WWTP Chemicals Details

INFLUENT & EFFLUENT TREATMENT
Our solids liquid separation programs are needed to prevent the buildup
of solids in industrial systems. These programs are designed to maximize
system efficiency, and prevent any damage or equipment downtime.
There are several methods for the separation of solids and liquid in
influent and effluent waters. Mechanical methods may include
sedimentation, straining, flotation, and filtration. Coagulation and
flocculation chemicals are used in the treatment process for water
clarification, lime softening, sludge thickening, and solids dewatering and
removal. In addition, we have specific chemical treatments for the
wastewater needs of various industries, such as: heavy metals removal,
oil/water emulsions, paint detakification, odor control, and defoaming.
Solids liquid separation
Solids liquid separation programs are needed for effluent treatment to
comply with discharge requirements and prevent the build-up of solids in
wastewater systems. There are several methods for industrial effluent
treatment, including sedimentation, straining, flotation, and filtration.
Our solids liquid separation technical support team averages over 25
years of field applications expertise with the following industrial effluent
treatment technologies:
Simulation and Testing Capabilites
o
Biological treatment for BOD removal and COD removal
o
Chemical softening to remove calcium and magnesium
hardness
o
Dissolved air flotation
o
Membrane filtration
o
Multimedia filtration
o
Paint detackification
o
Physical/chemical treatment of metals and phosphates
o
Oily waste demulsification
o
Separators: centrifuges, cyclones, strainers, cartridge filters,
cross-flow sieves, and electro-osmosis
o
Sedimentation and clarification
o
Sludge thickening and dewatering
Suspended Solids:
Contaminants visible to the naked eye, suspended solids can generally be
filtered out of the water using common filter paper. Although there is no
hard and fast definition, suspended solids tend to be greater than 1 to 2
microns in size. If the water is left to stand without being disturbed, the
suspended solids will settle to the bottom of the container over time.
Dissolved solids
Dissolved solids are not visible to the naked eye and cannot be removed
from the water by filtration. The standard definition of dissolved solids is
material generally smaller than 0.45 microns in size. There are two types
of dissolved solids:
Normally soluble substances

These are materials that become more soluble with increasing
temperature, such as table salt or sugar. The hotter the water, the
more of these materials will dissolve.
Inversely soluble substances
Normally referred to as hardness ions and generally limited to salts
of calcium, magnesium, strontium, and barium in water treatment,
these materials become less soluble as temperatures increase, hence
their tendency to form scale on the hot surfaces of boiler or heat
exchanger tubes. Water treatment would be a simple matter were it
not for the inversely soluble hardness salts.
Colloidal Solids
These are solids not quite small enough to be considered dissolved but
not quite large enough to be considered suspended. Generally, colloidal
materials will appear as a haze in the water, and it will not be possible
to see distinct particles with the naked eye. Colloidal materials are
typically within the size range of ~0.45 to ~2.0 microns. Colloidal solids
will not settle out from the water because they are so small they are
greatly affected by their ionic surface charges. Thus, a colloidal
suspension in water is said to be a stable suspension.
Color is a type of
colloidal suspension. Organic molecules
that
contribute color to raw surface water are simply macromolecules that fall
into the smaller colloidal size range. In water, these macromolecules take
on an ionic surface charge that stabilizes them so they cannot settle out.
Flocculation and coagulation

Flocculation and coagulation treatment chemicals are used in effluent
water treatment processes for solids removal, water clarification, lime
softening, sludge thickening, and solids dewatering.
Coagulants neutralize the negative electrical charge on particles, which
destabilizes the forces keeping colloids apart. Water treatment coagulants
are comprised of positively charged molecules that, when added to the
water and mixed, accomplish this charge neutralization. Inorganic
coagulants, organic coagulants or a combination of both are typically used
to treat water for suspended solids removal.
When an inorganic coagulant is added to water containing a colloidal
suspension, the cationic metal ion from the coagulant neutralizes the
negatively charged electric double layer of the colloid. Much the same
occurs with an organic coagulant, except the positive charge most
commonly comes from an amine (NH4+) group attached to the coagulant
molecule. ChemTreat has both NSF-approved and GRAS-applicable
coagulation products. Examples of ChemTreat coagulants include
aluminum salts, iron salts, and polyelectrolytes.
Flocculants gather the destabilized particles together and cause them to

agglomerate and drop out of solution. Examples of ChemTreat flocculants
include low, medium, and high molecular weight polymers.
Organic coagulants
For certain water sources, organic coagulants are more appropriate for
solids liquid separation. Generally, organic coagulants are used when
sludge generation is desired. Furthermore, blended organic and inorganic
chemicals are often more effective than either organic or inorganic
coagulants alone. The correct blend can often combine the advantages of
using the sweep-floc mechanism of the inorganic coagulant with the
sludge generation characteristics of the organic coagulants. ChemTreats
formulations are based on the following chemistries:
Polyamine and PolyDADMAC

These are the most widely used class of organic coagulants. This type
of coagulant functions by charge neutralization alone so there is no
advantage of the sweep-floc mechanism. Polyamines will generally
treat higher turbidity raw water (>~20 NTU) effectively. Polyamines
are also effective in treating many types of wastewater. PolyDADMACs
are a specific class of polyamines that fit in this category.
Melamine Formaldehydes and Tannins

These all-organic polymers act similarly to the inorganic coagulants in
that they not only coagulate the colloidal material in the water, but
also contribute their own precipitated floc as well. This sweep-floc
precipitate readily adsorbs organic materials such as oil and grease.
The precipitate generally dewaters to low moisture concentration,
making this choice of coagulant particularly well suited to unit
operations that generate hazardous sludge, such as DGF and IGF units
in oil refineries. This self-precipitating chemistry is generally
significantly more expensive to use than inorganic coagulants, but it
can be economical when sludge removal and disposal costs
are factored in.
Inorganic coagulants
Inorganic coagulants are both cost-effective and applicable for a broad

variety of water and wastewater. Inorganic coagulants are particularly
effective on raw water with low turbidity (TSS concentration) and will often
treat this type of water when organic coagulants cannot.
Once added to water, the inorganic coagulants react with the alkalinity
and hydrate to form metal (aluminum or iron) hydroxide precipitates,
which act in a sweep-floc type of mechanism. The sweep-floc
mechanism can be compared to snowfall on dirty air. As the snow falls, it
adsorbs particulates in the air, which coprecipitate. In this manner the
snowfall acts to clean the air. In water treatment, the metal hydroxide
sweep-floc acts on water the way a snowfall acts on air. Many difficult-totreat colloidal suspensions can thus be effectively treated using inorganic
coagulants.
Although the metal hydroxide precipitate sweep-floc is advantageous in

cleaning the water, these precipitates add to the overall sludge volume
that must be treated and removed. These precipitates also tend to lower
the overall density and dewaterability of sludge versus precipitates
created with organic coagulants. For influent water applications where the
sludge is generally non-hazardous, the penalty for creating more sludge
with higher water content is small. For wastewater applications with
hazardous sludge, the economic penalty can be significant.
Aluminum Sulfate (Alum)

Alum is mildly hazardous with similar health effects and corrosion
characteristics as diluted sulfuric acid. Alum is manufactured as a
liquid, and the crystalline form is dehydrated from the liquid. Alum is
one of the most commonly used water treatment chemicals in the
world.
Aluminum Chloride
Generally, aluminum chloride works similarly to alum, but is usually
more expensive, hazardous, and corrosive. Because of this, it is
normally a distant second choice to alum. ChemTreat has aluminum
chloride available as a liquid.
Polyaluminum Chloride (PACl) & Aluminum Chlorohydrate

(ACH)
ChemTreat has a portfolio of varying combinations of PACl/ACH
engineered for the basicity of your water.
Ferric Sulfate and Ferrous Sulfate

Iron coagulants work similarly to aluminum coagulants but the cost
may vary based on the local source of supply. Ferric sulfate is the
more commonly used, but ferrous sulfate is typically used in
applications where a reducing agent or excess soluble iron ions are
required.
Ferric Chloride
Ferric chloride is generally the least expensive inorganic coagulant,
because it is generated as a waste material from steel making
operations (waste pickle liquor). However, it is by far the most
corrosive and hazardous inorganic coagulant, and its use is limited to

facilities equipped to handle it safely.
Flocculants
Charge-neutralized solids can be further agglomerated by using
flocculants. Flocculants can be thought of a sort of a high-tech rope
tying particles together, thereby increasing particle size. Flocculants come
in various charges, charge densities, molecular weights, and forms.
ChemTreats portfolio includes:
Cationic Flocculants
Mostly based on copolymers of AETAC (N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl
Acrylate Methyl Chloride Quaternary) or METAC (N,NDimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate Methyl Chloride Quaternary) and
acrylamide. These products can perform a dual function by both
coagulating with their positive ionic charge and flocculating with their
high molecular weight.
Anionic Flocculants
Mostly based on copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid, anionic
flocculants possess a negative ionic charge and work by binding with
residual cationic charges on coagulants adsorbed to coagulated
colloids.
Reference;
http://www.chemtreat.com/solutions/chemical-treatment
programs/wastewater-chemicals/

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INFLUENT & EFFLUENT TREATMENT

Normally soluble substances

colloidal suspension. Organic molecules

Flocculation and coagulation

Flocculants gather the destabilized particles together and cause them to

Polyamine and PolyDADMAC

Melamine Formaldehydes and Tannins

Inorganic coagulants are both cost-effective and applicable for a broad

Although the metal hydroxide precipitate sweep-floc is advantageous in

Aluminum Sulfate (Alum)

Polyaluminum Chloride (PACl) & Aluminum Chlorohydrate

Ferric Sulfate and Ferrous Sulfate

corrosive and hazardous inorganic coagulant, and its use is limited to

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