Dusza Etal 2012a
Dusza Etal 2012a
Dusza Etal 2012a
I. I NTRODUCTION
The operational time for which a mobile phone can be used
prior it has to be recharged is one of the most important
performance parameter for the consumers of new smart-phones
[1]. This leads to the major challenge that on the one hand new
smart-phones with fast Central Processing Units (CPU), bright
displays, lots of sensors and many different communication
interfaces need more and more energy and on the other hand
the battery technology is not developing as fast as it would be
necessary. This is the reason why energy efficiency is one of
the most important design targets if novel smart phones based
on Long Term Evolution (LTE) or Mobile WiMAX have to be
designed. However, before extensive simulations on the energy
consumption of new systems, protocols or algorithms can be
performed, detailed energy models are needed as a basis for the
performance evaluation. One of the most critical performance
indicators in this context is the energy that has to be spent for
the successful submission of 1 bit.
In this paper, we present a detailed measurement based energy model for IEEE 802.16e Mobile WiMAX. The model
describes the influence of the transmission power, the data
size (e.g. in case of file transfer) and the application data rate
(e.g. for streaming applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP))
iPerf Server
Gateway PC
Evaluation PC
Ethernet
USB
Probe
USB
RF
DUT
iPerf Client
Fig. 1.
2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media,
including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to
servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.
Link to published version: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6239855
TABLE I
M OBILE W I MAX S YSTEM PARAMETRIZATION
300 ms between CQI Reports
Parameter
Carrier Frequency [GHz]
Channel Bandwidth [MHz]
UL Tx-power per Subcarrier
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Size
UL Modulation Scheme
UL Coding Rate
Coding Type
Duplexing Scheme
Carrier Interleaving Scheme
MIMO Type
Map Repetition Factors
HARQ
Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU)
Value
2.5405 GHz
10
-6 dBm
1024
QPSK
1/2
Convolutional Turbo Code (CTC)
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Full Usage of Subchannels (FUSC)
1 x 1 (SISO)
0 (No Repetition)
Disabled
1368 Bytes
PCQI = 929 mW
Periodic Submission of
Channel Quality Reports
PIDLE = 880 mW
tDL = 3.72 ms
PDL = 0.9 W
PUL
= 2.52 W
the course of the actual power over time can be seen from
Fig. 2. Fig. 2(a) illustrates the power consumption over time
for a Mobile WiMAX device that is connected to a base
station but does not transmit or receive any data. Therefore a
continuous average power consumption of PIDLE = 880 mW
is needed while every 300 ms a channel quality (CQI) report
is submitted in the uplink. For this submission period the
average power increases to PCQI = 929 mW . Fig. 2(b) shows
a zoom to the power measurements for one Time Division
Duplex (TDD) frame. One can clearly see the different parts
of the burst for the uplink and the downlink where the time
ratio tDL /tUL corresponds to the defined TDD downlink to
uplink ratio of 35/12. While the overall average power for
the submission of one burst is PF RAME = 1.32 W only
PDL = 0.9 W are consumed during the reception phase while
PUL = 2.52 W are needed for the submission of data in the
uplink (assuming an uplink Tx-power of 6 dBm per OFDM
subcarrier as reported to the BS and Full Usage of Subchannels
(FUSC)).
A. Impact of the Transmit Power on the Energy Efficiency
The influence of the uplink Tx-power per OFDM subcarrier
(SC) on the energy needed for the successful submission of
one bit was determined by submitting an iPerf generated data
stream at the maximum possible data rate DRMax for the
different Downlink (DL) to Uplink (UL) ratios . During the
transmission, the average power consumption was measured
by using the setup described in section III. Afterwards the
consumed energy E for the submission of one bit was calculated by
RT
1
T 0 P (t)dt
(1)
E[J/Bit] =
RT
1
T 0 DRMax (t)dt
1.5
DL/UL Radio Independent
Dynamic Transmitting Power
Plus Fixed Processing Power
1.4
TABLE II
PARAMETER S ET F OR T X - POWER D EPENDENT E NERGY E FFICIENCY
1.3
1.2
: 35/12
1.1
1
0.9
: 32/15
0.8
: 29/18
0.7
0.6
: 26/21
Original Measurement
Interpolation by Energy Model
0.5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
Fig. 3.
-40
Parameter
Value
1.0325 106
4.6000 105
5.2250 104
C( = 35/12)
1.1084 103
C( = 32/15)
8.3530 104
C( = 29/18)
6.9160 104
C( = 26/21)
5.9940 104
PTx,M in
25dBm/SC
10
: 32/15
10
: 26/21
103
Application Data Rate (DRApp ) [kByte/s]
9.7 104
0.94
DRApp
106
101
102
103
Fig. 4.
0.17
PS
Saturation Area
with Constant
Energy per Bit
Transition
Area
103
Const =
E(PTX = 6 dBm)
(see Eq. 2)
104
105
10
107
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
0.17
P S < 20kByte
E(P S) = P S
(5)
Const P S > 900kByte
: 29/18
105
E(DRApp ) =
E(PS) =
102
: 35/12
6
101
Energy Consumption per Bit (E) [J/Bit]
102
Transition
Area
V. C ONCLUSIONS
Saturation Area
with Constant
Energy per Bit
104
3.5 GHz Lab Model
0.016
E(PS3.5GHz ) =
105
PS0.9
Measurement with
real BS at 3.5 GHz
106
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
d = 400m
Mobile WiMAX
Basestation
Fig. 7. Mobile WiMAX Link for Validation Measurement, (c) 2011 Google