Spe 59690
Spe 59690
Spe 59690
This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2000 SPE Permian Basin Oil and Gas
Recovery Conference held in Midland, Texas, 2123 March 2000.
formation,
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Abstract
with
fractures
opening
and
the
effective
Introduction
Field Characteristics
permeability (less than 0.1 mD, often ~ 0.05 mD) and a 10%
average porosity.
approximately 30 ft.
Driver unit in the early 1950s. These tests were done during
and fluid losses to other non pay zones. Results indicate that
SPE 59690
500
BOPD,
the
well
productivity
rapidly
decreased.
otherwise
Field Observations
The one
0.17 to 0.9 mD, while the fracture half-length varied from 600
in
Spraberry.
2) Pressure Buildup Tests on Wells 38, 39 and 40
SPE 59690CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DYNAMIC FRACTURE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN A NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIR
from 0.01 to 0.03 mD, with skins of 4.5 to 5.6. The average
wellbore system.
Well 47 Injection
wells (38, 39, 40 and 46) for the data available. Figure 8 is a
The step rate test (SRT) was conducted on well 47 prior to the
to
identify
propagation/extension
the
fracture
pressure.
The
breakdown
fracture
and/or
extension
hydrostatic pressure.
4.064 q w B w
kx =
m vf h
2
f
(1)
c t
2
SPE 59690
slope mvf is drawn). However, the minimum fracture halflength would have to be the interwell distance, or 660 ft (see
that the fracture length was larger than the initial falloff test.
x
s = ln f
2rw
(2)
Discussion
Subsequent interference testing was done with injectors 45, 25
and 48, and with pressure observation at wells 38, 39 and 40.
The trends of data were very similar to that of the well 47
interference test as shown on Table 2 and Figure 7. In all
those tests, there was an initial lag in response, then a definite
pressure response. After injection was terminated, a more
rapid response occurred at the producer communicating with
the injector. This occurred even though there was an initial
delay at the same well.
SPE 59690CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DYNAMIC FRACTURE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN A NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIR
did not exceed about 1000 psia. This pressure is much lower
Unit 4 .
the fractures.
Impacts of Waterflooding
The step rate test (Figures 4 and 4a) showed that the formation
effective
measured.
permeability
during
buildup
tests.
These
in Figure 11.
During the
permeability
is
SPE 59690
governed
primarily
matrix
4)
fractures.
5)
Conclusions
Nomenclature
k = permeability (mD)
Spraberry reservoir:
1)
s = skin
xf = fracture half-length (ft)
2)
At
= porosity
3)
Greek Symbols
SPE 59690CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DYNAMIC FRACTURE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN A NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIR
6)
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to show our appreciation to the
Spraberry CO2 pilot team for their enthusiasm and lively
discussions. We would especially like to thank Paul
McDonald and David Schechter. In addition we recognize
the spirit of Lincoln Elkins in pioneering many of the practical
techniques used today in NFR. Also thanks are extended to the
Epic staff and Eric Denbina.
7)
8)
9)
References
1982.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Constant pressure
(decline analysis)
Step rate tests on
well 47
PERMEABILITY
MEASURED ( md)
0.01 to 0.03
0.2 to 0.9
2.6 to 14
COMMENT
Believed to reflect only matrix permeability (closely
conforms to core stress and initial water saturated
corrected matrix permeability measurements).
Sample areas near wellbore of producer with
partially closed fractures (rinv ~ 50ft).
Reflects average effective permeability of both
natural fractures and matrix 1,4
Higher injection rates have higher effective
permeability. In other words, higher injection rates
were matched by higher effective permeability.
Pre-interference
falloff test on well
47
Interference test
Post-interference
analysis falloff test
SPE 59690
2.6
Very high
5.0
27
10
P (psi)
Nil
250
1600
4
0
45
45
45
45
38
39
40
46
4
4
425
425
Nil
700
4
3
N/A
25
25
25
38
39
40
13
13
Nil
300
300
5
4
48
48
48
38
39
40
5
13
1200
100
Nil
3
10
SPE 59690 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DYNAMIC FRACTURE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN A NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIR
Martin Co
Howard Co
Germania
Midland Co
Glasscock Co
ODaniel
Shackelford
Preston
Midkiff
Driver
N Pembrook
Exxon
Pembrook
Merchant
Exxon
Sherrod
Aldwell
Benedum
Upton Co
Reagan Co
10
SPE 59690
SPE 59690 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DYNAMIC FRACTURE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN A NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIR
Breakdown Pressure
3017 psi
2500
Pressure (psi)
3000
Fracture propagation
pressure 3140 psi
2500
Pressure
falls off due
to higher
permeability
near
wellbore
2000
1500
2000
Instantaneous shut-in
pressure (ISIP)
or
Fracture closure = Fracture
propagation pressure
1500
1000
1000
500
500
0
3500
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Time (hours)
Figure 4: Well 47 Step Rate Test Profiles showing breakdown pressure, fracture propagation pressure and fracture
closure (instantaneous shutin pressure)
11
12
SPE 59690
2500
2000
Pressure (psi)
1500
3000
Fracture propagation pressure
3140 psi
500
2500
0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Time (hours)
Figure 4a: Zoom in of last half of Step Rate Test from Figure 4
2400
2200
2000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
SPE 59690 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DYNAMIC FRACTURE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN A NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIR
13
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Pressure (psig)
2000
Well
Well
Well
Well
1500
1000
500
0
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
38
39
40
46
1600
1400
1200
14
Slope = m v f
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SPE 59690
SPE 59690 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DYNAMIC FRACTURE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN A NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIR
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Time (hours)
Well 47
Well 40
15