
+ 3 = 2 12 y 2 (3xy 2 + 1)3
dx
dx
dy 2 12 y 2 (3 xy 2 + 1)3
=
dx 24 xy (3 xy 2 + 1)3 + 3
24.
x 2 y3 = 2 x
dy
2x 3 y2
=2
dx
dy 2 2 x
=
dx 3 y 2
At (1, 1) the slope is
26.
2 2(1)
3(1)2
= 0 and the equation of the tangent line is y = 1.
1 1
=2
x y
1
1 dy
2+ 2
=0
x
y dx
dy y 2
=
dx x 2
1 1
At , the slope is
4 2
( 12 ) = 4 and the equation of the tangent line is

2
( 14 )
2
y = 4x
1
.
2
73
74
28.

x 2 y 3 2 xy = 6 x + y + 1
dy
dy
dy
3x 2 y 2
+ 2 xy 3 2 x 2 y = 6 +
dx
dx
dx
dy 2 y 2 xy 3 + 6
=
dx 3 x 2 y 2 2 x 1
At ( 0, 1) the slope is
30.
2 0 + 6
= 4 and the equation of the tangent line is y = 4 x 1 .
0 0 1
( x 2 + 2 y )3 = 2 xy 2 + 64
dy
dy
3( x 2 + 2 y )2 2 x + 2 = 4 xy + 2 y 2
dx
dx
dy
1
At (0, 2) this equation becomes 96 = 8 so the slope at (0, 2) is
and the equation of the
dx
12
1
tangent line is y = x + 2 .
12
32. (a) x 2 + xy + y = 3
dy
dy
2 x + x + y 1 +
=0
dx
dx
dy 2 x y
=
dx
x +1
2 x y
= 0 when 2x y = 0, or y = 2x.
x +1
Substituting in the original equation,
x2 2 x2 2 x = 3
0 = x2 + 2 x + 3
Since there are no real solutions, there are no horizontal tangents.
(b) x + 1 = 0 when x = 1.
When x = 1, 1 y + y = 3
So no such y exists and there are no vertical tangents.
34.
y x
=5
x y
dy
dy
y yx
dx
dx = 0 which simplifies to dy = y .
2
2
dx x
x
y
From the equation of the curve, there can be no points on the curve having either x = 0 or y = 0 .
Thus there are no points where the numerator or denominator of the derivative is 0. There are no
horizontal or vertical tangents to this curve.
x
36. (a)
75
x 2 xy + y 2 = 3
dy
dy
2x x y + 2 y
=0
dx
dx
dy y 2 x
=
dx 2 y x
dy
= 0 and y = 2 x at such a point.
dx
Substituting this expression into the equation of the curve gives x 2 x(2 x) + (2 x)2 = 3 x 2 = 3
so x = 1 . Since y = 2 x , the points where the tangent is horizontal are (1, 2) and (1, 2).
For the tangent line to be horizontal we must have
(b) The tangent line will be vertical when the denominator in the derivative is 0 while the
numerator is not 0. The denominator is 0 at points where x = 2 y . Substitution into the original
equation gives 3 y 2 = 3 and the points where the tangent line is vertical are (2, 1) and (2, 1).
38.
xy + y 2 = 1
dy
dy
x + y + 2y
=0
dx
dx
dy
y
=
dx x + 2 y
dy
dy
( x + 2 y ) ( y ) 1 + 2
dx
dx
=
2
2
dx
( x + 2 y)
y
y
( x + 2 y)
( y ) 1 + 2
x + 2y
x + 2y
=
( x + 2 y)2
2 y( x + y )
=
( x + 2 y )3
d2y
40. Q = 0.06 x 2 + 0.14 xy + 0.05 y 2

The goal is keep Q constant hence upon differentiating
dQ
dy
dy
dy 0.12 x 0.14 y 6 x 7 y
0=
= 0.12 x + 0.14 x + 0.14 y + 0.10 y
or
.
=
=
dx 0.14 x + 0.10 y
7x + 5y
dx
dx
dx
dy
Use the approximation formula y x with x = 60, y = 300 and x = 1 .
dx
6(60) 7(300)
y
(1) = 1.28125 .
7(60) + 5(300)
To maintain output at the current level decrease the unskilled labor by 1.28125 hours.
76
42. x 2 + 3 px + p 2 = 79
dx
dx
dp
dp
dx 3 x 2 p dp
2 x + 3 p + 3x + 2 p
= 0 or
=
dt
2 x + 3 p dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
When p = 5, the demand x satisfies p = 5
x 2 + 3(5) x + 52 = 79 or
x 2 + 15 x 54 = ( x + 18)( x 3) = 0 so x = 3 . Give
dp
= 0.30.
dt
dx 19
=
(0.30) = 0.27143 or demand is decreasing at the rate 27.143 units per month.
dt
21
44. (a) Since V = s 3 , s3 = 125,000 and s = 50.

Differentiating with respect to t V = 3s 2 s
At the present time V = 1,000 and s = 50 so s =
V
3s
1,000
3(50)
2
cm per hour.
15
(b) S = 6s 2
2
S = 12 ss = 12(50) = 80 cm 2 per hour
15
46. Q( p) = p 2 + 4 p + 900
Q = (2 p + 4) p where the derivatives are with respect to t. At the time in question p = 50 and
p = 1.5 so the pollution level is changing at the rate of Q = (2(50) + 4)(1.5) = 156 units per year.
48. PV = C
PV + VP = 0 or P =
question P =
PV
where prime denotes differentiation with respect to t. At the time in
V
70(12)
= 21 . The pressure is decreasing at the rate of 21 lb/in.2/sec.
40
50. s = 1.1w0.2
ds
dw
= 0.22 w0.8
dt
dt
dw
When w = 11 and
= 0.02,
dt
ds
= 0.22(11) 0.8 (0.02)
dt
= 0.000646 meters per second per day
52. A = r 2
dA
dr
= 2 r
dt
dt
When r = 200 and
dr
= 20
dt
dA
= 2 (200)20=8,000 or roughly 25,133 square feet per hour.
dt

54. PV 1.4 = C
Differentiating with respect to t yields
P (1.4V 0.4 )V '+ P 'V 1.4 = 0 so
PV 1.8
1.4 P
Given V = 5 , P = 0.6 and P = 0.23
V =
0.23(51.8 )
= 4.961 .
1.4(0.6)
V is decreasing at roughly 4.96 m3 per sec.
V =
H ( R 2 + rR + r 2 )
3
dV
dR
dR
dr
dr dH 2
( R + rR + r 2 )
= H 2R
+r
+ R + 2r +
dt 3
dt
dt
dt
dt dt
dr 4 dR 5 dH 9
Substituting r = 2, R = 3, H = 15 and
=
,
=
,
= yields
dt 12 dt 12 dt 12
dV 397
=
103.93 cubic feet per year.
dt
12
56. V =
58. Q = 3u 2 +
2u + 3v
(u + v) 2
The goal is keep Q constant hence upon differentiating
dv
dv
(u + v) 2 2 + 3 2(2u + 3v)(u + v) 1 +
du
dQ
du
0=
= 6u +
4
du
(u + v )
dv
dv 514476
When u = 10 and v = 25 , solving the above for
gives
.
=
du
du
17
dv
Use the approximation formula v
u with u = 0.7 .
du
514476
v
(0.7) = 21,184.3 .
17
To maintain output at the current level decrease the unskilled labor by 21,184 units.
60. (a)
x 2 + y 2 = 6 y 10
x 2 + y 2 6 y + 9 = 10 + 9
x 2 + ( y 3)2 = 1
Since the sum of two squares cannot be negative, there are no points (x, y) that satisfy this
equation.
77
78

dy
dy
=6
dx
dx
dy
2(3 y ) = 2 x
dx
dy
x
=
dx 3 y
(b) 2 x + 2 y
1.2
62.
1.2
1.2
1.2
2
5 x 2 xy + 5 y 2 = 8
dy
dy
10 x 2 x 2 y + 10 y = 0
dx
dx
dy y 5 x
=
dx 5 y x
1 5
= 1 and the tangent line is y = x + 2 .
At (1, 1) the slope is
5 1
dy
= 0 . Substituting
dx
1
y = 5 x in 5 x 2 2 xy + 5 y 2 = 8 gives 5 x 2 2 x(5 x) + 5(5 x)2 = 120 x 2 = 8 yielding x =
and
15
5
5
1
. There are two horizontal tangents with equations y =
and y =
.
y=
15
15
15
For the tangent line to be horizontal at a point, we must have y = 5 x so that
64. (a)
x3 + y 3 = 3 xy
dy
dy
3x 2 + 3 y 2
= 3x + 3 y
dx
dx
dy y x 2
=
dx y 2 x
A point where the tangent is horizontal must satisfy
dy
= 0 or y = x 2 . Substituting into the
dx
equation of the curve gives

x 3 + ( x 2 )3 = 3 x ( x 2 )
x 6 2 x3 = x3 ( x3 2) = 0
yielding x = 0 and x = 3 2 . If x = 0, then y = 0 and the derivative is undefined. When x = 3 2 ,

then y = 3 4 and so the equation of the horizontal tangent is y = 3 4 .

(b) Substituting y = x into the equation of the curve gives
x3 + x 3 = 3 x 2
2 x3 3x 2 = x 2 (2 x 3)
3
3
so x = and y = . The slope at this point is
2
2
3
2
( )
2
32
( 32 )
32
= 1
and the equation of the tangent line is y = x + 3 .

2
(c)
1
2
Review Exercises
2. f ( x) =
1
x2
As h 0 this difference quotient approaches
4. f ( x) = x3
1
5
+2 x
1
( x 2)
3 1 2x
+ 3
x
x
3x
1 5
= x x + 2 x1 2 3x 1 + x 3 2 x 2
3
5
f ( x) = 3 x 2 + x 6 + x 1 2 + 3 x 2 3x 4 + 4 x 3
3
5
1
3
3
4
2
= 3x + 6 +
+ 2 4+ 3
x x
3x
x
x
3
6. y = ( x3 + 2 x 7)(3 + x x 2 )
dy
= ( x3 + 2 x 7)(1 2 x) + (3 + x x 2 )(3 x 2 + 2)
dx
= 5 x 4 + 4 x3 + 3 x 2 + 18 x 1
( )
1 2
1
f ( x) = ( x 2 + 1)
( 2x ) =
2
8. f ( x) = x 2 + 1 = x 2 + 1
12
x
x2 + 1
, so f ( x) =
1
( x 2)2
79
80

2
x +1
10. y =
1 x
dy
x +1 d x +1
= 2

dx
1 x dx 1 x
x + 1 (1 x) ( x + 1)(1)
=2
1 x
(1 x)2
x +1
2
=2
1 x (1 x)2
4( x + 1)
=
(1 x)3
12. f ( x) =
f ( x ) =
(3 x + 1)3
(1 3 x)4
1
(1 3 x)8
4 d
3
3 d
4
(1 3 x ) dx (3 x + 1) (3 x + 1) dx (1 3 x )
=
1
(1 3 x)
{(1 3 x ) 4 [3(3 x + 1) 2 (3)] (3 x + 1)3[4(1 3 x )3 ( 3)]}

2
3(3 x + 1) (3 x + 7)
(1 3 x )5
14. f ( x) = x 2 3 x + 2
f ( x) = 2 x 3
f (1) = 0. The slope of the tangent line at (1,0) is m = f (1) = 1. The equation of the tangent line
is y 0 = ( x 1) or y = x + 1
16.
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
x
x2 + 1
( x 2 + 1)(1) x(2 x)
1 x2
( x 2 + 1)2
( x 2 + 1)2
f (0) = 0. The slope of the tangent line at (0,0) is m = f (0) = 1. The equation of the tangent line
is y 0 = x 0 or y = x
18. (a) The rate of change of

f (t ) = t 3 4t 2 + 5t t 5
= t 3 4t 2 + 5t 3 2 5
15
is f (t ) = 3t 2 8t + t1 2
2
at any value of t 0 and when t = 4, f (4) = 48 32 +
15
(2) = 31.
2

2t 2 5
1 3t
2
(1 3t )4t (2t 5)( 3)
(b) The rate of change of f (t ) =

is f (t ) =
=
(1 3t )2
6t 2 + 4t 15
2
(1 3t )
1
at any value of t . When t = 1 ,
3
6 4 15
25
f (1) =
= .
2
16
4
20. (a) f (t ) = t 2 3t + t ; f(4) = 16 12 + 2

=6
1
f (t ) = 2t 3 +
;
2 t
1 21
f (4) = 8 3 + =
4 4
21
f (t )
= 100 4 = 87.5
f (t )
6
87.5%.
100
t
4
; f (4) =
=4
43
t 3
(t 3) t
3
f (t ) =
=
;
(t 3) 2
(t 3)2
3
f (4) =
= 3
(4 3)2
f (t )
3
100
= 100 = 75
f (t )
4
75%.
(b) f (t ) =
(b) y =
, u = 2 x + 3,
dy 2 du
,
=
=2
du u 3 dx
u
dy dy du
4
=
=
dx du dx (2 x + 3)3
24. (a) y = u u 2 ; u = x 3
When x = 0, u = 3.
dy
dy
du
=
dx x =0 du u =3 dx x =0
= (1 2u ) u =3 (1) x =0
= 1 2(3)
=7
1/2
u 1
(b) y =
u +1
; u = x 1 = ( x 1)1/2
1/2
u + 1 (u 1)
(u + 1)2
1/2
1 u +1 2
=

2 u 1 (u + 1)2
1
=
1/2
(u 1) (u + 1)3/2
du 1
1
= ( x 1)1/2 (1) =
dx 2
2 x 1
34
25 5
= .
When x = , u =
9
9 3
dy
dx x = 34
dy 1 u 1
=
du 2 u + 1
dy
du
du u = 5 dx
3
22. (a) y = 5u + u 1, u = 3 x + 1
dy
du
= 10u + 1,
= 3,
du
dx
dy dy du
=
= (10u + 1)(3)
dx du dx
= 3(30 x + 11)
81
=
=
x = 34
9
( 53 1) (
+1
()
2 8
3 3
1/2
(3
1/2 5
3
3/2
3/2
25
9
)(3)3/2 (3)
(21/2 )(83/2 )(2)(5)

27
=
320
34
9
82
26. (a) f ( x) = 6 x5 4 x3 + 5 x 2 2 x +
1
x
f ( x) = 30 x 4 12 x 2 + 10 x 2
f ( x) = 120 x3 24 x + 10 +
2
(b) z =
1
x2
2
x3
= 2(1 + x 2 )1
1+ x
dz
4x
= 2(1 + x 2 )2 (2 x) =
dx
(1 + x 2 )2
d 2z
dx 2
=
=
=
=
(1 + x 2 )2 (4) 4 x[2(1 + x 2 )(2 x)]

(1 + x 2 ) 4
4(1 + x 2 )[(1 + x 2 ) 4 x 2 ]
(1 + x 2 )4
4(1 3x 2 )
(1 + x 2 )3
4(3x 2 1)
(1 + x 2 )3
(c) y = 3 x 2 + 2
dy
= 4 3x 2 + 2
dx
d2y
) ( 6 x ) = 24x (3x2 + 2)
3
) ( 6 x ) (3) + (3x2 + 2) ( 24)

2
= 24 ( 3 x 2 + 2 ) ( 21x 2 + 2 )
= 24 x 3x 2 + 2
2
dx
28. (a) 5x + 3y = 12, 5 + 3
dy
dy
5
= 0, or
= .
dx
dx
3
(b) (2 x + 3 y )5 = x + 1,
dy
592 x + 3 y )4 2 + 3 = 1
dx
dy
10(2 x + 3 y ) 4 + 15(2 x + 3 y )4
=1
dx
dy 1 10(2 x + 3 y )4
=
dx
15(2 x + 3 y )4

xy 3 = 8
30. (a)
dy
x 3 y 2 + y3 = 0
dx
dy y 3
y
or
=
=
2
dx 3 xy
3x
To find the slope of the tangent line at the point (1, 2), substitute x = 1 and y = 2 into the
dy
dy
2
to get m =
equation for
= .
dx
dx
3
(b)
32.
x 2 y 2 xy 3 + 6 = 2 x + 2 y
dy

dy
dy
+ y (2 x) 2 x 3 y 2 + y 3 (1) = 2 + 2
x2
dx
dx
dx

dy
dy
dy
+ 2 xy 6 xy 2
2 y3 = 2 + 2
x2
dx
dx
dx
To find the slope of the tangent line at (0,3), substitute x = 0 and y = 3 into the derivative
dy
to get
equation and solve for
dx
dy
2(3)3 = 2 + 2
dx
dy
54 = 2 + 2
dx
dy
= 28.
or the slope is m =
dx
4x2 + y2 = 1
dy
8x + 2 y
=0
dx
dy 8 x 4 x
=
=
dx 2 y
y
dy
4 y + 4 x
d2y
dx
=
2
2
dx
y
=
=
4 y + 4 x
( )
4 x
y
y2
4 y 2 16 x 2
y3
34. (a) s (t ) = 16t 2 + 160t = 0 when t = 0 and t = 10. The projectile leaves the ground at t = 0 and
returns 10 seconds later.
83
84
(b)
(c)
ds
= 32t + 160, thus
dt
ds
= 160 ft/sec at t = 10.
dt
ds
= 0 at t = 5 and the maximum height is s (5) = 16(25) + 160(5) = 400 ft .
dt
36. (a) s (t ) = 2t 3 21t 2 + 60t 25 for 1 t 6.

v(t ) = 6(t 2 7t + 10) = 6(t 2)(t 5)
The positive roots are t = 2, t = 5. v(t ) > 0 for 1 < t < 2, 5 < t < 6, so the object advances.
For 2 < t < 5, v(t ) < 0 so the object retreats.
7
a (t ) = 6(2t 7) = 0 if t = .
2
7
7
a (t ) > 0 for < t < 6 so the object accelerates. For 1 < t < it decelerates.
2
2
(b) s (1) = 2 21 + 60 25 = 16,

s (2) = 16 84 + 120 25 = 27,
s (5) = 250 21(25) + 300 25 = 0,
s (6) = 432 21(36) + 360 25 = 11
s = (27 16) + (27 0) + (11 0) = 49
38. (a) Since N ( x) = 6 x3 + 500 x + 8,000
is the number of people using the system after x weeks, the rate at which use of the system is
changing after x weeks is
N ( x) = 18 x 2 + 500 people per week and the rate after 8 weeks is
N (8) = 1,652 people per week.
(b) The actual increase in the use of the system during the 8th week is N (8) N (7) = 1,514 people.
40. Since the population in t months will be P (t ) = 3t + 5t 3 2 + 6,000, the rate of change of the
15
population will be P(t ) = 3 + t1 2 , and the percentage rate of change 4 months from now will be
2
P(4)
18
100
= 100
P (4)
6,052
0.30% per month.
42. The gross domestic product t years after 2000 is N (t ) = t 2 + 6t + 300 billion dollars.
The derivative is N (t ) = 2t + 6
At the beginning of the second quarter of 2008, t = 8.25.
The change in t during this quarter is h = 0.25. Hence the percentage change in N is
100
[ 2(8.25) + 6] (0.25) 1.347 %

N (8.25)h
= 100
N (8.25)
8.252 + 6(8.25) + 300
85
44. C (t ) = 170.36t 3 + 1,707.5t 2 + 1,998.4t + 4, 404.8

(a) C (t ) = 511.08t 2 + 3, 415t + 1,998.4
C (t ) represents the rate of change in the number of cases of AIDS at time t in units of reported
cases per year.
(b) C (0) = 1,998.4 . The epidemic was spreading at the rate of approximately 1,998 cases per year
in 1984.
(c) The percentage rate of change in 1984 ( t = 0 ) was 100
The percentage rate of change in 1990 ( t = 6 ) was 100
C (0)
1,998.4
= 100
45.4% .
C (0)
4, 404.8
C (6)
4,089.52
= 100
9.96% .
C (6)
41,067.44
46. P (t ) = 1.035t 3 + 103.5t 2 + 6,900t + 230,000

(a) P(t ) = 3.105t 2 + 207t + 6,900 . P(t ) represents the rate of change of the population, in
bacteria per day, after t days.
(b) After 1 day the population is changing at P(1) = 7,110.105 or about 7,110 bacteria per day.
After 10 days the population is changing at P(10) = 9, 280.5 or about 9,281 bacteria per day.
(c) The initial bacterial population is P (0) = 230,000 bacteria. The population has doubled when
P (t ) = 2(230,000) = 460,000 or 1.035t 3 + 103.5t 2 + 6,900t 230,000 = 0 .
Using the solving features of a graphing calculator yields t 23.3 days as the approximate time
until the population doubles. At that time the rate of change is P '(23.3) = 13,409 bacteria per
day.
48. By the approximation formula, y
dy
x
dx
dy
differentiate the equation Q = x3 + 2 xy 2 + 2 y 3 implicitly with respect to x. Since Q is
dx
dQ
to be held constant in this analysis,
= 0 . Thus
dx
dy
dy
0 = 3 x 2 + 4 xy + 2 y 2 + 6 y 2
dx
dx
2
2
dy
3x + 2 y
or
=
dx
4 xy + 6 y 2
At x = 10 and y = 20
To find
dy
3(10)2 + 2(20)2
=
0.344
dx
4(10)(20) + 6(20)2
Use the approximation formula with
dy
0.344 and x = 0.5 to get y = 0.344(0.5) = 0.172 unit.
dx
That is, to maintain the current level of output, input y should be decreased by approximately 0.172
unit to offset a 0.5 unit increase in input x.
86
50. The population is

20
= 10 20(t + 1) 2
p(t ) = 10
2
(t + 1)
and the carbon monoxide level is
c( p ) = 0.8 p 2 + p + 139
= 0.8( p 2 + p + 139)1 2
By the chain rule, the rate of change of the carbon monoxide level with respect to time is
dc dc dp
=
dt dp dt
= 0.4( p 2 + p + 139) 1 2 (2 p + 1) 40(t + 1)3
0.4(2 p + 1)
40
=
3
p 2 + p + 139 (t + 1)
20
= 5, c = c(5) = 0.8 169 = 10.4.
4
dc dt
0.4(10 + 1) 40
1
100
= 100
16.27 % per year.
3
c
169 (1 + 1) 10.4
At t = 1, p = p (1) = 10
52. V = x3 and dV = 3 x 2 dx ,
54.
dV 3x 2 dx
dx
=
=
3
= 0.06 or 6 %
V
x
x3
( )
R = 1.2 (102 )
R = 5 (104 )
S = S 1.2 (102 ) 5 (104 ) S 1.2 (102 )
2
4
S 1.2 (10 ) 5 (10 )
5
S ( R ) = 3.6 (10 ) R
S 1.2 (102 ) = 3.6 (105 ) 1.2 (102 )
3
= 4.32 (10 )
S 4.3 (103 ) 5 (104 )
S ( R ) = 1.8 105 R 2
= 2.15 cm/sec.
3t 2 2t 3
56. V (t ) = [C1 + C2 P (t )] 2 3
T
T
6t 6t 2
3t 2 2t 3 dP
dV
= [C1 + C2 P (t )]
+ C2
.
T2 T3
T 2 T 3 dt
dt
58. At t hours past noon, the truck is 70t km

north of the intersection while the car is
105(t 1) km east of the intersection. The
distance between them is then
D (t ) = (70t ) 2 + [105(t 1)]2
= 4900t 2 + 11025(t 1) 2 .
The rate of change of the distance is
9800t + 22050(t 1)
D(t ) =
.
2
2
2 4900t + 11025(t 1)
At 2 P.M., t = 2 and
9800(2) + 22050(1)
D(2) =
2 4900(4) + 11025(1)2
= 119 km/hr
60. Q(t ) = t 3 + 9t 2 + 12t , where 8 A.M.

corresponds to t = 0.
(a) R (t ) = Q(t ) = 3t 2 + 18t + 12
(b) The rate at which the rate of
production is changing is given by
R(t ) = Q(t ) = 6t + 18
At 9 A.M., t = 1 , and R(1) = 12 units
per hour per hour.
(c) From 9:00 A.M. to 9:06 A.M. the
change in time is 6 minutes or
1
t = hour.
10
The change in the rate of production
is approximated as
1
R = R '(1) t = 12 = 1.2 units per
10
hour.
(d) The actual change, estimated in part
(c), is
R (1.1) R (1)
= Q '(1.1) Q '(1)
= (3(1.1)2 + 18(1.1) + 12) (3 + 18 + 12)
= 1.17 units per hour
t2
62. (a) S (t ) = 50 1
15
S (0) = 50 lbs.
87
t2 2
(b) S (t ) = 50(3) 1 t
15 15
2
1 2
S (1) = 150 1
15 15
= 17.42 lbs/sec.
(c) The bag will be empty when S (t ) = 0

at t = 15 = 3.873 sec. The rate of
leakage at that time is S ( 15) = 0.

64. C (q ) = 0.1q 2 + 10q + 400, q (t ) = t 2 + 50t
By the chain rule
dC dC dq
=
= (0.2q + 10)(2t + 50)
dt dq dt
At t = 2 , q = q (t ) = 22 + 50(2) = 104 and
dC
= [0.2(104) + 10][2(2) + 50]
dt
= 1,663.2 units per hour
4 3
r
3
V = 0.08V
V = 4 r 2
66. V =
V = 4r 2 r
r
100 4 r 2 r
= 300
4 r 3
r
3
8 = (3) 100
r
r 8
= = 2.67
100
r 3
The computations assumed a positive
percentage rate of change of 8% but 8%
could also be used. The percentage rate
of change is then 2.67 %.
88
68. Let t be the time in hours and s the

distance between the car and the truck.
Then
s = (60t )2 + (45t ) 2
= 3,600t 2 + 2,025t 2 = 75t
ds
= 75 mph .
and so
dt
70. We have a right triangle with legs 8 and x,

the distance from the buoy to the pier,
and hypotenuse y, the length of the rope.
Thus y 2 = x 2 + 82 and through implicit
differentiation,
yy
2 xx = 2 yy or x =
x
We know y = 2 and at the moment in
question, x = 6 , so the rope is y = 10 ft
10(2)
10
= . The buoy
long. Thus x =
6
3
is approaching the pier at roughly
3.33 feet per minute.
72. Let x be the distance between the woman
and the building, and s the length of the
shadow. Since h(t ) = 150 16t 2 ,
the lantern will be 10 ft from the ground
when 10 = 150 16t 2 which leads to
1
t=
140 seconds.
4
5 140
When h = 10 and x = 5t =
4
from similar right triangles we get
x
x+s
=
h 5
h
5
140 + s
5 140
=4
4(10 5)
10
5 140
or s =
4
hx = hx + hs 5 x 5s
dx
hs + hs = 5 + 5s
dt
dx
(h 5) s = 5 hs
dt
1
5
5s = 5(5) + 32 140 140

4
4
s = 5 + 2(140) = 285 ft/sec
74. The total manufacturing cost C is a

function of q (where q is the number of
units produced) and q is a function of t
(where t is the number of hours during
which the factory operates). Hence,
(a)
(b)
(c)
dC
= the rate of change of cost with
dq
respect to the number of units
dollars
produced in
.
unit
dq
= the rate of change of units
dt
produced with respect to time in
units
.
hour
dC dq
dq dt
dollars units
=
unit hour
dollars
=
hour
= the rate of change of cost
WRT time
76. y = 4 x 2 and P (2, 0)

Note that P is not on the graph of the curve (its coordinates do not satisfy the equation of the
curve).
y = 8 x
Let xt be the abscissa of the point of tangency. The slope is m = 8 xt
The point ( xt , yt ) lies on the curve through (2, 0) so its slope is
yt 0
= 8 xt or yt = 8 xt 2 = 16 xt
xt 2
The point of contact (tangency) is both on the curve and on the tangent line. Thus
4 xt 2 = 8 xt 2 16 xt or 4 xt ( xt 4) = 0.
This is satisfied for xt = x1 = 0 as well as xt = x2 = 4.
The two points of contact have coordinates (0, 0) and (4, 64).
x2
78.
a2
2x
a2
y2
b2
=1
dy
2 y dx
=0
b2
dy b 2 x
=
dx a 2 y
Thus the slope at ( x0 , y0 ) is m =

y y0 =
y0 y
b2
x0 x
y02
b2
y0 y
b 2 x0
a 2 y0
x0 x
a2
x0 2
b 2 x0
a 2 y0
and the equation of the line becomes
( x x0 )
x02
a2
y0 2
=1
a2
b2
a2
b2
because the point ( x0 , y0 ) is on the curve.
89
90
80. f ( x) =
f ( x) =
=
2x + 3
1 3x
(1 3x)2 (2 x + 3)(3)
(1 3 x)2
11
(1 3 x)2
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
It is clear from the graph and the expression for f '( x) that f ( x) is never 0.
82. s(t ) = t 5 / 2 (0.73t 2 3.1t + 2.7)
= 0.73t 9 / 2 3.1t 7 / 2 + 2.7t 5 / 2
(a) v(t ) = 3.285t 7 / 2 10.85t 5 / 2 + 6.75t 3/ 2

a (t ) = 11.4975t 5 / 2 27.125t 3/ 2 + 10.125t1/ 2
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(b) v(t ) = 0 at t = 0 and t = 0.831 . The corresponding positions at these times are s (0) = 0 and
s (0.831) = 0.395 .
(c) The smallest value of a (t ) occurs at approximately t = 1.278 . At this time s (1.278) = 0.128
and v(1.278) = 2.53 .

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Chapter 2

Differentiation: Basic Concepts

2.1 The Derivative

The slope of the line tangent to the graph

The slope of the line tangent to the graph

The slope of the line tangent to the graph

The slope of the line tangent to the graph

Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

point-slope formula the equation of the

point , 12 is on the tangent line so by

the point-slope formula the equation of

Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

24. From Exercise 7 of this section

Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

(b) f (0) = lim

40. (a) save =

(b) s(1) = lim

(b) f (1) = lim

(b) f (0) = lim

38. (a) f ave =

42. (a) ... the average rate of change of

Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

44. Answers will vary. Drawing a tangent line

(c) The rate the profit is changing at

48. (a) Qave =

Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

(b) Q(3,025) = lim

(c) E (4) = lim

Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

56. (a) f ( x) = lim

(b) At x = 1 , y = 3(1) 2 = 5 and

(b) For g ( x) = x 2 , the derivative is

While for h( x) = 3 x , the derivative is

62. (a) Write any number x as x = c + h . If

(c) Using the properties of limits and the

Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

= lim f ( x) lim f (c)

so lim f ( x) = f (c) meaning f(x) is

f (u ) = 0.07u 4 1.21u 3 + 3u 5.2

2.2 Techniques of Differentiation

= (1)(3x 2 ) (2)(2 x 3 ) + (3) x 4

Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

30. Given y = x5 3x3 5 x + 2 and the point

and the point

Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

58. (a) P (t ) = t 2 + 200t + 10,000 = (t + 100)2

52. (a) Since f ( x) = x + 6 x + 15 x is the

(b) The percentage rate of changes

(b) The percentage rate of change of N is

Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

64. Let G(t) be the GDP in billions of dollars

68. (a) s (t ) = t 2 2t + 6 for 0 t 2

(b) The particle is stationary when

H (t ) = 16t 2 + 144 = 0 , that is when

(b) The velocity at time t is given by

Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts

2.3 Product and Quotient Rules; Higher-Order Derivatives

= 400 (15 x 2 ) (3 x 2) + (3 x 2) (15 x 2 )