Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
A
Summer training Report Submitted
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
By Aman Singh
Roll No. UE144010
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
SWITCHYARD DESIGN
ONE & HALF BREAKER ARRANGEMENT
DOUBLE MAIN & TRANSFER ARRANGEMENT
SWITCHYARD COMPONENTS
BAY
ISOLATOR
WAVE TRAP
CT
CVT
REACTOR
ICT
CIRCUIT BREAKER
SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
SERVICING OF SF6 C.B
REFERENCES
400/220 KV SUB-STAION
KARTARPUR, JALANDHAR(PUNJAB)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very grateful to the working staff members of PGCIL Kartarpur 400/220 KV sub-station for
providing me valuable insights into the working of substation . I am also very thankful to the
Director HR Department PGCIL, North Division, Jammu for giving me a chance to undergo
vocational training with PGCIL.
I am also very thankful to my parents for their affectionate support.
INTRODUCTION
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID), is an Indian state-owned electric
utilities company headquartered in Gurgaon, India. Power Grid wheels about 50% of the total
power generated in India on its transmission network. Power Grid has a pan-India presence with
around 95,329 Circuit-km of Transmission network and 156 EHVAC & HVDC sub-stations with a
total transformation capacity of 138,673 MVA. The Inter-regional capacity is enhanced to 28,000
MW. Power Grid has also diversified into Telecom business and established a telecom network of
more than 25,000 km across the country. Power Grid has consistently maintained the transmission
system availability over 99.00% which is at par with the International Utilities.
In 1980 the Rajadhyaksha Committee on Power Sector Reforms submitted its report to the
Government of India suggesting extensive reforms in the Indian power sector. Based on the
recommendations of the Rajadhyaksha Committee, in 1981 the Government of India took the policy
decision to form a national power grid which would pave the way for the integrated operation of the
central and regional transmission systems. Pursuant to this decision to form a national power grid,
PowerGrid was incorporated on October 23, 1989 under the companies Act, 1956 as the National
Power Transmission Corporation Limited, with the responsibility of planning, executing, owning,
operating and maintaining the high voltage transmission systems in the country. The Company
received a certificate for commencement of business on November 8, 1990. Subsequently, the name
of the Company was changed to Power Grid Corporation of India Limited with effect from October
23, 1992.
POWERGRID has enhanced the inter-regional capacity of National Grid to 28,000 MW. India is
divided into 5 Regions - Northern Region (NR), Eastern Region (ER), Western Region (WR),
Southern Region (SR), and North-East Region (NER). Out of all these Regions the NR, ER, WR,
and NER are synchronized which is known as NEW Grid. Whereas SR is not synchronized with the
rest of the regions with AC lines and hence could run on a slightly different frequency. SR is
connected with WR and ER with HVDC links only. When PGCIL was formed then the
responsibility of Regional Load Despatch Centres (RLDCs) was handed over to POWERGRID by
Central Electricity Authority (CEA). On 25th February, 2009 the National Load Despatch Center
(NLDC) was inaugurated. Now these Regional Load Despatch Centres (RLDCs) and National Load
Despatch Center (NLDC) form a separate Organisation named POSOCO (Power system Operation
Corporation), a wholly owned subsidiary of POWERGRID.
SWITCHYARD DESIGN
Any transmission line originates or terminates at a Bus-bar. One bus bar is usually connected to
more than one transmission lines depending upon its power handling ability. Different types of busbar designs are used based on requirement. Some of the commonly used bus bar arrangements are
One and a half breaker arrangement, Double Main & Transfer Arrangement, ring main
Arrangement, Mesh Arrangement and Single Bus Bar Arrangement (with or without Bus
sectionalization).
The choice of the type of bus bar arrangement depends on System voltage.
In the 400/220 kV switchyard of Power Grid Kartarpur, One and a half Breaker Arrangement is
used for 400 kV transmission line and Double Main & Transfer Arrangement is used for 220 kV
Transmission line. Both types of bus bar arrangements are explained below.
FIGURE 1
ONE AND HALF BREAKER ARRANGEMENT
It is clear that three circuit breakers are used in one dia between the two busbars, Bus 1 and Bus 2
for two circuits emerging out of it. Two such dia are shown in the figure. Following advantages are
associated with this type of bus bar arrangement
The supply is not interrupted in the event of fault on a bus as either of the bus can be used to
maintain supply and keep the feeders (or transmission lines) charged.
The supply is not interrupted in the event of any fault on a circuit breaker.
Possibility of addition of circuits is always there.
FIGURE 2
DOUBLE MAIN & TRANSFER ARRANGEMENT
As shown in the figure, each feeder comes with only one circuit breaker, unlike the One and a half
arrangement where effectively each feeder had two circuit breakers. In case a fault occurs on the
breaker associated with a feeder, the continuity of the supply could still be maintained by
transferring the feeder to the transfer bus. For this, firstly the transfer bus is charged by closing the
TBS or the Transfer Bus Coupler and then closing the isolator connecting transfer bus and the
feeder. One transfer bus is used for all the feeders. However, only one feeder at a time can be put on
the transfer bus. The designing does not permit more than one feeder to be put on the bus at a time.
SWITCHYARD COMPONENTS
Bay
A transmission line when enters in a switchyard in connected to a bay. A bay is basically a
collection of isolator and wave trap connected in series and CVT, LA, earth switch connected in
parallel. In sequence starting from the transmission lines last tower and going towards the
switchyard, they lie as follows: LA, CVT, WT, earth switch, and isolator. LA comes first to protect
the switchyard components from being damaged from the sudden voltage or current surge. Then
comes the CVT which, on high voltage lines, are mostly used for the transmission of
communication signals. They send and receive these high frequency signals. WT are used for
filtering out the high frequency signals from the current as they may be outside the range of the
switchyard components which are mostly designed to operate at the frequency of or around 50 Hz.
Earth switch comes next to earth the line, if necessary. Isolator is the last component of the bay and
is used to isolate the line from the bus bar
ISOLATOR
A disconnector or isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely
de-energised for service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical distribution and
industrial applications where machinery must have its source of driving power removed for
adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow
isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers, and transmission lines, for
maintenance. Often the isolation switch is not intended for normal control of the circuit and is only
used for isolation
.
FIGURE 4
400KV ISOLATOR
In some designs the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby
providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to circuits which inter-connect power
distribution systems where both end of the circuit need to be isolated.
WAVE TRAP
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency communication
signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection
panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU).
This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among
various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily
teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals. Line trap also is
known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the
line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the
substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU).
This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among
various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily
FIGURE 5
WAVE TRAP
SURGE ARRESTOR
The lightning arresters provide protection against atmospheric lightening. A lightning arrester is a
protective device, which conducts the high voltage surges on the power system to the ground.
It consists of a spark gap in series with a non-linear resistor. One end of the diverter is connected to
the terminal of the equipment to be protected and the other end is effectively grounded. The length
of the gap is so set that normal voltage is not enough to cause an arc but a dangerously high voltage
will break down the air insulation and form an arc. The property of the non-linear resistance is that
its resistance increases as the voltage (or current) increases and vice-versa.
The action of the lightning arrester or surge diverter is as under:
(i) Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e. it conducts no current to earth or
the gap is non-conducting
(ii) On the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks down and an arc is
formed providing a low resistance path for the surge to the ground. In this way, the excess charge on
the line due to the surge is harmlessly conducted through the arrester to the ground instead of being
sent back over the line.After the surge is over, the resistor offers high resistance to make the gap
non-conducting.
FIGURE 6
400 KV SURGE ARRESTOR
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. When current in a circuit is
too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced
current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to
measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments
from what may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current transformer has a primary
winding, a magnetic core, and a secondary winding. A primary objective of current transformer
design is to ensure that the primary and secondary circuits are efficiently coupled, so that the
secondary current bears an accurate relationship to the primary current.
The most common design of CT consists of a length of wire wrapped many times around a silicon
steel ring passed over the circuit being measured. The CT's primary circuit therefore consists of a
single 'turn' of conductor, with a secondary of many hundreds of turns. The primary winding may be
a permanent part of the current transformer, with a heavy copper bar to carry current through the
magnetic core. Shapes and sizes can vary depending on the end user.
FIGURE 7
400 KV CT
FIGURE 8
400 KV CVT
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra
high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a protective
relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the
transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency, and
a transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay.
The tuning of the divider to the line frequency makes the overall division ratio less sensitive to
changes in the burden of the connected metering or protection devices.
The device has at least four terminals: a terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a
ground terminal, and two secondary terminals which connect to the instrumentation or protective
relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred
kilovolts where the use of wound primary voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice,
capacitor C1 is often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a
large voltage drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C2.
FIGURE 9
CIRCUIT-CVT
SHUNT REACTOR
The need for large shunt reactors appeared when long power transmission lines for system voltage
220 kV & higher were built. The characteristic parameters of a line are the series inductance (due to
the magnetic field around the conductors) & the shunt capacitance (due to the electrostatic field to
earth). Both the inductance & the capacitance are distributed along the length of the line. So are the
series resistance and the admittance to earth. When the line is loaded, there is a voltage drop along
the line due to the series inductance and the series resistance. When the line is energized but not
loaded or only loaded with a small current, there is a voltage rise along the line (the Ferrantieffect).In this situation, the capacitance to earth draws a current through the line, which may be
capacitive. When a capacitive current flows through the line inductance there will be a voltage rise
along the line.
To stabilize the line voltage the line inductance can be compensated by means of series capacitors
and the line capacitance to earth by shunt reactors. Series capacitors are placed at different places
along the line while shunt reactors are often installed in the stations at the ends of line. In this way,
the voltage difference between the ends of the line is reduced both in amplitude and in phase angle.
FIGURE 10
400 KV SHUNT REACTOR
Shunt reactors may also be connected to the power system at junctures where several lines meet or
to tertiary windings of transformers. Shunt reactors contain the same components as power
transformers, like windings, core, tank, bushings and insulating oil and are suitable for
manufacturing in transformer factories. The main difference is the reactor core limbs, which have
non-magnetic gaps inserted between packets of core steel.
Generation of Electrical Power in low voltage level is very much cost effective. Hence Electrical
Power are generated in low voltage level. Theoretically, this low voltage leveled power can be
transmitted to the receiving end. But if the voltage level of a power is increased, the electric
current of the power is reduced which causes reduction in ohmic or I2R losses in the system,
reduction in cross sectional area of the conductor i.e. reduction in capital cost of the system and it
also improves the voltage regulation of the system. Because of these, low leveled power must be
stepped up for efficient electrical power transmission. This is done by step up transformer at the
sending side of the power system network. As this high voltage power may not be distributed to the
consumers directly, this must be stepped down to the desired level at the receiving end with help of
step down transformer. These are the use of electrical power transformer in the Electrical Power
System.
FIGURE 11
400/220 KV ICT
High-power or high-voltage transformers are bathed in transformer oil - a highly-refined mineral oil
that is stable at high temperatures. Large transformers to be used indoors must use a non-flammable
liquid. Today, nontoxic, stable silicone-based oils or fluorinated hydrocarbons may be used, where
the expense of a fire-resistant liquid offsets additional building cost for a transformer vault.
The oil cools the transformer, and provides part of the electrical insulation between internal live
parts. It has to be stable at high temperatures so that a small short or arc will not cause a breakdown
or fire. To improve cooling of large power transformers, the oil-filled tank may have radiators
through which the oil circulates by natural convection. Very large or high-power transformers (with
capacities of millions of watts) may have cooling fans, oil pumps. Oil transformers ar equipped
with Buchholz relays.
BUCHHOLZ RRELAY
Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on oil-filled power transformers and reactors, equipped
with an external overhead oil reservoir called a conservator. On a slow accumulation of gas, due
perhaps to slight overload, gas produced by decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top
of the relay and forces the oil level down. A float switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm
signal. If an arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator. This
flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the path of the moving oil. This switch
normally will operate a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional
damage. Buchholz relays have a test port to allow the accumulated gas to be withdrawn for testing.
Flammable gas found in the relay indicates some internal fault such as overheating or arcing,
whereas air found in the relay may only indicate low oil level or a leak .
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse,
which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small
devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect
high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition; in low-voltage circuit breakers this is usually done
within the breaker enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually
arranged with pilot devices to sense a fault current and to operate the trip opening mechanism. The
trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually energized by a separate battery, although some highvoltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers, protection relays, and an
internal control power source. Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open
to interrupt the circuit; some mechanically-stored energy (using something such as springs or
compressed air) contained within the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the
energy required may be obtained from the fault current itself. Small circuit breakers may be
manually operated; larger units have solenoids to trip the mechanism, and electric motors to restore
energy to the springs.
The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating, and must also
withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting (opening) the circuit. Contacts are made of
copper or copper alloys, silver alloys, and other highly conductive materials. Service life of the
contacts is limited by the erosion of contact material due to arcing while interrupting the current.
Miniature and molded case circuit breakers are usually discarded when the contacts have worn, but
power circuit breakers and high-voltage circuit breakers have replaceable contacts. When a current
is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled, and extinguished in a
controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the circuit.
Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas, or oil as the medium in which the arc
forms.
Electrical power transmission networks are protected and controlled by high-voltage breakers. The
definition of high voltage varies but in power transmission work is usually thought to be 72.5 kV or
higher, according to a recent definition by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
High-voltage breakers are nearly always solenoid-operated, with current sensing protective
relays operated through current transformers. Insubstations the protective relay scheme can be
complex, protecting equipment and buses from various types of overload or ground/earth fault.
High-voltage breakers are broadly classified by the medium used to extinguish the arc.
Bulk oil
Minimum oil
Air blast
Vacuum
SFHYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride"6
In 400/220 KV Kartarpur sub-station of PGCIL, the circuit breakers used are of SF6 type only, due
to the nature of high rating lines.
FIGURE 12
SF6 ARC QUENCHING
The current interruption process in a high-voltage circuit breaker is a complex matter due to
simultaneous interaction of several phenomena. When the circuit breaker
contacts separate, an electric arc will be established, and current will continue to
flow through the arc. Interruption will take place at an instant when the alternating
current reaches zero.
When a circuit breaker is tripped in order to interrupt a short-circuit current, the
contact parting can start anywhere in the current loop. After the contacts have
parted mechanically, the current will flow between the contacts through an electric
arc, which consists of a core of extremely hot gas with a temperature of 5,000 to
20,000 K. This column of gas is fully ionized (plasma) and has an electrical conductivity
F
E
D
C
B
A
mechanism.
During closing the contacts close and the puffer volume is refilled with cold gas, making it
ready for the next opening operation.
1-Upper Terminals
2. Porcelain Insulators
3. Lower Terminals
4. Lifting Hooks
5. Supporting Structure
6. Cabinet
7. Inspection window
8. Cross-Angles
FIGURE 13
SWITCHYARD SF6 BREAKER BASE UNIT
FIGURE 14
OPENING OF SF6 FOR SERVICING
FIGURE 16
MOVING CONTACTS SF6 BREAKER
FIGURE 17
OUTER CASING SF6 ARMS
FIGURE 18
FIXED CONTACTS -SF6 BREAKER
FIGURE 19
SETTING UP OF DCRM KIT
FIGURE 20
TESTING USING DCRM KIT
APPENDIX:
ABBREVATIONS
1. CTU Central Transmission Utility
2. CVT Capacitive Voltage Transformer
3. ISGS Inter State Generating Stations
4. IEC International Electromechanical Council
5. IEGC Indian Electricity Grid Code
6. LA Lightening Arrester
7. NLDC National Load Dispatch Center
8. PU Per Unit
9. RLDC Regional Load Dispatch Center
10. SLD Single Line Diagram
11. SLDC State Load Dispatch Center
12. TBS Transfer Bus Coupler
13. WRLDC Western Region Load Dispatch Center
14. WT Wave Trap
REFERENCES
[1] PGCIL official site
[2] Power System Analysis, Glover Sarma
[3] Power System Engineering, Nagrath Kothari
[4] ABB Circuit breaker operational manual