Bridges - EN - AcelorMittal
Bridges - EN - AcelorMittal
Bridges - EN - AcelorMittal
Bridges
Ravine Petit-Etang,
Ile de la Runion
Contents
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Your Partners
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Roadbridge in Differdingen, Luxembourg Bridge with a strong bending over the weak axis (see erection of two main girders on page 7).
recognition to their creators, whilst others to this construction. In addition to the spectacular
constructions, there are also innumerable
day bear silent witness to their achievement.
short and medium span bridges which attest
to these continuous developments and
Nowadays, long span suspension bridges,
cablestayed bridges, truss girder and composite highlight the fact that steel is the best choice
of material in the construction of bridges.
bridges figure among the high points of bridge
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Road bridge in Differdingen, Luxembourg - Erection of two main girders of a composite bridge by crane. The rolled
girders are curved along both cross-sectional axes in order to adapt them to the geometry of the road.
Aesthetics
In recent years, increasing demands have been made with respect
to the aesthetics of bridges. This trend has also been seen with
small construction works which do not come under the category
of prestigious projects. A bridge should now be attractive to look
at as well as functional. However, there is no standard solution for
satisfying this requirement. Careful design must lie at the heart of
every construction work and each project has its own parameters,
within which the designer can exercise his creative freedom.
The solution sought can be highly diverse, for example:
s fitting the new construction to the surrounding
environment, so that it does not dominate visually;
s design of an architecturally uniform work, of
which the bridge forms an integral part;
s expression of the stand-alone quality of the bridge;
s harmonisation of the structure with a given living space;
s possibility of adapting the work to future developments.
With rolled sections, the designer has at his disposal a very
powerful tool. By making use of their basic properties - in
particular high strength coupled with cost effectiveness
- he can also include these in a visual statement.
Footbridge near
Schifflange, Luxembourg
Principle beams with an
extreme curvature.
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5. Composite Bridges
Principle
Applications
5. Composite Bridges
prefabricated reinforced
concrete slab
Cross section
HL 1100 R
S 420 M
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Continuity
Depending on the overall bridge length and
transport conditions the beams may be
erected as unspliced pieces (delivered ex
works in lengths up to 34 m or in exceptional
cases up to 45 m) or site splicing will be
necessary. In the latter case both splicing by
butt welding and by bolting (high strength
friction grip bolts) have proved successful.
VDN bridge in Dakar, Senegal
Steel subgrades
Girders are cambered to compensate
for deflections under permanent loads.
Additional bending may be required to form
the girders to the shape of the longitudinal
profile. If the bridge is horizontally curved
bending along the weak axis may be
necessary. Both cambering and bending are
carried out in the rolling mill on a press.
Steel grades
Steel with a yield strength of
355 N/mm2 (S 355) and more recently of
460 N/mm2 (S 460) are used primarily.
With the latter type, special attention should
be paid to the stiffness requirements.
5. Composite Bridges
longitudinal reinforcement
shear studs
main girder
Railway bridge over the A23 motorway in Fretin, France - Four-span bridge with spans of 16.9 - 21.9 - 23.0 17.8 meters. The two continuous main girders and the bracings within spans are rolled beams; the cross beams at
supports are made of reinforced concrete.
end plate
bearing
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Deck slab
The deck consists of a non prestressed
concrete slab with longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement. Longitudinal reinforcement
of continuous decks must be specially
designed for crack width control.
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5. Composite Bridges
Prefabricated Slab
Overlapping bars
C 30/37
Concrete element
Wire mesh
Sealant
5. Composite Bridges
The Horlofftalbridge in Hungen (Germany) with eight spans constructed in 2006. For five spans partially prefabricated concrete beams with heavy rolled
beams in S460 have been used.
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Bridge at
Ste-Frontignan,
France
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Principle
A filler beam deck consists of a concrete
slab with stiff longitudinal reinforcement
made of rolled beams and transverse
reinforcement of steel bars.
Closely spaced steel beams and concrete
act compositely. Specific mechanical shear
connection is not required provided that
beams are cleaned to remove mill scale
and that certain, mainly mill geometrical
requirements, are met (refer to codes).
Multiple track railway bridge in Nienburg, Germany The longitudinal profile of the road and the tracks
greatly restrict the available construction depth.
Applications
Originally developed only for railway bridges,
over the last few decades filler beam decks
have also been widely and effectively used
for road bridges. It offers a robust, simple and
durable construction which does not require
any highly specialised labour. Due to their high
load carrying capacity, there are now a large
number of decks of this type still in use even
where the service conditions have changed.
Formwork
Transverse reinforcement
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Overbridge at motorway Interchange in Fameck, France Beams are bent horizontal to match road curvature.
Filler beam deck bridge in Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg - 19 m span; 0.65 m deck depth.
For aesthetic reasons the edge beams are not encased in concrete on the outer side.
Design
Considering the bridge deck in the longitudinal
direction, a composite structure is assumed
for the design. In the transverse direction
the deck behaves as a reinforced slab.
For ultimate limit state, plastic moment
resistance may generally be considered with
concrete in tension being neglected. For
the calculation of the deflections due to
superimposed dead loads and live loads, a partial
contribution of concrete in tension to flexural
stiffness is taken into account. Fatigue strength
of non-welded parts need not to be checked.
Steel grades S 235, S 275 and S 355 are
commonly used. For long spans, vertical
deflection under traffic loads usually does not
govern the design. Hence high strength grades
S 420 and S 460 provide cost advantages.
Lower side of a filler beam deck - Only the bottom flanges of beams are visible.
Beams
Longitudinal reinforcement of the slab consists
of rolled I-beams. The web spacing does not
exceed 75 cm. A clear distance of at least 15
cm between flanges is needed to allow pouring
of concrete. The upper flange is encased in
concrete with a cover of 7 to 15 cm, but
not exceeding 1/3 of the nominal section
depth. After completion of the deck, only the
soffit of the lower flanges remains visible.
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Reinforcement
In transverse direction non-prestressed
reinforcing bars contribute to carry the loads.
The lower bars are threaded through holes
in the steel webs whereas the upper bars
pass over the beams. Both reinforcements
are anchored beyond the outer beams.
Stirrups and reinforcing bars in longitudinal
direction are added according to the statical
requirement or for the control of cracking.
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Bearings
Pont de Cyrnos in Senegal - Bottom view on the filler beam deck and support.
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View on support.
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7. PreCoBeam Bridges
Single span bridge in Kerpen Horrem, Germany - 41.25 m long HE 1000 A beams used for prestressed composite girders of Preflex type.
Principle
When a rolled beam is bent the tension
flange is elastically stressed. In this state it
is encased in concrete. Shear connections
are provided for composite action.
After hardening of the concrete, bending
is released. The concrete part is thus
compressed - it is prestressed.
Applications
Prestressed composite girders have:
s a very high moment capacity; they are suited
to the construction of bridges carrying
heavy loads, in particular railway bridges;
s a very high stiffness; deflections
under service loading are small.
Due to these properties, prestressed girders
are particularly suited to structures when
the available construction depth is highly
restricted. The slenderness ratio value
(ratio of the span divided by the structural
depth) may reach 45 for road bridges.
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cambered beam
elastic bending
Half-through girder
railway bridge at Orgon, France
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Railway bridge over the Emile Mark street in Differdange, Luxembourg - The
replacement of an old deck with direct track fastening by a ballasted track bridge
required a structural system with minimized construction depth. A half-through
girder deck solved the problem. The picture shows the assembled steel framework
before concreting.
Principle
Main girders are arranged on both sides of the track. Their
lower flanges support a floor with a ballasted track.
Applications
Half-through construction is appropriate if available construction depth
is very small. Rolled beams used as main girders cover single spans
up to about 16 m for standard track. For multiple track lines separate
decks may be built without a need for increasing the track spacing.
This construction method is suited for both the construction
of new bridges and the replacement of existing decks. Also old
decks with direct fastening of the track can be replaced in decks
of modern form with ballasted track. Single span decks may
be completely prefabricated and brought into position during
temporary possession with minimal disruption to trains.
This example shows a bow-string bridge for the Mediterranean high speed railway line over the French highway A7 near Avignon (F). A filler beam deck has been used to span
transversally to the bridge axis.
A half-through girder deck during launching. It carries the new Mediterranean High
Speed Railway Line which was opened to traffic in 2002. The exposed flanges of the
transverse filler beams can be seen at the bottom side. The blue coloured part is the
launching nose.
The prestressing method described may be applied to the main girders and the encasing slab in order to
reload the concrete (SNCB-NMBS system). The resulting structure is extremely stiff.
Concrete
(2nd stage)
Ballasted track
Tension cable
Concrete (1st stage)
Extension of the Brussels - South Station for the Eurostar trains - A launching gantry
is used for fast erection of prefabricated prestressed composite decks.
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Costa Martina road bridge, Spain - Rolled beam truss girders, continuous over 3 span
of 60.6 - 121.2 - 60.6 m. The picture shows the bridge before the erection of the
precast slab elements on the upper chords.
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Pedestrian crossing of
Kirchberg, Luxembourg
Footbridge for the visitors of a leisure park in Wavre, Belgium - Through type bridge with thematic enclosure.
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Access footbridge to the building of the Court of Justice of the European Communities, Luxembourg - Architectural design based on lattice girders.
Half-through construction
Equipment
Footbridges are looked at from both short
and long distances. Therefore the design for
appearance of equipment, such as parapets,
lighting, etc. are particularly important.
Footbridges built to interconnect buildings
are mostly of the covered type. A lattice
girder form with the roof attached to
the top chords is then suitable.
Conclusion
The use of rolled beams in the construction
of footbridges and cycle track bridges
offers a number of advantages: simple
design, low fabrication costs, fast
erection, minimized disruption to existing
traffic, attractive forms and colours.
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Cutting of PreCoBeams
with the full-automatic
oxy-cutting process in the
finishing workshop.
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Surface Treatment
In addition to the significant aesthetic function (see chapter Design and Appearance)
surface treatment has to provide an effective protection against corrosion.
The following are conditions for a durable protection:
s careful surface preparation
s controlled application of the protective coating
s regular inspection during the life of the bridge and immediate repair of any damage.
Over the last few years, much progress has been made with respect to paint formulations,
their application, their durability and their environmental friendliness. In general,
modern coating systems last for at least 20 years before major maintenance.
Filler beam bridge built over a heavy traffic railway line High quality coating provides durable protection to
lower flanges.
Surface preparation
Blast clean SA 3
Coatings
Primer and intermediate coat to be applied in the workshop, top coat on site,
after completion of deck slab.
blast clean SA 3
painting
metal spraying
hot-dip galvanizing
galvanizing + painting (duplex system)
Primer and intermediate coats to be applied in the workshops,
top coat on site after concreting
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Reconstruction of bridge over the Nahe near Bad Mnster am Stein, Germany - This bridge is located in a nature reserve.
A composite deck was constructed on the existing piers.
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Technical
Advisory
& Finishing
Technical advisory
Finishing
Construction
Contact: [email protected]
drilling
flame cutting
T cut-outs
notching
cambering
curving
straightening
cold sawing to exact length
welding and fitting of studs
shot and sand blasting
surface treatment
www.constructalia.com
sections.arcelormittal.com
Photos:
SNCF, Nederlandse Spoorwegen, Christmann & Pfeifer, TUC RAIL, Fietz, Carlo Hommel, Oliver Hechler, Jean-Pierre Jacqueton,
Andreas Girkes, Falk Satzger, Claudine Bosseler, URSSA, Paul Wurth, IMW, SSF Ingenieure, Milestone Consulting Engineers
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