Structure, Member Design - Geotechnics Piles v2015.01

Ove Arup and Partners
Consulting Engineers
Job No.
Sheet No.
jXXX
Rev.
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Member/Location
Job Title
Structure, Member Design - Geotechnics Piles v2015.01.Drg. Ref.
Structure, Member Design - Geotechnics Piles
Made by
XX
Date
12/12/2016 Chd.
Introduction
Job Title
Structure, Member Design - Geotechnics Piles v2015.01.xlsx
Calc Title
Job No.
jXXX
By
XX
Date
12/12/2016
Convention
SD
Structure Design
MD
Member Design
CD
Connection Design
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can be changed, but it should not be altered, added to or deleted.
Disclaimer
This software is provided "as is" and any expressed or implied warranties, including, but
not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
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contributors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions in the software or
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Worksheet Company Signature

Company
CONSULTING
Engineering Calculation Sheet
ENG
INEERS
AR UP
E N G I N E E Consulting Engineers
RS
whitbybird
whitbybird
E N G Consulting Engineers
INEERS
CONSULTING
ENG
INEERS
CONSULTING
ENG
INEERS
CONSULTING
ENG
INEERS
CONSULTING
ENG
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CONSULTING
ENG
INEERS
12/12/2016 Chd.

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Structure, Member Design - Piles

Item
Verification
1 Negative skin friction load
Tomlinson
2 Undrained overall pile capacity
Tomlinson
3 Drained overall pile effective capacity
Tomlinson
4 Empirical overall pile effective capacity

5 Pile axial compression capacity
G&P
SELF / G&P
6 Pile axial tension capacity
SELF
7 Pile detailing requirements
SELF
8 Undrained overall pile group capacity
SELF
9 Drained overall pile group capacity
SELF
10 Empirical overall pile group capacity
SELF

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Author Contact
email: [email protected]
Job No.
Bovis Lend Lease

Principal Contractors
Sheet No.
jXXX
Rev.
Bovis Lend Lease

Principal Contractors
M
Member/Location
e
m
D
Drg. Ref.
Job
Title Structure, Member Design - Geotechnics Piles v2015.01.xlsx
Job Title Structure, Member Design - Geotechnics
b
r
e
g
M
D
C
Made by
Date
Chd.
Structure,
Member Design - Geotechnics Piles
XX
12/12/2016
r.h
a
/R
t
d
L
e
.
o
f
c.b
Soil
Properties
a
y
t
Note
when adding or subtracting from following table, all cells and combo boxes which refer to its range must be updated;
i
o
Inserting
further soils within the extremes of the table should automatically update referencing cells and combo boxes, and hence is the recommended approach;
n
Category
Material
Dry Bulk Unit

Weight, dry
(kN/m3)
Rock
Hard Igneous
30.0
30.0
Undrained
Shear
Strength
(Lower
Limit), Su,ll
(kPa)
N/A
Rock
Hard Gneissic
30.0
30.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
34.0
YET
YET
10000
10000
Rock
Hard Limestone
29.0
29.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
40.0
YET
YET
4000
4000
Rock
Soft Limestone
20.0
20.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
34.0
YET
YET
600
600
Rock
Hard Sandstone
27.0
27.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
34.0
YET
YET
4000
4000
Rock
Soft Sandstone
24.0
24.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
30.5
YET
YET
2000
2000
Rock
Very Soft Sandstone
21.0
21.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
27.0
YET
YET
600
1000
Rock
Schist
YET
YET
N/A
N/A
0.0
23.5
YET
YET
3000
3000
Rock
Slate
28.0
28.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
30.5
YET
YET
3000
3000
Rock
Hard Shale
23.0
23.5
N/A
N/A
0.0
27.0
YET
YET
2000
2000
Rock
Soft Shale
21.5
22.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
20.0
YET
YET
600
1000
Rock
Hard Siltstone
YET
YET
N/A
N/A
0.0
34.0
YET
YET
2000
2000
Rock
Soft Siltstone
YET
YET
N/A
N/A
0.0
27.0
YET
YET
600
1000
Rock
Hard Mudstone
YET
YET
N/A
N/A
0.0
YET
YET
YET
2000
2000
Rock
Soft Mudstone
YET
YET
N/A
N/A
0.0
YET
YET
YET
600
1000
Rock
Keuper Marl Grade I
YET
YET
N/A
N/A
0.0
27.0
YET
YET
300
500
Rock
Keuper Marl Grade II
YET
YET
N/A
N/A
0.0
25.3
YET
YET
200
300
Rock
Keuper Marl Grade III
YET
YET
N/A
N/A
0.0
23.5
YET
YET
100
200
Rock
Keuper Marl Grade IVa
YET
YET
N/A
N/A
0.0
21.8
YET
YET
50
100
Rock
Keuper Marl Grade IVb
YET
YET
N/A
N/A
0.0
20.0
YET
YET
50
Rock
Chalk Grade I
20.0
20.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
34.0
YET
YET
1000
1500
Rock
Chalk Grade II
17.9
18.6
N/A
N/A
0.0
32.6
YET
YET
750
1000
Rock
Chalk Grade III
15.8
17.2
N/A
N/A
0.0
31.2
YET
YET
500
750
Rock
Chalk Grade IV
13.7
15.8
N/A
N/A
0.0
29.8
YET
YET
250
500
Rock
Chalk Grade V
11.6
14.4
N/A
N/A
0.0
28.4
YET
YET
125
250
Rock
Chalk Grade VI
9.5
13.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
27.0
YET
YET
125
Gravel
Dense Gravel
18.0
21.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
40.0
30
50
600
600
Gravel
Dense Sand and Gravel
21.0
23.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
40.0
30
50
600
600
Gravel
Medium Dense Gravel
17.0
20.5
N/A
N/A
0.0
37.5
10
30
200
600
Gravel
Medium Dense Sand and Gravel
20.0
22.3
N/A
N/A
0.0
37.5
10
30
200
600
Gravel
Loose Gravel
16.0
20.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
35.0
10
200
Gravel
Loose Sand and Gravel
19.0
21.5
N/A
N/A
0.0
35.0
10
200
Gravel
Very Loose Sand and Gravel
15.0
19.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
30.0
Sand
Compact Sand
21.0
22.5
N/A
N/A
0.0
40.0
30
50
300
300
Sand
Medium Dense Sand
19.5
21.5
N/A
N/A
0.0
37.5
10
30
100
300
Sand
Loose Sand
18.0
20.5
N/A
N/A
0.0
35.0
10
100
Sand
Very Loose Sand
15.0
19.0
N/A
N/A
0.0
30.0
Clay
Very Stiff Clay
21.0
21.0
150.0
300.0
YET
YET
33
67
300
600
Clay
Stiff Clay
19.0
19.0
100.0
150.0
YET
YET
22
33
150
300
Clay
Firm Clay
18.0
18.0
50.0
75.0
YET
YET
11
17
75
150
Clay
Soft Clay and Silt
17.0
17.0
20.0
40.0
YET
YET
75
Clay
Very Soft Clay and Silt
16.0
16.0
0.0
20.0
YET
YET
Silt
Silt
18.0
18.0
N/A
N/A
YET
25.0
YET
YET
Saturated
Bulk Unit
Weight, sat
(kN/m3)
Undrained
Shear
Strength
(Upper
Limit), Su,ul
(kPa)
N/A
YET
Allowable
Bearing
Capacity
(Lower
Limit), BCll,a
(kPa)
10000
Allowable
Bearing
Capacity
(Upper
Limit), BCul,a
(kPa)
10000
Effective
Angle of
Shear
Resistance, '
(Degrees)
SPT
(Lower
Limit), Nll
SPT
(Upper
Limit), Nul
0.0
40.0
YET
Effective
Cohesion, c'
(kPa)
Job No.
Sheet No.
jXXX
Rev.
2
Member/Location
Piles v2015.01.Drg. Ref.

Made by
XX
Date
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Silt
Top Soil
17.5
20.5
N/A
N/A
YET
25.0
YET
YET
Silt
River Mud
16.0
19.5
N/A
N/A
Silt
Peat and Organic Soils
12.0
12.0
N/A
N/A
YET
7.5
YET
YET
YET
15.0
YET
YET
Other
Made Ground
15.0
19.0
N/A
Other
User Defined
20.0
20.0
157.5
N/A
0.0
30.0
YET
YET
25
50
180.0
0.0
38.0
35
40
350
400
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Material Properties
Characteristic strength of concrete, fcu ( 60N/mm2; HSC N/A)
40 N/mm2
Yield strength of longitudinal steel, fy
460 N/mm2
Yield strength of shear link steel, fyv
460 N/mm2
Type of concrete and density, c
OK
24 kN/m3
Factor of Safety
Factor of safety (overall base (effective) bearing and shaft (effective) friction), FOS 1 (usually
2.5 to 3.0)
2.0
Factor of safety (base (effective) bearing), FOS2 (usually 3.5)
3.0
Factor of safety (shaft (effective) friction), FOS3 (usually 1.0 to 1.5)
1.5
Loading factor, K (between 1.40 and 1.60 depending on DL to LL ratio)
1.50
BS8110
Note loading factor K multiplies SLS loads for ULS loads for section (reinforcement) design;
cl. 2.4.3.1.1
Soil Description
Water unit weight, w = 9.81kN/m3
9.8 kN/m3
Soil name
Dry bulk unit weight, dry
20.0 kN/m3
Saturated bulk unit weight, sat
20.0 kN/m3
Undrained shear strength, Su(z)
22.5
+
Note that Su can be obtained from SPT (Stroud) or SPT (Fukuoka) values;
Effective cohesion, c'
22.5z kPa
Tomlinson
0.0 kPa
Effective angle of shear resistance, '
38.0 degrees
Note that ' can be obtained from SPT (Peck) or CPT (Durgunoglu and Mitchell) values;
Effective angle of friction on shaft, '
SPT, N(z)
Factor for SPT, N value (base effective bearing), KSPT,b
Tomlinson
25.1 degrees
5
Pile (drilled shaft) in sands with L 10m, Qb' 2900kPa
5.0z
250
57.5L/10
Quiros and Reese
Pile (drilled shaft) in sands with L > 10m, Qb' 2900kPa
57.5
Quiros and Reese
Pile (drilled shaft) in sands with L 10m, Qb' 2900kPa
100
Shioi and Fukui
Pile in undrained cohesive soils
200
Neoh
Pile (driven displacement) in non-plastic silts
38L/D 300
Pile (driven displacement) in sands and gravels
38L/D 380
Pile in drained cohesionless soils

Factor for SPT, N value (shaft effective friction), KSPT,s
Pile in undrained cohesive or drained cohesionless soils
400
Meyerhof
Neoh
2.0
2.0
Neoh
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Analysis Method
Undrained, drained or empirical analysis ?
For clays, perform undrained, drained and empirical analyses;
For sands / gravels, perform drained and empirical analyses;
For rocks, perform drained and empirical analyses;
Gross (effective) bearing capacity limit, qflimit(z=L-L0) or qflimit'(z=L-L0)
10166 kPa
Note that the base gross (effective) bearing capacity is limited to values up to 15000kPa
Tomlinson
because Vesic showed that at penetration depths greater than 20 pile diameters, a peak value
of base resistance is reached which is not exceeded at greater penetrations depths;
Note that this limiting value is D- and L- dependent, thus affecting the multi-D multi-L pile
capacity charts which has thus been set to be limited by the automatically calculated value;
qflimit(z=L-L0) or qflimit'(z=L-L0) = Nq,strip.v'(z=20D-L0) 15MPa
10166 kPa
48.9
v'(z=20D-L0) = psurface+dry.(Lc+20D)
. 2.4.3.1.1
v'(z=20D-L0) = psurface+(sat-w).(Lc+20D-zu)+dry.zu
v'(z=20D-L0) = psurface+(sat-w).(Lc+20D)
Shaft adhesion limit or shaft effective stress limit, S alimit(z) or alimit'(z)
Invalid kPa
208 kPa
Invalid kPa
89 kPa
Note that the shaft adhesion or the shaft effective stress is limited to 110kPa because Vesic
Tomlinson
showed that at penetration depths greater than 20 pile diameters, a peak value of skin friction
is reached which is not exceeded at greater penetrations depths;
Note that this limiting value is D- and L- dependent, thus affecting the multi-D multi-L pile
capacity charts which has thus been set to be limited by the automatically calculated value;
Salimit(z) or alimit'(z) = Ks.tan'.v'(z=20D-L0) 110kPa
89 kPa
os and Reese
Invalid kPa
'(z=20D-L
)
=
p
+(
-
).(L
+20D-z
)+
.z
oi and Fukui
208 kPa
v
0
surface
sat w
c
u
dry
u
os and Reese
v'(z=20D-L0) = psurface+(sat-w).(Lc+20D)
Invalid kPa
Include or exclude base resistance ?

Note that in general, the contribution of base resistance in bored piles should be ignored due
Gue
to difficulty of proper base cleaning, especially in wet hole (with drilling fluid); The contribution
and
of base resistance should only be used if it is constructed in dry hole, if proper inspection of
the base can be carried out or if base grouting is implemented; Furthermore, a relatively larger
base movement is required to mobilise the maximum base resistance as compared to the
displacement needed to fully mobilise shaft resistance; The base displacement of approximately
5% to 10% of the pile diameter is generally required to mobilise the ultimate base resistance
Partners
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Pile Group Dimensions

Width of pile group (pile cap) in x, Bcap
3.000 m
Length of pile group (pile cap) in y, Lcap
3.000 m
Pile Dimensions
Pile section shape
Pile shaft diameter (circular) or width (square), D
Pile shaft cross sectional area, Aps = D2/4 (circular) or D2 (square)
Pile base diameter (circular) or width (square), Db
441786 mm2
750 mm
Pile base cross sectional area, Apb = D /4 (circular) or D (square)

2
b
750 mm
441786 mm
OK
2
OK
Lc
zu
L0
z
Depth of pile cap base from ground level, Lc (>= 0.000m)
2.500 m
OK
Depth of pile z=0 level from pile cap base, L0 (>= 0.000m)
0.000 m
OK
60.000 m
Note that L0 accounts for poor ground near surface level where no contribution of shaft skin
OK
Depth of pile founding level from pile cap base, L (>=L0)
friction capacity is adopted, in fact negative skin friction is considered over L 0 length if requested;
Depth of water table from ground level, zu
3.000 m
Note that the soil beneath the water table has an effective submerged unit weight of about
half of the soil above the water table, thus reducing the drained overall pile effective capacity;
Hence use the highest water table forseeable;
Enter a negative zu value for water table above ground level, this representing a flood event
or a bridge pier within a sea or river with the ground level being the sea or river bed;
However, a water table above ground level may unconservatively decrease the overall pile
(effective) capacity utilisation, thus consider also the case when the water table is at ground level;
Job No.
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Pile Reinforcement
Pile type
40 N/mm2
Precast Driven Square RC Pile or Insitu Bored Circular RC Pile

Pile compression capacity design method
Cover to all reinforcement, cover4 (usually 75)
75 mm
Longitudinal steel reinforcement diameter, p
32 mm
Longitudinal steel reinforcement number, np
12
Longitudinal steel area provided, As,prov,p = np..p2/4
9651 mm2
Shear link diameter, link,p
10 mm
Number of links in a cross section, i.e. number of legs, n link,p

Area provided by all links in a cross-section, Asv,prov,p = nlink,p..
2
/4
2
link,p
157 mm2
Pitch of links, Sp
150 mm
Estimated steel reinforcement quantity

[ 7850 . As,prov,p / Aps ]; No laps; Links ignored;
171 kg/m3
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Precast (Pretensioned Spun) Driven Circular RC Pile

Effective area of concrete, Aeff
Effective prestress, fpe
33694 mm2
6.3 N/mm2
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Insitu Bored Circular RC Pile (API Micropile)

Yield strength of API pipe, fy,API
552 N/mm2
Outer diameter of API pipe, ODAPI
177.8 mm
Wall thickness of API pipe, tAPI
9.19 mm
Cross sectional area of API pipe, AAPI = .[ODAPI2-(ODAPI-2.tAPI)2]/4
N/A mm2
Cross sectional area of grout, Ac,API = Aps-AAPI
N/A mm2
Elastic modulus of concrete, Ec = 5500.(fcu/1.5)
0.5
28402 N/mm2
Elastic modulus of steel, Es
210000 N/mm
FOSstr =
API PIPE SIZES
Grade N80 ( fy = 80,000 PSI / 552 MPa )
OD (mm)
Thickness (mm)
ID (mm)
114.3
127.0
139.7
168.3
177.8
193.7
219.1
2.0
Qult (kN)
Qall (kN)
7.37
99.56
1,367
683
7.52
111.96
1,558
779
9.19
108.62
1,878
939
11.19
104.62
2,247
1,124
12.7
101.6
2,517
1,259
7.72
124.26
1,767
883
9.17
121.36
2,076
1,038
10.54
118.62
2,361
1,180
8.94
150.42
2,471
1,235
10.59
147.12
2,896
1,448
12.06
144.18
3,268
1,634
8.05
161.7
2,370
1,185
9.19
159.42
2,687
1,344
10.36
157.08
3,008
1,504
11.51
154.78
3,319
1,660
12.65
152.5
3,623
1,811
13.72
150.36
3,904
1,952
9.52
174.66
3,041
1,520
10.92
171.86
3,461
1,731
12.7
168.3
3,986
1,993
14.27
165.16
4,440
2,220
15.86
161.98
4,891
2,446
11.43
196.24
4,116
2,058
12.7
193.7
4,546
2,273
14.15
190.8
5,029
2,515
10.03
224.44
4,078
2,039
11.05
222.4
4,473
2,237
11.89
220.72
4,796
2,398
13.84
216.82
5,536
2,768
11.43
250.14
5,185
2,592
12.57
247.86
5,677
2,838
298.4
12.42
273.56
6,160
3,080
339.7
13.06
313.58
7,398
3,699
244.5
273.0
BS8110
cl. 2.5.3
CONSULTING
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Job No.
Sheet No.
jXXX
Rev.
8
Member/Location
Job Title

Made by
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Date
12/12/2016 Chd.
Pile SLS Loading (Including Negative Skin Friction)

Surcharge at surface, psurface
0 kPa
Pile SLS vertical load, Fpile,v,n
3000 kN
Pile group (pile cap) SLS vertical load, Fpilecap,v
15000 kN
Note that Fpile,v,n and Fpilecap,v can be positive (downward) or negative (upwards);
Pile SLS vertical (compressive) NSF load, Fpile,v,NSF
Note NSF = negative skin friction; Note F pile,v,NSF
0 kN
= (D or 4D).L0..[v'(z=-L0)+v'(z=0)]/2;
Consideration of NSF ?
Not Considered
NSF reduction factor,
0.30
Meyerhof
Clay
0.20-0.25
Garlanger
Silt
0.25-0.35
Garlanger
Sand
0.35-0.50
Effective vertical stress at z=-L0 level, v'(z=-L0)
Case when (zu Lc) >= MAX (Bcap, Lcap)
v'(z=-L0) = psurface+dry.Lc
Case when 0 < (zu Lc) < MAX (Bcap, Lcap)
Case when (zu Lc) = 0
Case when (zu Lc) < 0 and zu >= 0
v'(z=-L0) = psurface+(sat-w).(Lc-zu)+dry.zu
Case when zu < 0
50 kPa
Invalid
N/A kPa
Valid
50 kPa
Invalid
N/A kPa
Invalid
N/A kPa
Invalid
v'(z=-L0) = psurface+sat.Lc+w.(-zu)-w.(Lc+(-zu))
N/A kPa
Note that the above equation reduces to v'(z=-L0) = psurface+(sat-w).Lc;
Effective vertical stress at z=0 level, v'(z=0)
Case when (zu Lc L0) >= MAX (Bcap, Lcap)
v'(z=0) = psurface+dry.(Lc+L0)
Case when 0 < (zu Lc L0) < MAX (Bcap, Lcap)
Case when (zu Lc L0) = 0
Case when (zu Lc L0) < 0 and zu >= 0
v'(z=0) = psurface+(sat-w).(Lc+L0-zu)+dry.zu
Case when zu < 0
50 kPa
Invalid
N/A kPa
Valid
50 kPa
Invalid
N/A kPa
Invalid
N/A kPa
Invalid
v'(z=0) = psurface+sat.(Lc+L0)+w.(-zu)-w.(Lc+L0+(-zu))
N/A kPa
Note that the above equation reduces to v'(z=0) = psurface+(sat-w).(Lc+L0);
Total pile SLS vertical (compressive) load (per pile), Fpile,v,comp
3000 kN
Note Fpile,v,comp = MAX(0, Fpile,v,n)+Fpile,v,NSF;

Total pile SLS vertical (tensile) load (per pile), Fpile,v,tens
Note Fpile,v,tens = ABS(MIN(0, Fpile,v,n));
0 kN
Garlanger
Job No.
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Sheet No.
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Date
12/12/2016 Chd.
Executive Summary
Undrained overall pile capacity
N/A
N/A
Drained overall pile effective capacity
N/A
N/A
Empirical overall pile effective capacity
89%
OK
Pile axial compression capacity
68%
OK
Pile axial tension capacity
0%
Pile detailing requirements
OK
OK
Undrained overall pile group capacity
N/A
N/A
Drained overall pile group capacity
N/A
N/A
Empirical overall pile group capacity
N/A
N/A
Overall utilisation summary
89%
% Vertical reinforcement in pile
2.18
Estimated pile steel reinforcement quantity
171
kg/m3
3500
units/tonne
900
units/m3
[Note that steel quantity in kg/m can be obtained from 78.5 x % rebar];
3
Material cost:
concrete, c
300
units/m3
Reinforced concrete material cost = c+(est. rebar quant).s
steel, s
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Undrained Overall Pile Capacity

Undrained shear strength at z=0 level, Su(z=0)
N/A kPa
Undrained shear strength at z=L-L0 level, Su(z=L-L0)
N/A kPa
Base bearing capacity, Qb = (Db2/4 or Db2).qf(z=L-L0)
N/A kN
Gross bearing capacity, qf(z=L-L0) = Nc.Su(z=L-L0) (<=qflimit(z=L-L0))

Note gross bearing capacity set to 0.0kPa if base resistance excluded;
Bearing capacity factor, Nc = 9.0
Shaft friction capacity, Qs = (D or 4D).(L-L0).Sa
Average shaft adhesion, Sa = [Sa(z=0)+Sa(z=L-L0)]/2
Sa(z=0) = F.(z=0).Su(z=0) (<=Salimit(z))
N/A kPa
N/A
Terzaghi
Meyerhof
N/A kN
N/A kPa
N/A kPa
Sa(z=L-L0) = F.(z=L-L0).Su(z=L-L0) (<=Salimit(z))
N/A kPa
Note that Sa(z=0) is the shaft adhesion at z=0 level and S a(z=L-L0)
is the shaft adhesion at z=L-L0 level;
Shaft adhesion factor, (z=0)
0.80
McClelland, Nordlund
Shaft adhesion factor, (z=L-L0)
0.80
McClelland, Nordlund
Shaft adhesion length factor, F = function (L/D)
1.00
Note that is 0.30 (under-reamed base piles);

Note that is 0.30-0.60 (stiff over-consolidated clays);
Tomlinson
Whitaker and Cooke
Note that is 0.30 (heavily fissured clay);

Note that is 0.45 (very stiff clays, Su >= 150kPa);
Tomlinson
Note that is 0.45-0.60 (firm to stiff clays, eg. London Clay);
Tomlinson
Neoh
Note that is 0.45 (bored piles), 0.80 (driven piles);
Sutton
Note that is 0.50 (firm to stiff clays, Su >= 70kPa);
API
Note that is 1-[(Su-25)/90] (soft to firm clays, 25kPa < Su < 70kPa);
API
Note that is 0.80-1.00 (soft Malaysian Clay);

Note that is 1.00 (very soft clays, Su <= 25kPa);
Gue and Partners

Neoh, API
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Compressiv
Compressive and Tensil
Compressiv
Compressiv
land, Nordlund
land, Nordlund
ker and Cooke
and Partners
Note that B in the term L/B above is D;
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Pile weight minus soil weight removed, Fpile = Aps.L.(c-dry)
N/A kN
Note under-reamed base dimensions ignored in calculation of F pile as deemed negligible;
Note conservatively, dry bulk unit weight assumed for density of displaced soil;
Combined base bearing and shaft friction capacity, Pf = Qb + Qs
N/A kN
Base and Shaft Capacity Factored Individually

Compressive Undrained pile base capacity (factored), Qb / FOS2
N/A kN
mpressive and Tensile Undrained pile shaft capacity (factored), Qs / FOS3
N/A kN
Compressive Undrained pile base and shaft capacity (factored), Qb / FOS2 + Qs / FOS3 N/A kN
Base and Shaft Capacity Factored Together
Compressive Undrained pile base and shaft capacity (factored), Pf / FOS1
N/A kN
Tensile Undrained pile base and shaft capacity (factored), Qs / FOS1
N/A kN
Undrained overall pile capacity for vertical (compressive) load, MIN (Qb / FOS2 + Qs /N/A
FOSkN
, Pf / FOS1) - Fpile
3
Undrained overall pile capacity for vertical (tensile) load, MIN (Qs / FOS3, Qs / FOS1) N/A kN
Undrained overall pile capacity utilisation = MAX (Fpile,v,comp / (MIN (Qb / FOS2 + Qs / FOS
, Pf / FOS1) - FpileN/A
), Fpile,v,tens / MIN (
N/A
3
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Undrained Overall Pile

(Compressive) Capacity Chart
Undrained Overall Pile (Compressive) Capacity, MIN (Qb / FOS2 + Qs / FOS3, Pf / FOS1) - Fpile (kN)
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Drained Overall Pile Effective Capacity
Lc
zu
L0
z
Effective vertical stress at pile top z=0 level, v'(z=0)

Case when (zu Lc L0) >= 0
Case when (zu Lc L0) < 0 and zu >= 0
v'(z=0) = psurface+(sat-w).(Lc+L0-zu)+dry.zu
Case when zu < 0
N/A kPa
N/A
N/A kPa
N/A
N/A kPa
N/A
v'(z=0) = psurface+sat.(Lc+L0)+w.(-zu)-w.(Lc+L0+(-zu))
N/A kPa
Note that the above equation reduces to v'(z=0) = psurface+(sat-w).(Lc+L0);
Effective vertical stress at water table z=zu-Lc-L0 level, v'(z=zu-Lc-L0)
Case when zu >= 0
v'(z=zu-Lc-L0) = psurface+dry.zu
Case when zu < 0
v'(z=zu-Lc-L0) = 0
Effective vertical stress at critical depth z=20D-L0 level, v'(z=20D-L0)
Case when (zu Lc 20D) >= 0
Case when (zu Lc 20D) < 0 and zu >= 0
v'(z=20D-L0) = psurface+(sat-w).(Lc+20D-zu)+dry.zu
N/A kPa
N/A
N/A kPa
N/A
N/A kPa
N/A kPa
N/A
N/A kPa
N/A
N/A kPa
Case when zu < 0
N/A
v'(z=20D-L0) = psurface+sat.(Lc+20D)+w.(-zu)-w.(Lc+20D+(-zu))N/A kPa
Note that the above equation reduces to v'(z=20D-L0) = psurface+(sat-w).(Lc+20D);
Effective vertical stress at pile base z=L-L0 level, v'(z=L-L0)

Unit weight, '
Case when (zu Lc L) >= MAX (Bcap, Lcap)
N/A kPa
N/A kN/m3
N/A
v'(z=L-L0) = psurface+dry.(Lc+L)
N/A kPa
' = dry
N/A kN/m3
Case when 0 < (zu Lc L) < MAX (Bcap, Lcap)
N/A
N/A kPa
' = zu/MAX(Bcap, Lcap) . [dry - (sat - w)] + (sat - w)
N/A kN/m3
Case when (zu Lc L) = 0
N/A
N/A kPa
' = sat - w
N/A kN/m3
Case when (zu Lc L) < 0 and zu >= 0
N/A
v'(z=L-L0) = psurface+(sat-w).(Lc+L-zu)+dry.zu
N/A kPa
' = sat - w
N/A kN/m3
Case when zu < 0

v'(z=L-L0) = psurface+sat.(Lc+L)+w.(-zu)-w.(Lc+L+(-zu))
N/A
N/A kPa
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Base effective bearing capacity, Qb' = (Db2/4 or Db2).qf'(z=L-L0)

Gross effective bearing capacity, qf'(z=L-L0) (<=qflimit'(z=L-L0))
Date
12/12/2016 Chd.
N/A kN
N/A kPa
= sc.dc.Nc,strip.c'
+ sq.dq.Nq,strip.v'(z=L-L0)
N/A kPa
+ s.d.N,strip.Db/2.'
N/A kPa
N/A kPa
Note gross effective bearing capacity set to 0.0kPa if base resistance excluded;
Note for piles bored in rock, sc.dc = 1.2, sq.dq = 1.0 and s.d = 0.7;
Note for piles bored in rock, qf' = 0.3quc, where
qf' for weak rock
qf' for medium rock
qf' for strong fresh rock
Terzaghi
Gue and Partners

Neoh
1500 kPa
Neoh
2400-7300 kPa
Neoh
10000 kPa
Neoh
Note typically for driven piles, Nq = 20 (loose sand) to 100 (very dense sand),
Neoh
and for bored piles Nq = 12 (loose sand) to 40 (very dense sand);

Equations for bearing capacity factors
Cohesion Factors
Shape factor,
N/A
EC7
Depth factor,
N/A
Note D and B in the above equation are Lc+L and Db, respectively;
Bearing capacity factor, Nc,strip
Soils Nc,strip = (Nq,strip-1).cot'
Rocks Nc,strip
N/A
N/A
EC7 (Prandtl)
N/A
Kulhawy and Goodman
Surcharge Factors
Shape factor,
N/A
Note B' and L' in the above equation are D b and Db, respectively;
Depth factor, dq
EC7
N/A
Note D and B' in the above equation are Lc+L and Db, respectively;
Bearing capacity factor, Nq,strip
Soils
Rocks Nq,strip
N/A
N/A
EC7 (Reissner)
N/A
Kulhawy and Goodman
N/A
EC7
Self Weight Factors

Shape factor,
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Shaft effective friction capacity, Qs' = (D or 4D).L.a')

Equation for shaft effective stress
Soils / Rocks a'(z=0) = Ks.tan'.v'(z=0) (<=alimit'(z))
and Partners
7 (Prandtl)
y and Goodman
7 (Reissner)
y and Goodman
XX
Date
12/12/2016 Chd.
N/A kN
N/A kPa
a'(z=zu-Lc-L0) = Ks.tan'.v'(z=zu-Lc-L0) (<=alimit'(z))
N/A kPa
a'(z=20D-L0) = Ks.tan'.v'(z=20D-L0) (<=alimit'(z))
N/A kPa
a'(z=zu-Lc-L0) = Ks.tan'.v'(z=zu-Lc-L0) (<=alimit'(z))
N/A kPa
a'(z=L-L0) = Ks.tan'.v'(z=L-L0) (<=alimit'(z))
N/A kPa
Note that a'(z=0) is the shaft effective stress at z=0 level and a'(z=L-L0)
is the shaft effective stress at z=L-L 0 level;
Note a' = h'.tan' = Ksv'.tan';
Note effective cohesion, c' ignored due to disturbed soil adjacent to pile foundation;
Ks.tan'
0.43
0.5
0.5
K
.tan'
=
k
.K
.(OCR)
.tan'
=
k
.(1-sin').(OCR)
.tan'
Calculated s
0.22
Burland, Meyerhof
Ks
0
Ks
Coefficient of horizontal soil stress, kKs
1.25
Tomlinson
Overconsolidation ratio, OCR

Effective angle, ' for sandy gravel
Effective angle, ' for sand
Effective angle, ' for silts and clays
Effective angle, ' for bored pile
1.0
40.0 degrees
Neoh
32.0 degrees
Neoh
21.0-31.0 degrees
Neoh
residual angle degrees
Neoh
Manual Ks.tan'
0.43
Ks.tan
' = 0.10-0.35
Pile bored in very loose to dense sands
(Mey
K
.tan
' = 0.15-0.30
Pile bored in loose sands (Davies ands Chan)
Ks.tan
' = 0.25-0.60
Pile bored in dense sands (Davies and
Chan)
K
.tan' = 0.45
Pile CFA in chalk
s
Gue and Partners
Pile CFA in chalk with N >= 10, quc >= 4MPa

Ks.tan' = 0.80
CIRIA86
Pile bored or driven cast-in-place in chalkKs.tan' = 0.80

Ks.tan(Me
' = 0.44-1.20
Pile driven in very loose to dense sands
Rocks a'(z=0) = quc (<=alimit'(z))
N/A kPa
a'(z=L-L0) = quc (<=alimit'(z))
Neoh, Meyerhof
Gue and Partners
CIRIA574
CIRIA574
Neoh, Meyerhof
Gue and Partners
N/A kPa
Gue and Partners
Reduction factor,
0.30
Correlation factor,
Unconfined uniaxial compressive strength, quc
1500 kPa
0.25
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Member/Location
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and, Meyerhof
oh, Meyerhof
and Partners
and Partners
oh, Meyerhof
and Partners
and Partners
Made by
XX
Date
12/12/2016 Chd.
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Compressiv
Compressiv
Compressiv
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Note under-reamed base dimensions ignored in calculation of F pile
Made by
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Date
12/12/2016 Chd.
N/A kN
as deemed negligible;
Combined base effective bearing and shaft effective friction capacity, P f' = Qb' + Qs' N/A kN
Base and Shaft Effective Capacity Factored Individually

Compressive Drained pile base effective capacity (factored), Qb' / FOS2
mpressive and Tensile Drained pile shaft effective capacity (factored), Qs' / FOS3
N/A kN
N/A kN
/ FOS
Compressive Drained pile base and shaft effective capacity (factored), Qb' / FOS2 + Qs' N/A
kN
3
Base and Shaft Effective Capacity Factored Together
Compressive Drained pile base and shaft effective capacity (factored), Pf' / FOS1
N/A kN
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Drained Overall Pile Effective (Compressive) Capacity Chart
Compressiv
Empirical Overall Pile Effective (Compressive) Capacity, MIN (Qb' / FOS2 + Qs'/ FOS3, Pf' / FOS1) - Fpile (kN)
Compressiv
Compressiv
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Empirical Overall Pile Effective Capacity

SPT at z=0 level, N(z=0)
SPT at z=L-L0 level, N(z=L-L0)
5
305
Base effective bearing capacity, Qb' = (Db2/4 or Db2).qf'(z=L-L0)
0 kN
Gross effective bearing capacity, qf'(z=L-L0)=KSPT,b.N(z=L-L0) (<=qflimit'(z=L-L00
))kPa
Note gross effective bearing capacity set to 0.0kPa if base resistance excluded;
Shaft effective friction capacity, Qs' = (D or 4D).(L-L0).a'
6985 kN
Average shaft effective stress, a' = [a'(z=0)+a'(z=L-L0)]/2
49 kPa
a'(z=0) = KSPT,s.N(z=0) (<=alimit'(z))
10 kPa
a'(z=L-L0) = KSPT,s.N(z=L-L0) (<=alimit'(z))
89 kPa

Note under-reamed base dimensions ignored in calculation of F pile
106 kN
as deemed negligible;
Combined base effective bearing and shaft effective friction capacity, P f' = Qb' + Qs' 6985 kN
Base and Shaft Effective Capacity Factored Individually

Compressive Empirical pile base effective capacity (factored), Qb' / FOS2
mpressive and Tensile Empirical pile shaft effective capacity (factored), Qs' / FOS3
0 kN
4657 kN
' / FOS
Compressive Empirical pile base and shaft effective capacity (factored), Qb' / FOS2 + Q
4657
kN3
s
Base and Shaft Effective Capacity Factored Together
Compressive Empirical pile base and shaft effective capacity (factored), Pf' / FOS1
Tensile Empirical pile base and shaft effective capacity (factored), Qs' / FOS1
3492 kN
3492 kN
Empirical overall pile effective capacity for vertical (compressive) load, MIN (Q b' / FOS
+ kN
Qs' / FOS3, Pf' / FOS1) - Fpile
3386
2
Empirical overall pile effective capacity for vertical (tensile) load, MIN (Qs' / FOS3, Q3492
'
/
FOS
)
kN
s
1
Empirical overall pile effective capacity utilisation = MAX (Fpile,v,comp / (MIN (Qb' / FOS289%
+ Qs' / FOS3, Pf' / FOS
OK1) - Fpile), Fpile,v,t
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Date
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Empirical Overall Pile Effective (Compressive) Capacity Chart
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Pile Reinforcement Design

Precast Driven Square RC Pile or Insitu Bored Circular RC Pile
Pile Longitudinal Reinforcement Design
Percentage of reinforcement As,prov,p/Aps x 100%
Axial compression capacity, Ncap,pile,comp
2.18 %
4418 kN
SLS Design Ncap,pile,comp = 0.25fcu.Aps

4418 kN
ULS Design Ncap,pile,comp = 0.35fcu.Aps + (0.67fy-0.35fcu).As,prov,p
N/A kN
Note alternatively, SLS design including steel reinforcement can be estimated by N cap,pile,comp
Gue and Partners

BS8004
= 0.275fcu.Aps + 0.55fy.As,prov,p with 0.55fy limited to 175N/mm2;

Total pile vertical (compressive) load (per pile), Fpile,v,comp,(uls)
SLS Design Fpile,v,comp
ULS Design Fpile,v,comp,uls
3000 kN
3000 kN
N/A kN
Axial compression capacity utilisation = Fpile,v,comp,(uls)/Ncap,pile,comp
68%
Axial tension capacity, Ncap,pile,tens
2442 kN
SLS Design Ncap,pile,tens = 0.55fy.As,prov,p

ULS Design Ncap,pile,tens = 0.95fy.As,prov,p
2442 kN
N/A kN
Total pile vertical (tensile) load (per pile), Fpile,v,tens,(uls)
0 kN
SLS Design Fpile,v,tens

ULS Design Fpile,v,tens,uls
Axial tension capacity utilisation = Fpile,v,tens,(uls)/Ncap,pile,tens
OK
0 kN
N/A kN
0%
OK
Pile Shear Reinforcement Design

Note that pile shear design to be performed as per column design;
Pile Detailing Requirements
All detailing requirements met ?
OK
Min longitudinal steel reinforcement number, np (>=6 circular; >=4 square)
12
OK
Min longitudinal steel reinforcement diameter, p (>=12mm)
32 mm
OK
2.18 %
Longitudinal steel reinforcement pitch (>=75mm+p but >=100mm+p for T40; <=300mm)
143 mm
Circular pile bar pitch = .(D-2.cover4-2.link,p-p)/np
143 mm
OK
Percentage of reinforcement As,prov,p/Aps x 100% (>0.4% and <5.0%)
Square pile bar pitch = 4.(D-2.cover4-2.link,p-p)/np

Min link diameter, link,p (>=0.25p; >=8mm)
Max link pitch, Sp (<=12p, <=300mm, <=D)
Require an overall enclosing link.
OK
N/A mm
10 mm
OK
150 mm
OK
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Precast (Pretensioned Spun) Driven Circular RC Pile

SLS axial compression capacity, Ncap,pile,comp = 0.25.(fcu-fpe).Aeff
N/A kN
SLS total pile vertical (compressive) load (per pile), Fpile,v,comp
N/A kN
Axial compression capacity utilisation = Fpile,v,comp/Ncap,pile,comp
N/A
N/A
Insitu Bored Circular RC Pile (API Micropile)

and Partners
SLS axial compression capacity, Ncap,pile,comp
N/A kN
Reinforcement only Ncap,pile,comp = fy,API.AAPI/2.0

N/A kN
Composite section (strain compatibility) Ncap,pile,comp = 0.5fy,API.(AAPI+Ac,API.Ec/Es)/2.0N/A kN
Concrete filled CHS Ncap,pile,comp = (0.91fy,API.AAPI+0.45fcu.Ac,API)/2.0
N/A kN
SLS total pile vertical (compressive) load (per pile), Fpile,v,comp
N/A kN
Axial compression capacity utilisation = Fpile,v,comp/Ncap,pile,comp
N/A
BS8004 cl. 7.4.6.3.1

BS5400 cl. 11.3.7
N/A
CONSULTING
ENG
INEERS
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Accounting for Tolerance in Pile Installation
4 cl. 7.4.6.3.1
400 cl. 11.3.7
Moment induced at head due to out-of-position, M = 0.075F pile,v,comp,uls

Lateral force induced at head due to out-of-vertical, H = F pile,v,comp,uls/75
338 kNm
60 kN
CONSULTING
ENG
INEERS
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Group Pile Design

Undrained Analysis
Consideration of NSF ?
Total pile group SLS vertical (compressive) NSF load, Fpilegroup,v,NSF
N/A
N/A kN
Tomlinson
Pile group capacity,

N/A kN
Note D, B, L, s and sb in the above equation are L-L0, Bcap, Lcap, Sa, Su(z=L-L0)
Tomlinson
Note NSF = negative skin friction; Note F pilegroup,v,NSF = Bcap.Lcap.dry or sat.L0;
and D, respectively;
Undrained overall pile group capacity for vertical (compressive) load, Qu /N/A
FOS1kN
Undrained overall pile group capacity utilisation
Note utilisation is (Fpilecap,v + Fpilegroup,v,NSF) / (Qu / FOS1);
N/A
N/A
CONSULTING
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INEERS
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Drained Analysis
Note there is no risk of drained overall pile group failure if FOS of individual piles
are adequate;
Empirical Analysis
Note perform undrained or drained analysis;
Gue and Partners
CONSULTING
ENG
INEERS
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Scheme Design (Cohesive Soils)
and Partners
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Date
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CONSULTING
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INEERS
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Scheme Design (Non Cohesive Soils)
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provided that the base is properly cleaned and checked;
Pile ULS Loading (Including Negative Skin Friction)

Total pile ULS vertical (compressive) load (per pile), Fpile,v,comp,uls = K.Fpile,v,comp
Total pile ULS vertical (tensile) load (per pile), Fpile,v,tens,uls = K.Fpile,v,tens
4500 kN
0 kN
Undrained Overall Pile

(Compressive) Capacity Chart
Undrained Overall Pile (Compressive) Capacity, MIN (Qb / FOS2 + Qs / FOS3, Pf / FOS1) - Fpile (kN)
Length of Pile, L (m)
D = Db = 300mm
D = Db = 450mm
D = Db = 600mm
D = Db = 750mm
D = Db = 900mm
D = Db = 1050mm
D = Db = 1200mm
D = Db = 1350mm
D = Db = 1500mm
D = Db = 1650mm
D = Db = 1800mm
D = Db = 1950mm
D = Db = 2100mm
Note that the above equation reduces to v'(z=L-L0) = psurface+(sat-w).(Lc+L);

' = sat - w
N/A kN/m3
Note B' and L' in the above equation are D b and Db, respectively;
Depth factor,
Bearing capacity factor, N,strip
Soils N,strip = 2.0(Nq,strip-1).tan'
Rocks N,strip
N/A
N/A
N/A
EC7 (Hansen)
N/A
Kulhawy and Goodman
7 (Hansen)
y and Goodman
Note typically a' = 0.05quc, where
a' for weak rock

a' for medium rock
a' for strong rock
Neoh
100-140 kPa
Neoh
700-1000 kPa
Neoh
1000-1400 kPa
Neoh
Tensile Drained pile base and shaft effective capacity (factored), Qs' / FOS1
N/A kN
Drained overall pile effective capacity for vertical (compressive) load, MIN (Qb' / FOSN/A
+ QkN
' / FOS3, Pf' / FOS1) - Fpile
2
s
Drained overall pile effective capacity for vertical (tensile) load, MIN (Qs' / FOS3, Qs' /N/A
FOSkN
)
1
Drained overall pile effective capacity utilisation = MAX (Fpile,v,comp / (MIN (Qb' / FOS2 +N/A
Qs' / FOS3, Pf' / FOS
) - Fpile), Fpile,v,ten
N/A
1
Drained Overall Pile Effective (Compressive) Capacity Chart
D = Db = 300mm
D = Db = 450mm
D = Db = 600mm
D = Db = 750mm
D = Db = 900mm
D = Db = 1050mm
D = Db = 1200mm
D = Db = 1350mm
D = Db = 1500mm
D = Db = 1650mm
D = Db = 1800mm
D = Db = 1950mm
D = Db = 2100mm
Empirical Overall Pile Effective (Compressive) Capacity Chart
D = Db = 300mm
D = Db = 450mm
D = Db = 600mm
D = Db = 750mm
D = Db = 900mm
D = Db = 1050mm
D = Db = 1200mm
D = Db = 1350mm
D = Db = 1500mm
D = Db = 1650mm
D = Db = 1800mm
D = Db = 1950mm
D = Db = 2100mm

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Negative Skin Friction (NSF) in Recently Laid Fill Layer And / Or Compressible Soil Stratum
Negative skin friction is a phenomenon that reduces the length of available shaft
skin friction resistance and adds an additional negative skin friction force due
to the consolidation of recently laid fill layers and / or compressible soil stratum
under their own weight or due to surcharge or ground heave;
The effects of negative skin friction need only be considered if base resistance is relied
upon within the pile design, for if it is not and the resistance of the piles is merely by
shaft skin friction, then as the piles settle with the consolidating soil, there is no NSF
effects. These are known as floating piles. It is only when the resistance of the base
is significant that the soil settles more than the piles causing inevitable downdrag forces
on the pile shaft in NSF;
Negative skin friction can be dealt with by:1 avoiding construction on recently laid fill layers and / or compressible soil stratum;
2 sleeving or slip coating pile shaft over recently laid fill layers and / or compressible
soil stratum;
3 reserving additional pile capacity for NSF;
4 carry out surcharging prior to piling and avoid free filling after piling;

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Group Pile Design
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Pile Selection and Installation Method
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Diameter (m
Capacity (kN
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Made by
Driven
Bakau Pile
Driven
Treated
Timber
Square Pile
Driven
Prestressed Driven Steel
Concrete
H Pile
Spun Pile
Diesel Drop Diesel Drop Diesel Drop Diesel Drop

Hammer,
Hammer,
Hammer,
Hammer,
Jacked-In
Jacked-In
Jacked-In
Jacked-In
Method
Diameter (mm) 70 - 100
125 - 150
Length (m)
Joints
Driven
Reinforced
Concrete
Square Pile
Toothed PlateToothed Plate
Grade (MPa)
Capacity (kN)
Timber
5 - 10
Timber
100 - 200
XX
Bored
Micropile
Date
12/12/2016 Chd.
Bored CFA
Pile
Bored Pile
Hydraulic
Hammer,
Jacked-In
Drill (No
Casing or
Bentonite)
and Cast
Insitu
Drill (With
Drill (No
Casing and
Casing or
Bentonite
Bentonite)
Below Water
and Cast
Table) and
Insitu
Cast Insitu
200 - 400
100 - 350
300 - 900
450 - 2000
150 - 400
250 - 1000
3, 6, 9, 12
6, 9, 12
6, 12
Varies
to 25
Varies
Welded
Welded
Welded
None
None
None
Concrete
Concrete
Steel
Concrete
Concrete
Concrete
40
60, 80
250, 410
25, 35
20, 30
20, 30
250 - 1850
450 - 5200 400 - 10000 200 - 2500
800 - 7000 800 - 23000

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Pile Durability Considerations

Ground is considered as aggressive if either:1 pH < 4.5;
2 sulphide content > 100ppm;
3 chloride content > 200ppm;
Note corrosion rate of steel piles in undisturbed soils normally negligible;
Requirements for concrete piles in aggressive ground are:1 cement content > 380kg/m3;
2 water / cement ratio < 0.5;
3 rebar covers > 50mm;
4 concrete grade > 50MPa;
12/12/2016 Chd.

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XX
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