Final EIA Project Report For 3d Seismic Survey in Block 13t
Final EIA Project Report For 3d Seismic Survey in Block 13t
Final EIA Project Report For 3d Seismic Survey in Block 13t
PROJECT REPORT
FOR
PROPOSED 3D SEISMIC SURVEY FOR BLOCK 13T: PARTS OF CENTRAL POKOT,
LOIMA, TURKANA CENTRAL, AND TURKANA SOUTH DISTRICTS BY TULLOW
KENYA B.V.
Prepared by
Earthview Geoconsultants Limited
P.O. BOX 10366-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: 254-20-2496208
Email: [email protected]
December 2012
PROJECT REPORT
FOR
DECEMBER 2012
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This proposed 3D seismic survey has been carried out for Tullow Kenya B.V which is an independent
Oil and Gas exploration company. It holds an Exclusive Prospecting Right (EPR) over Block 13T, which
covers four districts (Central Pokot, Turkana Central, Loima and parts of Turkana South Districts) in
northwest Kenya. This Environmental impact assessment has been carried out by Earthview
Geoconsultants Ltd. to the project proponent Tullow. The main objective is to study in detail the
assigned area, in accordance with the requirements of Kenyas Environmental Management and
Coordination Act of 1999 and subsidiary legislation, and in fulfilment of the more general requirement
that projects maintain a clean, sustained and healthy environment. This EIA project report has aimed
at establishing and mitigating any potential impacts of the proposed 3D seismic survey at the
identified sites in the project area. The methodology used include review of available literature,
meetings and consultations with local stakeholders and government officials, interviews and public
consultation with the local residents, site visits to the project area and the surrounding area and the
application of professional knowledge and experience.
Seismic surveys are the primary tool utilized during the exploration of hydrocarbons in both onshore
and offshore areas. A seismic survey is conducted by creating an energy wave commonly referred to
as a seismic wave on the surface of the ground along a predetermined line, using an energy source.
This wave travels into and through the earth strata, where it is reflected and refracted by various
subsurface formations, and returns to the surface where receivers called geophones are used to detect
the waves and recorded for analysis. In this case, the seismic waves were induced by vibrating truckmounted heavy plates on the ground. The specialized trucks are known as Vibroseis. By analyzing
the time it takes for the seismic waves to reflect off subsurface formations and return to the surface,
formations can be mapped and potential oil or gas deposits identified.
Environmental impact assessment is used to: facilitate management and control of environmental
degradation during the seismic survey; assess compliance with relevant statutory and regulatory
requirements and raise awareness of and commitment to environmental policy by project staff, the
community and other concerned parties through public meetings. The environmental parameters
assessed during the present EIA include physiography, geology and geological setting, soils and soil
characteristics, climatology and air quality, surface and ground water potential and quality, flora and
fauna, land resources, visual aesthetics, noise and vibrations, solid wastes and effluents, socioeconomic and health and safety issues.
The report consists of suggested Environment management and monitoring plan that should be
followed and the proponent should strive to set high environmental standards at all times for the
purpose of fulfilling the requirements for a clean, sustained and healthy environment. Thus from an
environmental point of view, it is therefore objective to conclude that the project is viable and will not
adversely affect the environment and the stated recommendations in the project report should be
considered during development and implementation of the 3D seismic survey operations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
1.1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1
1.2
DEVELOPER IDENTIFICATION.................................................................................. 1
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.
2.2
ii
2.2.7 Economic Recovery for Wealth and Employment Creation Strategy ............................... 12
2.2.8 Kenya Vision 2030 ............................................................................................... 12
2.3
2.5
3.1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 40
3.2
3.3
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4.
3.4.5
3.4.6
3.4.7
3.5
3.6
3.6.1 EMISSIONS......................................................................................................... 49
3.6.2. WASTES............................................................................................................. 49
3.7
DECOMMISSIONING/ABANDONMENT ...................................................................... 53
PERMITS ................................................................................................................ 54
5.
5.2
5.3
iii
6.2
Soils .................................................................................................................. 62
6.3
Climate .............................................................................................................. 62
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
7.
Climate .............................................................................................................. 66
Surface water...................................................................................................... 66
7.3
7.4
Soil ................................................................................................................... 67
Land-cover ......................................................................................................... 72
iv
7.5.2 Habitat............................................................................................................... 75
7.5.3. Biodiversity ........................................................................................................ 81
7.6
LAND-use ........................................................................................................... 86
publicconsultations ............................................................................................... 99
7.8
7.9
8.
8.2
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS AND IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION FOR THE SEISMIC
SURVEY............................................................................................................ 105
8.3
IMPACTS ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION FOR THE SEISMIC SURVEY ......................... 109
8.5
9.
9.2
9.3
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
AUDITING......................................................................................................... 142
10.9
THE ENVIRONMENTAL (AND SOCIAL) MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) FOR THE SEISMIC SURVEY
...................................................................................................................... 142
vi
10.10.4.
10.10.5.
10.10.6.
10.10.7.
10.11
11.
11.1
11.2
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 7.1: Flooded Lokichar lugga ....................................................................................... 67
Plate 7.2: Mapping unit Y10 with common low dunes (yellow arrows) colonized by dwarf shrubs and
sandy textured soils of low organic matter content; note the Acacia tortilis vegetation on
the background................................................................................................. 68
Plate 7.3: Mapping Unit Ux10 with the intensely dissected topography that supports vegetation. The
surface has yellowish brown soils with surface pebbles and stones. ............................ 69
Plate7.4: Lotimaana habitat with an Acacia tortilis dominated bushland ..................................... 76
Plate 7.5: Acacias-Commiphora bushland around Amojo/ Kaakali area ...................................... 77
Plate 7.6: Acacia tortilis bushland in Dapar Lokosimekori area ................................................. 78
Plate 7.7: Kadongolo area habitat dominated by Acacia tortilis................................................. 79
Plate 7.8: Open Shrubland around Nadirit, Kobiribiri/Sabaa Area .............................................. 80
Plate 7.9: Northern Alligator Lizard; common in the project area .............................................. 82
Plate: 7.10:a) Kori bastard and; (b) Wattled starlings ............................................................ 83
Plate 7.11: Dik-diks in the project area ................................................................................ 84
Plate7.12: Lochwaa Kamata and Kanaodon primary schools. ................................................... 89
Plate7.13: Traditional huts and Lopur Trading centre in Katilu area........................................... 89
Plate 7.14: Reformed Church of Africa-run Lokichar Health centre ............................................ 90
Plate 7.15: Livestock grazing at Nakolale ............................................................................. 96
Plate 7.16: A livestock sale yard at Lochwaa and a herd of goats ............................................. 97
Plate 7.17: Katilu Irrigation scheme water intake point and a maize plantation at the scheme ....... 97
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: The EIA team composition.................................................................................... 27
Table2.1: Kenyan Legislation, Regulations, Standards and International Conventions Relevant to the
Project ................................................................................................................ 36
Table 2.2: International conventions that Kenya has ratified ..................................................... 55
Table 3.1 Biomedical and pharmaceutical waste handling (NEMA Waste Management Regulations
(2006) ................................................................................................................ 70
Table 3.2: Waste streams and management solutions ............................................................. 72
Table 7.1:Soil description within specified soil mapping units observed during the field surveys that
are significant for project logistics and EMP. ............................................................... 91
viii
Table 7.2: Population by sub-location, number of health facilities and primary schools in the project
area ................................................................................................................................. 90
Table 7.3: Build up areas in the project area .......................................................................... 92
Table 8.1: Survey project environmental and social aspects and impacts. ................................. 126
Table 8.2: Existing environmental pressures and potential impacts of onshore (land) project
operations on environmental and social factors in the project area (see Chapter 3, section
3.2 for impact assessment criteria and rating).......................................................... 144
ix
ABBREVIATIONS
CLO
CSR
DHMBS
EHS
EIA
EMCA
EMP
E&P
ERP
EPR
FTSE 100
GDP
GVEP
HMMP
HSE
IAEA
IFC
KPR
KWS
MSDS
NEMA
NGOs
Non-Governmental Organisations
NHSSP
NOCK
OGP
OHS
PPE
PRSP
PSC
SPRP
TKBV
TOR
Terms of Reference
UNEP
WRMA
xi
The purpose of the proposed project is to determine whether or not there are economically
viable oil deposits in Block 13T. A detailed environmental impact assessment field study was
preceded by extensive desktop studies, and was undertaken from 26th October to 2nd
November 2012.The desktop study was conducted to review the available reports, and to
design plans and maps in order to compile relevant biophysical and socio-economic information
of the project area. The field study (detailed environmental impact assessment, community
sensitization, public consultations and social impact assessment, and development of mitigation
measures and environmental management plan) was undertaken during this period. Biophysical
studies covered environmental aspects such as physiography, climate, hydrology, drainage,
soils, geology/hydrogeology, vegetation, wildlife, and aquatic environment. The socio-economic
environmental study covered information on issues such as demography, literacy, social
amenities (healthcare and schools), land use, land tenure, the social dimensions of well- being
and income levels, water supply, sanitation levels and security, along with other pertinent
issues. Extensive public consultations created knowledge and awareness about the proposed
programme, and also allowed for exchange of views, information and concerns between the
communities, the EIA team and the project proponent. The information gathered provides
detail for the current environmental and socio-economic baseline situation and is a critical
component for development of the Environmental Management Plan.
xii
From an environmental point of view, it can be concluded that the project is viable and will not
adversely affect the environment if the EMP outlined in this document is strictly adhered to.
Some of the key recommendations are summarized here-below:
Limit traffic speed and restrict movement of vehicles as is reasonable to minimize dust
generation;
To reduce the expected transient impacts on wildlife, noise levels will need to be
minimized to the extent possible, correct strength of dynamite charging and Vibroseis
use applied to achieve the survey objectives, and human contact with wildlife should
also be minimized in line with the Environmental Management and Coordination (Noise
and Excessive Vibration Pollution Control) Regulations, and the Wildlife Conservation
and Management Act;
Minimize vegetation and grassland clearance as much as possible when cutting the
survey line transects; indigenous trees particularly those of Acacia species with trunk
diameter greater than 20cm should not be cut; and any planned lines that are
considered to be a threat to the ecosystem integrity especially ecologically sensitive
sites such as luggas and trees serving as nesting spots for birds and used by the
community for medicinal purposes should be repositioned;
Use of modern line cutting technology, preferably mulchers for clearing of the
geophysical survey transects will ensure that minimal vegetation is removed, hence
ensuring that re-vegetation will occur in a much shorter period since the seeds and
branches will be left along the traverses and this will promote faster re-growth;
Field vehicles, trucks and any other machinery should be switched off when not in use;
Regular servicing of all trucks, service vehicles, and any other machinery powered by
diesel or petroleum to ensure efficient combustion and minimisation of exhaust
emissions;
Ensure that all vehicles and machinery operating in the field (and in the campsite) are
properly maintained so as not to have any oil leaks that could contaminate the soils
or risk running off into surface water bodies;
Use low sulphur fuels if available and where suitable;
Employees must use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE);
If litter is to be burned, it should be done at a time of low wind movement, and
preferably in areas shielded from wind by vegetation;
Installation and proper management of camp sanitation facilities.
Access routes and cut lines will not be undertaken within or near residential
neighbourhoods and will be selected to provide sufficient offset to known cultural sites
to avoid disturbing them: these offsets shall be determined and flagged in consultation
with local elders; to help in identifying and avoiding any sensitive cultural sites during
the seismic survey in order to avert possible conflict with the community;
Seismic survey activities to be undertaken during daylight hours only;
A waste management plan documenting the waste strategy, storage (including
facilities and locations), handling procedures and means of disposal should be
developed and include a clear waste-tracking mechanism to track waste consignments
from the originating location to the final waste treatment and disposal location in
compliance with the Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste
Management) Regulations;
The company should consider having its own source of water by drilling borehole
(approved by WRMA) for water supply for the camp to avoid water resource conflicts
with the communities;
Employ Community Liaison Officers in the areas covered by the 3D seismic survey to
keep communities informed prior to project mobilisation and on an ongoing, continual
basis to ensure sensitization of the community and stakeholders on the project
objectives, activities and scheduling, potential impacts; and carry out consultations
with the communities who own the land in the project area prior to commencement of
works in order to have an easy and harmonious working relationship;
xiii
Liaise with local community leaders particularly in the 13T Block area during the
recruitment process;
All operations will be conducted in compliance with Tullows EHS policy, international
best practices and Kenya Government legislative and regulatory requirements; and
The company should liaise with the Provincial Administration, the Kenya Police, KWS,
Kenya Police Reservists and other agencies to provide adequate security during the
seismic survey operation.
xiv
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
INTRODUCTION
This environmental impact assessment (EIA) project report presents baseline biophysical and
socio-economic information, project mitigation measures, and an environmental
management and monitoring plan for the proposed 3D land seismic data acquisition
programme for identification of potential oil and gas deposits in the National Oil Corporation
of Kenya (NOCK, 1987) exploration Block 13T, which straddles four administrative districts,
namely, Central Pokot, Turkana Central, Loima and parts of Turkana South Districts. See
Figure 1.1 below. This is carried out in accordance with the requirements of Kenyas
Environmental Management and Coordination Act of 1999 and subsidiary legislation, and in
fulfilment of the more general requirement that projects maintain a clean, sustained and
healthy environment. This EIA project report has been prepared by Earthview
Geoconsultants Ltd. for Tullow Kenya B.V (herein after referred to as "Tullow"), and has
aimed at establishing and mitigating the potential impacts of the proposed seismic survey
operations in the project area.
1.2
DEVELOPER IDENTIFICATION
This EIA is carried out for Tullow Kenya BV (P.I.N P051340553U), a subsidiary company of
Tullow Oil PLC, with respect to the proposed 3D seismic survey in Block 13T.
Offices In Kenya:
Contact:
Ground
Floor,
Acacia
House,
Westlands Office Park,
Waiyaki Way.
1.3
1.4
Geologically, the project area can be divided into three parts (southern, central and
northern), moving latitudinally from south to north. The thin southern strip (1.3 to 2N) is
dominated by: metamorphosed sediments of the Basement System; Tertiary rocks
represented by plugs and dykes of nephelinites or alkali basalt and; Quaternary rocks that
consist of soils, alluvium, scree and ironstone capping (McCall, 1964). In the central section
(2 to 230N), there are mainly superficial deposits of Pleistocene to Recent age that occupy
the Turkwel plain, while to the west occur a metamorphic and igneous complex of PreCambrian rocks containing recrystallised sediments and volcanics (Walsh, 1966). The rocks
in the northern part (230 to 3N) are folded gneisses, schists, granulites and limestone of
the basement system that are cut by acid pegmatites and basic intrusions (Fairburn and
Matheson, 1970). In the northwest, the basement system rocks are covered by a thick series
of basalt, andesites and rhyolitic ignimbrites. The main river is the Turkwel, and its important
tributaries within the project area are the Wei Wei River in the south, Kateruk River in the
central part and Nakaton River in the north.
The area, which is arid to semi-arid, receives an average annual rainfall of between 200 and
400mm and temperatures range from 24 to 38C (Republic of Kenya, 2002). The long rains
occur between April and August, while the short rains occur in October and November. The
annual rainfall amount ranges between 200 and 400mm (Nicholson, 1980), but is erratic and
unreliable (Republic of Kenya, 2002). The area belongs to the Somali-Masai floristic zone
(White, 1983). It comprises of semi-arid grassland and thorny shrubland in the lowlands,
grading into wooded grassland and bushland as altitude increases, and also towards the
south. Along the rivers are riverine forests that are dominated by Acacia tortillis, Balanites
aegyptiaca, Salvadorapersica,andHyphaene compressa. Calotropis procera and Prosopis
juliflora are common in disturbed areas.
While the population growth in Kenya is estimated to be 3.3% as per the 1999 census
(Republic of Kenya, 2002), the project area is sparsely populated with higher population in
the urban centres, which attract higher settlement due to better communication services and
availability of schools, health centres, agricultural potential and water. Pastoralism is the
predominant economic activity in the lowlands, and agriculture in the highlands. Animals
reared are cattle, goats, sheep, donkeys and poultry. In Loima District, crop irrigation is
done along River Turkwel, and includes cultivation of sorghum, maize, cowpeas, and green
grams. The low and erratic rainfall, high temperatures, prolonged droughts, and El Niorelated floods in the project area have, however, contributed to the high poverty levels
through: crop and livestock diseases, collapse of irrigation schemes and harvest failures, as
well as livestock deaths (Republic of Kenya, 2002).
The earth roads comprise mainly of a sandy substrate, and are best traversed using fourwheel drive vehicles. Five light aircraft airstrips serve the area and are located at Lokichar,
Lorugumu, Kaputir, Katilu and Kalemnyang. The area is covered by both mobile and land line
telephone services.
1.5
1.5.1
Tullows main aim and objective over the years will be to explore in detail the assigned area
of 8,429 km2 (Block 13T), in accordance with its contractual obligations under the PSC, in
order to:
(a) Delineate potential hydrocarbon prospects,
(b) Carry out exploratory drilling within the identified potential prospect areas,
(c) Carry out well appraisal and production of oil and/or gas if the prospects prove to be
economically viable. Tullowis committed to ensuring that the activities that will be carried
out to achieve the stated objectives are performed in a manner that will not be detrimental
to the natural environment or the local communities in the area.
1.5.2
The project is an exploratory activity for determination of potential oil and gas resources in
the assigned area (Block 13T) in Northern, Kenya, and is commonly referred to, in the Oil
and Gas Industry parlance, as a seismic survey. A seismic survey is conducted by creating
an acoustic energy wave (commonly referred to as a seismic wave) using an energy source
placed on or close to the surface of the ground along a predetermined line (seismic survey
line, or transect). This wave travels into and through the earth strata, where it is reflected
and refracted by various subsurface formations, and returns to the surface where receivers
called geophones are used to detect the waves and convey them to a recorder for
analysis. By analyzing the time it takes for the seismic waves to reflect off subsurface
formations and return to the surface, formations can be mapped and potential oil or gas
deposits identified. The seismic waves can be induced using two types of energy sources: (i)
dynamite charges that are set off in shallow (5 to 20m deep) holes (known as shot holes);
and (ii) Vibroseis trucks that are equipped with heavy plates that vibrate on the ground.
As per the PSC requirements, 382 sq km of 3D seismic data will be acquired over a
projected time period of 152 to 255 days at a rate of 1.5 -2.5 Sq km per day, beginning in
May to June 2013 timeframe. The workforce that will be required to carry out the survey will
be between 400 and 500 in number. Line clearance along the pre-determined and presurveyed transects will be done by use of mulchers and light hand-cutting tools, and where
access roads are required, by bulldozers. Support vehicles such as for personnel movement,
carrying of data recording equipment, etc., will be available.
The workforce will reside in a base camp that will be constructed by the seismic contractor
who has many years of experience in setting up such camps- and will comply with industry
standards including OGP (Oil and Gas Producers) and IAGC standards (International
Association of Geophysical Contractors). Issues such as camp security, provision of basic
services (e.g. accommodation, water, sanitation, lighting, and health care), waste
management, materials storage areas, etc., shall be incorporated in the camp design. The
camp will be sited 15 to 20 km away from existing settlements, and its location shall be
determined in consultation with all key stakeholders and the local community leaders in
order for them to give their consent. The health and safety of the crew and the general
public at large will be ensured by the company complying both with the relevant national
legislation, and its own in-house environmental health and safety (EHS) policies which
embrace the international best practices for such activities. An emergency response plan will
be put in place in case of any accidents. A close working relationship will be fostered with the
local communities, and as far as is practicable, unskilled and semi-skilled workers shall be
recruited locally.
1.5.3
PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
Following the recent discovery of hydrocarbon deposits in the adjacent block (Ngamia1
within Block 10BB and Twiga 1 in Block 13T) by Tullow Oil, exploration efforts have been
intensified in the related Mesozoic and Early Tertiary rift basins of Kenya with a view to
meeting the global, regional and local demand for energy.
faced with costly energy supply, which has contributed to high industrial production costs.
Thus, the availability of fossil fuels locally would significantly reduce the energy cost as well
as production cost of industries.
This project, if successful would play a major role in enabling the country to reduce the cost
of energy and over-reliance on hydroelectric power and crude oil imports, as well as benefit
from oil and gas exportation to other countries, thus increasing the per capita income and
the GDP from foreign exchange. Other possible spin-offs would include: opening up of the
northern frontier districts in Kenya to development activities and trade in sectors such as
mining, tourism, fishing, agriculture, and animal husbandry which are currently extremely
under-exploited; job creation; and increased economic activity in the area. The project is in
line with the objectives of the national Energy Policy (improving access to affordable energy
services, enhancing security of supply, promoting development of indigenous energy
resources; promoting energy efficiency and conservation; and promoting prudent
environmental, health and safety practices), the Economic Recovery for Wealth and
Employment Creation Strategy (expanding and improving infrastructures, developing arid
and semi-arid lands, and safeguarding environment and natural resources), and Kenya
Vision 2030 (enhanced equity and wealth creation for the poor in semi-arid and arid districts,
and; must generate more energy at a lower cost and increase efficiency in energy
consumption).
1.6
Monitor and assess activities, including activities being carried out by relevant lead
agencies, in order to ensure that the environment is not degraded by such activities,
environmental management objectives are adhered to and adequate early warning on
impending environmental emergencies is given;
Undertake, in co-operation with relevant lead agencies programmes intended to
enhance environmental education and public awareness about the need for sound
environmental management as well as for enlisting public support and encouraging the
effort made by other entities in that regard;
Publish and disseminate manuals, codes or guidelines relating to environmental
management and preventing or abatement of environmental degradation;
Render advice and technical support, where possible, to entities engaged in natural
resources management and environmental protection so as to enable them carry out
their responsibility satisfactorily.
Regulation 7 of the Environmental (Impact and Audit) Regulations, 2003 lays down the
specific issues that the project report must address, which in summary are: the nature,
location, activities, and design of the project; the materials that are to be used; the potential
environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts and mitigation measures; plans for the
prevention and management of accidents and for ensuring the health and safety of workers
and neighbouring communities; and the project budget. These issues are to further address,
as outlined in the Second Schedule of the Environmental (Impact and Audit) Regulations
(2003): ecological considerations; sustainable use; ecosystem maintenance; social
considerations; landscape and land uses; and water. Within this framework, the collection of
relevant baseline data, and consultations with stakeholders and the public are important, and
ought also to be included in the report.
1.6.3
impact on the environment, or that the project report discloses sufficient mitigation measures,
it may issue a licence (Regulation 10(2)). If, however, it finds that the project will have a
significant impact on the environment, and the project report discloses no sufficient mitigation
measures, the Authority will require that the proponent undertake an environmental impact
assessment study in accordance with the Regulations.
1.7
Role
Qualifications
Experience
(years)
PhD
30
Coordination/Biophysical
economic issues
D.Phil.
20
BSc
20
Aquatic Ecology
MSc
MSc
10
BSc
BSc
GIS Expert
MSc
Logistics/Administration
BSc
Policy/Legislation/Regulations
LLB
25
Prof.
Norbert
Aketch
1.8
Opiyo-
and
Socio-
In carrying out the project, and considering the national legislative and regulatory requirements
for EIAs, Tullow shall seek to:
a) Identify, evaluate and propose suggested mitigation measures for potential environmental
impacts of the proposed project on the various biophysical and socio-economic structures
of the area.
b) Assess and analyse the environmental costs and benefits associated with the proposed
project.
c) Outline environmental management plans and monitoring mechanisms during the project
execution phase.
d) Ensure that concerns and aspirations of the local community are addressed in all stages of
the project cycle.
e) Ensure that the project activities do not in any way interfere with the environmental
sustainability of the area. This is ensured by giving due consideration to:
Ecosystem in general;
Land resources and national heritage sites in and around the project area;
1.9
The following are the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA:
2.
To hold meetings with the project proponent to establish the procedures, define
requirements, responsibilities and a time frame for the proposed project;
To carry out a systematic environmental and social impact assessment of the proposed
seismic survey project within the project area, following the NEMA legislative and
regulatory requirements and best international practice for an activity of this nature;
To provide a description of the proposed activities throughout the entire
implementation process of the proposed project with special focus on potential impacts
to the surrounding environment and the socio-economic fabric of the local
communities;
To produce an Environmental Impact Assessment Project Report that contains the
details of potential negative impacts, together with recommendations for their
mitigation and/or prevention, as well as positive impacts and recommendations for
enhancing and/or encouraging them; and
To develop an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan.
five years from the date of promulgation to enact legislation to give full effect to the
provisions relating to the environment. Community land vests in communities identified on
the basis of ethnicity, culture, or other similar common interest. Apart from land registered
or transferred, it consists of land that is lawfully held, managed or used by specific
communities as grazing areas or shrines, and ancestral lands (Articles 60 72). The State is
generally mandated to regulate the use of any land in the public interest. Public land is
described as including: all minerals and mineral oils; specified government forests;
government game reserves; water catchment areas; national parks; government animal
sanctuaries; specially protected areas; and all rivers, lakes and other water bodies as
defined by law. However, land on which mineral and mineral oils exist is held by the national
government in trust for the Kenyan people (Article 62).
2.2
2.2.1
Overall Goal
The overall goal is to integrate environmental concerns into the national planning and
management processes and provide guidelines for environmentally sustainable development.
Specific Goals
Objectives
2.2.2
To conserve and manage the natural resources of Kenya including air, water, land,
flora, and fauna.
To promote environmental conservation with regard to soil fertility, soil conservation,
biodiversity, and to foster afforestation activities;
To protect water catchment areas;
To enhance public awareness and appreciation of the essential linkages between
development and environment;
To initiate and encourage well-coordinated programmes of environmental education
and training at all levels of society;
To involve NGOs, private sector, and local communities in the management of natural
resources and their living environment;
To support a coordinated approach to policy formulation on environmental matters;
To ensure development policies, programmes, and projects take environmental
considerations into account;
To ensure that an acceptable environmental impact assessment report is undertaken
for all public and private projects and programmes;
To develop and enforce environmental standards;
To enhance, review regularly, harmonize, implement, and enforce laws for the
management, sustainable utilization, and conservation of the natural resources;
To provide economic and financial incentives for sustainable utilisation, conservation,
and management of natural resources;
To apply market forces, taxation, and other economic instruments including incentives
and sanctions to protect the environment and influence attitudes and behaviour
towards the environment;
To ensure adherence to the polluter pays principle; and
To develop adequate national laws regarding liability and compensation for the victims
of pollution and other environmental damage.
NATIONAL
POLICY
ON
WATER
RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT (SESSIONAL PAPER NO.1 OF 1999)
MANAGEMENT
AND
The management of water resources in Kenya is guided by four specific policy objectives,
namely:
10
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
MINING POLICY
The National Mineral Resources and Mining Policy is currently at an advanced stage of being
adopted. In tandem with this process, the Government has developed new mining legislation
(currently The Mining and Minerals Bill, 2011) to replace the Mining Act, Cap.306 of 1940,
which is both antiquated and ineffective. Under the new mining legislation, rights and
interests in minerals of all kinds, including commonly found minerals, will be regulated. The
proposed new mining legislation has been harmonised with existing environmental
legislation. In particular, mining companies will be required to comply with the requirements
of the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act and other applicable environmental
legislation and, the new legislation will provide that mining licences may not be granted
unless the applicant has obtained an Environmental Impact Assessment ('EIA') Licence.
2.2.6
HEALTH POLICY
The Kenya Health Policy Framework (1994) sets out the policy agenda for the health sector
up to the year 2010, so this is likely to be reviewed in the near future. The policy includes
strengthening of the central public policy role of the Ministry of Health (MoH), adoption of an
explicit strategy to reduce the burden of disease, and definition of an essential cost-effective
healthcare package. To operationalise this Health Policy Framework Paper, the National
11
Health Sector Strategic Plan (NHSSP, 1999-2004) was developed in 1994. The strategic plan
emphasized the decentralisation of healthcare delivery through redistribution of health
services to rural areas. The plan is currently being revised to reflect the Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (2001-2004) agenda. The new plan focuses on the essential key priority
packages based on the burden of disease and the required support systems to deliver these
services to the Kenyans. The ensuing NHSSP II (2005 2010) was intended to keep people
well and to promote the involvement of communities in their own healthcare. Major players
in the health sector include the government represented by the Ministry of Health and the
Local Government, private sector and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). The
organisation of Kenyas healthcare delivery system revolves around three levels, namely the
MoH headquarters, the provinces and the districts. The headquarter sets policies, coordinates
the activities of NGOs and manages, monitors and evaluates policy formulation and
implementation. The provincial tier acts as an intermediary between the central ministry and
the districts. It oversees the implementation of health policy at the district level, maintains
quality standards and coordinates and controls all district health activities. In addition, it
monitors and supervises district health management boards (DHMBS), which supervise the
operations of health activities at the district level.
2.2.7
ECONOMIC
STRATEGY
RECOVERY
FOR
WEALTH
AND
EMPLOYMENT
CREATION
The overall goal of the Strategy is to ensure clear improvements in the social and economic
well-being of all Kenyans, thereby giving Kenyans a better deal in their lives and in their
struggle to build a modern and prosperous nation (GVEP Kenya, 2006). The key areas
covered in the Strategy are:
The Strategy, which has commanded a great deal of attention in recent years, essentially
subsumes the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP).
2.2.8
Macroeconomic Stability for Long-term Development: The Vision places the highest
premium on Kenyas current stable macroeconomic environment which works in favour
12
of the poor, and expects it to continue in the future as a matter of policy. The projects
proposed under Vision 2030 will be subjected to the parameters set under the
macroeconomic stability framework.
Continuity in Governance Reforms: These will be accelerated in order to create a more
conducive environment for doing business, and also to enable Kenyans to fully enjoy
their individual rights under the Constitution. Towards this end, the government will
intensify the anti-corruption programme through more efficient investigation and
prosecution; eliminating bribery in the public service and increasing public education
and judicial and legal reform. The government will also fully support the people of
Kenya, parliament, civil society and the press, recognising that they are the ultimate
defence against abuse of office.
Infrastructure: The Vision aspires for a country firmly interconnected through a
network of roads, railways, ports, airports, water and sanitation facilities and
telecommunications. This is a high priority issue.
Enhanced Equity and Wealth-Creation Opportunities for the Poor: The Vision includes
equity as a recurrent principle in economic, social and political programmes. Special
attention has been given to arid and semi-arid districts, communities with high
incidence of poverty, the unemployed youth, women, and all vulnerable groups.
Science, Technology and Innovation (STI): The government will intensify the
application of STI to increase productivity and efficiency levels across all three pillars.
It recognises the critical role played by research and development in accelerating
development in the emerging nations. The government will create and implement an
STI policy framework to support Vision 2030.
Land Reform: Land is a vital resource for the socio-economic and political
developments set out in the Vision. It is recognized that respect for property rights to
land, whether owned by individuals, communities or companies, is key to rapid
economic growth (A national land use policy has now been created to enable this
growth) (section 4.2.4).
Human Resources Development: Kenya will create a globally competitive and adaptive
human resource base to meet the needs of a rapidly industrializing economy through
training and education, raising labour productivity to international levels, creating a
human resource database to facilitate better planning, and establish more training
institutions.
Security: The government will increase security in order to lower the cost of doing
business and provide Kenyans with a more secure environment to live and work in.
The strategies will include improving community policing, reducing the police-topopulation ratio, and adopting information and communication technology in crime
detection and prevention. These measures will be supported by judicial reforms.
Energy: Since development projects recommended under Vision 2030 will increase
demand on Kenyas energy supply, she must generate more energy at a lower cost
and increase efficiency in energy consumption. The government is committed to
continued institutional reforms in the energy sector, including a strong, regulatory
framework, and will encourage more power generation by the private sector. New
sources of energy will be found through the exploitation of geothermal power, coal,
and renewable energy sources.
The Public Sector: An efficient, motivated and well-trained public service is expected
to be one of the major foundations of the Vision. Kenya intends to build a public
service that is more citizen-focused and results-oriented. The government will
intensify efforts to bring about an attitudinal change in public service that values
transparency and accountability to the citizens of Kenya.
13
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4
14
Table2.1: Kenyan Legislation, Regulations, Standards and International Conventions Relevant to the Project
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Physiography
and Geology
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Regulatory
Agency
Relevance to Project
Penalties
The
Energy
Ministry
The
Energy
Ministry
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
15
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Regulatory
Agency
Relevance to Project
Penalties
Soils
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
Air Quality
The
Environmental
Management
and
Coordination Act, 1999
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
An
imprisonment
term not exceeding
two years, or a fine
not exceeding five
hundred
thousand
shillings, or both. The
offender
must
in
addition, pay the cost
of
removing
the
pollution and the cost
to third parties in the
form of reparation,
restitution,
restoration
or
compensation.
16
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Regulatory
Agency
Relevance to Project
Penalties
Cancellation
licence.
Deliberately
fouling
the
air
is
a
misdemeanour under
the Penal Code, Cap.
63 and the offender is
liable to imprisonment
for up to one year.
of
The
Public
Health
and
Sanitation
Ministry
The
Local
Government
Ministry
The
Environmental
Management
Co-ordination
(Fossil Fuel Emission Control)
Regulations, 2006
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
It is an offence to
contravene
these
Regulations, and the
offender, if convicted,
is
liable
to
a
maximum
fine
of
three hundred and
fifty
thousand
shillings
or
to
imprisonment for a
term not exceeding
eighteen months, or
to both.
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
17
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Water Quality
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
The
Environmental
Management
and
Coordination Act, 1999
Regulatory
Agency
Relevance to Project
Penalties
The
relevant
local
authority may take
legal action against
any person causing
water pollution.
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
Imprisonment for a
term not exceeding
two years, or a fine of
up to one million
shillings, or both. The
offender
must
in
addition, pay the cost
of
removing
the
poison,
radioactive
waste, etc., including
restoration
of
the
environment, as well
as payment of the
cost to third parties in
the
form
of
reparation,
18
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Regulatory
Agency
Relevance to Project
Penalties
restitution,
restoration
compensation.
The
Environmental
Management
and
Coordination (Water Quality)
Regulations, 2006
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
The
Water
Resources
Management Rules, 2007
Water
Resources
Management
Authority
or
Cancellation of licence
for contravening any
provision of the Act or
failing to comply with
any
specified
conditions
in
the
licence.
Any
person
who
contravenes
the
Water
Quality
Regulations commits
an offence and is
liable to a fine not
exceeding
five
hundred
thousand
shillings.
Deliberately polluting
water
meant
for
public
use
is
a
misdemeanour under
the Penal Code, Cap.
63 and the offender is
liable to imprisonment
for up to one year.
19
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Regulatory
Agency
Terrestrial
Environments
(Habitats,
Flora
and
Fauna)
The
Forestry
and
Wildlife
Ministry
The
Energy
Ministry
The
Environmental
Management
and
Coordination (Conservation of
Biological
Diversity
and
Resources, Access to Genetic
Resources
and
BenefitSharing) Regulations, 2006
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
Relevance to Project
Penalties
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Land
Resources
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Regulatory
Agency
Relevance to Project
Penalties
up
to
eighteen
months, or to a fine
not exceeding three
hundred
and
fifty
thousand shillings, or
both.
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
The
National
Land
Commission
Imprisonment for a
term not exceeding
five years or to a fine
not exceeding three
million shillings, or to
both.
21
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Regulatory
Agency
Relevance to Project
Penalties
The
Environmental
Management
and
Coordination (Conservation of
Biological
Diversity
and
Resources, Access to Genetic
Resources
and
BenefitSharing) Regulations, 2006
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
Suspension,
cancellation
revocation
of
licence.
Imprisonment for a
term not exceeding
eighteen months, or
to
a
fine
not
exceeding
three
hundred
and
fifty
thousand shillings, or
both.
or
the
22
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Archaeological,
Historical and
Cultural Sites
Relevance to Project
Penalties
The
State
Ministry
for
National
Heritage
and
Culture
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
Visual
Aesthetics
Regulatory
Agency
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Noise
and
Vibrations
The
Environmental
Management
and
Coordination Act, 1999
The
Environmental
Management
and
Co(Noise
and
ordination
Excessive Vibration Pollution)
(Control) Regulations, 2009
Regulatory
Agency
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
Relevance to Project
Penalties
Imprisonment for a
term of not more than
eighteen months, or a
fine of not more than
three hundred and
fifty
thousand
shillings, or both.
24
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Regulatory
Agency
Penalties
eighteen months, or
both.
Solid
and
Liquid Wastes
Relevance to Project
The
Public
Health
and
Sanitation
Ministry
The
Physical
Planning
(Building and Development)
(Control) Rules, 1998
The
Physical
Planning
(Building and
Development)
(Control)
Rules, 1998
The
The
Tullow
Environmental
National
must
ensure
that
it
discharges
or
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Regulatory
Agency
Relevance to Project
Penalties
Management
Coordination Act, 1999
Environment
Management
Authority
and
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Regulatory
Agency
Penalties
remedial
and
restoration measures.
The
Environmental
Management
and
Coordination
(Waste
Management)
Regulations,
2006
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
Social
Characteristics
Relevance to Project
The
National
Environment
Imprisonment
not
exceeding two years,
or
a
fine
not
exceeding one million
shillings, or both.
Imprisonment
and
fine as provided in the
Act
(see
the
Environmental
Management
and
Coordination
Act,
1999 above)
The offender is liable
on
conviction
to
imprisonment for a
term not exceeding
two years or to a fine
of not more than two
million shillings, or to
both.
27
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Regulatory
Agency
Relevance to Project
Regulations, 2003
Management
Authority
environmental effects, including the sociocultural consequences and the anticipated direct,
indirect, cumulative, irreversible, short-term and
long-term impacts and create an environmental
management plan proposing the measures for
eliminating or mitigating adverse impacts on the
environment. The social considerations as set
out in Schedule 2 include: economic impacts,
social cohesion or disruption, effect on human
health, influx or emigration, communication, and
effects on culture and valued cultural objects.
Penalties
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Occupational
Health
and
Safety
Relevance to Project
Penalties
both.
The
Environment
and
Natural
Resources
Ministry
The
Energy
Regulatory
Commission
A general penalty
applies - a fine not
exceeding one million
shillings.
The
Labour
Ministry
Regulatory
Agency
29
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Regulatory
Agency
Relevance to Project
Penalties
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
Environmental
or
Social
Parameter
Legislation/Regulations/
International Conventions
Security
and
Public Safety
Regulatory
Agency
The
National
Environment
Management
Authority
Relevance to Project
Penalties
offence.
31
2.5
2.5.1
indicate whether or not commitments and compliance with legal and corporate requirements are
being met. It also provides the basis for audit.
7. Audit and review
This management tool enables the senior management to regularly assess its performance,
effectiveness and suitability. It also provides an opportunity to obtain feedback on the effectiveness
of the organization and its environmental performance. In addition, it is useful in verifying compliance
with monitoring programmes and ensuring that plans, procedures and standards are working
effectively.
Other renowned national and international standards for best practice, particularly the ISO 9000 and
14000 series, also offer management systems models that can be used by companies to enhance
their environmental performance.
2.5.2
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
The Kenya Constitution provides that the general rules of international law shall form part of the laws
of Kenya, as shall any treaty or convention that she ratifies (Article 2). Kenya has ratified or
subscribed to a number of international conventions that relate to the environment within her
borders.
33
1.
Convention
Entry into
force
Date of
ratification
16 June,
1969
12 May, 1969
(accession)
11 July,
2003
17 December,
2003
(signature)
21
December,
1975
5 October,
1990
17
December,
1975
1 July, 1983
1 July,
1975
13 March,
1979
Algiers, 1968
Parties must conserve their natural resources soil, water, flora and fauna
ensuring that they are used and scientifically developed in a manner that will
benefit their people.
2.
3.
4.
Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage,
Paris, 1972
It establishes a system of collective protection of cultural and natural heritage of
outstanding universal value.
5.
6.
7.
1
November,
1983
5 May ,
1992
2000
(accession)
5 May,
1992
9 September,
2009
(acceptance)
21 March,
1994
30 August,
1994
It aims at protecting human health and the environment against the adverse
effects resulting from the generation, management, transboundary movements
and disposal of hazardous wastes.
8.
34
10.
Convention
Entry into
force
Date of
ratification
16
February,
2005
2005
(accession)
29
December,
1993
27 June, 1994
17 May,
2001
24 September,
2004
22 April,
1998
17 December,
2003
(signature)
Kyoto, 1997
It sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European
Community as well as for countries undergoing the process of transition to a
market economy in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
11.
12.
13.
Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of
Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa,
Bamako, 1991
It binds Parties to take appropriate legal, administrative and other measures
within the area under their jurisdiction to prohibit the import of all hazardous
wastes, for any reason, into Africa from non-Contracting Parties.
35
2.6
TULLOW POLICIES
36
37
38
39
3.
3.1
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION
Tullow is proposing to undertake seismic surveys in order to delineate potential hydrocarbon
prospects in Block 13T (which covers an area of 8,429.33 km2) in the northern Kenya Rift (see Figure
1.1). The project area has poor physical infrastructure and lacks tarmacked roads. There is a low
density network of generally poorly maintained murram or earth roads, many of which are
impassable during rains because they are criss-crossed by luggas or traverse through river/lugga
floodplains. The communications infrastructure is still poor, although telecommunications coverage
and reliability has increased in recent years due to nation-wide expansion programmes that have
been launched by the major mobile service companies in Kenya.
3.2
PROJECT LOCATION
The project area lies in parts of Central Pokot, Turkana South, Loima and Turkana Central districts. It
is bounded by latitudes ca.1.3N and 3N and longitudes ca.35E and 35.7E and covers an area of
8,429.33 km2. The area is located in two counties - Turkana County and Pokot County. It is
anticipated that the seismic activities will be phased out, starting in Area 1, followed by Area 3 (See
Figure 3.0 below)
40
3.3
Figure 3.1: Onshore Seismology Using a Vibrator Truck as a Seismic Energy Source
(Source: Adapted from http://www.cougarlandservices.net/landowner)
3D surveys are acquired by laying out energy source points (vibroseis or dynamite charges) and
receiver points (geophones) in a grid over the area to be surveyed. The receiver points - to record
the reflected vibrations from the source points - are laid down in parallel lines (receiver lines), and
the source points are laid out in parallel lines that are approximately perpendicular to the receiver
lines. The spacing of the source and receiver points is determined by the design and objectives of the
survey.
3D seismic surveys are generally conducted in a similar way to 2D seismic surveys but with the
variation of setting up six or eight geophone cables side by side at the same time at a distance in
most cases of about 100 to 400 metres apart. Several shots from calculated positions along and
between the receiver lines are taken, before the cables are moved up and the process repeated.
(Figure 3.2)
41
3D seismic surveys must be conducted over a large area in order to provide sufficient data for
accurate interpretation of the subsurface geology. These surveys can be conducted at different times
and cover different but adjacent areas. The structures can be imaged properly using 3D reflection
techniques in which a 3D volume (x,y,z) of crust is sampled and monitored using a planar, rather
than a linear array of shots and receivers. The data collected can later be combined into a single data
set for processing and analysis, provided there is sufficient overlap of the areas covered by the
surveys.
Computer analyses of the recorded seismic waves provide a profile of the underlying rock strata and
offer the basis for identifying potential hydrocarbon traps. The analysis creates a three-dimensional
picture (Figure 3.3) that shows the subsurface geology of the earths strata along the line of the
cable.
42
A 3D seismic volume or cube is created by shooting a closely spaced grid of 2D lines and referred to
as a cube. This volume can then be sliced in any vertical dimension to create 2D lines, or sliced in
horizontal plane to create time slices, which represent constant time. The volume can also be sliced
along reflection boundaries to create "horizon slices" that, more or less, parallel bedding.
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
The seismic survey will be conducted using standard onshore seismic survey operations and
procedures. The survey will be carried out in phases, beginning with Area 1 which will cover an area
of approximately 382 km2 that incorporates the existing Ngamia 1 and Twiga 1 well sites, followed by
surveys in Area 3.The seismic lines will have a width of approximately 3m to 4.5m.
Preparation of the seismic lines, including rolling, raking or scraping for line delineation, will take
place a few days before the lines are acquired. The seismic survey data acquisition will take
approximately 152 to 255 days. The preparation of seismic lines and data acquisition activities will be
run concurrently such that the duration of the proposed 3D seismic survey from mobilisation to
demobilisation shall be approximately 257 to 360days depending on daily production rates ranging
from 1.5 to 2.5 Sq Km per day.
43
Proposed
3D
seismic
survey
Figure
3.4:
area
44
Uphole drilling is a relatively simple process and no drill casing is used. The drilling fluids used in
uphole drilling consist of soil, ground sandstone and locally sourced groundwater as a wet mix. Apart
from soil, ground sandstone and groundwater, no chemicals will be added to the drilling fluid only
small quantities of bentonite clay if required during backfilling to seal off any encountered
groundwater. Once recordings have been made, the majority of the cuttings will be returned to the
hole. The cuttings present no risk to the environment in toxicity terms. Excess cuttings at each
uphole, if any, are placed on top of the uphole and will integrate into the soil over time.
3.4.3.2.
Shallow seismic refraction (Low Velocity Layer, LVL) surveys will be carried out along the land seismic
lines at approximately 5km intervals. These low impact surveys are required to collect data on the
shallow weathered layers, allowing the calculation of statics required for accurate seismic
processing.
3.4.4.
4x4 vehicles will be required for movement of personnel and equipment and to support camp
operations. A number of Vibroseis trucks will be used for acoustic energy generation, and there will
also be recording trucks to receive the data relayed from the geophones. Bulldozers and mulchers will
be used for improving or opening up new access roads (the latter only if absolutely necessary), and
for cutting the transect lines, respectively.
3.4.5
The seismic survey will be conducted using Vibroseis and/or dynamite charges. The seismic acquisition
methodology has been designed to minimise disruption to local flora and fauna as well as the local
communities. Low Impact Seismic technologies will include: the use of Vibroseis as acoustic energy
sources; line-cutting with mulchers to minimise line width and accelerate re-growth of vegetation; and
use of bulldozers to open up new or improve existing access roads.
A Vibroseis truck has a large metal plate under the center of the
truck body that is lowered onto the ground so that the entire
weight of the truck is on the plate. The plate is then caused to
vibrate for a short period (typically 20 seconds) at a specified
power and frequency, creating seismic waves that travel into the
ground.
Surveying-The main tasks during survey exercise include initial installation of a small number
of survey control points, then setting-out source points and receiver stations for use. This
would be done by the conventional survey method of using RTK GPS backpack surveying units
and biodegradable markers. . Cutting activities though minimal for the receiver and source
lines shall be done manually or mechanically where appropriate. In open areas where there is
clear line of sight no cutting shall be done.
Recording-This involves laying of geophones on the receiver stations and generating energy
(vibrations) on the perpendicular source lines to generate seismic energy, which are reflected
and recorded on magnetic tapes via the recording instrument.
47
The proposed onshore seismic survey will involve the use of four-wheel drive (4x4) vehicles, vibroseis
trucks, and recording trucks, small shot hole drill rigs, a mulcher, and a bulldozer to provide vehicular
access roads (cut-lines).
Occupational health and safety issues are best addressed when company internal management
systems that address worker and public safety are compliant with Oil and Gas Industry guidelines on
international good practices, e.g. International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP),
48
It is a requirement that the TullowEnvironmental, Health and Safety Management System (EHS-MS),
together with the EHS and CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) policies be integrated into the
project lifecycle. The crew must also ensure that they adhere, at all times, to all international health
and safety standards applicable in the Oil and Gas industry, in addition to Tullows internal
management systems.
3.5
WATER SUPPLY
Surface water bodies are scanty in the project area. However, groundwater resources are the most
available source of drinking water. Water is usually sourced through drillingof boreholes. Several
boreholes tied to oil and gas exploration have been drilled in the proposed project area (in Nakukulas
area by Tullow and Lokapel area by BGP-CNPC). These wells could serve as important sources of water
during the proposed 3D seismic programme.
3.6
3.6.1 EMISSIONS
3.6.1.1 Air Emissions
Emissions to air include transient airborne dust raised by construction activities (e.g. preparation of
seismic cut lines and moving vehicles and equipment) and emissions from vehicles and machinery.
These emissions are transient and insignificant nature.
Other sources of air emission include offensive but localised odours from poorly managed waste
disposal and sanitary facilities at the camp site. The proponent will ensure minimum possible emissions
to the air.
3.6.1.2.
Noise Emissions
Noise emissions that could be released during the seismic operations will include those generated by
vibroseis machines, field machinery (mulcher, bulldozer and support vehicles) and generators and work
yard at the camp site. The proponent will ensure that noise produced is within levels provided by the
NEMA Regulations and will be monitored accordingly.
3.6.2. WASTES
The types of waste that will be generated at the camp sites and/or work sites during the survey
operation can be grouped into two categories, non-hazardous and hazardous, as per the NEMA Waste
Management Regulations of 2006. The non-hazardous wastes would include: domestic wastes and
effluents, plastics, metal cans, and paper. The hazardous wastes would include: medical and
pharmaceutical wastes, waste oils, small quantities of chemicals (e.g. paint, thinners etc) and used
batteries.
49
All waste material from field operations should be brought back to the base camp for proper disposal.
Disposal options include: compaction and removal from site and burying (especially for biodegradable
material), or a combination of these activities. Non-hazardous and non-recyclable wastes should be
managed as per Tullow campsite designs. At particularly sensitive locations, or with hazardous
materials, these disposal methods are not permitted, requiring the wastes to be transported to offsite locations for disposal at an approved licensed commercial disposal facility or municipal landfill.
Metallic and other materials such as timber may be donated to the local communities for their own
use in a controlled fashion, or otherwise sold to dealers in the town centres.
All solid wastes generated during the survey will be weighed and quantities recorded so that all waste
streams can be tracked.
Hazardous (medical, pharmaceutical and waste oils) and non-hazardous wastes will be segregated,
and disposed of in the waste disposal facility as provided for by the relevant Local Authority (Table
3.1). Biomedical waste will not be stored above 0C for more than seven days without the written
approval of the relevant lead agency, provided that untreated pathological waste shall be disposed of
within 48 hours.
Table 3.1 Biomedical and pharmaceutical waste handling (NEMA Waste Management
Regulations (2006)
Type
Wastes
1.
of
Infectious
Waste
2.
Pathological
waste
3.
Sharps
4.
Pharmaceutical
waste
5.
6.
7.
8.
Genotoxic
Waste
Chemical
waste
Waste
with
high content of
heavy metals
Pressurized
Details
Waste suspected to contain pathogens
e.g. laboratory cultures, waste from
isolation wards, tissues (swabs),
materials, or equipment that has been
in contact with tubings, catheters, IGS
toxins, live or attenuated vaccines,
soiled plaster costs and other materials
contaminated with blood infected
patients, excreta.
Human and animal tissues or fluids,
e.g., body parts, blood and other body
fluids, foetuses, animal carcasses.
Sharp waste, e.g., needles, infusion
sets, scalpels, knives, blades, broken
glass that may cause puncture and
cuts. This includes both used and
unused sharps.
Waste containing pharmaceutical e.g.
pharmaceuticals that are expired or no
longer needed; items contaminated by
or containing pharmaceuticals (bottles,
boxes).
Waste containing substances with
genotoxic properties, e.g., waste
containing cytostatic drug (often used
in
cancer
therapy),
genotoxic
chemicals.
Waste containing chemical substances
e.g.
laboratory
reagents;
film
developer, disinfectants,(disinfectants)
that are expired or no longer needed
solvents
Batteries,
broken
thermometers,
blood-pressures gauges, etc.
Gas cylinders, gas cartridges, aerosol
Colour of
Container
and
Markings
Type of Container
Strong leak- proof
plastic
bag
with
biohazard symbol
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
(marked
sharps)
Brown
Plastic
bag
container
or
Plastic
bag
container
or
Yellow
Black
Red
No details
No details provided
50
Type
Wastes
9.
of
Details
containers
cans.
Radioactive
waste
Waste
containing
radioactive
substances e.g. unused liquids from
radiotherapy or laboratory research,
contaminated glassware, packages, or
absorbent paper, urine and excreta
from patients treated or tested with
sealed
unsealed
radio
nuclides,
sources.
Waste
generated
from
offices,
kitchens, packaging material from
stores.
Any biological entity, cellular or noncellular capable of replication or of
transferring genetic material.
10.
General
waste
11.
Micro
organisms
solid
Noninfectious/nonhazardous
(non-clinical)
Colour of
Container
and
Markings
provided
Type of Container
White
No details
provided
Black
No details provided
Plastic
bag
container
or
51
Source
Toilets, showers,
kitchen
Vehicle wash
waste water
Vehicle wash
Recyclables
(plastic bottles,
aluminium cans,
glass bottles)
Paper, cardboard
and wood
Styrofoam and
plastics
Kitchen and
welfare units
Food waste
Office and
packaging
Packaging and
prefabricated
wall units,
insulation.
Kitchen and
welfare units
Slaughterhouse
Oil
Vehicle
maintenance,
used cooking oil
Vehicle and
equipment
repairs
Vehicles
Clinic and 1st Aid
incidents
Lead acid,
alkaline, NiCad,
etc
RO plant
Building waste
(rubble, rebar,
metal)
Camp
Printer cartridges
Office
Management Control
Containerised waste water treatment unit or similar;
tertiary polishing pit. Solids removed from site by NEMA
approved contractor and taken to a NEMA approved
facility; treated liquor discharged to ground offsite.
No detergent to be used in vehicle wash. Used wash
water to be passed through an oil-water separator and
discharged offsite; discharged water must be completed
in a manner that does not cause pooling or lead to
unabated flow direct into a lugga or surface water
feature.
Stored in the recyclable area and removed by Tullow
approved waste disposal contractor
Burnt in dedicated onsite burn pits, ashes are buried in
food-waste-pit.
Where not held for repacking, or packing of deliverable
out of the field, these are stored in the recyclable area
and removed by Tullow approved waste disposal
contractor
Food waste is buried onsite in a dedicated, fenced, food
waste pit. The pit is unlined and the bottom of the pit is
at least 25cm above the water table. After each deposit
of food the waste is covered with a 30cm layer of soil to
prevent odours and exclude vermin. The pit will not
extend above ground. No other waste type will be buried
in the food waste pit. The pit will be monitored for
vermin and incorrect use.
Blood is captured in containers and deposited in the food
waste pit. Water wash with bloody residue is piped to
the waste water treatment unit.
Stored in the oil storage area separated for each type
of oil. Used oil is removed by Tullow approved waste
disposal contractor and returned to licensed waste
disposal facility
Stored in the oil storage area separated for each type
of oil. Used oil is removed by Tullow approved waste
disposal contractor and returned to licensed waste
disposal facility
Stored on camp area cordoned. To be removed at the
end of the job for recycling. Subcontractors are
responsible for their own tyres not seismic contractor.
Brought to the nearest clinic/hospital for disposal under
the supervision of the onsite paramedic
Returned to licensed waste disposal facility
Servicing carried out by the company who installed the
system, every few months or if an issue occurs.
Paramedic also checks the system on a weekly basis.
Buried onsite; burial not to be within 30m of a lugga or
surface water feature. No other waste will be buried in
the building waste pit liquid waste, wood, oils and
grease, plastics, etc are forbidden from the pit. Metal is
stored in the recycling area and is removed by Tullow
approved waste disposal contractor .
Sent back by Contractor to the manufacture for refilling
and reuse.
52
3.7
Waste
Light bulbs
Source
Site lighting
Clean-up of
incidental spills
Management Control
Light bulbs are stored in the recycling area and is
removed by Tullow approved waste disposal contractor
Stored in the oil storage area. It is removed by Tullow
approved waste disposal contractor
DECOMMISSIONING/ABANDONMENT
The decommissioning will cover the base camp and any fly camps or any other facility that shall be
erected. The decommissioning will lay emphasis on:
Examining the conformity to the EMPs developed during the EIA for the seismic survey
project;
Preparation of a decommissioning strategy and EMP before decommissioning begins;
Awareness creation;
Ecological, socio-cultural and economic survey of camp sites and impacts;
Conforming to national legislation and regulatory requirements and international best practices.
The decommission will be carried out as soon as is practicable after the end of the seismic survey,
hence the specifics of it, which will depend largely on what was actually constructed on the ground, will
need to be formulated well in advance
53
4.
PERMITS
Permits will be required at various stages of the project including the following;
Drilling and abstraction permits to be obtained by the borehole drilling contractor. Other water
sources may be used if boreholes are not successfully installed; all appropriate permissions for
alternative water sources will be acquired.
Following the completion of ESIA studies and subsequent granting of an environmental licence
there are a number of permitting activities to be completed and before a seismic crew
mobilises to the survey area including:
Site selection and permissions for construction of a temporary base camp.
Sensitisation of local communities and other key stakeholders.
Permitting of seismic lines.
Site selection for a temporary seismic camp is required to be completed a number of months in
advance of mobilisation. This activity requires approval and permission from locally authorities
and communities. Lease agreements are required to be put in place with private land owners or
local authorities if land is deemed to be communal.
During base camp construction phase the survey lines require a field tem to permit the lines
to:
Confirm number of project impacted person along each line.
Determine impact of seismic activities along the line on livelihoods of local communities.
Conduct an initial assessment of potential impacts and valuation of potential damages.
54
5.
5.1
Scaling and work evaluation (determination of geographical and other boundaries; preliminary
assessment);
Detailed assessment based on: project design and technologies vis--vis environment, social,
cultural and economic considerations of the project area; evaluation of pre-existing
environmental, social, cultural and economic conditions, pressures and impacts; identification
and evaluation of potential environmental, social, cultural and economic impacts that may arise
from the proposed project; public consultations to explain what the proposed project is all
about and to receive their views, perceptions;
A thorough review of the potentially affected environment and the constituent receptors;
A review of the nature of proposed project activities;
A review of the results of published studies for similar projects;
Determination/evaluation of the significance of the potential project impacts and
recommendation of mitigation measures;
The professional judgment of the specialist impact assessment team.
Development of an Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring Programme; and
decommissioning of the project; and
Preparation of the EIA Project Report.
The Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment Report constitutes the final results of the study and
will be presented to NEMA as required by the EMCA Act of 1999.
The ESIA process (refer to Figure 5.1) constituted a systematic approach to the evaluation of the
project and its associated activities throughout its lifecycle. The ESIA also included stakeholder
consultations that had the goal of creating awareness about the project amongst stakeholder
communities and organisations, as well as receiving feedback from them on their views and opinions
about the project. They also provided useful information on the socio-cultural set-up of the area. The
stakeholder feedback was used to focus the impact assessment and, where appropriate, influenced
project design and execution.
55
5.2
56
PARAMETER
TO
BE
ASSESSED
Geology, physiography and
geomorphology
Soils
Climatology:
winds,
precipitation,
evapotranspiration, moisture
conditions
Air Quality
Surface and Groundwater
Resources
Wastewater
Effluents/Solid
waste
Aquatic Environment
Terrestrial
Environment:
flora and fauna
Land and Mineral Resources:
land use, recreation and
tourism, mineral resources
Visual Aesthetics
Noise and Vibrations
Offensive Odours
Archaeological and Historic
Sites
Economic Setting
Social Setting
Health Setting
Political Context
Legislative Framework
Community
Views
and
Concerns / Corporate Social
responsibility by Tullow
Integrated
environmental
assessment
OUTPUTS
Provided a detailed description and baseline of physiographic and
geological conditions. Also, a description of possible natural hazards
that could impact on the development, e.g. floods, earthquakes.
Provided a detailed baseline description of soil and conditions such
as erosion potential.
Climate and meteorology baseline.
57
5.3
Desktop studies on the biophysical and socio-economic conditions and issues in the proposed
project area;
Review of the regulatory framework and institutional arrangements for projects of such a
nature;
Detailed environmental assessment (26th October to 2nd November, 2012);
Community/stakeholderspublic consultations and sensitization (26th October to 2nd November,
2012);
Impact identification and development of mitigation measures; and
Development of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) including costs estimates and
responsibility assignment.
Prior to the field study, a desktop study was conducted to review the available reports, and to design
plans and maps in order to compile relevant biophysical and socio-economic information of the
project area. The field study (detailed environmental and social impact assessment, public
consultations and community sensitization, and development of mitigation measures and
environmental management plan) was carried out. GPS coordinates were taken and recorded for all
the sampling points and features of interest in the field. The field study also enabled cross checking
of the data compiled during the desktop study.
5.3.3 SOILS
Primary soil data was obtained using the exploratory soil and agro-climatic zone map and report of
Kenya (Sombroek et al., 1982). Reference was also made to the NOCK oil blocks map for boundary
delineation. The scale used in this report was 1:50,000. Field data was collected through visual
observation of soil units and road/riverbed cut descriptions where applicable. The surface description
assisted in classification of the soil units. Parameters assessed in surface description included: soil
texture, colour, structure, drainage, soil depth, surface stones and rock outcrops. Surface physical
characteristics were described to determine wind and soil-water erosion hazards, flooding, ponding
and water-logging potential and accessibility of the units by equipment and vehicles. A GPS was used
to geo-reference the sampling points. Soil samples were collected for fertility and texture laboratory
determination. Desktop work included soil map compilation and correlation to assign soil boundaries
and harmonize the soil legend.
5.3.4 CLIMATE
Temperature, wind and precipitation data were obtained from desktop studies of existing literature
covering the area.
58
Habitats and animal encounters of interest were recorded, and photographs of species of mammals,
birds, reptiles, amphibians, and arthropods present at the time of observation were taken.
Scenery;
Geomorphology and landscapes;
Pristine natural environments;
Potential impacts of seismic surveys and associated operations on the visual aesthetics of the
area.
59
To inform the local people and their leaders about the proposed seismic data acquisition project
and its objectives.
To gather the concerns and views of the local people and fishermen on the proposed project.
To establish if the local people foresee any positive and/or negative impacts associated with
the proposed seismic survey project, and suggest possible ways of mitigating negative impacts
and enhancing positive impacts arising from it.
To identify and document the diverse socio-cultural and economic setups in the project area
that could be potentially impacted by the project activities.
Other social and economic aspects relating to the project area, including livelihoods and cultures,
education and health, among others, were assessed.
The methodologies employed include review of available literature, public meetings and consultation
with local residents and their leaders; and administration of formal questionnaires and interviews with
interested parties and at household level.
Sources of water;
Types of sewage disposal/facilities;
Types and quality of housing;
Refuse disposal;
The general cleanliness of the environment;
Availability of health facilities;
Interaction between environment and health, and;
60
61
6.
6.1
6.2
SOILS
The proposed 3D seismic survey programme is found in piedmont plains (Mapping unit Y10), Uplands
(Ux10), sedimentary plains (Ps28), and Hills and minor scarps (H9). The mapping units within the
proposed 3D seismic survey programme are detailed in section 7.4.1 of this report. The soil
classification process follows the FAO-UNESCO legend that accommodates the worlds soils in order to
overcome gaps in national classification systems and to provide a common basis for soil correlation.
The identification of soils is based on the presence of diagnostic horizons and diagnostic properties
which are defined by measurable morphological, physical and chemical criteria related to soil
characteristics that are the result of soil formation.
There are 26 soil units recognized by the FAO- UNESCO legend of which Kenya has 23. The soil
mapping unit description refers mainly to the characteristics of the subsoil usually B horizon, to a
depth of 100cm (less if impenetrable material such as bedrock occurs at a shallower depth). Among
the parameters described is: drainage condition, effective soil depth, colour (moist condition),
mottling (if present), consistence (moist condition), calcareousness (if present), salinity, sodicity (if
present), rockiness (if present), stoniness (if present), cracking (if present), texture, additional
information on special topsoil or subsoil features, landform, geology, inclusions of other soils, etc.
(Sombroek et al., 1982). For mapping units the first letter represents the landform while the second
letter represents the geology of the unit
6.3
CLIMATE
The area, which is arid to semi-arid, receives low average annual rainfall and average temperatures
range from 24 to 38C (Republic of Kenya, 2002). During the dry seasons which are between AugustFebruary, temperatures vary between 26 and 40C, while in the rainy seasons between March- July,
the range is from 20 to 25C. The lowest temperatures are experienced in the months of November
and December, and the highest in the months of January, March and August and may exceed 37C
especially in the afternoons.
The long rains occur between April and August, while the short rains occur in October and November.
The annual rainfall amount is erratic and unreliable (Republic of Kenya, 2002). Rainfall is distributed
on an east-west gradient with more rainfall in the western parts and other areas of higher elevation
(Republic of Kenya, 2002), and is higher in the southern sector than in the northern sector of the
project area. Rain falls in brief violent storms resulting in flash floods, particularly in the northern
sector. The high temperatures and low rainfall causes high rates of evapo-transpiration that result in
deposition of salt in the soil and capping on the surface (Republic of Kenya, 2002).
6.4
AIR QUALITY
There are no large scale industrial activities in the area. Cottage industries are mainly concentrated in
Lodwar town and a few in Lokichar town. There are relatively few vehicles in the towns as compared
to other towns in the more densely populated parts of Kenya. Consequently, the concentrations of
carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide in air in the project areaare considerably low
62
and do not exceed the WHO guidelines. Total suspended particulate matter tends to be naturally high
as a result of the barren and windy environment.
6.5
6.6
TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
The dominant species of vegetation in the project area includes Acacia reficiens, Acacia tortillas,
Bosnia curiae, Commiphora rostrata, Jatropha spp., Cissus sp., Acacia nubica, Euphorbia cuneata and
Calotropis procera.The bird species observed include; White headed Buffalo weaver, Chestnut bellied
sand grouse, White bellied go-away bird, Superb starling, and Fork tailed drongo among others.
6.7
LAND RESOURCES
Pasture and browse are the major land resource in the area and support the pastoral lifestyle of the
local community. The area within the proposed block support pastoral life as river Turkwel provides
floodplains which provide vegetation consisting for grass and shrubs for grazers and browsers.
6.8
VISUAL AESTHETICS
The project area lies in a location which has pristine and rugged scenic beauty with hills, riverine
forests, plains and several sand rivers (luggas).
6.9
63
64
65
7.
7.1
7.1.1
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
(C)
April
Max. Temp
March
(mm)
February
Rain-fall
January
Average
Monthly
7.1.2
21
48
25
14
10
13
13
34.5
35.5
35.5
33.8
33.8
32.8
32.2
32.8
34.4
35
33.8
33.8
25
25.6
26.7
26.7
26.7
26.1
25.6
25.6
26.1
26.7
25.6
25
Min. Temp
(C)
7.2
SURFACE WATER
The surface water potential is extremely low in the project area. The local communities are adapted
to this situation, but persistently long droughts or successive seasonal droughts sometimes put at
risk their lives and livelihoods, including frequent loss of livestock. Sources of surface water are
seasonal rivers (luggas) and water pans such as Lokichar lugga, Kamathwa lugga and Kasuroi lugga.
There are very few water pans and earth dams in the project area. The construction of some of the
existing water pans was sponsored by the World Vision Kenya, particularly in the eastern part of the
project area. The pans found during the study area were unable to hold water throughout an entire
dry season.
66
7.3
GROUND WATER
The numerous dry (ephemeral/seasonal) sandy river beds, locally known as luggas, are sources of
shallow and potable groundwater. The shallow hand-dug wells may, in a few cases, be equipped with
hand pumps. There are also some deep boreholes. Groundwater is the major source of potable water
supply for both humans and livestock in the project area.
7.4
SOIL
7.4.1 SOIL MAPPING UNITS
Mapping unit Y10
This unit is found to the eastern part of the proposed 3D seismic survey area from Kaaroge area
stretching to the southwest towards Lokosimakori hills. Y10 unit also covers the exploratory drill site
of Ngamia-1 and Twiga-1 site. Its geology is alluvium from undifferentiated basement system rocks,
mainly gneisses. The landform/topography is piedmont plain, consisting of nearly level to gently
undulating slopes (0-3%) that are dissected by narrow rills tending south-north direction. The meso
relief consists of common small dunes (<1m) that are stabilized by Indigofera spinosa dwarf shrubs
and Grass spp. The soils are moderately well drained, deep, dark yellowish brown to dark brown,
sandy loam to gravely clay, moderately saline and strongly sodic. The surface consists of sealed and
crusted sandy clay loam to sandy clay textured soils with low soil organic matter content, overlain by
quartzite surface pebbles. The soils classify as mollic Solonetz. The vegetation of the area is a
moderately dense Acacia shrubland dominated by Acacia tortilis. There are also shrubs of Cadaba
farinosa and Indigofera spinosa dwarf shrubs.
67
Plate 7.2: Mapping unit Y10 showing common low dunes (yellow arrows) colonized by
dwarf shrubs and sandy textured soils of low organic matter content; note the Acacia
tortilis vegetation on the background.
This mapping unit is extensive and covers a very large section of Block 13T. It is found to the west of
the proposed 3D blocks from Locheremoit to Katamanak hills in the south western border.The geology
of the area is undifferentiated basement systems, rocks predominantly gneisses. The physiographic
unit is uplands at differentiated levels consisting of rolling topography and base level variables. The
unit is intensely dissected with narrow and moderately deep interfluves and the macro relief is rolling
68
uplands. The soils are well-drained, shallow, yellowish brown, friable, strongly calcareous, moderately
to strongly sodic and saline, gravely, sandy clay with a gravel surface. There are surface stones and
rock outcrops in the unit. The unit also has common quartz-feldspar-gneiss veins. The soils classify as
Calcaric Regosols. This soil mapping unit supports an open and scattered Acacia reficiens, A.tortils, A.
Senegal, Balanities aegyptiaca and Delonix elata vegetation. The undergrowth is sparse Indigofera
spinosa. The plant life is found in the interfluves where there is water.
Plate 7.3: Mapping Unit Ux10 with the intensely dissected topography that supports
vegetation. The surface has yellowish brown soils with surface pebbles and stones.
69
Locality
Brief
Description
(*)Natural
Hazards
Implications for
Project and EMP
Found to the
eastern part
of
the
proposed 3D
survey
polygons
The
soils
are
moderately welldrained,
deep,
dark
yellowish
brown to dark
brown,
sandy
loam to gravely
clay, moderately
saline
and
strongly
sodic.
They classify as
mollic
Solonetz,
[Sombroek et al.
(1982)]
Sealing
and
crusting soils
Wind erosion
common
bare
patches/denude
of vegetation
Surface
runoff
and ponding
Compact-B
soil
horizon
Mechanical excavation
of soil may expose the
soil
and
encourage
wind
erosion
and
further degrade the
unit
Ponding potential may
impede
certain
activities to be carried
out during the rains
Campsites
may
be
placed on bare patches
without
disrupting
vegetation
This
mapping
unit
is
found
to
the northeast of the
proposed
3D polygon
around
Kaaroge
and
Kasuroi
centres
Sealing
and
crusting soils
Sheetwash
and
rill erosion
Surface
runoff
and ponding on
depressions and
roadways
Compact
B-soil
horizon
Mechanical excavation
of soil may expose the
soil
and
encourage
gulley
erosion
especially where access
ways cross luggas and
further degrade the
unit.
Runoff and ponding
potential may impede
certain activities to be
carried out during the
rains.
Common
elevated
ground may require
levelling/removal
if
campsites are to be
established
where
applicable.
Y10
Piedmont Plain
Table 7.1: Soil description within specified soil mapping units observed during the field
surveys that are significant for project logistics and EMP.
the
Locality
The
unit
stretches
from
the
north
to
the south
of
the
proposed
3D survey
polygon
7.5
Brief
Description
The soils are
well-drained,
shallow,
yellowish
brown, friable,
strongly
calcareous,
moderately to
strongly
sodic
and
saline,
gravely, sandy
clay (The soil
classifies
as
Calcaric
Regosols
(Sombroek
et
al., 1982).
(*)Natural
Hazards
Implications for
Project and EMP
Potential
landslips/
rock fall due to
topography and
surface
stones/boulders
and
rockoutcrops
Movement/vibration of
machinery/equipment
may trigger rock falls
Mechanical excavation
of soil may expose the
soil
and
encourage
windblown erosion
Movement
of
machinery
and
equipment
may
be
hindered
due
to
topography
unless
access-ways
are
opened up
Shallow
soil
and
presence
of
near
surface parent material
would
require
hardened
tools/equipment
or
blasting with dynamite
if pits are to be
excavated
Further
surface
disruption may denude
the existing scanty and
sparse vegetation
Potential
vegetation-fall
due
to
poor
anchorage
of
plants caused by
shallow
and
sodic soils
Sparse
vegetation found
in interfluves
the
LAND-COVER
The vegetation was divided into two different habitat types based on transects sampled, each of
which was described individually (see the map). In each vegetation type, a full description of habitat
terrain features as well as vegetation structure and dominant species composition is given and the
habitat/vegetation type.
72
7.5.1 TOPOGRAPHY
The southern tip of the block is bordered by the foot slopes of Mount Elgon to the southwest and the
Cherangani Hills to the southeast (Figure 5.3) in the Block 13T. The Turkwel River, which has its source
in Mount Elgon, enters the block in the south-western area and then runs south-north, dissecting the
block into two almost equal halves, and is the major drainage system. Its three major tributaries are
the Wei Wei River in the south, Kateruk River in the central part and the Nakaton River in the northwestern part of the block.
73
From 2 to 3N the watershed of the Turkwel River basin is bounded by the Nariwomoru, Kasuroi,
Kamatak and Kimaguru hills to the east (these hills are fully within the project area), and the
Karapokot, Loropokot, Kobaroch and Moruangiliok hills to the west (with their peaks just outside the
western border of the project area). Numerous small and ephemeral streams arise from the hills and
are oriented east-west, flowing into the Turkwel River .Those arising from the Nariwomoru, Kasoroi,
Kamatak and Kimaguru hills also flow eastwards from the east-facing slopes into the Kerio River (which
lies outside the project area to the east) and eventually to Lake Turkana.
The Turkwel River is as much as a kilometre wide in places and is bordered along most of its length by
a belt of alluvium which in some places is over 2 kilometres wide. The Turkana Plain, which covers an
expansive part of the northern section of the project area, is well-smoothed, dipping gently at about 3
metres per kilometre from the foot of the escarpment on the western part of the region (Uganda
escarpment) at about 900 metres above sea level, to Lake Turkana which lies at about 375m above
sea level (Fairburn and Matheson, 1970).
The Sigir hills and Kunyupat hills comprise mainly of Basement System rocks, becoming smaller in
stature and extent northwards, eventually forming only horsts. The Basement System hills in the
western part of the area form steep fault and erosional scarps with deep gullies.
A distinctive feature in the project area is the large number of dry lugga channels that flow for only a
few hours or days following rains. Often, gullies with high banks occur in grounds that are slightly more
elevated than their immediate surroundings.
7.5.1.2. Geology
Geologically, the project area can be divided into three parts (southern, central and northern), moving
latitudinally from south to north. The thin southern strip (1.3 to 2N) is dominated by:
metamorphosed sediments of the Basement System; Tertiary rocks represented by plugs and dykes of
nephelinites or alkali basalt and; Quaternary rocks that consist of soils, alluvium, scree and ironstone
capping (Figure 5.4) (McCall, 1964). In the central section (2 to 230N), there are mainly superficial
deposits of Pleistocene to Recent age that occupy the Turkwel plain, while to the west occur a
metamorphic and igneous complex of Pre-Cambrian rocks containing recrystallised sediments and
volcanics (Walsh, 1966). The rocks in the northern part (230 to 3N) are folded gneisses, schists,
granulites and limestone of the basement system that are cut by acid pegmatites and basic (Fairburn
and Matheson, 1970). In the northwest, the basement system rocks are covered by a thick series of
basalt, andesites and rhyolitic ignimbrites.
74
7.5.2 HABITAT
Vegetation in the area was delineated into major vegetation/habitat types and each vegetation type
was further studied for species diversity and environmental uniqueness. The vegetation was
predominately intercepted by natural (bushland/woodland) trees with dry natural grass and bushes
below them. The natural habitats include open grasslands, bushed grasslands, and bushland, riverine
indigenous trees (e.g., Acacia tortilis,Delonix elata, Salvadora persica and Boscia coriacea). The
dominant plant species included trees of Acacia tortilis, A. nubica, A. senegal, A. reficiens, A.
mellifera, A. paolii, Ziziphus mucronata, Delonix elata, Commiphora rostrata, Balanites aegyptiaca,
Salvadora persica and Dobera glabra. Shrubs and herbs of Indigofera spinosa, Sericocomopsis pallida,
Euphorbia cuneata, Maerua endlichii, Euphorbia heterochroma, Cadaba coriacea, Caralluma
acuntangula and other herbsceous species such as Cyathula cylindrica, Pavonia patens, Heliotropium
sp., Sericocomopsis pallida. Ecologically the few relic trees in the study site are important as they
were observed to have created microhabitats of grasses and bushes below them with their shade.
Such areas were also heavily grazed. These habitats host insects, reptiles, birds, animals and
maintain the biodiversity of the study site and need to be conserved under whatever development
may take place. No plant species of special conservation status was recorded in this study.
75
7.5.2.1.
Lotimaan Area
This is Acacia tortilis dominated bushland with undergrowth dominated by Indigofera spinosa,
Sericocomopsis pallid, Heliotropium sp., Blepharis sp., and other isolated species such as Asparagus
Africana. The main trees that are scattered include Acacia nubica, Acacia reficiens, Cadaba sp.,
Balanites aegyptiaca and Euphorbia cuneata. The trees and shrubs are micro-habitats important for
maintenance of Biodiversity in the wooded grasslands
This was a bushland all the way through the open and disturbed grassland to wooded woodland, fairly
dense trees and shrubs of such as Acacia reficiens, A. paolii, Commiphora rostrata, Balanites
aegyptiaca, Euphorbia cuneata, Grewia tenax, Boscia coriacea, Sesamothamnus rivae, Cadaba sp.
with other indigenous herbaceous taxa such as Melhania ovate, Indigofera spinosa, Barleria sp.,
Heliotropium sp., Asparagus africana, Sansevieria sp., Cyathula cylindrical and Ocimum basilicum.
7.5.2.3.
This was Commiphora-Acacia bushland habitat. Though was also divided to ideally, the general
vegetation comprised of wooded grassland interspersed by open patches of open grassland and
bushlands. In other words vegetation type was closely similar to that of other wooded grassland
vegetation type. The bushland species comprised of widely sparse trees of Boscia coriacea,
Commiphora rostrata, Acacia reficiens, A. senegal, A. tortilis, Euphorbia cuneata, Delonix elata,
Sesamothamnus rivae and Grewia tenax.
The bushed also constituted Ziziphus mucronata ,
Sericocomompsis pallida, Jatropha sp, Indigofera spinosa, Cissus sp., Polygala sp, Pavonia patens,
Ocimum basilicum, Maerua endlichii, Asparagus Africana and Cyphostemma sp. The common grasses
Proposed 3D Seismic Survey for Block 13 T
76
were dry and heavily grazed suggesting future collecting and identifications after the rains. There were
no threatened species that requires protection.
This habitat is on Acacia tortilis bushland and dry open grassland and wooded grassland used as a
study transect along the marked points. This habitat seemed to have gone through different systems
of land uses especially grazing that have determined the current vegetation types. The study observed
vegetation types namely open grassland and wooded grassland. The following is a description of the
site characteristic and species composition of each vegetation type that is made up of mainly
Commiphora rostrata, Acacia reficiens, Maerua coriacea, Euphorbia cuneata, Maerua endlichii and
Ziziphus mucronata. Sericocomopsis pallid, Barleris sp., Indigofera spinosa, Jatropha and Asparagus
Africana has coppiced from earlier generation of herbs of the same species. The bushlands form about
60 % vegetation cover and were intercepted by a herb vegetation cover that formed is dominated by
Indigofera spinosa. The open grassland comprises mainly a mixture of grass types that dominate the
ground cover. This portion of the grassland was overgrazed within scattered trees hampering micro
habitat. Within this open grassland are trees that form stands reflecting past vegetation and land
cover change effect.
77
Within the Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and wooded grasslands the habitats are formed by Acacia
tortilis, A. reficiens and Boscia coriacea. Thus below the indigenous trees and sometimes in the
understory of Acacia tortilis trees, one finds vegetation formation of bushes. These are the keystone
shrub/trees species some of, which were found to host birds. They were observed to be the feeding
and breeding habitats of a number of birds as they provide home to the birds and insects. The
common trees in these habitats include Acacia tortilis, Euphorbia cuneata, Euphorbia heterochroma,
Commiphora rostrata, Sericocomopsis pallida, Grewia tenax, Boscis coriacea and Maerua endlichii.
Other undergrowth species included Cissus sp., Indigofera spinosa and Asparagus Africana. Afew of the
trees and shrubs forms micro-habitats important for maintenance of Biodiversity in the
bushland/wooded grasslands. This habitat may be conserved site for small mammals and birds though
heavily graze.
7.5.2.5.
Kadongolo area
This is wooded grasslands with recognizable trees interspersed with the overgrazed grasses and
sometimes with clumps of bushes. These trees are named Acacia tortilis, Commiphora rostrata and
Capparis sp. and Boscia mossambicensis. Other species herbs include Calotropis procera, Indigofera
spinosa, Cissus sp. and Heletropium sp.
78
7.5.2.6.
This is open Acacia/ Balanites/ bushlands and open grassland with scattered trees and few clumps of
bushes and heavily grazed and rocky. They comprise;Acacia tortilis, A. reficiens, A. senegalensis, A.
mellifera, Balanites aegyptiaca, Salvadora prsica, Delonix elata, Boscia coriacea, Grewia tenax,
Commiphora rostrata, Indigofera spinosa, Barleria eranthemoides, Euphorbia cuneata Heliotropium sp.,
Caralluma sp.The hbitat have little impact on biodiversity if any.
79
Habitat
Regionally
Acacia
bushland
Acaia
shrubland
Support
diverse
animal
species
such
as
small
mammals
and
birds.
Source of wild
food to people.
Provide vegetative
structure
and
diversity
that
provide
vital
nesting areas for
birds.
Source
of
materials
for
shelter.
Provide land cover
and
soil
protection.
Ornamental
plants.
Source of timber
and
non-timber
products used by
locals for building
manyattas.
Some shrubs such
Nationally
Internationally
Provide
floristic
diversity.
Wood
fuel
and
Charcoal.
Source of timber and
non-timber products.
Maintaining the water
cycle.
Check global warming
by
using
carbon
dioxide
in
Maintaining
the
water
cycle.
Check global warming by
using carbon dioxide in
photosynthesis.
Scientific
and
ethical
knowledge.
80
Significance
Habitat
Regionally
Grassland
Riverine
forest
as Acaia reficiens
are used by the
locals
as
medicines.
Source of Wood
fuel and Charcoal.
Provide
an
abundance
of
berries and fruit,
eaten by many
different birds and
mammals.
Reduce
soil
erosion
in
the
area
Important source
of
Grazing
grounds
as
sustainable source
of livestock feed
Production
of
Forage
Mammalian
species use these
open
areas
of
fields and to meet
their needs for
food, cover, and
breeding
Breeding stocks,
population
reservoirs
for
certain
insects
such as ants
Resting
and
recreational
options
to
the
locals due to their
ability to provide
shaded grounds.
Have
sites
of
religious
significance
Nationally
Internationally
photosynthesis.
Scientific and ethical
knowledge.
Grazing:
the
sustained production
of
forage
thus
improving
livestock
production leading to
availability
of
livestock
in
the
external market
Maintaining the water
cycle
Check global warming
by
using
carbon
dioxide
in
photosynthesis.
Scientific and ethical
knowledge
Maintaining
the
water
cycle
Check global warming by
using carbon dioxide in
photosynthesis.
Scientific
and
ethical
knowledge
Maintaining
the
water
cycle
Check global warming by
using carbon dioxide in
photosynthesis.
7.5.3. BIODIVERSITY
The range conditions within the southern, and south eastern part of the project area have very pristine
conditions due to limited human interference/ modification (sites are at the boundary of Pokot-Turkana
community thus frequent tensions culminating to constant raids forcing the communities not to settle
there), while the northern, eastern, and northern, eastern and western parts of the project area have
undergone tremendous modification due to settlement and browsing/grazing by livestock.
Proposed 3D Seismic Survey for Block 13 T
81
In this regard, the southern, and south eastern have a high species diversity and distribution of
insects, reptiles, birds and small mammal species compared to the northern, eastern, and northern,
eastern and western part of the project area.
Insects species include termites, beetles, butterflies, ants, scorpions, camel spiders, bees, spiders,
wasps, grasshoppers, locusts and damsel flies.
82
The area had a low fauna count, especially in relation to mammals, with only the presence of the
following species being observed: black-backed jackal, ground squirrel, African hare, dik-dik and dwarf
mongoose.
83
Birds in the study area listed as decreasing in population in the IUCN red list (IUCN 2012)
Nesting locations
The bird nests in the project area were identified in various scattered areas. It was however noted
that most nests were concentrated on trees growing along luggas.
Biodiversity
Significance
Regionally
Birds-Egyptian
vultures, Abyssinian
Roller Egrets, Goliath
Heron, Yellow billed
egret,
Red and
yellow
barbet,
bustards
and
hornbills
Nationally
Internationally
Facilitate
tourism such
as
bird
watching
84
Biodiversity
Significance
Regionally
Insects-Dragon flies,
grasshoppers crickets,
termites,
beetles,
butterflies,
moths,
mosquitoes,
wasps,
bees, ticks, spiders,
camel
spiders
Mammals-Ground
squirrels,
grey
mongoose, warthogs,
dikdiks,
,
Grants
gazelles,
cheetahs,
and hyenas
Agents
of
Dispersalbirds
serve to spread
seeds of various
plants,
thereby
helping
in plant
dispersal
Food sources for
bird predators thus
enhancing species
diversity in the area
Help in fertilizing
the soil with the
nutrients from their
droppings.
Insects
such as
bees helps in plant
pollination
to
facilitate
the
process
of
reproduction, thus
improving the area
vegetation.
Helps in improving
the bids species in
the area as some
birds
feed
on
insects.
They
also
decompose
dead
materials, thereby
reintroducing
nutrients into the
soil.
Burrowing
insects
such as ants and
beetles dig tunnels
that
provide
channels for water,
benefiting plants.
Burrowing
mammals aid in
increasing
soil
porosity
and
drainage.
mammals can keep
pest species down,
both insect
and
vertebrate, and can
serve as food for
larger game species
Help in fertilizing
Nationally
Internationally
Scientific
ethical
knowledge
and
Scientific and
ethical
knowledge
Important to the
fur industry
Scientific
and
ethical
knowledge
Source of food
pelts and meat
Used
as
laboratory
subjects
for
the study of
humanrelated
physiology,
psychology,
and a variety
of diseases
Scientific and
ethical
85
Biodiversity
Significance
Regionally
7.6
Nationally
Internationally
knowledge
Scientific
ethical
knowledge
and
Scientific and
ethical
knowledge
Pets
LAND-USE 2
7.6.1 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
The project area straddles parts of two counties: Turkana County and Pokot County (Figure 7.2).
Counties are the new second tier administrative level after the National level and the structures are still
being set up in accordance with Kenyas new constitution which was promulgated in August 2010.
Counties shall be headed by Governors. There are four administrative districts (Turkana East, Turkana
South, Loima, and Central Pokot) that were established under the old constitution but that are still
active until such a time that the new constitutional structures are properly established. They are
headed by District Commissioners, who in turn are subject to the Provincial Commissioner of the Rift
Valley Province (with its headquarters in Nakuru town), within which these districts fall. Nakuru town is
located several hundreds of kilometres south of the project area, and this distance makes
administration of the vast area more difficult than it would otherwise be. The project area also covers
parts of four parliamentary constituencies, namely, Turkana South, Turkana Central, Kacheliba and
Sigor (Figure 7.4).
2
Data in this section includes information from 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census (Kenya National
Bureau of Statisics - KNBS); Turkana District Development Plan, 2002-2008 (Republic of Kenya, 2002, Ministry
of Finance and Planning, Government Printers); and field assessments by the ESIA team. Turkana Enrolment
Pyramid: SOURCE: TSC 2005 (public schools only; based on district summary)
86
Figure 7.4: Administrative boundaries in the project area: Turkana South and Turkana
Central are in Turkana County, while Kacheliba and Sigor constituencies are in Pokot
County.
87
7.6.5.1
EDUCATIONAL SECTORS
The education sector is not well developed among the pastoralists living in this region largely due to
nomadic livestock husbandry lifestyle. This may have led to high illiteracy levels among the
communities within this region. Many agencies, including the Government and NGOs, have been
sensitizing the locals on the need for education. There are several nursery, primary, and secondary
schools. There are a total of 28 primary schools within the areas under discussion. These schools are
characterized by poor infrastructure, high teacher-pupil ratio, high pupil-toilet ratio and a general lack
of basic educational facilities.
The Turkana County statistics (opendata.go.ke) indicate that 78% of the total population have never
attended school, 3% are in ECD institutions, 2.9% are in primary, 2.8% are in secondary school,
0.5% are in higher education. The graph below indicates the enrollment pyramid for schools in the
whole of Turkana, as compiled by the teachers service commission.
Figure 7.5 Turkana enrolment pyramid: SOURCE: TSC 2005 (public schools only; based on
district summary)
Females
Form 4
Form 3
Form 2
Form 1
Standard 8
Standard 7
Standard 6
Males
Standard 5
Standard 4
Standard 3
Standard 2
Standard 1
8000
6000
4000
Number of Pupils
2000
1000
2000
3000 4000
5000
6000
7000
Number of Pupils
Some of these institutions were noted during the EIA study and their respective coordinates noted as
shown in Table 7.2.
88
89
Table 7.2: Population by sub-location, number of health facilities and primary schools in
the project area
Sub-Location Males
Females
#
of # of Dispensaries
H/Holds
Kalemgnorok 4455
4073
8531
Kanaodon
4627
3605
8232
Katilu
9120
8566
17686
Lokapel
4163
3312
7475
KATILU LOCATION
# of primary schools
10
KALAPATA LOCATION
Kalapata
4612
4329
8941
Loperot
3952
3432
7384
Nakale
3815
3369
7184
KOCHODIN LOCATION
Lochodin
1013
1026
2039
Lopii
1458
1352
2810
6022
12632
LOKICHAR LOCATION
Kapese
6610
Lokichar
5630
5190
10820
LOCHWANGIKAMATAK LOCATION
Lochangikamatak 7915
6646
161
Naposumuru
2998
6220
53920
114515
Totals
3222
5
17
28
During the EIA study the team noted some of the health facilities as shown in Table 7.2.
90
91
ELEVATION
(METRES)
IDP Camp
675
N02.370880 E 035.423670
669
KATILU LOCATION
N02.27694 E 035.43130
675
N02.221590 E035.408680
694
N02.249280 EO35.419890
693
705
Lopur centre
N02.242530 E035.437880
705
Irrigation
Katilu Airstrip
693
N02.370700 E035.423690
676
N02.370710 E 035.423700
683
N02.380780 E035.430360
677
N02.461600 E035.416840
647
Kanaodon Dispensary
N02.49675 E035.4088
646
0S
N02.49662 E035.40875
646
N02.492850 E035.410000
652
St.
Francis
Saviour
Secondary School
Good
Shepherd
(pastoral centre)
Katilu
Cathedral
659
N02.247550 E035.435170
654
N02.259450 E035.431680
658
N02.13829 E035.49683
754
N02.20989S E035.459540
741
N02.138170 E035.496850
751
Kaikunyuk Village
N02.222970 E035.549270
812
N02.390510 E035.645280
764
Lokichar Airstrip
N02.391730 E035.644310
765
Nakabosan Village
N02.2333090 E035.554760
834
Kasuroi Village
N02.477540 E035.654700
LOKICHAR LOCATION
739
0
N02.38266 E O35.65335
729
LOCHWAA LOCATION
92
COORDINATES
ELEVATION
(METRES)
N02.489250 E035.656570
Karoge Village
728
N02.58266 E035.65039
732
Naketei village
722
N02.712170 E035.636260
691
7.6.5.4. DEMOGRAPHY
Block 13T traverses four districts namely; Central Pokot, Turkana Central, Loima and parts of
Turkana South Districts. The major communities within the project area are the Pokot and the
Turkana although there are minorities like the Somalis found mainly in the major centres. The project
area is sparsely populated with clustered settlements within the major centres. The population
density is generally very low (Tables 5.5 to 5.8; Figure 5.73). According to the Kenya National Bureau
of Statistics, Turkana South District had a population of 226,379 and a population density of 12
persons in 2009. Turkana Central had a population of 254,606 and a population density of 17 persons
93
with Pokot Central District having 175,616 and 61 persons in total population and population density
respectively.
Districts
Male
Female
Total
Population
254,606
1
2
Total
household
-
LOIMA
TURKANA
CENTRAL
3
TURKANA
121,022
10,5357
226,379
28,437
SOUTH
4
CENTRAL
87,199
88,417
175,616
32,548
POKOT
Source: 2009 Kenya population and housing census, KNBS.
Area In
sq.Km.
-
Density
1,8670.8
12
2,898.7
61
Area in
sq. Km.
3,429.0
5,485.8
617.7
4,536.6
1,143.1
1,684.1
1,582.8
Density
Area in
sq. Km.
1,612.5
209.4
333.3
688.4
1,674.3
878.0
1,143.1
682.0
1,002.1
185.6
Density
17
Divisions
Male
Female
Total
Total
Population
household
1
LOIMA
21,003
19,901
40,904
5,288
2
TURKWEL
39,077
39,951
79,028
12,151
3
LORENGIPPI
4,110
3,511
7,621
974
4
LOKICHAR
35,756
31,986
67,742
8,175
5
KATILU
22,365
19,559
41,924
5,414
6
KAINUK
14,470
11,777
26,247
3,684
7
SIGOR
43,113
42,091
85,204
16,091
Source: 2009 Kenya population and housing census, KNBS.
12
14
12
15
37
16
54
Locations
Male
Female
Total
Total
Population
household
1
LORUGUMU
13,152
13,519
26,671
4,437
2
LORENGIPPI
1,393
1,066
2,459
299
3
TURKWEL
3,871
4,268
8,139
1,602
4
KOTARUK
9,246
8,588
17,834
2,314
5
LOCHWAA
11,137
9,644
20,781
2,346
6
LOKICHAR
12,240
11,212
23,452
3,308
7
KATILU
22,365
19,559
41,924
5,414
8
KAPUTIR
8,227
6,892
15,119
2,272
9
KAINUK
6,243
4,885
11,128
1,412
10
WEI WEI
4,487
4,354
8,841
1,722
Source: 2009 Kenya population and housing census, KNBS.
17
12
24
26
12
27
37
22
11
48
Male
Female
Total
Population
Total
household
Area in
sq. Km.
Density
KALEMUNYANG
4,400
4,266
8,666
1,250
450.2
19
LORUGUMU
2,172
2,565
4,737
914
582.6
LOKICHAR
5,630
5,190
10,820
1,644
187.8
58
KOTARUK
5,304
4,574
9,878
1,142
225.3
44
NAIPA
1,860
1,746
3,606
493
199.2
18
94
LOCHWAANGIKA
MATAK
7,915
6,646
14,561
1,636
1,071.6
14
KANAODON
4,627
3,605
8,232
875
93.4
88
LOKAPEL
4,163
3,312
7,475
964
229.6
33
KALEMUNGOROK
4,455
4,076
8,531
1,241
453.7
19
10
KATILU
9,120
8,566
17,686
234
366.4
48
11
KAINUK
3,936
3,215
7,151
900
186.5
38
95
96
Irrigation agriculture plays an important role in the economic welfare of Katilu location in the project
area. Farming through irrigation is carried out along the Turkwel River. There are several irrigation
schemes in the area run by the National Irrigation Board, such as Katilu, Koputiro, and Turkwel, while
others are proposed e.g. Arumrum and Nakamane irrigation schemes. The total area under irrigation
agriculture is approximately 1,600 acres while preparation of another 3,000 acres is underway. Rainfed agriculture is undertaken on a very small scale, and the rains are often unreliable. There are no
major cash crops grown in the area, only food crops. Food crops grown along the river include maize,
beans, green grams, millet, sorghum, and cassava. Horticultural produce grown across the region
ranges from kales, cabbages, tomatoes to bananas. All these crops grown along the rivers supply
almost the entire Turkana region and are supplemented with supplies from Kitale area.
Plate 7.17: Katilu Irrigation scheme water intake point and a maize plantation at the
scheme
97
98
7.7
PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS
The public consultation meetings that involved verbal presentation of the key project
elements, potential environmental and social impacts, and key mitigation strategies,
were carried out in diverse parts of the project area. The consultation methods were
public meetings held between 28th October 2012 and 1st November 2012 (Table
below). Stakeholders included local residents and their leaders. In addition to these
meetings, the wider community was reached through administration of formal
questionnaires and interviews with interested parties, and at household level during
the entire ESIA process. This section presents the deliberations (outcomes) of these
consultations from the stakeholders point of view.
ORDER OF KEY MEETINGS HELD IN BLOCK 13T
DAYS
DATES
&
28.10.12
28.10.12
29.10.12
29.10.12
31.10.12
31.10.12
1.11.12
TIME
(Start/End)
11.00
12.30 hrs
14.00
16.00 hrs
09.30
11.00 hrs
12.30
14.30 hrs
09.30
11.00 hrs
12.00
13.45 hrs
09.30
11.00
AREAS
COVERED
DISTRICT
GPS
COORDINATES
Lokapel
Trading
Centre
Turkana South
N 02.370880
Kanaodon
Village
Turkana South
Katilu Trading
Centre
Turkana South
Kalemngorok
Trading
Centre
Turkana South
Lochwaa
Trading
Centre
Turkana South
Locheromoit
Trading
Centre
Turkana South
Lokichar
Township
Turkana South
E 035.423670
N 02.496620
E 035.408750
N 02.259450
E 035.431680
N 02.209890
E 035.459540
N 02.582660
E 035.656570
E 02.712170
N 035.636260
N 02.382660
E 035.653350
The findings from public consultations indicate that there is low possibility of
disruption of the social fabric of the Turkana residing within Block 13T, provided that
change and development are properly managed, in a manner consistent with the
provisions of the law, the Constitution and Vision 2030. Given that the main source of
livelihood in Turkana livestock, has been depleted due to many factors including
weather, markets and raids, and that property is in some cases related to influence,
even the elders may not have as much influence if they do not have the means to
back that influence. Hence the decisions that are made by elders should be those
that reflect the immediate and long term community and national benefit not based
on immediate basic needs. One way to ensure that this is possible is through
engagement with other stakeholders and policy makers.
99
The proposed project has largely been accepted by both the community and the
stakeholders, although there were concerns that were raised including equitable
employment opportunities to the youth, access to water, public security, improved
road and school infrastructure, provision of essential drugs to health facilities,
community linkage, consultation and engagement as well as profit sharing. However
there are specific areas that may need consideration as the proposed project moves
forward. These are listed below:
There already are community liaison officers (CLOs) in some parts of the project area,
but it appears that the level of engagement/information they provide to the
community is inadequate. Some of the issues raised by the community could not have
been raised had there been sufficient and adequate information provided to the
communities. In addition, CLOs will need to be recruited for the areas that still do not
have them.
It was clear that certain services are needed in the areas covered by the blocks under
review, and these could be provided in a phased manner, in collaboration with
relevant government authorities. The most immediate and critical as raised by the
community is water. Given the semi-arid nature of the area, and the perceived
constant risk of attack by neighbouring communities when they search for water
outside their safe environments, it would be prudent to consider planning for
permanent sources of water in the areas under consideration.
The Health facilities in the area were reported to suffer from acute shortage of
essential commodities. The provision of essential commodities, upon liaison with the
relevant arms of government would be beneficial both to the communities and the
project. While the community appreciates the education bursaries provided so far,
they are concerned about the amount and the manner in which these are provided.
One possible strategy to ensure there is no dissatisfaction is to ensure that the lists of
potential beneficiaries that are sent from the location/grassroots level are not
interfered with in any way as these move up the levels. In other words, the local
community would want to have the first, only and final say regarding the amount
earmarked for education and to whom it is allocated to. Additionally where possible
and viable, support for infrastructure related to construction and rehabilitation of
existing schools also should be considered.
This is a contentious issue and mostly, in our assessment, results from perceived lack
of transparency. An improved and clearly understood method of employing locals is
needed so that the community is aware of and accepts the method. The main
complaint has been lack of equity where they feel that people from certain areas
benefit more than others.
While there are no specific burial sites identified, villagers were clear that
homesteads, water points and meeting points should not be interfered with, as much
as possible. Natural vegetation including trees and related vegetation of shrubs should
also be preserved since their animals depend on these.
The consultant held meetings with District level representative within Lokichar town.
The participants included representatives from Ministry of Water, National Drought
Management Authority, Kenya Wildlife Service, Mt. Kenya University, National
Registration Bureau, Ministry of Planning & Vision 2030 and World Vision Kenya. The
findings from discussions with the participants were as follows;
100
Measures
for
enhancing
anticipated positive impacts
the
The
proposed
seismic
survey
environmental impact assessment
reports should be well completed
and kept safe for further studies and
research.
101
Availability of certain
services, e.g., security
Measures
for
enhancing
anticipated positive impacts
essential
Educational
improvement
Transparent
and
complete
partnership with stakeholders
Building more classrooms
facilities
to
Mitigation measures
Exploitation by non-natives
Introduction
of
environmental
conservation projects, such as
afforestation alongside with the
proposed
project
to
avoid
environmental
degradation
and
provide locals with seedlings.
with
Slum
creation
overpopulation
to
Public
health
risks/disease
outbreaks/introduction
of
diseases by foreigners
Waste/effluent management
Wider
consultations
and
involvement
in
decision-making
between employ and locals
7.8
the
due
HEAD-LINE ISSUES
102
The key sensitive areas in the project area includes; Tukwel river which is the major
source of water in the area, for domestic use, agricultural purposes and for livestock.
The Turkana community depends on the luggas for water and grazing, most luggas
are dominated by Acacia tortilis with scattered Calotropis procera, Cissus sp., and
scattered trees which are suitable for grazing in the dry season.
Other sensitive areas include the settlements, homesteads i.e.manyattas and built up
areas such as schools, hospitals, town centres, dispensaries, whose coordinates are
shown in Table 7.2.
The key socio-economic issues detailed in Section 7.7 above are; engagement with
the
community
in
project
activities,
provision
of
basic
services/amenities/infrastructure, transparency in employment of locals and
preservation of communal sites.
Environmental and
social
baseline
features
1. Physiography
2. Surface
water
resources
3. Ground
resources
water
Key Issues
4. Terrestrial
Environment
5. Socio-economic
features
Receptors
Physical Receptors
Soil,
groundand
surface
water
receptors
Soil,
groundand
surface
water
receptors
Biological Receptors
Human Receptors
103
7.9
104
8.
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
8.1
INTRODUCTION
The baseline biophysical and social environmental parameters established in Chapter 7
are critically examined in this section in relation to the potential environmental and
socio-economic impacts of the proposed onshore seismic survey. In addition to
adhering to the mitigations below, the proponent needs to comply with the requisite
national legislation and regulations that are outlined in Chapter 4 of this report.
It should be noted that seismic surveys are of short duration, typically less than three
months, and are generally considered to be a low impact activity that generally permits
the immediate return of the operational sites to its previous land use. This is indirectly
supported by the fact that a suite of seismic surveys have already been conducted in
the onshore (land) and offshore (marine) areas of Kenya, and no adverse or longlasting impacts have been reported from these activities. All such seismic survey EIA
project reports that have previously been submitted have been approved by NEMA.
This Chapter identifies the potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed
project, based on the components of the proposed survey (Chapter 3), and in the
context of the baseline conditions that have been established in Chapter 7, and with
due regard to applicable legislation described in Chapter 2.
8.2
ENVIRONMENTAL
AND
SOCIAL
ASPECTS
IDENTIFICATION FOR THE SEISMIC SURVEY
AND
IMPACTS
The components of the seismic survey and survey-related activities that have been
outlined in Chapter 2 and that could result in environmental and social impacts are
indicated in Table 8.1 below.
Table 8.1: Survey project environmental and social aspects and impacts
Environmental or
Social Parameter
1.
Physiography
Geology
2.
Soils
and
Impact Source
Predicted Impacts
Compaction
of
degraded
soils
along cut lines
Disturbance of soil
105
Environmental or
Social Parameter
Impact Source
Predicted Impacts
3.
Climate
None
4.
Air Quality
5.
Surface
Groundwater
Resources
and
and
6.
Water Quality
7.
Terrestrial
Environment
(Habitats, Flora, and
Fauna)
8.
Aquatic Environment
(Habitats, Flora, and
Fauna)
Liquid
effluent
discharges
from
sanitation systems at the
campsite
Oil or chemical leaks
from garage and storage
areas,
vehicles
and
machinery
Subsurface detonation of
dynamite charges
Vibroseis and associated
equipment
Mulchers
Bulldozer
Transport vehicles
Cutting of vegetation
along cut lines
Disturbance
of
wildlife
(physical
presence and noise)
Introduced
weeds
and pests
Physical disturbance
of habitats
Pollution of habitats
106
Environmental or
Social Parameter
Impact Source
luggas/river
Oil, fuel or chemical
leaks from vehicles and
equipment
Vibroseis, mulchers and
associated equipment
Dynamite shots
Vehicles
Presence of humans
9.
10.
Archaeological,
Historical and Cultural
Sites
11.
Visual Aesthetics
Campsite design
Cut lines
12.
13.
Solid
and
Wastes
14.
Social Characteristics
Liquid
Workforce influx
Predicted Impacts
Cut
lines
affect
pastoral resources
Disturbance
of
cultural
site
(meeting points and
grave sites) leading
to conflict with the
community
Compaction
by
heavy vehicles and
machinery
may
damage soils and
rocks on cultural
sites
Vibrations
and
drilling of shot holes
may disturb graves
and cultural sites
Social
friction
between
local
communities
and
seismic
crew
workers
Poor
campsite
design
does
not
blend in with the
environment
Cutline
footprints
and vegetation cover
removal
lower
aesthetic value of
landscape
Disturbance
to
humans
and
livestock
Disturbance
to
workers along the
working area and at
the campsite
Pollution of surface
soils, waters and
groundwater
Offensive odours
Health risks
Possible increase in
107
Environmental or
Social Parameter
Impact Source
Activities
along
seismic survey lines
15.
Economic
Characteristics
16.
Occupational
and Safety
Health
Predicted Impacts
the
number of students
dropping
out
of
school in search of
jobs
Erosion of culture
and social values as
a
result
of
intercultural
association.
May interfere with
grazing lands and
watering points
Friction
between
local
communities
and migrant workers
Employment
opportunities
Tenders and supplies
Improved livelihood
Improved
shortterm
business
opportunities for the
locals
Potential
social
investment activities
benefits
Influx of cash into
low-cash
rural
economies may lead
to boom and bust
phenomenon
Conflicts/
Third
party agitations over
employment issues
Traditional
occupations
(livestock husbandry
and
farming)
adversely affected
Injuries to workers,
visitors and area
residents
arising
from
project
operations
Fire hazard
Exposure
to
nuisance in the form
of
noise,
dust,
vibrations
and
emissions
Other health risks
108
Environmental or
Social Parameter
Security
Safety
17.
8.3
and
Public
Impact Source
Predicted Impacts
Improvement
in
security around the
camp site due to
security
enhancement
for
project activities
Community feeling
exposed
due
to
hiring of KPR to
guard
seismic
survey crew and
base camp leaving
the
villages
vulnerable
Pre-survey possible access routes, and use the selected routes rather than
accessing work sites through free-ranging driving across the open country;
Minimise to the extent possible, the use of bulldozers to open up cut lines and
access roads to minimise landscape scarring;
Avoid cut lines on slopes steeper than 400 to minimise risk of landslips and rock
topples;
Optimise source energy to achieve the survey objectives to minimise risk of
landslips and rock topples;
Buffer zones should be maintained from areas posing landslip and topple
hazards; and
Decommissioning will be carried out according to the Tullow Site Restoration
Plan.
The potential residual impacts would be related to landscape scarring along cut lines
in the ranges, and displaced soils and boulders that may arise from landslips and rock
topples related to use of the vibroseis.
8.3.2. SOILS
109
The impact sources from the project operations will include Vibroseis and associated
equipment, bulldozer, and transport vehicles. Other sources will be oil leaks from
vehicles, machinery, garages and storage areas.
Mitigation:
Use only essential vehicles and low pressure/low impact tyres in areas with
wet soils or that are susceptible to ponding or are prone to erosion;
Ensure that all vehicles and machinery operating in the field and in the
campsite are properly maintained so as not to have oil leaks that could
contaminate the soils;
Ensure that all drivers and technicians are familiar with drip-tray and spill-kit
use through daily tool-box talks; and
Line surveyors to keep a record of any and all hazards encountered e.g.
wet/soft ground, and to inform seismic operatives of these.
The potential residual impacts would be enhanced gulleying and erosion due to
altered runoff and drainage patterns at local scales, necessitating the implementation
of mitigation measures to eliminate any long term negative impact.
Mitigation:
110
Mitigation:
111
Residual impacts on surface and groundwater resources are not expected if the
mitigations outlined above are effected.
Mitigation:
Residual impacts on water quality are not expected if the mitigations outlined above are
effected.
112
packaging materials,
of construction crews
wastes would include
these materials would
Mitigation:
The residual impact will be reduced vegetation cover along cutlines; this will, however,
regenerate in a few years. Given the small scale of the project, combined with
implementation of the suggested mitigation measures, this impact is not considered
significant.
Mitigation:
113
Mitigation:
Use of shot points rather than Vibroseis is recommended for such areas;
All such sites will be flagged for avoidance (sections 2.3.2; 2.4.4);
If archaeological materials are found during the operations, they should be left
undisturbed, and the National Museums of Kenya personnel should be
contacted to advise further on how to proceed; and
Mitigation:
114
Use of modern line cutting technology, preferably mulchers (in areas with
dense bushland) for clearing of the geophysical survey transects will ensure
that minimal vegetation is removed, hence ensuring that re-vegetation will
occur in a much shorter period since the seeds and branches will be left along
the traverses and this will promote faster re-growth;
Campsite design should take into consideration the aesthetic value of the
selected area;
Minimise use of bulldozers on sensitive landscapes; and
The built up areas already identified should be avoided.
Some noise sensitive areas (e.g. schools, hospitals and residences) are found in the
project area. However, no significant impact is anticipated due to the localized and
temporal nature of this project and its expected noise levels. The length of time the
seismic crew spends in any one location is short, with up to 20 to 50 km per day of
acquisition possible in good weather conditions. This will reduce the overall noise
impacts on localised residential receptors to less than one day of actual disturbance.
Mitigation:
All seismic operations should be carried out only during daylight hours;
Ensure that Vibroseis and other vehicles have working silencers to muffle noise;
Use generators with minimal noise levels (silent pack enclosures) at camp sites
and effect a noise mitigation policy for all operations in accordance with the
Environmental Management and Coordination (Noise and Excessive Vibration
Pollution) (Control) Regulations; and
Use of personal protective equipment such as ear muffs will be enforced, and
setting up of buffer zones in areas of active seismic survey to keep away
unauthorized personnel.
No residual impacts are expected if the mitigations outlined above are enforced.
115
Solid and liquid wastes that could be generated from the construction works include
wood chippings, cement bags, PVC pipes, plastics, paint cans, lubricants, fencing
sheets off cuts, domestic waste and plumbing accessories among others. Plastic
waste is of particular concern especially if ingested by livestock, and for its
environmental pollution effect. Waste oils and petroleum used in vehicles and
exploration machinery may spill or leak on/into the ground, hence polluting the soil or
water system within the project area. This may degrade water quality and affect
livestock and domestic water users in the project area.
Mitigation:
Ensure that solid waste is removed from site for recycling/disposal only by an
authorised waste handler, ideally a handler licensed under the Waste
Management Regulations, 2006;
Fuel and other non-aqueous liquid storage areas should be bunded; and
116
undertaken social investment projects in parts of the project area with great success.
These include digging and equipping of water boreholes, provision of school bursaries
to needy students and construction of classrooms. These projects have not gone
unnoticed by other parts of the project area and pressure may be on the company to
assist other parts of the project area that have not yet benefited from the Tullow
social investment activities. The residents are, however, aware that the company
cannot meet all their needs at once and are appreciative of what the company has
done this far.
Mitigation:
The residual impacts in this instance would mostly be positive, including short-term
employment opportunities and infrastructure improvements if access roads are
117
designed in such a manner that they would be useful to the communities postproject.
Mitigation:
Appropriate and well-stocked first aid kits and fire fighting equipment should be
available to all crew, and specific crew members should be trained on first aid
administration and handling of fire fighting equipment;
Tullow driving policy and all other project-specific driving policies and journey
management plans to be strictly adhered to and enforced;
Personnel on seismic survey operations and those on transit around the project
area to be provided armed escort.
118
Security concerns are a priority in the project area as livestock rustling and highway
banditry often occurs. During the project course, security may escalate due to free
movement of people. The increase in human activity, including vehicle and seismic
exploration activity, could increase security concerns thus there is need to provide
heightened security and surveillance along the seismic survey lines and at the base
camp.
Mitigation:
Ensure that all workers can be identified by staff uniform and badges at the
seismic survey operation areas as well as at the base camp;
Adequate security measures should be provided, e.g. perimeter fencing, safe
havens and security manning at the campsites and whilst on line utilising
Administration Police (APs) and Kenya Police Reservists (KPRs);
The company should liaise with the Provincial Administration, the Kenya Police,
Kenya Police Reservists and other agencies to provide adequate security during
the seismic survey operation;
Barriers and guards will be installed as necessary to protect employees and
visitors from physical hazards and criminal activity;
Site lighting will be configured not to spill into community areas or into
oncoming vehicles;
Camp population will be forbidden from interacting with the local populace;
Camp will be located at a significant distance from any local communities;
Journey management policy and monitoring to be enforced; and
No cooking on site and no fires other than at base camp; smoking will only be
permitted in designated areas; no litter will be left on site; there will be no
collecting of vegetation or firewood, and no hunting and trapping of wildlife;
and vehicle speed will not exceed 40 km/h, with all vehicles fitted with vehicle
tracking and monitoring systems.
A positive residual impact is the presence of contingent of security officer along areas
of operation and at the base camp will enhance security not only for the workers but for
local communities. Kenya police reservists in the communities will also benefit by
getting some allowance for their services.
119
and Vibrations) 7.3.15 (Occupational Health and Safety) and 7.3.16 (Security
and Public Safety) apply;
Excavated soil should be used in landscape design of the campsite rather than
stockpiling;
Use of T-card system or similar for access control within the campsite shall be
enforced
Campsite will be erected by a qualified and licensed civil and building contractor
with workers who are qualified to carry out assigned tasks;
Use of appropriate Personal Protective Equipment to be enforced
Adequate temporary housing and sanitation facilities shall be provided for the
construction workers;
Construction equipment and vehicles shall be well-maintained, checked and
promptly repaired to ensure no spillage of oils and fuels and to minimise
gaseous emissions;
Company employees shall comply both with the relevant national legislation,
and its own in-house environmental health and safety (EHS) policies; and,
Adequate warning signs and fire extinguishing equipment will be visibly and
appropriately posted.
Mitigation:
120
Mitigation:
Biomedical wastes generated at the facility will be handled as per NEMA Waste
Management Regulations, 2006;
The wastes will be segregated, and disposed of in the waste disposal facility as
provided for by the relevant Local Authority; and
Biomedical waste will not be stored above 0C for more than seven days
without the written approval of the relevant lead agency, provided that
untreated pathological waste shall be disposed of within 48 hours.
Mitigation:
121
The annular space must be gravel packed at the screen and aquifer position
with durable and suitably sized material with respect to the size of the aquifer
materials;
Grouting should be done by placing a concrete mixture up to 6m depth from
ground surface; and,
Any drilling additives to be used (e.g. foam or polymer) must be non-toxic and
bio-degradable. Bentonitic additives should not be acceptable, as they may plug
the aquifer zones and are extremely difficult to remove during development.
122
Table 8.2: Existing environmental pressures and potential impacts of onshore (land) project operations on environmental and
social factors in the project area
Parameter
assessed
Physiography
and Geology
Pressures/Impacts
Baseline
(Pre-project)
Project
Operations
Soils
Baseline
(Pre-project)
-
Intensity
Extent
Duration
Probability
Status
Degree
of
confidence
Significance
of Potential
Impacts
without
mitigation
Significance of
Potential
Impacts
with
mitigation
Medium
Regional
Long term
Highly
probable
Negative
High
High
low
Cut
lines
leave
long-lasting
residual
impacts
(tracks,
and/or
scarring on surface
landscape)
Vibrators/bulldozer
s and dynamite
use
near
steep
slopes may lead to
minor landslips and
rock topples
Low
Sitespecific
Long-term
Highly
probable
Negative
High
Medium
low
Livestock
and
wildlife grazing and
soil compaction
Wind and water
erosion
Medium
Regional
Short-term
Highly
probable
Negative
High
High
low
Increased
sedimentation
rivers
in
123
Parameter
assessed
Pressures/Impacts
Project
Operations
Air quality
Baseline
(Pre-project)
-
Project
Operations
Intensity
Extent
Duration
Probability
Status
Degree
of
confidence
Significance
of Potential
Impacts
without
mitigation
Significance of
Potential
Impacts
with
mitigation
Compaction of soft
sediments
in
water-logged areas
along cut lines
Disturbance of soil
along cut lines
Cut
lines
may
enhance gulleying
and erosion (wind
and water)
Rutting in loose
soils
Contamination
of
soils
Dust generated by
wind and enhanced
by low vegetation
cover
Offensive
odours
from point sources
e.g. pit latrines
and
garbage
dumps
Medium
Sitespecific
Long-term
Highly
Probable
Negative
High
Medium
low
Low
Regional
Short-term
Definite
Neutral
High
Low
Sitespecific
Short-term
Probable
Negative
High
Pollution
from
exhaust emissions
Fugitive
dust
generation
from
traffic
Offensive odours
Health risks
Low
Local
Short-term
Definite
Negative
High
Low
Low
Low
Site-
Short-term
Probable
Negative
High
Low
124
Parameter
assessed
Pressures/Impacts
Intensity
Extent
Duration
Probability
Status
Degree
of
confidence
Significance
of Potential
Impacts
without
mitigation
Significance of
Potential
Impacts
with
mitigation
Low
specific
Surface
and
groundwater
Baseline
(Pre-project)
Project
Operations
Water Quality
Baseline
(Pre-project)
Project
Operations
Freshwater
shortage
Damming of rivers
Uneven distribution
of resource
High demand for
water resources
High
Regional
Permanent
Highly
probable
Negative
Medium
Conflict
with
neighbouring
communities
if
water source is
shared
Compaction
of
near-surface
aquifers
Negligible
Sitespecific to
local
Short-term
Improbable
Negative
Medium
Low
Permanent
Probable
Negative
High
Low
Point-source
pollution of wells
Low
Sitespecific to
local
Permanent
Probable
Negative
Medium
Contamination
of
water
supply
source
for
the
camp
Contamination
of
underlying aquifers
Low
Sitespecific to
local
Short-term
Improbable
Negative
Medium
ditto
Medium
Medium
Low
125
Parameter
assessed
Pressures/Impacts
Terrestrial
environment
Baseline
(Pre-project)
Project
Operations
Intensity
Extent
Duration
Probability
Status
Degree
of
confidence
Significance
of Potential
Impacts
without
mitigation
Significance of
Potential
Impacts
with
mitigation
Land degradation
from overgrazing
Desertification
Frequent fires
Few wildlifes in
unprotected areas
Low
Regional
Permanent
Probable
Negative
High
Medium
Low
Cutting
of
vegetation
along
cut lines
Disturbance
of
wildlife
(physical
presence
and
noise)
Introduced weeds
and pests
Medium
Local
Long-term
Probable
Negative
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Local
Short-term
Probable
Negative
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Local
Permanent
Improbable
Negative
High
Low
Low
Overgrazing
Medium
Regional/
Local
Long-term
Probable
Negative
Medium
Cut
lines
affect
pastoral resources
Negligible
Sitespecific
Mediumterm
Improbable
Neutral
High
Low
Low
High
Low
Land resources
and
National
Reserves
Baseline
(Pre-project)
Project
Operations
Local
Archaeological,
Historical and
Cultural Sites
Baseline
Erosion
Low
Local
Long-term
Probable
Negative
Medium
Compaction
by
heavy vehicles and
machinery
may
Low
Sitespecific
Permanent
Probable
Negative
Medium
(Pre-project)
Project
Operations
126
Parameter
assessed
Pressures/Impacts
Visual
aesthetics
Baseline
(Pre-project)
Project
Operations
Noise
and
vibrations
Baseline
(Pre-project)
Intensity
Extent
Duration
Probability
Status
Degree
of
confidence
Significance
of Potential
Impacts
without
mitigation
Significance of
Potential
Impacts
with
mitigation
On aesthetic value
assigned to the
project area
Land degradation
Poor
campsite
design
not
blending with the
environment
Cutline
footprints
and
vegetation
cover
removal
lower
aesthetic
value of landscape
Low
Local
Long-term
Probable
Negative
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Local
Short-term
Probable
Negative
High
Medium
Low
Low
Sitespecific
Mediumterm
Probable
Negative
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Local
Permanent
Definite
Neutral
High
damage
fossils
and/or
cultural
artefacts buried in
shallow soils
Vibrations
and
drilling
of
shot
holes may disturb
cultural sites
127
Parameter
assessed
Pressures/Impacts
Intensity
Extent
Duration
Probability
Status
Degree
of
confidence
Significance
of Potential
Impacts
without
mitigation
Significance of
Potential
Impacts
with
mitigation
Disturbance
to
local residents and
livestock
Disturbance
to
workers
Health risks
Poor
liquid
and
solid
waste
management
in
trading centres
Low
Local
Short-term
Definite
Negative
High
Medium
Low
Low
Local
Shortto
long-term
Probable
Negative
High
Land degradation
Pollution of ground
water
Offensive odours
Health risks
Low literacy levels
Inadequate social
amenities
Low
Local
Short-term
Probable
Negative
Medium
Medium
Low
High
Local
/Regional
Long-term
Definite
Negative
High
Possible of boom
and
bust
phenomenon
Increase in social
decadences
Possible increase in
Low
Local
Short-term
Probable
Negative
Medium
Medium
Low
small
townships
and trading centres
Project
Operations
Liquid
and
Solid Wastes
Baseline
(Pre-project)
Project
Operations
Social
Characteristics
Baseline
(Pre-project)
Project
Operations
128
Parameter
assessed
Pressures/Impacts
Economic
factors
Baseline
(Pre-project)
Project
Operations
Intensity
Extent
Duration
Probability
Status
Degree
of
confidence
Significance
of Potential
Impacts
without
mitigation
Significance of
Potential
Impacts
with
mitigation
High
Regional
Long-term
Definite
Negative
High
Medium
Low
Medium
Local
Short-term
Probable
Positive
Low
Medium
Low
number
of
students dropping
out of school in
search of jobs
Erosion of culture
and social values
as a result of
intercultural
association
Few
job
opportunities
- Poor
access
to
markets
- Slow
economic
growth rate
Improved
cash
income
in
the
short-term
Improved shortterm
business
opportunities for
the locals
Potential
Social
Investment
benefits
-
Short-term
Long-term
129
Parameter
assessed
Pressures/Impacts
Occupational
Health
and
Safety
Baseline
Baseline
(Pre-project)
Project
Operations
Duration
Probability
Status
Degree
of
confidence
Low
occupational
health and safety
issues
Low
Local
Short-term
Probable
Negative
High
Injuries
to
workers,
visitors
and area residents
arising
from
project operations
Fire hazard
Other health risks
Low
Sitespecific
Short-term
Improbable
Negative
High
Frequent
cattle
rustling
Illegal guns
Resource conflicts
Highway banditry
High
Regional
Long-term
Highly
probable
Negative
High
Improvement
in
security
due
to
deployment
of
security officers at
the project site and
camp site activities
High
Local
Short-term
Probable
Positive
Medium
Security
and
public safety
Extent
(Pre-project)
Project
Operations
Intensity
Significance
of Potential
Impacts
without
mitigation
Significance of
Potential
Impacts
with
mitigation
High
Low
Low
Nil
130
8.4
The cumulative impacts on the biodiversity of the area are considered insignificant. The
temporary modification of, at most, 0.05% of the land area permit the conduct of the seismic
survey is considered a minor impact due to the commonality and widespread nature of the
vegetation across the region. The vegetation is recognized as being sensitive to disturbance
due to the harsh climatic setting and poor soils. The direct impact of the activity on threatened
species of fauna is considered insignificant as the wildlife species identified have large and
protected ranges in the Nasolot National Park and South Turkana National Reserve, both of
which lie mostly outside the southern sector of the project area. The scale of fugitive
particulate material generation and their impacts on the surrounding environment is generally
negligible, particularly because the naturally strong winds have a much greater impact in this
regard. Adequate mitigation measures are, however, available during the operations phase to
limit the generation of dust in the localised area and where the activity creates greater than
normal levels of traffic.
Positive cumulative benefits for the local business community are an expected result of the
proposed activity with the planning and construction phases utilising a range of local
professional service providers. Semi-skilled workers who may be employed in the project will
likely acquire new and lifelong skills that may prove useful in other sectors of the Kenyan
economy. It is not expected that communities will be moved from the areas they are staying
and thus no long term/ indirect impacts.
8.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACTS
The 3D seismic survey will utilise state-of-the-art equipment and experienced personnel to
carry out the work. They will also adhere to the international best practices regulations of
OGP, IFC and IAGC and the applicable national legislation and regulations. As mentioned
earlier, seismic survey operations are regarded, from an industry standpoint, as being of a
small scale in both effort and the time to be taken to complete. In addition the majority of
operations will be conducted away from any residential and built area, town or workplace so
that the inhabitants will be largely insulated. The short-term duration of seismic survey
activity and of impacts will result in negligible cumulative impacts for most environmental and
social factors, and no long-term cumulative impacts following cessation of the proposed
131
seismic survey project. Overall, the impacts of the proposed project are classified as low
(see section 3.5). The relationship between the significance rating and decision-making is also
classified as low (see section 3.5), provided that the recommended measures to mitigate the
impacts are implemented.
132
9.
9.1
Under the no-go or no-action alternative, the project does not go ahead, thus the status
quo remains. Oil and gas production, however, cannot occur in the absence of exploration
activities. It should be noted that this project is a data acquisition project that will enable
evaluation of the newly acquired data to identify potential oil and gas prospects. If no oil and
gas prospects can be delineated based on the data acquired, then the project will end at that
point. If, however, the data indicates that potential oil and gas prospects are likely, then the
project would move on (with a time interval of several months during which the seismic data
will be processed and analysed, and likely prospects delineated) to an exploratory drilling
phase to determine actual presence and amounts of oil and/or gas. In this case, a new EIA
would have to be carried out. As a precursor to the drilling of petroleum exploration wells,
seismic acquisition is an accepted and well-developed method of petroleum reservoir
delineation. While surface mapping, gravity, magnetic, and other forms of geophysical
exploration are commonly employed to further understand the geological character of a
sedimentary basin, they are generally considered complimentary techniques rather than
stand-alone methods of data collection and interpretation. It is, therefore, considered that the
proposed seismic acquisition activity is the only viable means to assess the hydrocarbon
prospects of the 13T licence area. If the project does not go on at this stage, then the
potential benefits that have been outlined in Chapter 1, section 1.5.3, will be foregone.
9.2
133
9.3
Fully serviced and self-contained base camp for all personnel and equipment;
Adequate fire-fighting equipment, and first-aid kits;
Fully equipped clinic for medical care of the personnel, and;
Emergency trained paramedic(s).
9.3.1.1
VIBROSEIS
134
Alternative Technologies
The Vibroseis technology (see section 3.3) is a state-of-the-art technology that is widely
used to carry out seismic surveys around the world. The only other alternative to Vibroseis is
using a dynamite shot-hole (discussed in section 9.3.1.2 below). The commonly used type of
vibrators generates a peak force of 282 kN (63,500 lbs). Vibroseis is generally preferred over
dynamite shot-holes for the following reasons: lower cost than dynamite operations; vibrator
settings can be adjusted in the field and hence can greatly improve the results of a survey;
and Vibroseis source points can easily be recorded again if for some reason the reflected
signals are not of the required quality.
a) Recommendations
Vibroseis units have the advantage of not requiring shot-hole drilling crews or explosives.
However, in wooded areas these large vehicles require much wider lines to be cut or
mulched and in water-logged soil the tyres may cause surface damage. Vibroseis will
accordingly be restricted to dry, sparsely vegetated areas. Given the semi-arid to wooded
conditions of the project area, and the fact that, other than in the Turkwel River floodplain
and Turkana plain areas, most of the area is hilly, Vibroseis is the preferred option for
seismic survey in the flat-lying or gently undulating areas, while dynamite shot-holes would
be preferred in the more rugged and steep hilly ridge areas.
9.3.1.2
DYNAMITE SHOT-HOLES
In this case, a small charge of explosive is placed in a narrow-diameter hole drilled five to
fifteen metres into the ground, before being detonated remotely. Depth of hole, charge size,
and type of explosives can affect the final quality of seismic data.
Alternative Technologies
The only other alternative to dynamite shot-holes is Vibroseis (Section 9.3.1.1 above).
Dynamite shot-holes are normally used in cases where Vibroseis method cannot be utilized,
such as areas with steep slopes or rough terrain.
This method has some constraints. As earlier mentioned, shot-hole depth, charge size, and
type of explosive must be predetermined prior to the actual survey: none of these variables
can be easily adjusted to improve data recovery, while Vibroseis field testing is easily
conducted to determine optimum sweep frequencies and sweep lengths.
Recommendations
This technique will be useful and effective in hilly, rugged and steep terrain, in dry or waterlogged terrain, as well as in sensitive areas such as archaeological sites.
135
Both hand-powered and machine-powered drill units will be used according to the hardness
of the ground and depth of hole. There will be man-portable units in areas where access is
very limited and a low-impact technique is required. In most areas, however, drill units will
be mounted on wheeled or tracked vehicles as the terrain requires. The drilled shot holes
are usually destroyed by the detonations and will be backfilled on the surface after use.
With this form of acquisition, seismic lines need only to be around two metres wide and can
be meandered to avoid mature vegetation.
A flexible approach will be taken in the technique employed for shot-hole drilling. Either a
tractor or man-portable rotary type rig capable of drilling up to 20m deep holes will be
employed. A small tractor would be able to traverse the reasonably dry sections of line
cleared by the Mulcher. In wet areas (such as in river flood plains or water-logged areas), a
low-impact man-portable shallow shot-hole drill rig, which could either be rotary or of a flush
nature, could be used providing that the underlying rock is not close to the surface and a
source of water is close by. In wet areas, the depth of the achievable hole will depend on
logistics and subsurface geology.
In some areas, the near surface geology consists of a thin soil cover over hard rocks that
may in turn overlie loose unconsolidated materials beneath. To ensure that majority of the
energy from the shot is focused downwards it will be necessary to employ a drilling
technique capable of penetrating the overlying hard layer of rock and passing through the
unconsolidated layers beneath to place the charge at a suitable depth. In such drilling
conditions, a sonic drill would be ideal: however, it may well be possible to achieve the
desired depth by using a drill with a combination hammer bit and rotary head, with a
compressed air-lift or pumped water-lift technique.
Alternative Technologies
A few decades back, the lines used to be cut using bulldozers: this was not considered
environmentally friendly because they removed vegetation entirely, as well as scraped off
surface soils. The current state-of-the-art technology is the use of mulchers. The mulching
units are self-powered vehicles mounted on low ground pressure tracks or wheels exerting
only 3-3.75 psi pressure on the surface. These machines cut low-lying vegetation and leave
behind fine, rapidly bio-degradable nutrient-rich mulch in their wake with seeds intact. Soil
structures and root systems are also left intact. Regeneration of mulched vegetation is rapid
and even in arid areas vegetation returns to its pre-cut state in one to two years. Though
some Acacia tress may have to be removed, and it can take up to 10 years or more to reach
a mature height. Some areas of the block, especially to the south where agricultural
activities are undertaken will need mulching to protect the top soil and allow quick re-growth
of vegetation.
Recommendations
Line cutting will not be necessary in some parts of the project area on account of the bare or
sparsely vegetated surface with thin soil cover overlying hard rock beneath. In areas where
136
line cutting will be necessary, the method used will range from bulldozers, to the use of
mulchers to clear areas with relatively dense vegetation and areas where farming takes
place. The mulchers will cut a track of 2.5 metres in width without disturbing the top mat of
soil
This will include a recorder and computer workstation mounted in a truck, cables with
attached geophones (cables can be several kilometres long), and telemetric data encoding
units.
137
layout truck, food transport truck, drill rig trucks and ambulances. Selection of the appropriate
make and type of this equipment will be carried out later by the seismic contractor, based on a
consideration of the environmental setting and challenges posed to vehicles. Crew personnel
changes will usually take place via small aircraft
Seismic surveys are a specialised technical area, and alternative methods and technologies
are limited. The survey technique and equipment specifications for the proposed seismic
programme are considered to be necessary for the acquisition of quality data to allow
geological evaluation and the safe and optimal development of the Block. It is estimated that
the time period in which the seismic survey will take place is within three to four months and
therefore minimum disruption to local activities will be envisaged. Impacts that are
associated with the seismic activities will be minimal and measures have been put in place in
the EMP to mitigate any potential impact that may occur during the exercise.
138
Where adverse impacts have been identified, the EIA has examined the intensity, extent,
duration and probability to which these impacts would be mitigated through the adoption of
industry standard practice and guidelines and following local legislative requirements. The
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) presented in this report describes both
generic good practice measures and site specific measures, the implementation of which is
aimed at mitigating potential impacts associated with the proposed 3D seismic survey.
The EMP provides the means of assessing the accuracy of the predicted project impacts and
the monitoring of the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures contained in the EIA
study report. The ESMP should therefore indicate how the environmental concerns highlighted
in the EIA would be managed. Tullow will monitor the implementation of key contractor parties
and assess compliance with the provisions of the ESMP through its contractual mechanisms
and management.
Tullow is committed to provide resources essential to the implementation of the ESMP. The
ESMP outlined below provides all the details of project activities, impacts, mitigation
measures, time schedules, responsibilities and commitments proposed to minimize
environmental and social impacts of the project, and includes monitoring and evaluation for
the implementation, operational and decommissioning phases of the project.
Tullow is also committed to identifying and mitigating against any environmental and/or social
aspects which may arise during the project implementation which may have not been
identified during the study.
139
140
Tullow will sub-contract the project to a seismic survey company to undertake the survey. In
such a case, the contractor will be responsible for the implementation and monitoring of the
EMP in their related work contract activity (and this condition should be built into the terms of
reference for tendered work and the contract document The contractor will also be responsible
for the occupational health and safety of the workers and others who may be carrying out both
related and un-related activities within and around the work sites. Tullow will be responsible
for periodic environmental inspections of the work and camp sites in general. The contractors
will also be responsible for implementing corrective actions that may be required by Tullow as
a result of these inspections.
Tullowwill train its employees in order to equip them to carry out their duties under the scope
of the ESMP. Contractors will likewise be required to do the same for their employees and in
relation to the work component that they have been given to carry out (see the ESMP below).
The workers shall be regularly informed on, and assessed for, their understanding of the
various policies and plans that relate to their work environment. Tullow will constitute a
competent and effective workforce, taking into account the skills required for each work
component, and giving priority to local workers for employment opportunities in the semiskilled and unskilled work categories. Suitable training and skill transfer will be provided,
where required.
Specific training requirements are mentioned under the relevant sections of the EMP below.
141
Tullow will develop and maintain a formal procedure for communication with various
stakeholders to inform on the various stages of project activities, as well as to receive their
views and concerns, if any. Tullow should maintain a written register of its interactions and
discussions with the various stakeholders so that issues that require to be followed up are
clear and well-understood, and the outputs can be assessed.
Tullow will also establish a grievance mechanism to handle complaints from the
stakeholders/residents of the area, as well as for its own and contracted workers. There will be
a separate and supporting, distinct compensation and verification procedure, some
components of which will be established in consultation with Government Officials.
10.8 AUDITING
It is a requirement by law that any project activity being undertaken be audited after every
year. The seismic survey is, however, of a much shorter duration. Auditing will, therefore, be
done upon completion of the project activities. The auditing to be undertaken at the end of the
project is to ensure that the project adhered to the ESMP as outlined in this project report and
that corrective measures were put in place in cases where impacts were identified. If the audit
findings indicate that there are impacts that were not corrected, then the proponent will be
required by NEMA to undertake such corrective measures before the Authority signs off the
project.
Besides the regulatory framework, Tullow will conduct regular internal audits covering all
aspects of the ESMP during the course of the project operations. The audits shall be performed
by qualified staff and communicated to Tullows relevant departments and NEMA.
Qualified staff would be a local or foreign EIA expert or a firm of experts registered as such
with the National Environment Management Authority under Regulation 14 of the
Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003. However, under Regulation
34, if the project proponents EIA report has been approved by the Authority, or after an initial
audit of an ongoing project has been done, that proponent may thereafter self-audit regularly,
ensuring that the criteria used to audit is based on the EMP developed during the EIA process
or after the initial audit. The audit report is submitted to the Authority. The Authority is
responsible for carrying out environmental audits and monitoring of these activities through an
environmental inspector appointed under the Act (EMCA, section 68)
10.9 THE ENVIRONMENTAL (AND SOCIAL) MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) FOR THE
SEISMIC SURVEY
The EMP for the 3D onshore seismic survey addresses the following components that relate to
the seismic survey:
142
The structure of the Environmental and Social Management Plan adopted for each of the
environmental and social components addressed in it (below) is as follows:
Potential Impacts and Mitigations These outline the impacts and mitigations that
have been identified and that are peculiar to the project area (see Chapter 7);
Identification of Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators, and Monitoring The Desired
Outcomes reflect what the project proponent and stakeholders would like to see once
the operation has been completed. The Objective Indicators indicate how the Desired
Outcomes can be measured, and their success determined (either qualitatively,
quantitatively, or both). The Monitoring aspect is based on assessment of project
operations vis vis the Objective Indicators and the Desired Outcome;
Responsibilities and Management.
In each and every component of the EMP, the Tullow EHS and CSR policies that are outlined in
Chapter 4 apply. Other additional relevant plans (whose frameworks are outlined in later
sections of this ESMP and that Tullow will need to tailor to fit into its work ethic and culture)
are indicated under the applicable ESMP component(s).
143
Potential Impacts
Cut lines leave long-lasting residual
impacts (tracks, and/or scarring on
surface rocks)
Vibrators/bulldozers use near steep
slopes may lead to minor landslips
and rock topples
Mitigation
144
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Residual
impacts of
cut
lines
minimized
to
the
extent
possible
Landslips
and
rock
topples do
not occur
Objective
Indicators
100%
of
seismic cut
lines
presurveyed on
the ground
Monitoring
During
seismic
operations
Actions
taken
to
minimise
cut
line
impacts are
recorded
No projectrelated
landslips or
rock topples
recorded
Responsibility
Management
and
Risk
with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
10.9.2. SOILS
The impact sources from the project operations will include Vibroseis and associated
equipment, bulldozer, and transport vehicles. Other sources will be oil leaks from vehicles,
machinery, garages and storage areas.
145
Potential Impacts
Compaction
and
Disturbance of soils along
cutlines
Cut lines may enhance
gulleying and erosion (wind
and water)
Rutting in loose soils
Mitigation
Contamination of soils
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Minimal, (if
any)
,
compaction
of
soft
sediments
Objective
Indicators
Maintain
inventory
length
wet/dry
patches
on
of
Monitoring
Responsibility and
Management
Continuous
during
survey
Seismic contractor
will be responsible
for the day-to-day
monitoring
and
management, and
Continuous
during
Risk
with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
146
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
where
applicable
Minimal
disturbance
of soils along
cut lines
No
contaminatio
n of soils
Objective
Indicators
encountered
along
the
survey routes
Zero spillage
of
oils/chemicals
. Incidents of
spillage type
and
amount
recorded and
georeferenced
Monitoring
survey,
Onetime
assessment
site
and
selection
All incidents
to
be
reported
immediately
to
the
Seismic QC
Representati
ve
Responsibility and
Management
Risk
with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Potential
Impacts
Pollution
from
exhaust
emissions;
Fugitive
dustgeneration from
traffic;
Mitigation
Installation
facilities.
Offensive odours;
Health risks.
and
proper
management
of
camp
sanitation
147
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Minimal
pollution
from
exhaust
emissions
Minimal
dust
generation
from
traffic
No
offensive
odours
No health
risks
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Use of low
sulphur
versus other
fuels
wherever
possible
Malfunctioning
equipment
removed
immediately
from operations
for repair
Adherence
to
equipment
maintenance
schedule
Speed
limit
violations based
on
speedtracking
devices
in
vehicles,
monitored
at
base camp
Set
speed
limits
are
not
exceeded
(record
incidents)
No offensive
odours
recorded
No violation
of
OHS
requirement
s for dust
impact
mitigation
(violations
recorded).
Regular
inspection
of
sanitary
facilities
and
waste disposal
points
Regular checks
on use of PPE
Responsibility
Management
and
The
Seismic
contractor
will
be
responsible for the
day-to-day
monitoring
and
management of air
quality issues in the
field, and around the
campsite. The EHS
representative
will
liaise
with
the
Seismic
QC
representative on site
on any issues arising
and will report to the
Tullow Oil Seismic
Field
Acquisition
Supervisor and the
Tullow EHS Manager
on a daily and weekly
basis,
and
will
immediately
report
on
health
risk
incidents.
Risk with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
148
Potential Impacts
Conflict
with
neighbouring
communities if water source is
shared
Compaction of
aquifers such
reducing yield
near-surface
as springs,
Downward
draining
of
groundwater
through
drill
holes, reducing yield at springs
Mitigation
149
Potential Impacts
Mitigation
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
and Management
No
conflict
over
water
use
with
neighbouring
communities
Continuous,
during
line
survey
The
seismic
contractor will be
responsible
for
the
day-to-day
monitoring
and
management of
surface
and
groundwater
resource
issues
in the field, and
around
the
campsite.
The
EHS
representative
will liaise with
the Seismic QC
representative on
any
issues
arising and will
report
to
the
Tullow
Oil
Seismic
Field
Acquisition
Supervisorand
the Tullow EHS
Manager on a
daily and weekly
No
compaction
of
near
surface
aquifers
No downward
draining
of
groundwater
through drill
holes
Identification
of
nearby
springs
and
wells
along
cut
lines
during
line
survey
exercise
No violation of
buffer
zone
limits around
groundwater
sources
Compliance
buffer
with
zone
requirements
Continuous,
during
line
survey
Compliance
with
buffer
zone
requirements
Per drill hole
site
Identification
of
nearby
springs
and
wells
along
cut
lines
during
line
survey
Risk
with
mitigation
(High,
Medium
or
Low)
Low
150
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
exercise
No violation of
buffer
zone
limits around
groundwater
sources
Inventory
of
drill
hole
plugging
maintained
10.9.5.
Responsibility
and Management
basis, and
immediately
report
incidents
concern.
Risk
with
mitigation
(High,
Medium
or
Low)
will
on
of
WATER QUALITY
151
The impact sources from the project operations will include: liquid effluent discharges from
sanitation systems at the campsite; oil or chemical leaks from garage and storage areas;
vehicles and machinery operating in the camp and field; and subsurface detonation of
dynamite charges during the field survey.
152
Potential Impacts
Contamination of water supply
source for the camp
Contamination
aquifers
of
underlying
Mitigation
Refuelling areas should be underlain with spill-proof
hard standing or bund, with spill-kits readily available
and operatives trained in their use;
All fuels and other non-aqueous fluids to be stored in
suitable bunded enclosures;
All refuelling operations to be carefully overseen and
managed;
Spill-kits to be carried with vibe truck service vehicle,
refuelling bowser vehicles, drill crews. All staff to be
briefed on use of these; and
Ensure that all vehicles and machinery operating in
the field (and in the campsite) are properly
maintained to prevent any oil leaks that could
contaminate the soils.
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
Management
No
contamination of
water
supply
source for the
camp
No
contamination of
underlying
aquifers in the
project area
Camp
water
supply source
is
fit
for
human
consumption
Camp
water
supply source
is protected
Zero spillage
of
chemicals
and hazardous
material
on
soils that may
lead
to
surface/
groundwater
pollution
Waste
pits
and
landfills
are
professionally
sited
Buffer zones
are observed
Physicochemical
and
microbiological
testing
regularly.
Casing
and
cementing
of
borehole
and
wellhead area
Protocols
for
and conditions
of
oils
and
chemicals
storage at the
camp
are
adhered to.
Compliance
with buffer zone
requirements
The
Seismic
contractor will be
responsible
for
regular monitoring
and management of
surface
and
groundwater
resource issues in
the
field,
and
around
the
campsite.
The
contractor
EHS
Manager will liaise
with the Tullow Oil
EHS QC and the
Tullow
Oil
Field
Acquisition
Supervisor
(FAS)
Representatives on
any issues arising
and will report to
the
Tullow
Oil
Seismic Operations
Supervisor and the
and
Risk with
mitigation
(High,
Medium
or Low)
Low
153
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
Management
and
Risk with
mitigation
(High,
Medium
or Low)
Tullow EHS on a
daily and weekly
basis,
and
will
immediately report
on
incidents
of
concern.
Potential Impacts
Mitigation
Disturbance
of
wildlife
(physical presence and noise)
154
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
Management
Minimal
cutting
of
vegetation
along
cut
line
Length
of
line where
no cutting
is required
versus
length
of
line where
mulcher is
used
Continuous,
during
line
preparation
Minimal
disturbance
of wildlife
No weeds or
pests
introduced
into
the
area
Number of
wildlife
encounters
and actions
taken
recorded
Continuous,
during
line
preparation
Daily
Inspection
and
certification
of
the
cleaning
action
and
Risk
with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
All
equipment
and
vehicles
are washed
down and
biofouling
removed
before
being taken
to
the
project
area
155
Potential Impacts
Cut
lines
resources
affect
Mitigation
pastoral
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Minimal
disruption
nomadic
livestock
husbandry
activities a
to
Other desired
outcomes
relate to the
following
sections: Soils
(10.9.2),
Terrestrial
Environment
(10.9.6)
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
and Management
No
complaints
from
pastoralists
and
communities
Information
outflow to the
affected
communities on
seismic
line
survey
schedules and
exclusion time
periods
The Seismic QC
Representative
will be in charge
of
this.
All
workers will be
regularly briefed
on this issue.
Objective
indicators for
Soils
and
Terrestrial
Environment
are met
Risk
with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
Adhering to the
use of existing
routes and road
network
Enforcing policy
against hunting
and gathering
through
156
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
and Management
Risk
with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
training
and
direct
supervision
where
applicable
Clearing done
only on seismic
survey
operation area
Potential Impacts
Mitigation
Compaction by heavy
vehicles and machinery
may damage soils and
rocks on cultural sites
157
Potential Impacts
Mitigation
All project field workers must be informed, before
commencement of operations, that any disturbance to,
defacement of, or removal of archaeological, historical, or
sacred material will not be permitted.
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
Management
Negligible
interference, if
any, with the
archaeological
,
historical
and
cultural
sites
No violations
of buffer zone
restrictions
Buffer
zones
are adhered to
Desired
Outcomes for
Soils (section
10.9.2) apply
The identified
sites (if any)
are
flagged
for avoidance
Archaeologist
from NMK on
site with the
field
team
when carrying
out work in
archaeological
areas,
starting from
the
line
survey phase.
Flagging
is
done
and
cleared
once
the work is
completed
Archaeological
sites are not
interfered with
Objective
indicators for
section 10.9.2
are met
and
Risk with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
158
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
Management
and
Risk with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
10.9.9VISUAL AESTHETICS
The impact sources from the project operations will include campsite design and cut lines.
Potential
Impacts
Mitigation
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Campsite
blends
Objective
Indicators
well
Camp design is
aesthetic
and
Monitoring
Responsibility
and
Management
Camp
constructed
Maintenance of
visual
Risk with
mitigation
(High,
Medium
or Low)
Low
159
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
and
Management
good
housekeeping
practices
are
maintained
according
to
the engineers
design
aesthetics will
be
the
responsibility of
the Seismic QC
Representative
Aesthetics
value assigned
to
the
area
maintained by
minimising cut
line footprints
and vegetation
removal
Residual impacts
of
cut
lines
minimized
in
extent (sections
10.9.1,
10.9.2
and
10.9.6
apply)
Physiography
and Geology,
Soils
and
Vegetation
sections apply
(sections
10.9.1, 10.9.2
and 10.9.6)
Risk with
mitigation
(High,
Medium
or Low)
Potential Impacts
Disturbance
livestock
to
humans
Disturbance to workers
Health risks
Mitigation
and
160
Potential Impacts
Mitigation
Regulations; and
Use of personal protective equipment such as ear
muffs will be enforced, and setting up of buffer zones
in areas of active seismic survey to keep away
unauthorized personnel.
161
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
and
Management
Ambient noise
and
vibration
levels
maintained
Seismic
data
acquisition
design
plans
optimised
for
reduction
of
noise
and
vibrations from
Vibroseis and
dynamite
charges
Review
of
design
parameters,
as needed
The
seismic
contactor will
be responsible
for
ensuring
the monitoring
and mitigation
of noise and
vibrations.
During
camp
construction,
noisy activities
should
be
undertaken
during normal
working hours.
The OHS policy
regarding use
of PPEs should
be adhered to
by
the
workers.
Trucking
operations
should
be
avoided
at
night.
Workers
protected
in
area with high
noise levels
Noise
levels
monitored
in
the course of
the
seismic
data
acquisition
Regularly
serviced
and
efficient vehicle
engines
and
other
machinery
Quiet
machinery e.g.
generators
purchased
Monitor
ground
and
noise vibration
during
parameter
testing phase
and
establishment
of appropriate
safe
offset
distances.
Monitor
installed
equipment
Servicing work
and schedules
Requirement
embedded in
tendering
of
equipment
documents,
inspect
as
needed
Risk
with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
162
Potential
Impacts
Pollution
of
surface
soils,
waters
and
groundwater
Mitigation
Offensive odours
Health risks
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Risk
with
163
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
Management
No pollution
of
surface
soils,
water
and
groundwater
No leakages
of
oils,
chemicals
or sewage
and
other
domestic
effluents
reported
Storage
rooms are
secure and
accessed
only
by
authorised
personnel,
daily
Sanitary
systems are
working
and
no
breakdowns
reported
Work areas
are secure
and
accessed
only
by
authorised
personnel,
daily
No offensive
odours
No
risks
health
Hazardous
wastes
(e.g.
medical and
chemical
wastes) are
well
managed
and
properly
disposed of
Appropriate
use
of
personal
protective
equipment
when
and
where
mandatory
Material
storage
containers
checked for
leaks daily
Daily visual
checks
on
sanitary
systems
Adherence
to
OHS
policy and
use of PPEs
and
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
164
Potential Impacts
Possible increase in
number of students
dropping
out
of
school in search of
jobs
Erosion of culture
and social values as
a
result
of
intercultural
association.
May interfere with
grazing lands and
watering points
Friction
between
local
communities
and migrant workers
Mitigation
Employ more Community Liaison Officers and provide
training/information to them in advance in order to keep
communities informed prior to project mobilisation and on an
on-going basis to ensure sensitization of the community and
stakeholders vis vis the project objectives, activities and
scheduling, potential impacts;
The communities should be informed well in advance of the start
of the seismic survey operation and prior to execution along a
specific seismic transect/location using appropriate widepenetration communication media;
Awareness campaigns can be undertaken to inform/educate
both the local communities and project employees; and
Provision to be made to compensate local property and
landowners for any loss or damage caused by seismic
operations. Compensation should be based on Tullows
compensation operating procedure.
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
Management
No
crime
incidences as
a result of the
proposed
project and no
school
dropouts
No violations
of Tullow CSR
policy
Awareness
of
Tullow
CSR policies
by
workforce
The
Seismic
contractor
Community
Liaison
Team should ensure
community
involvement
in
establishment
of
recruitment
and
tender committees to
check on recruitment
procedures, gender
balance and potential
conflict areas.
Preservation
of cultural and
social values
No
interference
with grazing/
pasture lands
and watering
points
No complaints
from
the
locals
on
cultural
or
social values
concerns
relating
to
the workers
Relates
to
Soils (10.9.2)
and Surface
and
Groundwater
Resources
(10.9.4)
Grievance
mechanism
in place and
implemente
d
Related
monitoring
aspects are
being
undertaken
and
Risk
with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
A
grievances
mechanism
committee should be
put in place
165
sections
Potential Impacts
Mitigation
Improved livelihood
Improved
short-term
business
opportunities for the locals
Potential CSR project benefits
Influx of cash into low-cash rural
economies may lead to boom and
bust phenomenon
Conflicts/ Third party agitations
over employment issues
Traditional occupations (livestock
husbandry and farming) adversely
affected
to
be
166
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
Management
Improved
economy
and living
standards
Number of locals
recruited
As needed
and
Risk
with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
A grievance mechanism
committee should be
put in place
Tullow
would
also
determine fair levels of
property compensation
(if the need arises) in
consultation
with
relevant
Government
agencies (e.g. Ministry
of
Energy,
and
Provincial
Administration).
Potential Impacts
Mitigation
Injuries
to
workers,
visitors and area residents
arising
from
project
operations
Fire hazard
167
Potential Impacts
Exposure to nuisance in
the form of noise, dust,
vibrations and emissions
Other health risks
Mitigation
crew members should be trained on first aid administration
and handling of fire fighting equipment;
Job-specific personal protective equipment to be provided
to the workers, training should be given, and their use
made mandatory in designated areas;
Environmental safety and health regulations and
policies/plans must be adhered to Health Policy, Energy
Act, Public Health Act, Local Government Act, Physical
Planning Act, NEMA Regulations;
A Base Camp Clinic is to be provided, manned by suitably
qualified field medical staff, licensed as appropriate to
operate in-country, equipped with equipment and
medication as appropriate, including ambulance vehicle(s);
Adequate warning or cautionary signage will be posted as
required;
All electrical equipment shall be properly installed, earthed
and regularly inspected, and where practicable will comply
with IEE 17th edition regulations;
Only properly trained and authorised employees shall
operate equipment or machinery;
Tullow driving policy and all other project-specific driving
policies and journey management plans to be strictly
adhered to and enforced;
Provision of an Emergency Response Plan, Evacuation Plan,
medical evacuation (Medevac) Plan, Malaria Management
Plan and a communicable diseases education programme
to be put in place; and
Personnel on seismic survey operations and those on
transit around the project area to be provided with
appropriate escort.
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
Management
Prevent
workers
and/or
visitors from
possible
100% use
of personal
protective
equipment
(PPE) when
Continuous
monitoring
and
recording of
incidences
and
Risk with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
168
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
injuries/harm
and
healthrelated risks
Objective
Indicators
and where
required
Warning
and
Cautionary
signage
placed
visibly
in
required
places
Monitoring
under each
work
component
section
Training
and
drills
on
health
and safety
in
the
workplace,
including
fire-fighting
Responsibility
Management
and
Risk with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
and
safety,
and
occupational health and
safety
policies
are
adhered to. Frequent
training programs on
first aid, fire-drills and
other related health
issues should be a
prerequisite. The field
team will be selfcontained and will carry
its own water to the
work sites.
Potential Impacts
Improvement
in
security
around the camp site due to
security
enhancement
for
project activities
Community feeling exposed
due to hiring of KPR to guard
seismic survey crew and base
camp leaving the villages
vulnerable
Mitigation
Potential Impacts
Mitigation
Desired Outcomes, Objective Indicators and Monitoring and risk after mitigation
Desired
Outcome
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
Management
No securityrelated
incidents
Number
of
securityrelated
incidents
recorded
Continuous
monitoring
and
recording of
incidences
The
involvement
of
government
agencies
during
the
project
operations may enhance
long-term
security
initiatives
from
the
concerned parties, hence
improving the security
situation in the area.
Security issues should be
the overall responsibility
of the Country Manager.
Adequate
security
for
the workforce
and
communities
and
Risk
with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
Provincial administration
and Kenya Police Service
to continuously monitor
security needs for the
project and communities
and where
need be
recruit more Kenya Police
Reservists
170
Potential Impacts
Reduced
aesthetics
stockpiling
soils
Mitigation
Construction equipment and vehicles shall be wellmaintained, checked and promptly repaired to ensure
no spillage of oils and fuels and to minimise gaseous
emissions;
landscape
due
to
of excavated
Nuisance to communities
171
Desired
Outcomes
Minimal
disturbance to
environment
during
construction
Reduced
potential
for
environmental
pollution due
to oil and fuel
leaks
and
noise
and
gaseous
emissions
Communities
are
not
disturbed
No
securityrelated
incidents
No safety and
health-related
incidents
Minimal noise
and vibration
pollution
to
the
neighbouring
communities
Objective
Indicators
Clearing
of
vegetation
kept to the
minimum
possible levels
and soil are
not
unnecessarily
cleared
Maintenance
schedule
for
equipment and
vehicles
adhered to and
no
pollution
incidents
reported
Incidence
Occurrences
records
of
community
disturbance,
number
of
securityrelated issues
and safety and
health-related
incidents
recorded and
maintained
Monitoring
Continuous
monitoring
and
recording
of
incidences
Responsibility
and
Management
The
construction
of
the
campsite
shall
be
supervised by
the
chosen
contractor
and overseen
by
Tullow.
Camp
operations
shall
be
supervised
and
coordinated
by the Camp
Manager
Risk with
Mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
172
Potential
Impacts
Mitigation
Fuel spills
Fire hazard
Fuel
contaminati
on
The fuel storage area will be set at one end of the parking bay area,
and will be bunded. The bunds should have the capacity to contain
all the fuel stored inside the fuel bladder in case of leakage;
The bladder will be charged with fuel ferried by tankers, and will be
conveyed to the pump via an outlet hose;
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
No
spills
fuel
No fires
No
fuel
contamina
tion
Number
of
incidents
recorded
Monitoring
Continuous
monitoring
and recording
of incidences
Responsibility
Management
and
Proper operations
in the fuel filling
station shall be
supervised
and
coordinated
by
the
Camp
Manager.
Risk
with
mitigation
(High,
Medium or
Low)
Low
10.9.18.CAMP CLINIC
The impact sources for the project activities will be waste management and handling
practices.
173
Potential Impacts
Mitigation
Desired
Outcomes
Objective
Indicators
No
pollution
from
medical
and
pharmaceutical
wastes
Number
incidents
improper
disposal
recorded
of
of
Monitoring
Responsibility
and
Management
Continuous
monitoring
and recording
of incidences
The operation
of the medical
clinic will be
under
the
direct
management of
the
Camp
Doctor,
and
shall
be
overseen
by
the
Camp
Manager.
Risk
with
Mitigation
(High,
Medium
or
Low)
Low
174
Potential Impacts
Mitigation
Disturbance
to
soils
and
vegetation
during
data
acquisition and borehole drilling
Contamination
development
Pollution/contamination
borehole/aquifer water
On-site analysis
preferably
a
recommended;
during
well
of
using an
portable
EC meter,
laboratory,
and
is
175
Potential Impacts
Mitigation
polymer) must be non-toxic and biodegradable.
bentonic additives should not be acceptable, as
they may plug the aquifer zones and are
extremely
difficult
to
remove
during
development.
Objective
Indicators
Monitoring
Responsibility
and
Management
No
disturbance to
soil
and
vegetation
No
unnecessary
clearing
of
vegetation
and
soil
disturbance
Monitoring
during
the
drilling
and
well-head
construction
phases
The
Tullow.
EHS
Representative
should ensure
all
the
protocols
relating
to
environmental
health
and
safety,
and
occupational
health
and
safety policies
are adhered to
by the Drilling
Contractor.
Overall
supervision will
be
the
responsibility
of the Camp
Manager, who
should
also
ensure that a
qualified
and
registered
hydrogeologist
is available on
site
to
supervise
the
drilling
and
well protection
works.
No
contamination
of the aquifer
during
well
development
and
postdevelopment
Non-target
aquifer strata
are protected
Drilling
cuttings
are
safely
disposed of
No
contaminatio
n of aquifers
Aquifers,
borehole and
well-head
are
protected
based
on
good
construction
practice
Drill cuttings
are
safely
disposed
Risk
with
Mitigation
(High, Medium
or Low)
Low
176
10.10
provide appropriate orientation and support to all employees, contractors and visitors
on site so that they can act in an appropriately safe manner;
Inform at-risk workers to help attain a positive and safe work environment.
10.10.3.
Hazardous materials and wastes require special handling and training procedures. All
employees will be provided with basic training so that, at a minimum, they can: identify
hazardous materials; know how to obtain appropriate information on special handling
procedures required; know what precautions and protective equipment are required;
know how to label and package hazardous materials and wastes; know where and how
hazardous wastes are to be stored and know how wastes are to be disposed of.
Employees who are tasked with receiving, off-loading and storing potentially hazardous
materials or involved in the storage and shipment off-site of hazardous wastes should
receive hazardous materials handling training.
177
SPRP;
Applicable legislation;
Potentially affected environmental receptors (e.g. soil, surface and groundwater); and
10.10.6.
178
prior to commencement of the seismic survey activities. The plan will address the
following items:
Ongoing monitoring and auditing will also assist in continually improving the
environmental awareness of the project team. Tullow will also target the community
leaders and government administrators for awareness-building on the project
components. These leaders and administrators would, thereafter, be able to explain the
project components, the environmental issues, and mitigation measures that are being
undertaken, to the community at large.
same
sequence
of
project
The decommissioning will cover the base camp and any fly camps or any other facility that
shall be erected. The decommissioning will lay emphasis on:
Examining the conformity to the EMPs developed during the EIA for the seismic
survey project;
Preparation of a decommissioning strategy and EMP before decommissioning begins;
Awareness creation;
Ecological, socio-cultural and economic survey of camp sites and impacts;
Conforming to national legislation and regulatory requirements and international best
practices.
The decommission will be carried out as soon as is practicable after the end of the seismic
survey, hence the specifics of it, which will depend largely on what was actually constructed
on the ground, will need to be formulated well in advance.
10.11
179
The cost of the 3D seismic program is initially estimated at USD. $20 Million and would be
undertaken in a period of 8 to 12 months. The final cost and duration of the project will be
dependent on the outcome of a competitive tendering process and subject to change.
180
11.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
The proposed project will have both positive and negative impacts. The EIA team has
endeavoured to give comprehensive mitigation measures and environmental management
and monitoring mechanisms which if put in place will minimise or completely eradicate the
possible negative impacts. The EMP developed in this report should be strictly adhered to, to
ensure that the project remains environmentally and technically sound throughout its life.
Some of the measures in Chapter 10 that need close implementation and monitoring include
the following:
Pre-survey possible access routes, and use the selected routes rather than accessing
work sites through free-ranging driving across the open country;
A water supply borehole should be drilled to provide the water required for the project;
this could be donated to the community on completion of the seismic survey;
Ensure that all vehicles and machinery operating in the field (and in the campsite) are
properly maintained so as not to have any oil leaks that could contaminate the soils
Any planned lines that are considered to be a threat to the ecosystem integrity
especially ecologically sensitive site such as luggas and trees serving as nesting spot
for birds should be relocated;
181
Consultations should be undertaken with local elders to help in identifying and avoiding
any sensitive cultural sites during the seismic survey in order to avert possible conflict
with the community;
Use of modern line cutting technology, preferably mulchers (in areas with dense
bushland) for clearing of the geophysical survey transects will ensure that minimal
vegetation is removed, hence ensuring that re-vegetation will occur in a much shorter
period since the seeds and branches will be left along the traverses and this will
promote faster re-growth;
The communities should be informed well in advance of the start of the seismic survey
operation and prior to execution along a specific seismic transect/location using
appropriate wide-penetration communication media;
Sustained public awareness and sensitization about the proposed project should be
continued throughout the project lifespan;
The company should liaise with the Provincial Administration, the Kenya Police, Kenya
Police Reservists and other agencies to provide adequate security during the seismic
survey operation.
182
APPENDIX 1: REFERENCES
Africa. Regional Characterization of Water Quality (Proceedings of the Baltimore Symposium, May
1989). IAHS Publ. no.182, 1989.
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Exploration and Production (E&P): Environmental Management in Oil and Gas Exploration and
Production. E&P Forum/ UNEP 1997. Report No. 2, 72/254.
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Wageningen, 1997.
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Sessional Paper No 1 of 1999, Government Printer, Nairobi.
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Final Report. Consultant: S. Arungu Olende PhD, and Benard Osawa. Published by GVEP Kenya.
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as
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Zone Map of Kenya. Kenya Soil Survey, Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi. Report No. E1.
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Walsh, J., 1966. Geology of the Karasuk Area. Report No. 72, Ministry of Natural Resources Geological
Survey of Kenya.
184
Physiography
and Geology
Climate
Impacts
Landscape
scarring along
cut lines in the
ranges, and
displaced soils
and boulders
that may arise
from landslips
and rock
topples related
to use of the
vibroseis.
None
Extent
Frequency
Duration
Intensity
Probability
Event
Magnitude
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
None
Air quality
Surface and
Groundwater
None
The potential
residual
impacts would
be enhanced
gulleying and
erosion due to
altered runoff
and drainage
patterns
The residual
impact will be
reduced
vegetation
cover along
cutlines; this
will, however,
regenerate in
a few years.
Soils
Terrestrial
Environment
Water Quality
None
Land resources
and National
Reserves
Archaeological,
Historical and
Cultural Sites
None
185
Environmental
Parameter
Visual aesthetics
Noise and
vibrations
Liquid and Solid
Wastes
Impacts
Cutline
footprints and
vegetation
cover removal
lower
aesthetic value
of landscape
None
Land
degradation
Extent
Frequency
Duration
Intensity
Probability
Event
Magnitude
Medium
Medium
Presence
Resilience
Medium
Impacts
Physiography and
Geology
Climate
None
Receptor
Sensitivity
None
Air quality
Surface and
Groundwater
None
Soils
Medium
Terrestrial
Environment
Medium
Medium
Water Quality
Land resources and
National Reserves
None
Cut lines affect pastoral resources
186
Environmental
Parameter
Impacts
Archaeological,
Historical and
Cultural Sites
None
Visual aesthetics
None
Land degradation
Receptor
Sensitivity
Presence
Resilience
Medium
High
Impacts
Physiography and
Geology
Climate
None
Event
Magnitude
Receptor
Sensitivity
High
Medium
Impact
Significance
Major
None
Air quality
Surface and
Groundwater
None
Soils
Medium
Medium
Terrestrial
Environment
Medium
Medium
Water Quality
Moderate
Moderate
None
187
Environmental
Parameter
Impacts
Archaeological,
Historical and
Cultural Sites
None
Visual aesthetics
Event
Magnitude
Receptor
Sensitivity
Impact
Significance
Medium
Medium
Moderate
Medium
Medium
Moderate
Medium
High
Major
Land degradation
188
2 - Up to 50 times; to
3 - More than 50 times or continuously.
189
Resulting individual ratings were summed to give the overall event magnitude ranking. Table
4 presents the score ranges for magnitude rankings of; Low, Medium and High.
Table 4: Event Magnitude Rankings
Event Magnitude Score (Summed Parameter Rankings)
Biological/Ecological Receptors:
3 - Routine, regular or reliably predictable presence of any species which is, in reverse order,
a unique, threatened or protected species; to
2 - Regionally rare or largely confined to the Tullow project area or sensitive to industry
emissions /disturbances; to
1 - A species which is none of the above and is therefore assessed at the community level
only.
1-
2 - Species undergoing moderate but sustainable change which stabilises under constant
presence of impact source, with ecological functionality maintained; to
3 - Substantial loss of ecological functionality (e.g. loss of species in key groups,
substantially lower abundance and diversity).
Human Receptors:
3 - People being permanently present (e.g. residential property) in the geographical area of
anticipated impact; to
2 - People being present some of the time (e.g. commercial property); to
1 - People being uncommon in the geographical area of anticipated impact.
190
1 - People being least vulnerable to change or disturbance (i.e. ambient conditions (air
quality, noise) are well below applicable legislation and international guidance); to
2 - People being vulnerable to change or disturbance (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality,
noise) are below adopted standards); to
3 - Most vulnerable groups (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality, noise) are at or above
adopted standards).
Physical Receptor/Feature:
3 - Presence of feature any species which has, in reverse order, national or international
value (e.g. state protected monument); to
2 Feature with local or regional value and is sensitive to disturbance; to
1 - Feature which is none of the above.
3 Receptor is highly valued e.g. used extensively for agriculture, used as a public water
supply; to
2 Receptor has moderate value e.g. moderate/occasional use for agriculture purposes; to
1 Receptor has limited or no value.
1 No or low levels of existing contamination (well below accepted standards) and receptor
is unaffected or marginally affected i.e. resilient to change; to
2 Moderate levels of mobile contamination present which are vulnerable to physical
disturbance; to
3 High levels of mobile contamination present which are highly sensitive to physical
disturbance.
191
Overall receptor sensitivity was then scored on a spectrum from low (1) to high (6) by
adding the individual parameter scores:
Table 5 presents the score ranges for sensitivity rankings ofLow,Medium andHigh.
Table 5: Receptor Sensitivity Rankings
Any impact classified as Major was considered to be significant and where the
impact was negative, requires additional mitigation. Impacts of negligible, minor or
192
193
Impacts
Social
Erosion of culture
Characteristics
and social values
as a result of
intercultural
association
Economic
factors
Employment
opportunities
Infrastructure
improvements.
Kenya police
reservists in the
communities will
also benefit by
getting some
allowance for their
security services.
Occupational
Health and
Safety
None
Security and
public safety
The presence of
contingent of
security officer
along areas of
operation and at
the base camp will
enhance security
not only for the
workers but for
local communities.
Spatial
scope
Timing
and
Duration
Probability
Receptor
sensitivity
Impact
Significance
Local
Longterm
Possible
Youth
Negative
Local
Longterm
Highly
likely
Elderly,
Youth,
children
Major
Positive
Local
Longterm
Highly
likely
Elderly,
Youth,
children
Major
Positive
Socio-Economic Impacts
The socio-economic impact assessment identified and evaluated the significance of impacts
associated with the Tullow Project, including:
The identification of all socio-economic impacts (direct and indirect, positive and negative).
The measurement (and where possible, monetisation) of socio-economic impacts, including
the following:
194
Social patterns and linkages: changes in how areas function as a community with
respect to levels of social interaction; personal relationships; feeling of belonging
to the area or aspects relating to self-identification; and
General amenity (perceived and actual) and change in the physical conditions that
affect the quality of the environment and residential amenity; change in aesthetic
values; change in recreation development and opportunities.
The socio-economic impact assessment assessed the significance of potential direct impacts
based on probability, magnitude and receptor sensitivity.
Probability: The likelihood that the impact will occur, and degrees of uncertainty, based on
the following criteria:
Likely - some substantiated evidence that the impact is likely to occur, or has
previously occurred in a similar context.
Unlikely - some evidence that impact could occur, no such incident in the region
but may have occurred elsewhere.
Spatial Scope: The geographical scope of the impact relative to local community
receptors:
o
Timing and Duration: The likely timing and duration of the impact (including
whether the impact would be temporary or permanent in nature) and how this
links to activities undertaken by Tullow;
Receptor Sensitivity: The groups of people or populations most likely to be affected and, in
particular, whether impacts are likely to be disproportionately experienced by
vulnerable groups.
195
Significance was based on judgement taking into account the likelihood and magnitude of
the impact and the sensitivity of the population or group of people that may be affected. The
significance of impact (taking into account existing controls) is categorised as follows:
Any impact classified as Major Negative was considered to be significant and required
additional mitigation. Impacts of Negligible, Major Positive or Positive significance were
not considered to require mitigation.
Indirect impacts i.e. induced effects, could not be readily assessed using the same approach.
A qualitative assessment was therefore made based on judgement and taking into account
existing controls.
Transboundary impacts are impacts that occur outside the jurisdictional borders of a
projects host country. Potential Tullow project transboundary impacts were considered to
include:
Social and economic issues surrounding the sourcing of labour, goods and services from
the international market; and
These were either additive or synergistic effects, which resulted in larger (in terms of extent
or duration) or different (dependent on impact interaction) impacts when compared to
project related residual impacts alone.
The cumulative assessment initially considered the potential for impact interaction and
accumulation in terms of the following:
196
Temporal Overlap the impacts are so close in time that the effect of one is not
dissipated before the next one occurs;
Spatial Overlap the impacts are so close in space that their effects overlap.
197
Name
Organization
Designation
Cell phone
Abedi Malusha
World
Kenya
Commodity
Officer
0723829276
Mark E. Lokaito
Nat.
Drought
Mgt. Authority
Ag.
Drought
Management
Officer
0710796186
Dr.
Ephem
Esekon
MOPHS
Dist.
Medical
Officer of Health
0729477000
D.K. Cheruiyot
Kenya
Service
Warden
0733521963
James Aruoto
Min.
of
Affairs
Youth Officer
0725452753
Kwaba
Omwenga
MOPHS
Deputy
Public
Officer
0737774442
Daniel Ingollan
QA Officer
0724768604
Vincent Morara
Gesora
Min. of Agric
0720029590
Patricia Ekadeli
Min. of Education
Education officer
0713725234
John Ekuton
MOPHS
Dist.
Records
Officer
0721107474
John
Kamau
Musasia
National
Registration
Bureau
Registrar
0724064611
Kenneth
Omondi
Min. of Water
Dist.
Officer
0723979109
Kennethomondi2005@yahoo.
com
Victor Lekaram
Min. of Planning
& Vision 2030
Development
Officer
0721862864
Vision
Wildlife
Youth
Dist.
Health
Heath
Mgt.
Water
198
MINUTES OF COMMUNITY MEETING HELD IN KANAODON VILLAGE, KANAODON SUBLOCATION, KANAODON LOCATION, KATILU DIVISION, TURKANA SOUTH DISTRICT
28/10/2012
Attendance
Evaluation team, Chief, Males: 42; Females 18
Meeting began at 1450 with a word of prayer
The assistant Chief of the area introduced the EIA team and gave a brief of the teams agenda. Edwin
then gave a summary a summation of the key issues that needed discussion. Key issues discussed
included:Social organization - The Turkana live together regardless of whether they belong to either of the
two clans (Sonyoka and Nyibilai). While they do not discriminate on whom to live next to, the male
homestead head will decide on where each wife will build her structure, where the cattle, sheep, goat
and camel pens will be located. As such, it is possible to distinguish one homestead from another.
Decision-making The male elder makes all important decisions, although there are some, that the
mother may participate in the process of reaching a decision, in other words the mothers role in
decision-making is participatory and contributory. Decisions regarding amount of fines for wrong
doing, bride wealth, how much property is given to the wives and children are all made by elders.
Asset distribution Decisions regarding how property should be distributed are all made by elders.
Conflict resolution - Conflicts are normally resolved by elders, and if an acceptable decision can not
be reached at family/clan level, the issue is then referred to the decisions. Inter-clan conflicts are
resolved where possible by the clan elders, failing which, the government is called upon.
Water sources Water for both domestic and livestock use is sourced from shallow wells. There is
only one borehole in the area.
There are many churches in the area, but they can even worship under a tree.
Burial sites - They bury within their homesteads or in their own plots as there are no specific burial
grounds. Where there are neither homesteads nor plots, they bury on any empty lot.
Markets The only large markets they know are Kapenguria, Makutano and Kitale, as well as the
retail shops they have within the shopping centre.
Edwin Omori explained about Tullow and the prospects of getting viable oil deposits in the area and
that a 3D seismic survey will be conducted in the area ( Nakukulas, Lochwa, Kalemngorok and
Lokapel), and asked participants to list any benefits or harm the project has had so far and the
following were listed.
Nothing had been done in the area apart from grading of the roads. They therefore had the following
requests;
Renovate the two primary schools in the area (Kanaodon and Kanakema);
Build a chiefs office;
Renovate the water well, which was constructed in 1988, as well as excavate a water
pan this would benefit the community as it reduces the risk of attacks from a
neighbouring;
The health facility does not have essential drugs;
Explore the possibility of supporting irrigation in areas of Kanaodon that have
agricultural potential;
Employment to the youth;
199
Deal with insecurity resulting from Kenya Police Reservists being assigned duties to
guard Tullow and BGP employees;
No damage is anticipated because others have experienced 3D seismic survey done
in their area and have not complained.
That Tullow need to consult with elders and seers in Kanaodon area to get blessings
before starting any work.
Edwin Omori explained about the Tullow making a difference in the areas they have worked
such as road repairs, borehole drilling and water pumping, bursaries, and stated that he hoped
that the same would be extended to Kanaodon area when Tullow begins working in the area.
Meeting ended at 1549hrs
200
201
202
MINUTES OF COMMUNITY MEETING HELD IN LOKAPEL VILLAGE, LOKAPEL SUBLOCATION, KATILU LOCATION, KATILU DIVISION, TURKANA SOUTH DISTRICT
28/10/2012
Attendance: Evaluation Team, Chief, Males 36; Females 14
Meeting began at 1235 hours with a prayer from one of the community members followed by an
introduction by the community guide, who explained the reason for the teams visit. Edwin also
reiterated the importance of social and economic impact assessment.
Social organization Participants stated that they live in the village in which they have been
forced to settle for security reasons without regard to clan or to family.
Conflict resolution All conflicts within a family are resolved at the elders level, and they only
go to the chief if resolution cannot be reached. Clan differences are also solved by elders.
Decision making This is also done by elders and the women will only put in emphasis where
the man has already made a decision on. The women however are allowed to provide their
opinions about how things should be done. The amount of bride wealth is decided upon by elders,
punishment for wrong doing is also decided upon by the same elders. The mzee decides when and
where to move. The woman will decide on what to do with the food that has already been brought
to the house.
Social networks Participants gave examples of how they help one another. When a neighbours
child needs to join university, the community will all make contributions towards the costs.
Neighbours also help one another in case there are problems in a family, bereavement. They also
communally defend themselves against raids from neighbouring communities.
Sources of water There is a river from where they water their livestock. During the rainy
season, water is collected from water points within the village. The only well they have is about 7
kilometres from the centre of the village. However water for domestic use is collected from a
water point about two kilometres from the village centre.
Places of worship There are 12 churches in the area, but the community also uses tree shades
and both places of worship and meeting points
Burial points- They bury their dead within the homestead. A person who dies away from the
homestead is either buried there or left in the bush.
Edwin Omori talked about Tullow and BGP, explaining that there are areas within Turkana than
have shown the potential for getting oil and Tullow would like to further explore this potential to
verify that there is enough viable oil. He asked to be told the benefits or harm that they have so
far seen/experienced, and that the report their meeting would be sent to Tullow, NEMA and to the
District. The following were their concerns:
Concerns about farming land and whether this would be interfered with
Concerns about road construction, and whether the roads would be improved
Assistance in stocking health facilities with essential drugs
Cutline marker pegs are extracted only from Lokapel and they wonder whether that is
the only location from where the pegs could be sourced
Explore the possibility of constructing a water pan that the cattle do not have to go to
the nearby river where they risk encountering raiders from a neighbouring community
Reforest the area where IDPs are located
203
204
205
Roads
Education (bursaries)
The community however urged that there be transparency and proportionality in employment so that
as many as possible benefit. They would also like to see transparency between CLO and Tullow, and
that the community needs to get regular updates.
206
207
208
209
210
211
0950hrs with a prayer from a pastor. The chief introduced the visitors and
of the meeting. A consultant Daniel Lango explained the purpose of the
that the meeting was about the socio-economic and environmental impact
and the positive and negative impacts brought about by the proposed Tullow
Social organization - people live the community as families and clans. Presence of water and
pasture and water for their animals determines where they settle down. In case an outsider goes to a
new place he must seek permission from the residents of that place so that they can show him where
to settle down and where to feed his animals. The Turkana people have grazing boundaries. They
graze on specific places for a certain period of time first then they move to other places.
Decision Making the elders of a community make most of the decisions concerning issues in the
community. The elders are men who are married, have property and are capable of making decisions.
Women and young people also make decisions but the final decision is on the man. Some of the things
that the men decide on include issues dealing with death, marriage, war and where to graze animals.
Women make some decisions which are lighter matters like conflicts within the household.
Sources of income the residents get income by selling their livestock, selling charcoal, sand,
employment in schools, fishing, businesses, and transport of people using motor bikes.
Property Distribution -Asset distribution occurs in several ways including marriage, formation of a
new family unit, friendship, inheritance and debt repayment. Assets move from one family/clan to
another, in the process of gift exchange during marriage. After a young man is married, he and his
wife are given some animals by family and clan members in order for the two to begin operating
independently as a new family unit. However until the man moves to his own homestead, he will still
be under the guidance of his parent(s), and must therefore consult his father when making a major
decision. If a girl is not married she gets her share of her fathers property just like the men. However
if she gets married her father does not give her any property.
Conflict Resolution - if a conflict occurs within the family the head of the household who is the man
is the one to solve the conflict. Conflict between the clans is solved by the clan elders. If the elders are
not able to solve the conflicts then the elders take the matter to the chief.
212
The bursary forms distributed in the region was done unfairly because they we meant
for college and university students and this locked out many other needy students in
the lower levels of education.
There is insecurity in the area because the security officers abandoned their work to
go work for BGP although they are still being paid by the government. They felt that
the people to be doing that work for BGP should be the Kenya Police Reserve.
The meeting ended at 1150hrs with a prayer from one of Lochwa residents.
213
214
215
216
The meeting ended at 1100hrs with a prayer from one of the elders.
217
218
MINUTES
OF
COMMUNITY
MEETING
HELD
IN
KALEMUNGOROK
VILLAGE,
KALEMUNGOROK SUB-LOCATION, KATILU LOCATION, KATILU DIVISION, TURKANA
SOUTH DISTRICT 29/10/2012
Attendance: Evaluation Team, Chief, Males: 72; Females, 18
The meeting began at 1200 hours with a word of prayer form a local church pastor
The guide to the consultants then gave a brief overview of the purpose and importance of the
visit by the evaluators.
Sources of water There is a shortage of water in the area and the only reliable source of
the same is a river that is used especially in the dry season. The water quality is also poor
and the villagers claim this has resulted in some women losing their pregnancy before term.
Markets There is no formal market in Kalemungorok, but there is a sale yard form where a
few livestock are bought and sold. Buying and selling especially of livestock is therefore
conducted on a one on one, where is basis.
Sources of livelihood The people of Kalemungorok are nomadic livestock keepers who
move from place to place depending on seasons and security, although they also engage in
petty trade.
Places of worship There are 35 churches spread around the area of Kalemungorok
Social organization - They said they live together without discrimination and both clans
that populate the area do not distinguish where each lives, although families tend to live in
close proximity. Each wife has her own house and is independent from the co-wives. She has
her own livestock that typically will comprise camel, donkey, goats, sheep and cattle.
Decision making and conflict resolution It is the responsibility of elders to make all
decisions involving the family/clan. They are also responsible for resolving any disputes that
arise either at family or clan level and only refer to the chief in the rare cases when
acceptable resolutions are not possible.
Property distribution This is also the responsibility of the elder, who will typically
distribute property to the sons according to birth order. Unmarried females in the family are
also entitled to their share of the elders property.
Edwin Omori explained that some areas including Kalemungorok has shown some prospects
of having oil, and Tullow would like to further explore the ground to be sure that this oil is of
viable quantity. This requires that they conduct a 3D seismic survey, that will try as much as
possible to avoid the areas and items that are important to the residents. He asked for their
opinions and concerns about this and other issues. Below are the issues raised.
There was concern about the seismic cut lines exposing them to security risk in that
the neighbouring community could follow these lines and easily attack them.
The cut line should not affect manyattas, trees and grazing land.
Employment to the youth this be done in a transparent manner. They claim that
employment is currently done in a discriminatory manner. They pleaded for
proportionality and people should be employed according to skills
Road networks these need improvement.
Water if they could get a borehole or a water pan to trap rain water
Health facilities to be improved and stocked with essential drugs.
Schools to be improved with additional classrooms and other facilities.
219
220
SAMPLING
SITE AND DATE
COORDINATES
PARAMETER
CONCENTRATIONS
WHO GUIDELINES
LOKICHAR TOWN
02o 22.497N
Total Suspended
Particulate Matter
(dust)
147 g/m3
150-230 g/m3 - 24
hours
Sulphur dioxide
Not Detected
(18-06-2012)
035o 38.337E
Elevation 770 m
500
g/m3
minutes
10
60 g/m3 - 1 year
Nitrogen dioxide
3 g/m3
40 g/m3 - 1 year
AT
CAMPSITE
LOKICHAR
THE
IN
02o 22.921N
035o 38.215E
Elevation 761 m
(SITE 2)
Carbon dioxide
32.4 mg/m3
No
published
guidelines
Total Suspended
Particulate
matter (dust)
168 g/m3
150-230 g/m3 - 24
hours
Sulphur dioxide
Not Detected
WHO
(18-06-2012)
500
g/m3
minutes
10
60 g/m3 - 1 year
221
SAMPLING
SITE AND DATE
COORDINATES
PARAMETER
CONCENTRATIONS
WHO GUIDELINES
Nitrogen dioxide
Not Detected
40 g/m3 - 1 year
NAWOITORONG
AREA, LODWAR
TOWN
(SITE 4)
03o 06.593N
035o 37.773E
Elevation 500 m
Carbon dioxide
64.9 mg/m3
No
published
guidelines
Total Suspended
Particulate
matter (dust)
191 g/m3
150-230 g/m3 - 24
hours
Sulphur dioxide
28 g/m3
WHO
(20-06-2012)
500
g/m3
minutes
10
60 g/m3 - 1 year
Nitrogen dioxide
5 g/m3
40 g/m3 - 1 year
LODWAR
CENTRE
TOWN
03o 07.046N
035o 35.426E
(SITE 5)
(20-06-2012)
Elevation 513 m
Carbon dioxide
7351 mg/m3
No
published
guidelines
Total Suspended
Particulate
matter (dust)
7.2 mg/m3
150-230 g/m3 - 24
hours
Sulphur dioxide
30 g/m3
WHO
500
g/m3
minutes
10
60 g/m3 - 1 year
222
SAMPLING
SITE AND DATE
COORDINATES
PARAMETER
CONCENTRATIONS
WHO GUIDELINES
Nitrogen dioxide
10 g/m3
40 g/m3 - 1 year
NAKWAMEKWI
AREA, LODWAR
TOWN
(SITE 6)
03o 06.688N
035o 34.097E
Elevation 519 m
Carbon dioxide
7415 mg/m3
No
published
guidelines
Total Suspended
Particulate
matter (dust)
1.04 mg/m3
150-230 g/m3 - 24
hours
Sulphur dioxide
Not Detected
WHO
(20-06-2012)
500
g/m3
minutes
10
60 g/m3 - 1 year
Nitrogen dioxide
7 g/m3
40 g/m3 - 1 year
Carbon dioxide
6637 mg/m3
No
published
guidelines
WHO
223
1,2-dichloroethane
0.04
1,3-dichloropropene (mg/l)
0.02
Nd
100
Arsenic (mg/l)
0.02
Benzene (mg/l)
0.1
30
Boron (mg/l)
1.0
10
30
Cadmium (mg/l)
Cadmium and its compounds (mg/l)
Carbon tetrachloride
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD (mg/l)
0.01
0.1
0.02
50
Chromium VI (mg/l)
0.05
Chloride (mg/l)
250
0.10
Chromium total
0.4
Copper (mg/l)
1.0
Dichloromethane (mg/l
0.2
224
Parameter
10
Dissolved Manganese(mg/l)
10
Nil
Fluoride (mg/l)
1.5
8
0.01
0.1
30
Nil
1.0
0.003
5.0 9.0
6.5 - 8.5
Phenols (mg/l)
Selenium (mg/l)
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.5
Sulphide (mg/l)
0.1
Simazine (mg/l)
0.03
30
Tetrachloroethylene (mg/l)
0.1
Thiobencarb (mg/l)
0.1
Thiram (mg/l)
0.06
225
Parameter
30
Nd
0.3
1200
15
Detergents (mg/l)
Nil
0.005
Trichloroethylene (mg/l)
0.3
Zinc (mg/l)
0.5
2 Guideline value
Total Nitrogen
2 Guideline value
Remarks:
Standard values are daily/monthly average discharge values.
Not detectable (nd) means that the
pollution status is below the detectable level by the measurement methods established by the
Authority.
226
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Steam ElectricPower
Generating
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Phosphate Manufacturing
x
x
x
x
Iron& Steel
Manufacturing
Non Ferrous
x
x
x
x
x
x
Petroleum Refining
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Fertiliser Manufacturing
x
x
x
x
Soap& Detergents
x
x
x
x
x
x
Organic Chemicals
Electroplating
Feedlots
Cement
x
x
x
Plastics& Synthetics
x
x
x
x
Textiles
Canned Fruits&
Vegetables
Canned& Preserved Sea
Foods
Sugar Processing
Grain Mills
Dairy Products
x
x
x
x
x
x
Inorganic Chemicals
Waterqualityparam
BiochemicalOxygen
Demand,BOD
TotalSuspended
pH
FaecalColiforms
Oil&Grease
Temperature
ChemicalOxygen
Demand,COD
Colour/Dye/Pigmen
Elemental
TotalPhosphorus
Ammonia(asN)
OrganicNitrogenas
Nitrate
Flow
Phenols
Sulphide
TotalChromium
ChromiumVI
Chrome
Copper
Nickel
Zinc
Zinc
DISCHARGING FACILITY
x
x
227
Phosphate Manufacturing
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Steam ElectricPower
Generating
Iron& Steel
Manufacturing
Non Ferrous
x
x
Petroleum Refining
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Fertiliser Manufacturing
Soap& Detergents
Plastics& Synthetics
x
x
x
Organic Chemicals
x
x
x
Electroplating
Feedlots
Cement
Inorganic Chemicals
Cntotal
CyanideA
Fluorine
FreeAvailableChlori
ResidualChlorine
x
Cadmium
Lead
Iron
Tin
Silver
Gold
Iridium
Palladium
Rhodium
Ruthenium
Mercury(total)
TotalOrganicCarbon
Aluminium
Arsenic
Selenium
Barium
Manganese
Tannin
Oil
SettleableSolids
Surfactants
Textiles
Canned Fruits&
Vegetables
Canned& Preserved Sea
Foods
Sugar Processing
Grain Mills
Dairy Products
DISCHARGING FACILITY
x
x
x
x = Parameters to be monitored
228
229
Day
Noise Rating
Level (NR)
(Leq, 14h)
Night
Day
Night
A.
Silent zone
40
35
30
25
B.
Places of worship
40
35
30
25
C.
Residential:
Indoor
45
35
35
25
Outdoor
50
35
40
25
D.
55
35
50
25
E.
Commercial
60
35
55
25
Time Frame
Day: 6.01 a.m. 8.00 p.m. (Leq, 14h)
Night: 8.01 p.m. 6.00 a.m. (Leq, 10h)
Day
Night
60
35
(i)
(ii)
Residential
60
35
(iii)
75
65
Time Frame:
Proposed 3D Seismic Survey for Block 13 T
230
2.
109 dB (C)
114 dB (C)
Incinerators in which the waste serves as the fuel or supplementary fuel in an industrial process
(e.g. the use of cement kilns or any other industrial boilers or furnaces for the
disposal of noxious or hazardous materials).
Class 2:
Class 2A:
Industrial Incinerators
Commercial
Incinerators for the disposal of waste that contains hazardous, potential hazardous and biomedical waste where the operator exceeds 100 Kg/day.
Class 2B:
Incinerators for the disposal of hazardous, potential hazardous and bio-medical waste where the
operator does not exceed 100 kg/ day.
Class 3:
Incinerators for general waste that is non-toxic, non-hazardous, non-medical or does not contain
organic halogens, i.e., selected customs, police, contraband goods, office waste, commercial waste
and industrial wastes) where the operator does not exceed 1 ton/ day.
231
Parameter
Feeding and
Charging
Particulate Scrubbers
Primary
Combustion
Chamber
1.
2.
Secondary
Combustion
Chamber
3.
4.
No.
Parameter
Particulate
Removers
Chimney/Stack
Instrumentation
Cyclone separator
Electrostatic precipitators
Fabric filters
1. The chimney should have a minimum height of 10 meters
above ground level and clear the highest point of the building
by not less than 3 meters for all roofs. The topography and
height of adjacent buildings within 50 meters radius should be
taken into account.
2. If possible the chimney should be visible to the operator from
the feeding area.
3. The addition of dilution air after combustion in order to
achieve the requirement of these guidelines is unacceptable.
4. The minimum exit velocity should be 10 m/s and at least
twice the surrounding wind speed (Efflux velocity = wind
speed x 2) whichever is higher to ensure no down washing of
exiting gases. Point for the measurement of emissions shall
be provided.
1. Instrument for determining the inside wall temperature and
not burner flame temperature must be provided for both
primary and secondary chambers.
2. An audible and visible alarm must be installed to warn the
operator when the secondary temperature drops to below the
required temperature.
3. In addition to the above the following instruments may also
be required.
4. A carbon monoxide and/or oxygen meter/recorder.
A smoke density meter/recorder
A gas flow meter/recorder
A solid particulate meter/recorder
Any other instrument or measurement that may be
considered necessary
1. Must be sited in accordance with the relevant local municipal
authority planning scheme, the topography of the area and be
compatible with premises in the neighborhood.
Location/Siting
Emission Limits
233
No.
Parameter
C.E=
% CO2
x 100
% CO + CO
6. The Authority may require that the certificate holder have tests
carried out by an accredited institution to determine stack
and/or ground level concentrations of the following substances.
Cd
Mercury
Hg
Thallium
Tl
Chromium
Cr
Beryllium
Be
Arsenic
As
Antimony
Sb
Barium
Ba
Lead
Pb
Silver
Ag
Cobalt
Co
234
No.
Parameter
Cu
Manganese
Mn
Tin
Sn
Vanadium
Nickel
Ni
Hydrochloric
HCL
Hydrofluoric acid
HF
Sulphur dioxide
S02
21 Os
EM
21 - OM
Where:
Es
10
Operation
1.
EM
Os
OM
235
No.
Parameter
2.
11
Housekeeping
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
3.
4.
12
storage before
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
236