Plinth To Paramount 1
Plinth To Paramount 1
Plinth To Paramount 1
Plinth
to
Paramount
Indispensable forAll Competitive Exams
By
Neetu Singh
(Director)
Paramount Coaching Centre Pvt. Ltd.
Delhi
Published by:
Price: ` 300 /-
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in
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permission of the author and the publishers.
The publishers have taken utmost precaution in publishing the book, yet if any mistake has inadvertently crept in,
the publishers shall not be responsible for the same.
PREFACE
To the First Edition
Contents
1.
2.
TENSE ............................................................................................................................................... 25 40
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
P Pronoun
S.P Singular Pronoun
P.P Plural Pronoun
Adj. Adjective
Adv. Adverb
Prep Preposition
H.V Helping Verb
M.V Main Verb
Verb (Basic)
1 VERB
(BASIC)
CHAPTER
Verb
verb
'doing word'
Verb
Helping Verb
Main Verb
Primary Auxiliary Verbs
(Be, Do, Have)
Modals
1.
She
run
can
fast.
Modal
(b)
2.
M.V.
You should
study
English.
Modal
M.V.
MARGINAL AUXILIARY VERBS : Used to, need, dare Marginal Auxiliary Verbs
Modals
Main Verb (need
dare)
adjective (used to)
Verb (Basic)
H.V .
Adjective
Gerund
need
I
you.
2. (a)
M.V.
need
You
not
(b)
H.V.
come
tomorrow.
Direct infinitive
home late.
to
3. (a)
M.V.
I
dare
not
(b)
Infinitive
enter
H.V.
Direct infinitive
AUXILIARY VERBS
Rule (1): Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Verbs
Main Verbs
Helping
I can
lift
this box
H.V.
M.V
He should
hard.
work
H.V.
M.V
s/es-form
you friends.
V1
Used
Infinitive to + V1
to + V1
He used to
come
late.
to + V1
COULD
power
Could
ability
capacity
Past ability/ power/ capacity
Verb (Basic)
theoretical possibility
remote possibility
Could
'superfluous'
'more than
optative sentence
less possibility
more possibility
He might pass the exam but seeing his intelligence, I do not have much hope.
Rule (5):
Must
Verb (Basic)
first person
Subjects I/We
subjects
'will'
future
Modern English
'I'
interrogative sentence
'we'
'I'
'will'
'we'
'shall'
Will I go? ()
Shall I go? ()
Shall
second person
Subject you
command
compulsion
will
third person
promise
Advice
I
We
(a) Command
You shall leave the room at once.
(b) Promise
You shall be awarded.
I will help you come what may.
(c) Threat
Trespassers shall be prosecuted.
I will punish you.
(d) Determination
I will work hard and score good marks.
(e) Compulsion
You shall be here for the meeting.
I will have to finish this work.
Rule (2): Let us/ lets
Imperative sentences
Subjects He,
threat
question tags
'shall'
suggestions
subjects
Interrogative sentence
'will'
past
'Will/ shall'
'will/shall'
'would/ should'
Modal
verb
Verb (Basic)
English
simple
present tense
If, as soon as, in case, provided, unless, until, before, after, when. (Conditional
Sentence Chapter
WOULD
Rule (1): Would
Past habit
'preference'
'choice'
'rather'
Past
Past
'Will'
Past Tense
Routine Action
would + V1
used to + V1
returning home.
Rule (5): Would
Present
V2
Past
principal clause
were
suppose.
Rule (6):'Would'
'will'
Past form
Indirect speech
He said, He will go there.
(Direct)
He said that he would go there.
(Indirect)
English from Plinth to Paramount
Verb (Basic)
Polite request
Probability
He would be sleeping.
Rule (9): Would
wish
wish
SHOULD
Rule (1): Should
suggestion (
'advice'
lest
negative purpose
OUGHT TO
Rule (1): Ought to
moral obligation
duty
MUST
compulsion
fixed determination
duty
USED TO
Used to
Past habit/situation
Verb (Basic)
()
()
affirmative, negative
(i) Used to
(a)
(b)
(c)
Interrogative sentences
Affirmative
He used to come here.
Negative
He used not to come here.
He did not use to come here.
Interrogative
Used he to come here?
Did he use to come here?
'Verb + used to'
'V1 + ing'
'habitual action'
I am used to getting
Verbs/adjective/phrase
'V1 + ing'
'to'
to
V1
Be used to, accustomed to, averse to, with a view to, addicted to, devoted to, in
addition to, look forward to, object to, owing to, given to, taken to, prone to.
1. He is addicted to smoking.
2. I am looking forward to meeting you.
3. He was used to driving on the right when he was in London.
'Need'
'Dare'
Dare
Need
Main Verb
modal
(1) He needs
me.
M. V
need
(3) You
Need
Dare
modal
+ve
I need
(1)
help
. ()
him
Sub.
modal
V1
Obj.
(2) I n
eed to help him. ()
M.V
Infinitive
Verb (Basic)
'dare'
'need'
+ve
'to + V1'
need
dare
-ve
helping verb
need
dare
'to'
(1) I need not come tomorrow.
(2) He dare not cheat anyone again.
Modals
M odals
Can
Could
May
Would
Voice
M ODALS
Use
Friendly request
Formal request
Request with respect
Polite Request
Modals
Example
Can I take your bike?
Could I talk to Mr. Singh?
May I come in Sir?
Would you help me?
formulae
ACTIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE
Indefinite
Sub+modal+V1+obj.
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
formulae
Modals
'Perfect'
Modal
verb
'V1' form
formula
(2)
Verb (Basic)
(4)
verbs
Done
Do/ D oes Did
forms
V3
V2
V1
I do
my work.
(a)
M.V.
I did
him.
not know
(b)
H.V.
2. Have
(i)
M.V .
Has/ have
Had
Had
forms
V2
V1
V3
possession
Have
I have
a car.
M.V.
(ii)
'helping verb'
Have
Perfect
(a) I have
him.
not seen
M. V .
H.V.
(b) I h
ad been waiting
H .V .
M.V.
Have + infinitive
forced action
(a) I have to work hard.
(b) She had to leave her job.
3. Be
(a)
(b)
H.V.
M. V.
I
am a doctor
V1
V2
V3
M.V
He
was
working
hard.
H.V
(b)
Be,
is, am, are was,
were
been
forms
M.V
He
has been
to London.
H.V
M.V
MAIN VERB
I.
MAIN VERBS:
V3, ing-form,
I know
you.
Verbs Sentence
s/es-form
Main verbs
Main verb
V1, V2,
V1
I knew
you.
V2
I have known
Verb (Basic)
'Main verb'
tense
forms
FORMS OF VERB
1. Present (1 form)
3. Past Participle (3rd form)
st
GROUP - I
Present
(1st Form)
Arise
Awake
Be
Bear
Bear
Become
Begin
Bite
Blow
Bind
Bid
Break
Choose
Cling
Come
Dig
Do
Draw
Drink
Drive
Eat
Fall
Find
Fly
Forbid
Forget
Freeze
Get
Give
Grind
Grow
Hang
10
Past
(2nd Form)
arose
awoke
was, were
bore
bore
became
began
bit
blew
bound
bade
broke
chose
clung
came
dug
did
drew
drank
drove
ate
fell
found
flew
forbade
forgot
froze
got
gave
ground
grew
hung
P. Participle
(3rd Form)
arisen
awaken
been
born
borne
become
begun
bitten
blown
bound
bidden
broken
chosen
clung
come
dug
done
drawn
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
found
flown
forbidden
forgotten
frozen
got
given
ground
grown
hung
ing Form
s/es Form
arising
awaking
being
bearing
bearing
becoming
beginning
biting
blowing
binding
bidding
breaking
choosing
clinging
coming
digging
doing
drawing
drinking
driving
eating
falling
finding
flying
forbidding
forgetting
freezing
getting
giving
grinding
growing
hanging
arises
awakes
is/was
bears
bears
becomes
begins
bites
blows
binds
bids
breaks
chooses
clings
comes
digs
does
draws
drinks
drives
eats
falls
finds
flies
forbids
forgets
freezes
gets
gives
grinds
grows
hangs
Verb (Basic)
Hide
Hold
Know
Lie
Ride
Ring
Rise
See
Shake
Shine
Shoot
Shrink
Sing
Sink
Sit
Slay
Speak
Spit
Stand
Steal
Stick
Strike
Swear
Swim
Swing
Take
Tear
Wear
Weave
Win
Wind
Write
Wring
hid
held
knew
lay
rode
rang
rose
saw
shook
shone
shot
shrank
sang
sank
sat
slew
spoke
spat
stood
stole
stuck
struck
swore
swam
swung
took
tore
wore
wove
won
wound
wrote
wrung
hidden
held
known
lain
ridden
rung
risen
seen
shaken
shone
shot
shrunk
sung
sunk
sat
slain
spoken
spat
stood
stolen
stuck
struck
sworn
swum
swung
taken
torn
worn
woven
won
wound
written
wrung
hiding
holding
knowing
lying
riding
ringing
rising
seeing
shaking
shining
shooting
shrinking
singing
sinking
sitting
slaying
speaking
spitting
standing
stealing
sticking
striking
swearing
swimming
swinging
taking
tearing
wearing
weaving
winning
winding
writing
wringing
hides
holds
knows
lies
rides
rings
rises
sees
shakes
shines
shoots
shrinks
sings
sinks
sits
slays
speaks
spits
stands
steals
sticks
strikes
swears
swims
swings
takes
tears
wears
weaves
wins
winds
writes
wrings
GROUP II
2
Present
(1st Form)
Abuse
Act
nd
3rd form
Past
(2nd Form)
abused
acted
1st form
P. Participle
3rd Form)
abused
acted
ed, en
ing Form
s/es Form
abusing
acting
abuses
acts
11
Verb (Basic)
Add
Admire
Advise
Allow
Answer
Appoint
Appear
Arrive
Arrest
Ask
Attack
Bark
Bathe
Beg
Believe
Behave
Bleed
Bless
Break
Bring
Boil
Boast
Borrow
Build
Burn
Buy
Call
Carry
Catch
Clean
Close
Change
Check
Climb
Clap
Copy
Collect
Complain
Cook
Count
Confuse
12
added
admired
advised
allowed
answered
appointed
appeared
arrived
arrested
asked
attacked
barked
bathed
begged
believed
behaved
bled
blessed
broke
brought
boiled
boasted
borrowed
built
burnt
bought
called
carried
caught
cleaned
closed
changed
checked
climbed
clapped
copied
collected
complained
cooked
counted
confused
added
admired
advised
allowed
answered
appointed
appeared
arrived
arrested
asked
attacked
barked
bathed
begged
believed
behaved
bled
blessed
broken
brought
boiled
boasted
borrowed
built
burnt
bought
called
carried
caught
cleaned
closed
changed
checked
climbed
clapped
copied
collected
complained
cooked
counted
confused
adding
admiring
advising
allowing
answering
appointing
appearing
arriving
arresting
asking
attacking
barking
bathing
begging
believing
behaving
bleeding
blessing
breaking
bringing
boiling
boasting
borrowing
building
burning
buying
calling
carrying
catching
cleaning
closing
changing
checking
climbing
clapping
copying
collecting
complaining
cooking
counting
confusing
adds
admires
advises
allows
answers
appoints
appears
arrives
arrests
asks
attacks
barks
bathes
begs
believes
behaves
bleeds
blesses
breaks
brings
boils
boasts
borrows
builds
burns
buys
calls
carries
catches
cleans
closes
changes
checks
climbs
claps
copies
collects
complains
cooks
counts
confuses
Verb (Basic)
Consult
Cover
Crow
Cross
Creep
Cry
Decorate
Dance
Deceive
Defeat
Decide
Desire
Discover
Dip
Die
Divide
Dream
Dry
Drown
Dye
Earn
Enter
Employ
Explain
Face
Fail
Fear
Feed
Feel
Fell
Flee
Fight
Finish
Fine
Float
Graze
Gather
Have
Hate
Hang
English from Plinth to Paramount
consulted
covered
crowed
crossed
crept
cried
decorated
danced
deceived
defeated
decided
desired
discovered
dipped
died
divided
dreamed
dried
drowned
dyed
earned
entered
employed
explained
faced
failed
feared
fed
felt
felled
fled
fought
finished
fined
floated
grazed
gathered
had
hated
hanged
consulted
covered
crowed
crossed
crept
cried
decorated
danced
deceived
defeated
decided
desired
discovered
dipped
died
divided
dreamed
dried
drowned
dyed
earned
entered
employed
explained
faced
failed
feared
fed
felt
felled
fled
fought
finished
fined
floated
grazed
gathered
had
hated
hanged
consulting
covering
crowing
crossing
creeping
crying
decorating
dancing
deceiving
defeating
deciding
desiring
discovering
dipping
dying
dividing
dreaming
drying
drowning
dyeing
earning
entering
employing
explaining
facing
failing
fearing
feeding
feeling
felling
fleeing
fighting
finishing
fining
floating
grazing
gathering
having
hating
hanging
consults
covers
crows
crosses
creeps
cries
decorates
dances
deceives
defeats
decides
desires
discovers
dips
dies
divides
dreams
dries
drowns
dyes
earns
enters
employs
explains
faces
fails
fears
feeds
feels
fells
flees
fights
finishes
fines
floats
grazes
gathers
has
hates
hangs
13
Verb (Basic)
Hear
Help
Improve
Invite
Join
Jump
Keep
Kill
Knit
Kneel
Lay
heard
helped
improved
invited
joined
jumped
kept
killed
knitted
knelt
laid
heard
helped
improved
invited
joined
jumped
kept
killed
knitted
knelt
laid
hearing
helping
improving
inviting
joining
jumping
keeping
killing
knitting
kneeling
laying
hears
helps
improves
invites
joins
jumps
keeps
kills
knits
kneels
lays
Lie
Laugh
Learn
Leave
Lend
Lose
Like
Listen
Look
Live
Love
Lead
Marry
Make
Mean
Meet
Move
Melt
Mend
Mix
Name
Need
Nip
Obey
Open
Order
Oppose
Pay
lied
laughed
learned
left
lent
lost
liked
listened
looked
lived
loved
led
married
made
meant
met
moved
melted
mended
mixed
named
needed
nipped
obeyed
opened
ordered
opposed
paid
lied
laughed
learned
left
lent
lost
liked
listened
looked
lived
loved
led
married
made
meant
met
moved
melted
mended
mixed
named
needed
nipped
obeyed
opened
ordered
opposed
paid
lying
laughing
learning
leaving
lending
losing
liking
listening
looking
living
loving
leading
marrying
making
meaning
meeting
moving
melting
mending
mixing
naming
needing
nipping
obeying
opening
ordering
opposing
paying
lies
laughs
learns
leaves
lends
loses
likes
listens
looks
lives
loves
leads
marries
makes
means
meets
moves
melts
mends
mixes
names
needs
nips
obeys
opens
orders
opposes
pays
14
Verb (Basic)
Play
Pray
Praise
Preach
Peep
Plant
Pluck
Prepare
Pull
Prevent
Punish
Prove
Promise
Push
Plough
Quarrel
Rain
Reply
Reach
Receive
Refuse
Rest
Resign
Repair
Remember
Return
Roar
Say
Seek
Sell
Save
Saw
Send
Select
Sleep
Stand
Stay
Spend
Stop
English from Plinth to Paramount
played
prayed
praised
preached
peeped
planted
plucked
prepared
pulled
prevented
punished
proved
promised
pushed
ploughed
quarrelled
rained
replied
reached
received
refused
rested
resigned
repaired
remembered
returned
roared
said
sought
sold
saved
sawed
sent
selected
slept
stood
stayed
spent
stopped
played
prayed
praised
preached
peeped
planted
plucked
prepared
pulled
prevented
punished
proved
promised
pushed
ploughed
quarrelled
rained
replied
reached
received
refused
rested
resigned
repaired
remembered
returned
roared
said
sought
sold
saved
sawed
sent
selected
slept
stood
stayed
spent
stopped
playing
praying
praising
preaching
peeping
planting
plucking
preparing
pulling
preventing
punishing
proving
promising
pushing
ploughing
quarrelling
raining
replying
reaching
receiving
refusing
resting
resigning
repairing
remembering
returning
roaring
saying
seeking
selling
saving
sawing
sending
selecting
sleeping
standing
staying
spending
stopping
plays
prays
praises
preaches
peeps
plants
plucks
prepares
pulls
prevents
punishes
proves
promises
pushes
ploughs
quarrels
rains
replies
reaches
receives
refuses
rests
resigns
repairs
remembers
returns
roars
says
seeks
sells
saves
saws
sends
selects
sleeps
stands
stays
spends
stops
15
Verb (Basic)
Sweep
Study
Slip
Talk
Tell
Teach
Think
Tie
Touch
Try
Trust
Use
Understand
Walk
Wash
Wait
Weep
Work
Watch
Wish
Wander
Waste
Wed
Wound
Worship
Wonder
Wrap
Yield
swept
studied
slipped
talked
told
taught
thought
tied
touched
tried
trusted
used
understood
walked
washed
waited
wept
worked
watched
wished
wandered
wasted
wedded
wounded
worshipped
wondered
wrapped
yielded
swept
sweeping
sweeps
studied
studying
studies
slipped
slipping
slips
talked
talking
talks
told
telling
tells
taught
teaching
teaches
thought
thinking
thinks
tied
tying
ties
touched
touching
touches
tried
trying
tries
trusted
trusting
trusts
used
using
uses
understood understanding understands
walked
walking
walks
washed
washing
washes
waited
waiting
waits
wept
weeping
weeps
worked
working
works
watched
watching
watches
wished
wishing
wishes
wandered
wandering
wanders
wasted
wasting
wastes
wedded
wedding
weds
wounded
wounding
wounds
worshipped
worshipping worships
wondered
wondering
wonders
wrapped
wrapping
wraps
yielded
yielding
yields
GROUP III
Present
(1st Form)
Bid
Bet
Burst
Cast
Cost
Cut
Hurt
16
Verbs
forms
Past
(2nd Form)
bid
bet
burst
cast
cost
cut
hurt
P. Participle
(3rd Form)
bid
bet
burst
cast
cost
cut
hurt
ing Form
s/es Form
bidding
betting
bursting
casting
costing
cutting
hurting
bids
bets
bursts
casts
costs
cuts
hurts
Verb (Basic)
Let
Put
Read
Set
Shed
Shut
Spread
Thrust
Quit
* Read
Study
let
put
read
set
shed
shut
spread
thrust
quit
Study
let
put
read
set
shed
shut
spread
thrust
quit
letting
lets
putting
puts
reading
reads
setting
sets
shedding
sheds
shutting
shuts
spreading
spreads
thrusting
thrusts
quitting
quits
Read
Magazine,
newspaper
CONFUSING PAIR
1. Bear
Bear
2. Fall
Fell
3. Find
Found
4. Grind
Ground
5. Hang
Hang
6. Lie
Lie
Lay
7. Rend
Rent
8. Rise
Raise
Raze
9. See
Saw
10. Wind
Wound
11. Fly
Flow
bore
bore
fell
felled
found
founded
ground
grounded
hanged
hung
lied
lay
born
borne
fallen
felled
found
founded
ground
grounded
hanged
hung
lied
lain
laid
laid
rent
rented
rose
raised
razed
saw
sawed
wound
wounded
flew
rent
rented
risen
raised
razed
seen
sawed/sawn
wound
wounded
flown
flowed
flowed
17
Verb (Basic)
Noun
2.
A
d vice
d vise
V e rb
4.
Affect
Effect
Assure
7.
Hear
Heal
Prescribe
Adopt
Verb
10.
Allude
Verb
18
Verb
Brought
Compose
Comprise
Verb
Deface
15.
Deprecate
17.
Proscribe
18.
Verb
Envelop
Excite
Verb
Adept
19.
Elude
20.
Verb
Incite
Verb
Flaunt
Verb
Hoard
Loathe
Verb
Verb
Envelope
Noun
Verb
Adj.
Flout
Depreciate
Verb
Verb
Verb
Efface
Verb
Verb
Noun
Adapt
Bought
Verb
Heel
Emend
Verb
14.
16.
Verb
Verb
9.
Insure
Listen
Verb
8.
Ensure
Verb
Verb
Verb
Noun/ Verb
Verb
6.
13.
Noun
Verb
5.
12.
Complain Complaint
Verb
Amend
Verb
Verb
Noun
3.
11.
Practice
Practise
Horde
Noun
Loath
Adj.
Verb (Basic)
21.
22.
23.
24.
Lose
Loss
Verb
Loose
Noun
Mitigate
Militate
29.
Verb
Verb
Pour
28.
Adj.
30.
Precede
Verb
Prey
Verb
Noun
Rout
Route
Root
Censure
Censor
Verb
27.
Verb
33.
Look
Verb
Cite
Verb
Noun
Noun
Defuse
Verb
Desert
Dessert
Verb
Sever
Verb/Noun
Noun
(V)
Severe
sweet
dish
Adj
Glance
Verb/Noun
Sewer
Noun
Glimpse
Noun
(V)
(N)
(N)
(V)
(N)
Burn
Verb
Verb
Diffuse
Verb
Noun
(V)
Light
Catch
Verb
Sight
Noun
Stare
/ Glower
Peep
Glare
Appearance(N)
36.
Site
Verb
Verb
Verb/Noun
Adj
Tiptoe
Meals
(V)
35.
Toe
Noun
Noun
Noun
Verb
34. See
Tow
Verb
32.
26.
(V)
Verb
31.
(N)
Waive
Verb
Verb
Noun
Proceed
Pray
Pore
Verb
Verb
25.
Wave
Noun/Verb
Noun
Hold
Verb/Noun
Verb/Noun
(V)
(N)
English from Plinth to Paramount
(V)
(N)
19
Verb (Basic)
37.
Canvass
38.
Refuse
39.
Verb
Canvas
Noun
Deny / Re fute
Verb
Decline
Verb
Verb
Peddle
Verb
Pedal
Noun/Verb
(N), Pedal
40.
Ride
Drive
Verb/Noun
Verb/Noun
(N)
41.
(V)
Wither
(V)
Weather
Verb
(N)
Whether
(V)
Whither
Conj.
Adj.
Where
('Whether ... or' Co-relative
42.
Sink
43.
Cease
Drown
Verb
Verb
Verb
Seize
44. Invent
Verb
Verb
Discover
Verb
vc uhpsfn,x;sokD;ksaesamijksDr'kCnksadkiz;ksxns[ksa&
1. The servant
lay
3.
Practice
makes a man perfect.
Noun
4.
20
Practise
the questions given in the assignment.
Verb
Verb (Basic)
.
Noun
6. Do not advise
me.
Verb
Noun
Verb
Verb
'to'
arrest.
Verb
comprise
(a) He was so inquisitive/ (b) that he rose many/ (c) questions in the class ./ (d) No
error.
(a) He was borne of poor parents,/ (b) but brought up/ (c) in an affluent family./ (d)
No error.
(a) The university was/ (b) found in 1950/ (c) when India was not self dependent in
many aspects./ (d) No error.
(a) I complaint against him/ (b) as in spite of my repeated warnings/ (c) he failed to
mend his ways./ (d) No error.
(a) Failure must not have/ (b) permanent affect on a person/ (c)because only the
tough survives./ (d) No error.
(a) I keep my cool/ (b) and never loose my temper/ (c) even when provoked/ (d) No
error.
(a) He lied on the grass/ (b) for hours/ (c) enjoying the cool breeze./ (d) No error.
(a) During the rainy season/ (b) many rivers overflew their banks/ (c) and caused
great difficulty./ (d) No error.
(a) He lay his luggage/ (b) aside and lay down/ (c) to rest for a while ./ (d) No error.
21
Verb (Basic)
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
22
(a) When calamity fell the village,/ (b) they faced it/ (c) bravely./ (d) No error.
(a) The assassin was convicted/ (b) and ordered to/ (c) be hung./ (d) No error.
(a) If I leave now,/ (b) I will not be able to/ (c) return back before 9 p.m ./ (d) No error.
(a) When the company offered him a purse on his retirement/ (b) he refused to/ (c)
agree it ./ (d) No error.
(a) The timid creature was driven/ (b) into a narrow lane/ (c) where it was slewed
by the kidnapper./ (d) No error.
(a) Being implicated in a murder case,/ (b) he was conclusively suspected/ (c) for
all the unsovled murder cases./ (d) No error.
(a) My brother thinks/ (b) that somebody must have dared/ (c) him steal the scooter./
(d) No error.
(a) When I was young,/ (b) I can run/ (c) faster than Mohan./ (d) No error.
(a) Harish needs not/ (b) come here/ (c) as it is getting dark./ (d) No error.
(a) He dare/ (b) not to/ (c) go there/ (d) No error.
(a) I use to/ (b) play Hockey/ (c) when I was ten year old./ (d) No error.
(a) A soldier/ (b) could fight/ (c) for his country and save his country's honour./ (d)
No error.
(a) I would rather/ (b) die/ (c) then beg./ (d) No error.
(a) Run fast/ (b) lest you/ (c) will miss the train/ (d) No error.
(a) He hoped/ (b) that he will/ (c) pass the exam with flying colours./ (d) No error.
(a) You need to work hard/ (b) but you need not/ (c) to waste time on unimportant
lessons/ (d) No error.
(a) She would broke/ (b) a plate every day/ (c) when she came to Delhi last month./
(d) No error.
(a) The old lady/ (b) prayed that he/ (c) may live long./ (d) No error.
(a) Rama must not to/ (b) have treated his mistress/ (c) like that./ (d) No error.
(a) Waste material/ (b) should be recycle/ (c) if possible/ (d) No error.
(a) The Government cannot/ (b) be able to contain/ (c) Encephalitis by spending
just 1% of GDP on Health sector./ (d) No error.
(a) The police think/ (b) that he may be there/ (c) yesterday at the scene of crime./
(d) No error.
(a) "He may live long"/ (b) his sad mother/ (c) prayed./ (d) No error.
(a) He returned the purse/ (b) though he could keep/ (c) it very easily./ (d) No error.
(a) When you were young/ (b) you ought to learn/ (c) good habits./ (d) No error.
(a) If you get good marks/ (b) I shall happy/ (c) as much as you./ (d) No error.
(a) We ought to/ (b) honest/ (c) in our dealings./ (d) No error.
(a) It is very cold here/ (b) I should bring/ (c) my woolen clothes but I didn't./ (d) No error.
(a) Are you/ (b) used to get/ (c) up early./ (d) No error.
(a) Our knowledge of history does not come to our help/ (b) and sometimes we even
fail to remember/ (c) who invented America./ (d) No error.
(a) I think/ (b) the news/ (c) might true./ (d) No error.
English from Plinth to Paramount
Verb (Basic)
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
(a) Very soon/ (b) I realised/ (c) that he is at fault/ (d) No error.
(a) He remembered/ (b) that his visa/ (c) will be expired in a month/ (d) No error.
(a) I wasnt/ (b) at the last meeting and/ (c) neither was you/ (d) No error.
(a) In any case no disciplinary action/ (b) are required/ (c) to be taken/ (d) No error.
(a) The capital of Yemen/ (b) is situating/ (c) 2190 metres above the sea level/ (d)
No error.
(a) Owing to the heavy rains,/ (b) the ship drowned/ (c) in the middle of the ocean./
(d) No error.
(a) If your jogging clothes/ (b) were not made of/ (c) permeable fabric you will drown/
(d) in your sweat.
V 2)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
Bear
found
Complain (V1)
'Affect' (V)
loose (adj.)
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(c)
13.
14.
15.
(c)
(c)
(b)
16.
(c)
17.
18.
19.
(b)
(a)
(b)
20.
(a)
lie
V2 'lay
'Lie'
V2 'lied'
Overflow
V2 'overflowed'
lay
V2 laid
'fell'
'befell'
'Befall'
/
hang
V2
V3 hung
'Hang'
V2
V3 'hanged'
return
back
repeat
again
enter
into
'agree'
accept
Slay
V3 slain
slewed.
'Conclusively'
'putting an end to debate, question or doubt'. 'Suspect'
'conclusively'
'self contradictory'
steal
to
Dare
'main verb'
'infinitive' 'to +
V1 '
'to steal'
Past Tense ability
can
'could'
needs Main verb
modal
needs
'need'
dare
modal
to go
'go'
Modal
'V1'
'to + V1'
I used to
'I use to'
routine action
V3 'born'
'Bear'
V3 'borne'
founded
'found'
V3 founded
V2
V3 'Complained'
'Complaint' (Noun)
'effect' (N)
Lose (V)
'Lose my temper'
23
Verb (Basic)
21.
22.
23.
24.
(b)
(c)
(c)
(b)
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
(c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(b)
'used to + V1'
'could'
'must'
'then'
'than'
'would rather'
'than'
'will'
'should'
'lest'
'should'
'will'
'would'
'Past Tense'
'would'
'will'
'to waste'
'waste'
'need not'
'V1'
'would'
'V1'
V2
'broke'
'break'
'may'
'might'
'Past'
'To'
structure
'must + not + have + V3.'
'should be'
'V3'
'V1'
'recycle'
'recycled'
'be able to'
'Cannot'
'be able to'
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(c)
May
Might
yesterday
'Past'
May he live long
wish
Could keep
could have kept
Ought to learn
Ought to have learnt
Shall
Main verb be
Ought to
be
Should bring
should have brought
get
getting
habitual action
invented
discovered
Might
be
'is'
'was'
'Past Tense'
'will'
'would'
'Past Tense'
'was'
'were'
'You'
'were'
'are'
'is'
subject 'disciplinary action' singular
'situating'
'situated'
'sink'
'drowned'
'sank' (V2)
'will'
'would'
'Past Tense'
24
Tense
TENSE
CHAPTER
Tense
TENSE
1. Present
2. Past
Sub-Division:- Indefinite
formula
Continuous
3. Future
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
confusing
CONFUSING PAIR :
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Simple Present
Continous
Present Perfect
Simple Past
(1)
(i)
Routine action
(ii)
Newspaper
and
and
and
and
Present Continuous
Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Perfect
Regular action
Irregular action
Habits
- He smokes.
Universal truth
headlines
sports
commentary
PM signs deal.
Sachin strikes the ball and off it goes across the boundary line.
(iii)
planned
Tense
plural
singular
'what'
'what'
'question form'
(3)
'what'
verb
sub
Subject match
'what'
'Question form'
'sentence form'
main sub
verb
SIMPLE PAST
simple past
I saw you but you did not see me.
Formulae:
Sub + V2 + obj
Sub + did not (didn't) + V1 + obj
Did + Sub + V1 + obj ?
Did + Sub + not + V1 + obj ?
Didn't + sub + V1 + obj ?
26
Tense
verb
'It's time'
2nd form
sub
sub
'It's time'
to
to
verb
Ist form
do, does
did
main verb
main verb 'v1' form
Helping verb
do, does
did
positive
main verb
Past Tense
I have come yesterday ()
I came yesterday ()
SIMPLE FUTURE
Modals
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
27
Tense
Is/am/are
Is he/she/it/name/singular
Am I
Are you/we/they/all/plural
My father is working in a bank and my brother is studying is a school. ()
My father works in a bank and my brother studies in a school. ( )
'routine'
Present Continuous
'simple present'
routine action
present continuous
tense
I am preparing for competitive exams now-a-days.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Was/were
Was He/she/it/name/singular/I
Were You/we/they/plural/all
28
sub
'main verb'
'were'
'were'
'helping verb'
Tense
were
1. I wish, I
a bird.
M. V .
were
sleeping.
2. He pretended as if he
H.V.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
continuous tense
verbs
'ing' form
,slsVERBSdh lwph
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Verbs of Perception- See, taste, smell, hear, prefer, please, notice, recognize.
Verbs of Thinking Process- Think, know, mean, mind, remember, suppose.
Verbs Showing Possession- Own, have, belong, comprise, possess, contain, consist.
Verbs expressing Feelings or State of Mind- Believe, like, dislike, love, adore,
want, wish, desire, hate, agree, trust, imagine.
(5) Verbs in General- Look, seem, appear, affect, resemble, cost, require, become,
hope, refuse.
1. He is owing a car. ()
He owns a car. ()
2. This house is belonging to me. ()
This house belongs to me. ()
3. I am not meaning anything wrong. ()
I don't mean anything wrong. ()
4. I am seeing a man standing there. ()
I see a man standing there. ()
'have'
/ enjoy
'have'
'have'
'ing'
'ing'
'have'
29
Tense
'ing'
'ing' form
eg- 2
Gerund
Present participle
3.
verb
V1 +ing
PRESENT PERFECT
Present
perfect Tense
We have progressed a lot.
We have reached the moon.
Formulae:
+ Ve
- Ve
Tense
Has/have
has - He/ She/ It/ Name/Singular
have- I/ We/ They/ You/ Plural/ All
1. Science has given us many new inventions. ()
2. We have reached the moon. ()
main verb
had ( had
Past perfect
Formulae
fit
2.
perfect tense
'yet'
present perfect
I
haven't
seen him
India
since he
left
.
Present perfect
Simple past
present perfect
1.
modal
perfect form
2.
Simple past
since
simple past
since
Simple past
Present perfect
31
Tense
PAST PERFECT
1. I saw him before he stopped his car. ()
I had seen him before he stopped his car. ()
2. Before he understood anything the robber fled. ()
Before he understood anything the robber had fled. ()
3. I met him after I finished my work. ()
I met him after I had finished my work. ()
4. By the time I reached the theatre, the show started. ()
By the time I reached the theatre, the show had started. ()
5. When Anand reached his village, he found that the news about him had preceded
him. ()
formation
st
formation
Before
formation
formation
By the time
2nd action
1st action
,
Simple Past Past Perfect
Past
Past perfect
Past tense.
Formulae:
+ Ve Sub + had + V3 + obj
- Ve
Sub + had + not (hadn't) + V3 + obj
Ques Had + sub + V3 + obj ?
Had + sub +not + V3 + obj ?
Hadn't + sub + V3 + obj ?
Simple
When Anand reached his village, he found that the news about him had preceded him.
32
Anand
(Simple Past)
(Precede
'past perfect tense'
'news
News
action 'simple past'
Past perfect tense
English from Plinth to Paramount
Tense
FUTURE PERFECT
Future Perfect
You will have finished your syllabus by this time next year.
sentence formation
By the time I
reach
the
station,
train
will
have left.
the
By the time,
Simple Present
Future Perfect
+ Ve
- Ve
the
.
Simple Present
Future Perfect
2. By the time I
reached
the station
train
had left
, the
.
Simple Past
Past Perfect
Formulae:
+ Ve
- Ve
Sub + has/ have + not + been + V1 + ing + obj+ for/ since + time.
Sub + hasn't/ haven't + been + V1 + ing + obj+ for/ since + time.
Ques Has/ have + Sub + + been + V1+ ing + obj + for/ since + time?
33
Tense
For-
'For'
Since-
since
'since'
Calendar
Since
Days
Monday, Tuesday etc.
Dates
7th May, 8th July etc.
Years
2005, 2007 etc.
Months
May, June etc.
Occasions Holi, Diwali etc.
Clock
Stages of life
34
Tense
Formulae: + Ve
- Ve
Ques
: 'ing'
continuous/perfect continuous
tense
verb 'ing' form
'verbs'
continuous tense
indefinite tense
I am knowing you. ()
I know you. ()
2.
verbs 'perfect continuous'
'Perfect Tense'
I have been knowing him for five years. ()
I have known him for five years. ()
3. For/Since
perfect and perfect continuous
tense
I have been living in Delhi for five years. ()
I had known him for two years. ()
4.
Since + time
perfect
perfect
continuous tense
I ate nothing since morning. ()
1.
verbs
(a) I have not seen him since twenty years/ (b) and so I cannot say with certainty/
(c) whether he is alive or dead./ (d) No error
2.
(a) When he did not find his cook in the kitchen/ (b) he asked his wife/ (c) where
had he gone./ (d) No error
3.
(a) Although I am playing cricket/ (b) for more than three years/ (c) I have not been
able to score a century/ (d) No error
4.
(a) I do not know where could he have gone/ (b) so early/ (c) in the morning./ (d) No error
5.
(a) By the time/ (b) we got our tickets and entered the cinema theatre,/ (c) the
show was already begun./ (d) No error
6.
(a) By the time/ (b) we will get our tickets and enter the cinema theatre,/ (c) the
show will have already begun./ (d) No error
7.
(a) Gowri told me/ (b) his name after/ (c) he left./ (d) No error
35
Tense
8.
(a) we have been/ (b) celebrating many festivals/ (c) since centuries./ (d) No error
9.
(a) Old age and infirmity/ (b) had began to/ (c) catch up with him./ (d) No error
10.
(a) The passer-by told us/ (b) where was the marriage hall/ (c) and even led us to it./
(d) No error
11.
(a) I have passed / (b) the examination/ (c) two years ago/ (d) No error
12.
(a) Since he joined/ (b) this post, he did not take/ (c) any bribe./ (d) No error
13.
(a) Perhaps you know/ (b) that I have passed/ (c) the examination in 1990./ (d) No
error
14.
(a) He has read four plays/ (b) written by Shakespeare/ (c) by the end of his vacation./
(d) No error
15.
(a) When they stole / (b) the money/ (c) and where did they hide it?./ (d) No error
16.
(a) The teacher/ (b) has took/ (c) the responsibility/ (d) No error.
17.
(a) For time immemorial/ (b) sea shells have been used by man/ (c) in many ways./ (d)
No error
18.
(a) The river is in spate/ (b) and it has overflown/ (c) its banks./ (d) No error
19.
(a) The little boy/ (b) had been waiting for his turn/ (c) since a long time./ (d) No
error
20.
(a) This T.V. serial/ (b) is going on/ (c) for 3 years./ (d) No error
21.
22.
(a) This is turned out to be/ (b) one of our most successful projects/ (c) and we have
made quite/ (d) a large profit from it./ (e) No error
23.
(a) He is given me/ (b) a lot of documents/ (c) to read before/ (d) the presentation
tomorrow./ (e) No error
24.
(a) Since the trip home/ (b) was expensive I/ (c) did not went home/ (d) during the
holidays./ (e) No error
25.
(a) As she is late/ (b) for work yesterday she decided/ (c) to skip breakfast and/ (d)
leave for office./ (e) No error
26.
(a) As soon as the CEO entered the office, the/ (b) union leaders approached him/
(c) and report the matter to him./ (d) No error
27.
(a) The college/ (b) is running a computer course/ (c) since 2007./ (d) No error
28.
(a) Did he tell you/ (b) why he hasnt/ (c) come yesterday?/ (d) No error
29.
(a) Last night I dream/ (b) I was a Sheikh on the 169th floor/ (c) of Burj Khalifa./ (d)
No error
30.
(a) She and her sister/ (b) were working here/ (c) since 1983./ (d) No error
36
Tense
31.
(a) Nobody saw him/ (b) since the fire broke/ (c) in his locality./ (d) No error
32.
(a) By this time next year/ (b) Ramesh will take/ (c) his degree./ (d) No error
33.
(a) The families/ (b) are living in Gulmohar Park/ (c) for the last two decades./ (d)
No error
34.
(a) My uncle/ (b) has left/ (c) for Bombay last Saturday./ (d) No error
35.
(a) Good heavens !/ (b) How has she/ (c) grown !/ (d) No error
36.
37.
(a) He/ (b) is having/ (c) many friends here/ (d) No error
38.
(a) When I went there/ (b) Charles is playing/ (c) a game of chess/ (d) No error
39.
(a) The vaccine/ (b) when hit the market/ (c) is dogged by controversy/ (d) No error
40.
(a) The victim tried to tell us/ (b) what has happened but/ (c) his voice was not audible./
(d) No error
41.
42.
(a) Last year two Italian prisoners of war/ (b) escapes from a prison camp/ (c) in
Kenya during the war./ (d) No error
43.
(a) Madhuri Dixit/ (b) is having/ (c) a large fan following./ (d) No error
44.
(a) No one heard anything/ (b) about him since/ (c) he left India for good./ (d) No error
45.
(a) Before the teacher/ (b) could finish the question/ (c) the students gave the
correct answer./ (d) No error
46.
(a) She did not prepare/ (b) her/ (c) breakfast yet./ (d) No error
47.
(a) Perhaps you do not know/ (b) I am owning/ (c) a farm house besides two bungalows./
(d) No error
48.
(a) When Anand reached his village/ (b) he found that / (c) the news about him
preceded him./ (d) No error
49.
(a) She will already return/ (b) home/ (c) when he arrives./ (d) No error
50.
(a) Each one of them/ (b) has have his share/ (c) of joy and sorrow./ (d) No error
51.
(a) This custom/ (b) has come down/ (c) since times immemorial./ (d) No error
52.
(a) Since his arrival in India,/ (b) he is visiting as many villages as he can/ (c) to
acquire a firsthand knowledge of the rural India./ (d) No error.
53.
(a) Believe me, I/ (b) am believing/ (c) whatever you have said./ (d) No error.
54.
(a) It is time/ (b) we should have done/ (c) something useful/ (d) No error.
55.
(a) Mother said,/ (b) Son,/ (c) you have finished your homework?/ (d) No error.
56.
(a) I am going to buy/ (b) a computer/ (c) when the prices comes down./ (d) No error.
57.
(a) I wish/ (b) I have learnt swimming/ (c) when I was young./ (d) No error.
37
Tense
7.
st
2nd Action
8.
9.
10.
11.
(c)
(b)
(b)
(a)
12.
'since'
'for'
had
V3 'begun'
marriage hall
'was'
I passed (Simple past)
Action
'centuries'
formation
present perfect
'he has not taken'
S . Past
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
38
point
Pres . Perf .
'for'
Tense
tense
23.
24.
25.
26.
(c) 'report'
27.
(b) is 'running'
28.
29.
30.
(b) 'were'
'go'
yesterday
verb 'report'
11
dream
dreamed
'had been'
dreamt
32.
33.
(b) 'are'
34.
35.
36.
Since
'simple past'
Since
'Present perfect'
'Ramesh will have taken'
'have been'
'left'
11
'she has'
I have eaten'
'Since/for + time'
perfect
'has'
38.
(b) 'is'
'was'
39.
(c) 'is'
was
40.
(b) 'has'
'have'
'to possess'
'have'
'ing'
'When I went there'
vaccine when hit'
'had'
victim
Past Perfect tense
41.
(b) 'have'
'has'
42.
(b) 'escapes'
43.
44.
45.
'escaped'
'has'
'no one has heard'
'the students had given'
(Past Perfect
st
2nd Action
Action
39
Tense
46.
'yet'
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(b)
40
'I own'
'had preceded
(47
Past Perfect
Past
Passive Voice
PASSIVE VOICE
CHAPTER
Verb dk og :i Voice
gksrk gSA
dgykrk gS ftlls irk pyrk gS fddrkZ dksbZ dke djrk gS ;k drkZ ij dksbZ dke
ACTIVE VOICE
Verb dk og :i
active voice
PASSIVE VOICE
Verb dk og :i
Passive Voice
q kj ifjofrZr
Tense ds vul
Passive Voice
tSls%He was rushed to the hospital where he was declared brought dead.
bl okD; esa ^?kVuk* egoiw.kZ gS ;kfu fdlh ^nq?kZVuk ds ckn ?kk;y O;fDr dks rqjar vLirky ys tkuk vk
?kksf"kr fd;k tkukA ;gk ?kk;y dks vLirky ys tkus okys ^yksx* vkSj ;s ?kks"k.kk djus okys ^MkWDVj*
(irrelevant) gSA
e`r yk;k x;k vizklafxd
3. tc dkkZ dk irk ugha ;k ;s egoiw.kZ ugha fd drkZ Kkr gksA
tSls%People were relocated from the flood affected villages.
English from Plinth to Paramount
41
Passive Voice
INDEFINITE TENSE
Indefinite Tense
Active
Passive
Simple Present
Sub + V1 + obj
Simple Past
Sub + V2 + obj
Simple Future
Modal
1.
People speak english all over the world. 2.
A teacher teaches English here.
3.
No one desire riots.
4.
I will not tolerate this nonsense.
5.
Passive
He was arrested.
English is spoken all over the world.
English is taught here.
Riots are not desired.
This nonsense will not be tolerated
by me.
m.v.
2. He should be
polite. (A.V)
m. v.
passive
bu nksuksa okD;ksa
dk voice ugha cu ldrkA
CONTINUOUS TENSE
Continuous Tense
Active
Passive
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Future Continuous
Modal Continuous
uksV%
vxj Passive Voice 'Continuous Tense' esa gks 'being'
rks
dk iz;ksx djuk u HkwysaA
42
Passive Voice
(Active)
(Passive)
(Active)
(Passive)
(Passive)
(Active)
(Passive)
(Active)
(Active)
(Passive)
PERFECT TENSE
Perfect Tense
Active
Passive
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
Modal Perfect
uksV%
vxj Passive Voice 'Perfect Tense' esa gks 'been'
rks dk iz;ksx djuk u HkwysaA
CHANGE THE VOICE
43
Passive Voice
WH - QUESTIONS:
Yes/No Questions dk Passive cukdj mlds igysInterrogative Words tksM+
Questions cu tkrk gSA
tSls%Active: Have you broken the glass?
Passive: Has the glass been broken by you?
Interrogative word
Yes/ No Question
Whnsus
ls
Who fdUrq]
;g Rule - Why, How, When, Where, What vkfn ds lkFk ykxw gksrs gSaA
;k Whom
vkfn ls 'kq: gksus Questions
okys
dsPassive dks ns[ksa&
Active: Who wrote the Ramayana?
Passive: By whom was the Ramayana written?
or
Who was the Ramayana written by?
[Whom was the Ramayana written by? dguk xyr
Active: Whom have you invited?
Passive: Who has been invited by you?
]
gSA
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
1. With obj
2. Without obj
Moral Suggestion
Let + obj + be + V3
2nd way You are ordered to shut
the door. (P.V.)
To + V1
Passive:
To + be + V3
1.
Active : I am to do it.
Passive : It is to be done by me.
2.
Active:
You are to write it in ink.
Passive: It is to be written in ink.
44
Passive Voice
'to + V1' dkspassive voice esa'to + be + V3' esa ifjofrZr dj nsrs gS ij ;s ges'kk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vxj
uksV%
'to + V1' dks djus okys
subject dk mYys[k
'to + V1' ls igy s gks pqdk gks
'torks
+ V1' dks'to + be +
V3' esa ifjofrZr u djsa A
tSls%Active: The teacher gave me a book to read.
Passive: I was given a book to read by my teacher.
'HAVE/HAS/HAD + TO + V1
Active:
Passive:
tSls%(i)
Active:
Passive:
(ii)
Active:
Passive:
have
to
finish
this work .
have
to
V1
Obj
This work
has
to
be
Obj
has
to
be
finished by
V3
me
by sub
Hkh gS)
45
Passive Voice
Sub +
verb
according to tense
and number
tSls%1.
2.
according to
number
H.V
according to
tense and
number
+ V3
M.V in
V3 form.
PRACTICE SET
Directions: A sentence has been given in Active/Passive Voice. Out of the four
alternatives suggested below, select the one which best expresses the same sentence
in Passive/Active Voice.
1. What amused you?
(a) What you are made to amuse by?
(b) By what are you being amused?
(c) By what were you amused?
(d) By what have you been amused?
2. Smoke and flames engulfed the area and made rescue operations difficult.
(a) The area was engulfed in smoke and flames and make rescue operations difficult.
(b) The area was engulfed in smoke and flames making rescue operations difficult.
(c) The area has been engulfed in smoke and flames and made rescue operations difficult.
(d) The area was engulfed in smoke and flames and rescue operations were made difficult.
3. He asked me to finish the work in time.
(a) I was asked that I should finish the work in time.
(b) He asked me that I should finish the work in time.
(c) I was asked to finish the work in time.
(d) I was asked to finished the work in time by him.
4. Quinine tastes bitter.
(a) Quinine is bitter when it is tasted.
(b) Quinine is bitter tested.
(c) The taste of quinine is bitter.
(d) Quinine is tasted bitter.
5. The vintage cars hold a special place in the hearts of their owners.
(a) A special place in the hearts of the vintage car owners is held by them.
(b) A special place was held by the vintage cars in the hearts of their owners.
(c) A special place is held by the vintage cars in the hearts of their owners.
(d) A special place is being held by the vintage cars in the hearts of their owners.
46
Passive Voice
47
Passive Voice
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
48
Passive Voice
49
Passive Voice
Passive Voice
51
Passive Voice
Passive Voice
53
Passive Voice
Passive Voice
55
Passive Voice
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
56
Passive Voice
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
57
Passive Voice
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
58
Passive Voice
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
59
Passive Voice
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
60
Passive Voice
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
61
Passive Voice
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
62
Passive Voice
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
63
Passive Voice
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
64
Passive Voice
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
65
Passive Voice
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
66
Passive Voice
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
67
Passive Voice
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
68
(c) The police have arrested him and the court has sent him to jail.
(d) The police has arrested him and the court has sent him to jail.
Anna and his team hope to fight corruption with Jan Lokpal Bill.
(a) It is hoped by Anna and his team that they would fight corruption by Jan Lokpal Bill .
(b) To fight corruption is been hoped by Anna and his team by Jan Lokpal Bill.
(c) To fight corruption was being hoped by Anna and his team by Jan Lokpal Bill.
(d) To fight corruption is being hoping by Anna and his team by Jan Lokpal Bill.
The Greeks expected to conquer Carthrage.
(a) People expected the Greeks to conquer Carthrage.
(b) It was expected by the Greeks to conquer Carthrage.
(c) To conquer Carthrage was expected by the Greeks.
(d) Carthrage was expected to be conquered by the Greeks.
Rome was not built in a day.
(a) They did not build Rome in a day.
(b) They could not build Rome in a day.
(c) The Romans did not build Rome in a day.
(d) They have not built Rome in a day.
The ship is being taken to safe water by the Captain and not his crew.
(a) The Captain and not his crew is taking the ship to safe water.
(b) The Captain and not his crew are taking the ship to safe water.
(c) The Captain and not his crew have taken the ship to safe water.
(d) The Captain and not his crew is being taking the ship to safe water.
Strong Anti-Corruption law is liked by neither the Central Government nor the
State Governments.
(a) Neither the Central Government nor the State Governments likes strong AntiCorruption law.
(b) Neither the Central Government nor the State Governments like strong AntiCorruption law.
(c) Neither the Central Government nor the State Governments liked strong AntiCorruption law.
(d) Neither the Central Government nor the State Governments are liking strong
Anti-Corruption law.
If you cannot change the master, you cannot change the destiny.
(a) The destiny cannot be changed if masters cannot change.
(b) The destiny could not be changed if masters cannot be changed.
(c) The destiny cannot change if masters cannot be changed.
(d) The destiny cannot be changed if masters cannot be changed.
English from Plinth to Paramount
Passive Voice
69
Passive Voice
Passive Voice
191. An awareness is being created among the people by the Government about the
importance of trees.
(a) The Government is creating an awareness among the people about the
importance of trees.
(b) The Government are creating an awareness among the people about the
importance of trees.
(c) The Government creates an awareness among the people about the
importance of trees.
(d) The Government created an awareness among the people about the
importance of trees.
192. Ads on TV increase the sale of any commodity.
(a) The sale of any commodity is being increased by ads on TV.
(b) The sale of any commodity are increased by ads on TV.
(c) The sale of any commodity are being increased by ads on TV.
(d) The sale of any commodity is increased by ads on TV.
193. The Indian Government is encouraging the Europeans to visit India.
(a) The Europeans are encouraged by the Indian Government to visit India.
(b) The Europeans are encouraging by the Indian Government to visit India.
(c) The Europeans are being encouraged by the Indian Government to visit India.
(d) The Europeans is being encouraged by the Indian Government to visit India.
194. He handed her a chair.
(a) She was handed a chair by him.
(b) He handed a chair to her.
(c) He will hand a chair to her.
(d) A chair will be handed to her by him.
195. Call the police at once.
(a) Let the police be called at once.
(b) The police was to be called at once.
(c) The police is to be called at once.
(d) Let the police called at once.
196. Post the letter.
(a) The letter is posted.
(b) The letter was posted.
(c) Let the letter be posted.
(d) The letter will be posted.
197. Who painted it?
(a) It was painted?
(b) Was it painted?
(c) Had it been painted by?
(d) By whom was it painted?
English from Plinth to Paramount
71
Passive Voice
Answer key
1.
10.
19.
28.
37.
46.
55.
64.
73.
82.
91.
100.
109.
118.
127.
136.
145.
154.
163.
172.
181.
190.
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c)
2.
11.
20.
29.
38.
47.
56.
65.
74.
83.
92.
101.
110.
119.
128.
137.
146.
155.
164.
173.
182.
191.
(b)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(a)
3.
12.
21.
30.
39.
48.
57.
66.
75.
84.
93.
102.
111.
120.
129.
138.
147.
156.
165.
174.
183.
192.
(c)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(d)
4.
13.
22.
31.
40.
49.
58.
67.
76.
85.
94.
103.
112.
121.
130.
139.
148.
157.
166.
175.
184.
193.
(a)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(c)
5.
14.
23.
32.
41.
50.
59.
68.
77.
86.
95.
104.
113.
122.
131.
140.
149.
158.
167.
176.
185.
194.
(c)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(a)
6.
15.
24.
33.
42.
51.
60.
69.
78.
87.
96.
105.
114.
123.
132.
141.
150.
159.
168.
177.
186.
195.
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
7.
16.
25.
34.
43.
52.
61.
70.
79.
88.
97.
106.
115.
124.
133.
142.
151.
160.
169.
178.
187.
196.
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(c)
8.
17.
26.
35.
44.
53.
62.
71.
80.
89.
98.
107.
116.
125.
134.
143.
152.
161.
170.
179.
188.
197.
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(d)
9.
18.
27.
36.
45.
54.
63.
72.
81.
90.
99.
108.
117.
126.
135.
144.
153.
162.
171.
180.
189.
(b)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
dqNmkjdhO;k[;k%&
16.
18.
32.
35.
39.
161.
164.
165.
166.
167.
72
ugha
gks ldrk D;ksafd blls okD; dk ;s vFkZ fudyrk gS fd ;s mEehn dh tkSpain
jgh Fkh
oYMZ
fd di
Question 16. esa ;s Li"V gSSpain
thrsxhA
fd dks oYMZ di thrus dh mEehn FkhA (b)
vr%
gksxk
mkj
ftldk vFkZQuestion 16 ds vFkZ ls esy [kkrk gSA
(b) okD; esa
'Have' Causative Verb gSA ;gk dk;Z fd;k ugha djok;k tk jgk (b)
gSA
mi;qDr
vr% mkj gksxkA
(b)'The brave' plural common noun gSA vxj
brave, poor, rich bR;kfn tSls
adjectives ds igys
article 'the' dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, rks og
plural common noun cu tkrk gS ,oaplural verb ds
lkFk vkrk gSA
(a) tc Passive Voice esa'by + sub' dk mYys[k ugha gks rks bldk vFkZ gS fd drkZ lkekU;r% ml dk;Z
dh djrk gS ftldk mYys[k djuk t:jh ughaA vr%(a)
mkj
gksxkA
(d) vxj 'to read' ds LFkku ij
'to be read' dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, rks
'by + sub' dk option [kqy tkrk gS
'to read'
tcfd 'to read' dk sub. 'I' dk mYys[k igys gks pqdk gSA
vr% dk gh iz;ksx djuk mi;qDr gksxkA
(a) Alms (nku) Plural Noun gSA vr%
Plural verb 'are' dk iz;ksx djsaA
(a) Spectacles plural noun gSA vr%
spectacles ds lkFk'are' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
(a) Tongs plural noun gSA vr%
tongs ds lkFkplural verb 'are' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
(d) Billiards form ls plural gS ijUrq ,d [ksy dk uke gSA vr% vFkZ
singular
singular
ls gSA vr%
verb 'is' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
(c) okD;Passive voice esa gS vkSj okD;
Causative
verb 'have' dk iz;ksx gSA vr%
Sub (drkZ)
esa
ds LFkku someone
ij
dk mYys[k gSA
(a)
Passive Voice
(a) The officers/ (b) who were on inspection in this factory / (c) were discovered many
discripancies. /(d) No error.
(a) The teacher asked / (b) the students whether they could/ (c) tell the name of
the man who had been invented steam engine. / (d) No error.
(a) He held a bomb / (b) in his hand which was totally hiding / (c) in the long cloak
that he was wearing. / (d) No error.
(a) I was surprise / (b) at his brazenness/ (c) as he was considerd an obedient student
/ (d) No error.
(a) Had the police not/ (b) reached here / (c) on time, the traders would have robbed .
/ (d) No error.
(a)He seriously wounded / (b) during the cross fire and / (c) was rushed to hospital / (d)
No error.
(a) Police Officers sent / (b) to the theatre and every nook and corner /(c) was
throughly checked. /(d) No error.
(a) When the minister was shot dead,/ (b) people were run here and there / (c) to
save themselves. /(d) No error.
(a) Mother's milk / (b) cannot substituted by / (c) any thing else./(d) No error.
(a) When the thief broke into their house / (b) they raised a hue and cry / (c) and the
thief caught immediately by the people. / (d) No error
(a)The city / (b) was tore / (c) by riots./(d) No error.
(a) It was suggested / (b) by him that the baby / (c) should be immediately taken
care. / (d) No error.
(a) The truck driver was accused / (b) the lady for walking / (c) in the middle of the
road./(d) No error.
(a) Some passengers / (b) were flew/ (c) to Paris on the last trip./(d) No error.
(a) By the time he arrived, / (b) everybody had / (c) been gone./(d) No error.
(a) I am extremely annoyed / (b) by/ (c) the mismanagement./(d) No error.
(a) The mall was / (b) engulfed/ (c) by the fire/ (d) No error.
(a) It believed earlier / (b) that the sun/ (c) revolved round the earth./(d) No error.
(a) As she was wearing / (b) skimpy clothes/ (c) she was stared./(d) No error.
73
Passive Voice
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
(a) You behave in such / (b) a weird manner that / (c) everybody disgusted with you./
(d) No error.
(a) Ten mangoes / (b) are contained / (c) by this box./(d) No error.
(a) A gang of robbers were arrested/ (b) by the police / (c) last night near the island./
(d) No error.
(a) The streets of Rome / (b) were thronged/ (c) by the common people./(d) No error.
(a) Everyone says that/ (b) he born / (c) of poor parents./(d) No error.
(a)The ship sank / (b) and everyone / (c) aboard drowned./(d) No error.
(a) If motorists do not observe the traffic regulations, (b) they will be stopped, ticketed
/ (c) and have to pay a fine. / (d) No error
(a) There will be no more supplies/ (b) unless all arrears of payment / (c) were
cleared by next Monday. / (d) No error
(a) The news of his father's death / (b) was not declared / (c) so far. / (d) No error
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
(b)
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
74
Passive Voice
17.
(c) by
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
(a)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(c)
27.
(c)
28.
(b)
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NARRATION
CHAPTER
."
Narration
Reporting
Verb
Reported Speech
INDIRECT SPEECH
tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh oDrk
dFku
ds dks vius 'kCnksa esa dqN t:jh ifjorZu
dj izLrqr djs
arks ogIndirect Speech
dgykrk gSA
tSls%Ram says that he works hard.
ASSERTIVE SENTENCES (dFkukRed okD;)
(1)
(1)
Comma
(2)
djsaA
Pronoun uhps fn, x, fu;ekuqlkj ifjofrZr
Sub
Obj
No
S O N
st
nd
rd
1 Person 2 Person 3 Person
1 2 3 ;kfu
I, we
you
he,she, it, they
1st
Person
according to
changes to
Narration
2.
obj
2nd
Person
according to
changes to
(3)
(6)
Simple present
Simple past
Past perfect
No change
V1/do/does
V2 /did
had V3
No change
is/am/are
was/were
had been
No change
has/ have
had
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Narration
can
should / would
might
could
Questions
'Said to' dksasked, questioned, enquired, interrogated bR;kfn esa ifjofrZr djsaA
Question mark (?) dksfull stop (.) esa ifjofrZr djsaA
okD; dkformation interrogative ughagksxk A ;kfu
helping verb dk iz;ksxsubject ds ckn
gksxkA
(4)
(5)
78
ifjorZu fu;ekuqlkjgksaxsA
Tense, pronoun bR;kfn esa
vxj loky dk tokc ^gk* ;k ^uk*esa fn;k tk ldrk gS rks
conjunction 'if' ;k 'whether' dk
iz;ksx djsaA
gksxkA
'wh family' ds loky esadksbZ
conjunction dk iz;ksx ugha
English from Plinth to Paramount
Narration
Examples1.
He said to me, "Do you know me?"
He asked me if I knew him.
2.
She said to him, "What are you doing now?"
She asked him what he was doing then.
3.
He said to him, "Did you intend to come with me?"
He asked him if he had intended to come with him.
4.
He said to her, "Haven't you seen this movie?"
He asked her if she hadn't seen that movie.
5.
He said to her, "Madam, can I help you?"
She said, "no"
He asked her respectfully if he could help her.
She answered in the negative.
6.
He said to me, "When will the train arrive?"
He enquired of me when the train would arrive
Explanation to sentence 5:
5.
vxj Direct Speech esaSir/Madam / Your Honour tSlslEekulwpd 'kCnksa
dk iz;ksx gks rks
Indirect Speech esa bUgsa gVk'respectfully'
nsa vkSj
'kCn dk iz;ksx djsaA
ysfdu vxj Dear / Darling / My beloved tSls izselwpd 'kCnksa
dk iz;ksx gks rks mUgsa gVkdj
'lovingly' ;k 'affectionately' 'kCn dk iz;ksx djsaA
'answered in the affirmative' dk iz;ksx djsa vkSj vxj tokc
'No' gS rks
vxj tokc 'yes' gks rks
'answered in the Negative' dk iz;ksx djsaA
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changes to
(a) Said + Alas !
exclaimed with sorrow.
changes to
Said + Hurray !
exclaimed with joy
changes to
Said + Fi ! / Ugh !
exclaimed with despise/disgust.
changes to
Said + Wow !
exclaimed with joy.
changes to
Said + Oh !
exclaimed with surprise / regret.
dk iz;ksx djsa
bR;kfn esa
ifjorZu fu;ekuqlkjgksaxsA
2.
Conjunction 'that'
3.
Tense, pronoun
Examples:
1.
She said, "Hurray ! we have won this match."
She exclaimed with joy that they had won that match.
2.
She said, "How beautiful is the rain!"
She exclaimed with joy that the rain was very beautiful.
3.
He said,"Bravo ! you have done well."
He applauded him saying that he had done well
4.
She said, "What a pleasant surprise!"
She exclaimed that it was a pleasant surprise.
OPTATIVE SENTENCES dks DIRECT ls INDIRECT SPEECH esa ifjofrZr djus ds fu;e
1.
2.
3.
Examples:
1.
She said, "May, God pardon him."
She prayed that God might pardon him.
2.
They said, "long live the king."
They prayed that the king might live long.
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Need not, used to, would rather, would better, had rather, had better esa dksbZ ifjorZu
2.
3.
4.
She said that she prepared the tea and he fried the chips.
5.
6.
Will/ shall
7.
She said that if she got selected, she would not have to take any exam further.
2. He said, Need I send an e-mail?
He asked me if he had to send an e-mail.
3. He said, When I was a kid, I could not go out alone,
He said that when he was a kid, he was not allowed to go out alone.
4. She said, Rohit, you must be prudent.
She ordered Rohit to be prudent.
English from Plinth to Paramount
Narration
PRACTICE SET
Directions: A sentence has been given in direct/Indirect form. Out of the four
alternatives suggested, select the one which best expresses the same sentence in
Indirect/Direct form.
1. Call the first witness, said the Judge.
(a) The judge commanded to call the first witness.
(b) The judge commanded them to call the first witness.
(c) The judge commanded that the first witness be called.
(d) The judge commanded the first witness to be called.
2. The queen said to her son, You must go to the forest and remain there till your
father calls you back.
(a) The queen ordered her son to go to the forest and remain there till his father
calls him back.
(b) The queen told her son that he must go to the forest and remain there till his
father called him back.
(c) The queen told his son that you must go to the forest and remain there till your
father called you back.
(d) The queen told her son to go to the forest and remained there till his father
called him back.
3. I said to her, All your faults will be pardoned if you confess them.
(a) I told her that all her faults will be pardoned if you confess them.
(b) I told her that all her faults would be pardoned if she confessed them.
(c) I told her that all her faults will have to be pardoned if she confessed them.
(d) I told her that all her faults would have to be pardoned if she confessed them.
4. He said to Sita, When do you intend to pay back the money you borrowed from me?
(a) He enquired Sita when did she intend to pay back the money she borrowed from him.
(b) He enquired Sita when she intended to pay back the money she borrowed from him.
(c) He enquired Sita when she intended to pay back the money she had borrowed
from him.
(d) He enquired when Sita intended to pay back the money she borrowed from him.
5. Lets give a party, said Jaya.
Lets not, said her husband.
(a) Jaya suggested giving a party but her husband answered in the negative.
(b) Jaya suggested giving a party but her husband opposed the idea.
(c) Jaya suggested giving a party but her husband contradicted her.
(d) Jaya suggested giving a party but her husband refused.
6. The old man of Latur said, Alas! my only son is dead.
(a) The old man of Latur exclaimed with sorrow that his only son was dead.
(b) The old man of Latur told with pain that his only son was dead.
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7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
(c) The old man of Lature expressed with anguish that his only son was dead.
(d) The old man of Latur sorrowfully narrated that his only son was dead.
She said to the girl, Did you do this ?
(a) She asked the girl that she did that.
(b) She asked the girl if she did that.
(c) She asked the girl if she had done that.
(d) She told the girl that she had done that.
Many happy returns of your birthday, we said.
(a) We greeted him on his birthday.
(b) We said that many happy returns of your birthday.
(c) We wished him many happy returns of his birthday.
(d) We prayed for many happy returns of his birthday.
Doctor, the patient cried, please tell me how much time I have.
(a) The patient pleaded the doctor how much time he will have.
(b) The patient exclaimed to the doctor that how much time he had.
(c) The patient pleaded with the doctor to tell him how much time he had.
(d) The patient cried to the doctor that how much time had he.
So help me Heaven! he cried, I never steal again.
(a) He wanted Heaven to help him so that he would never steal again.
(b) She exclaimed to heaven that he would never steal again.
(c) He exclaimed heaven to help him that he would never steal again.
(d) He called upon heaven to witness his resolve never to steal again.
She said, Ill give you Rs. 100/- to keep your mouth shut.
(a) She said that she would give him Rs. 100/- to keep his mouth shut.
(b) She offered him Rs. 100/- to keep his mouth shut.
(c) She suggested to him that she would give him Rs. 100/- to keep his mouth shut.
(d) She proposed that she would give him Rs. 100/- to keep his mouth shut.
From one of the windows of my flat I can see the Qutub Minar, said my friend.
(a) My friend told that from one of the windows of his flat he could see the Qutub Minar.
(b) My friend said that from one of the windows of his flat he can see the Qutub Minar.
(c) My friend said that from one of the windows of his flat he could see the Qutub Minar.
(d) My friend told that from one of the windows of his flat he can see the Qutub Minar.
The teacher said to the student, Why were you absent yesterday?
(a) The teacher asked the student why had been he absent the previous day.
(b) The teacher asked the student why had he been absent the previous day.
(c) The teacher informed the student that why he had been absent the next day.
(d) The teacher asked the student why he had been absent the previous day.
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14. The teacher said to Ashok, I shall report the matter to the Principal if you
misbehave again.
(a) The teacher told Ashok that he would be reporting the matter to the Principal if
he misbehaved again.
(b) The teacher warned Ashok that he would report the matter to the Principal if
he misbehaved again.
(c) The teacher threatened Ashok to report the matter to the Principal if he
misbehave again.
(d) The teacher cautioned Ashok about reporting the matter to the Principal if he
misbehaved again.
15. Fi! A soldier and afraid of fighting! said Babar.
(a) Babar exclaimed with surprise that a soldier should be afraid of fighting.
(b) Addressing a soldier, Babar cursed him that he should be afraid of fighting.
(c) Babar cursed the soldier who was afraid of fighting.
(d) Babar cursed and exclaimed that a soldier should not be afraid of fighting.
16. The teacher said to Ram, Would you like to go on a trip to Kashmir?
Ram said, Yes.
(a) The teacher asked if Ram would like to go on a trip to Kashmir and Ram replied yes.
(b) The teacher asked Ram if he would like to go on a trip to Kashmir and Ram replied yes.
(c) The teacher asked Ram if he would have like to go on a trip to Kashmir and
Ram replied in the affirmative.
(d) The teacher asked Ram if he would like to go on a trip to Kashmir and Ram
replied in the affirmative.
17. Everybody said, How well she sings!
(a) Everybody told us that she sings very well.
(b) Everybody exclaimed that she sings very well.
(c) Everybody exclaimed that she sang very well.
(d) Everybody told us that how she sang very well.
18. Suppose your children go out for a nice long walk, she said.
(a) She proposed that his children went out for a nice long walk.
(b) She advised that his children go out for a nice long walk .
(c) She suggested that his children go out for a nice long walk.
(d) She suggested that his children should go out for a nice long walk.
19. I said, When it gets dark, light the lantern and hang it out.
(a) I said that when it got dark he light the lantern and hung it out.
(b) I requested that when it got dark he may light the lantern and hang it out.
(c) I said that when it got dark he should light the lantern and hung it out.
(d) I said that when it got dark he should light the lantern and hang it out.
20. Do as you wish, but dont come and ask me for help if you get into difficulties.,
He said to me
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21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
(a) He told me to do as he wished or he wouldnt come and help me if I got into difficulties.
(b) He told me to do as I wished, but not to come and ask him for help if I got into difficulties.
(c) He ordered me to do as I wished, but not to come and ask him for help if I got
into difficulties.
(d) He told me that unless I did as I wished he would not come and help me if I got
into difficulties.
May you live long and prosper, said the old lady to her son.
(a) The old lady blessed her son with long life and wished him prosperity.
(b) The old lady prayed for her sons long life and prosperity.
(c) The old lady prayed for her son and said that he might live long and prosper.
(d) The old lady blessed her son and prayed for his long life and prosperity.
Socrates said, Virtue is its own reward.
(a) Socrates said that virtue had its own rewards.
(b) Socrates says that virtue is its own reward.
(c) Socrates said that virtue is its own reward.
(d) Socrates said that virtue was its own reward.
He said to the interviewer, Could you please repeat the question?
(a) He requested the interviewer if he could please repeat the question.
(b) He requested the interviewer to please repeat the question.
(c) He requested the interviewer to repeat the question.
(d) He requested the interviewer if he could repeat the question.
He said, It used to be a lovely, quiet street.
(a) He said that it used to be a lovely, quiet street.
(b) He pointed out that it had used to be a lovely, quiet street.
(c) He said that there used to be a lovely, quiet street.
(d) He inquired whether there was a lovely, quiet street.
The Prime Minister said that no one would be allowed to disturb the peace.
(a) The Prime Minister said, We shall not allow any one to disturb the peace.
(b) The Prime Minister said, We would not allow any one to disturb the peace.
(c) The Prime Minister said, No one will disturb the peace.
(d) The Prime Minister said, No one can disturb the peace.
The spectators said, Bravo ! Well done, players.
(a) The spectators shouted that the players were doing very well.
(b) The spectators exclaimed with joy that the players were doing very well.
(c) The spectators applauded the players saying that they had done well.
(d) The spectators applauded the players joyfully to do well.
I said to my friend, Good Morning.Let us go for a picnic today.
(a) I told good morning to my friend and asked to go for a picnic that day.
(b) I wished my friend good morning and proposed that we should go for a picnic that day.
(c) I wished my friend good morning and proposed that they should go for a picnic
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Narration
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
86
that day.
(d) I told good morning to my friend and suggested to go for a picnic today.
The new student asked the old one, Do you know my name?
(a) The new student asked the old one if he knew his name.
(b) The new student asked the old one that whether he knew his names.
(c) The new student asked the old one did he know his name.
(d) The new student asked the old one if he knows his name.
I warned her that I could no longer tolerate her coming late.
(a) I said to her, You can no longer tolerate my coming late.
(b) I said to her, I can no longer tolerate your coming late.
(c) I said to her, He can no longer tolerate her coming late.
(d) I said to her, I can no longer tolerate she coming late.
I said to my mother, I will certainly take you to Bangalore this week.
(a) I told my mother he would certainly take her to Bangalore that week.
(b) I told my mother that I would certainly take her to Bangalore that week.
(c) I told my mother that she would certainly take her to Bangalore that week.
(d) I told to my mother that I would take you to Bangalore that week.
How clever of you to have solved the puzzle so quickly! said the mother.
(a) The mother exclaimed admiringly that it was very clever of him to have solved
the puzzle so quickly.
(b) The mother expressed that he was so clever to have solved the puzzle quickly.
(c) The mother told that he was very clever in solving the puzzle so quickly.
(d) The mother exclaimed with joy that he was clever enough to solve the puzzle so quickly.
He said that he went for a walk every morning.
(a) He said, I went for a walk every morning.
(b) He said, I go for a walk every morning.
(c) He said, I will go for a walk morning.
(d) He said, he went for a walk every morning.
I reiterated, I dont care about the job.
(a) I reiterated I didnt care about the job.
(b) I said again and again I didnt care about the job.
(c) I reiterated that I did not care about the job.
(d) I repeatedly said that I cared about the job.
I said to my brother, Let us go to some hill station for a change.
(a) I suggested to my brother that they should go to some hill station for a change.
(b) I suggested to my brother that we should go to some hill station for a change.
(c) I suggested to my brother that let us go to some hill station for a change.
(d) I suggested to my brother that let them go to some hill station for a change.
I wondered how many discoveries went unheeded.
(a) I said, How many discoveries have gone unheeded?
English from Plinth to Paramount
Narration
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
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43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
(b) He reported that the rainfall had been scanty till now.
(c) He reported that the rainfall has been scantly till then.
(d) He reported that the rainfall had been scanty till then.
Govind, said the manager sternly, I command you to tell me what the old
man said.
(a) The manager sternly commanded Govind to tell him what the old man had said.
(b) The manager commanded sternly to Govind to tell him what the old man had to say.
(c) The manager commanded Govind to tell him what the old man said.
(d) The manager told Govind to tell him what the old man said.
He says, I am going to the market now.
(a) He says that he is going to the market now.
(b) He said that he was going to the market then.
(c) He says that he was going to the market then.
(d) He said that he was going to the market now.
She said to Rita, Please help me with my homework.
(a) She requested Rita to help her in her homework.
(b) Rita requested her to help her with her homework.
(c) She requested Rita to help her with her homework.
(d) She requested Rita to help her homework.
He said to me, Do not run after money and then you will see money running
after you.
(a) He told to me that I did not run after money and then I would see money running me.
(b) He advised me not to run after money and then I would see money running
after me.
(c) He warned me not to run after money and then I will see money running after me.
(d) He warned me not to run after money and then money would run after me.
He said to me, Do you know English?
(a) He asked me if I did know English.
(b) He asked me if I knew English.
(c) he asked me that if I know English.
(d) He asked me if I know English.
My father said to me, Bravo! You have done well.
(a) My father applauded me saying that I had done well.
(b) My father applauded me saying that I have done well.
(c) My father applauded me saying that I did well.
(d) My father applauded me saying that you had done well.
49. Tom said that he had had a strange experience the day before.
(a) Tom said, I have a strange experience yesterday.
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that she was planting saplings. The boy exclaimed that it was very interesting
and wanted to try if he could also do so.
(c) The little boy asked his grandma that she was doing. She replied affectionately
that she was planting saplings. The boy exclaimed that it was very interesting
and wanted to try if he could also do so.
(d) The little boy asked his grandma what was she doing. She replied affectionately
that she was planting saplings. The boy exclaimed that it was very interesting
and wanted to try if he could also do so.
60. "You say," said the judge, "that the bag you lost contained one hundred and ten
pounds". "Yes, your honour," replied the cheat. "Then as this one contains one
hundred pounds it cannot be yours."
(a) The judge asked the cheat if the bag he had lost contained one hundred and ten
pounds. The cheat replied respectfully in the affirmative. Then the judge
concluded that as that one contained one hundred pounds it could not be his.
(b) The judge ordered the cheat if the bag he had lost contained one hundred and
ten pounds. The cheat replied respectfully in the affirmative. Then the judge
concluded that as that one contained one hundred pounds it could not be his.
(c) The judge ordered the cheat that the bag he had lost contained one hundred
and ten pounds. The cheat replied respectfully in the affirmative. Then the
judge concluded that as that one contained one hundred pounds it could not be
his.
(d) The judge asked the cheat that the bag he had lost contained one hundred and
ten pounds. The cheat replied in the affirmative. Then the judge concluded as
this one contained one hundred pounds it could not be his.
61. The child said, Mommy, can you bring the moon for me? Mommy said, No.
(a) The child asked his mommy if she could bring the moon for him. Mommy replied
in the negative.
(b) The child told his mommy if she could bring the moon for him. Mommy replied
in the negative.
(c) The child asked his mommy if she could bring the moon for him. Mommy replied
no.
(d) The child said to his mommy that she could bring the moon for him. Mommy
replied in the negative.
62. He said, "Fi!" and vomited
(a) He exclaimed with disgust and had vomited
(b) He exclaimed with disgust and vomited
(c) He exclaimed with sorrow and vomited
(d) He exclaimed with disgust and then had vomited
English from Plinth to Paramount
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69. The teacher said to the student Can you explain this?
(a) The teacher asked the student whether he can explain this.
(b) The teacher asked the student whether he can explain that.
(c) The teacher asked the student whether he could explain this.
(d) The teacher asked the student whether he could explain that.
70. Ramu said, My master is planning to build a huge house in Khandala.
(a) Ramu said that his master planned to build a huge house in Khandala.
(b) Ramu said that his master is planning to build a huge house in Khandala.
(c) Ramu said that his masters plan is to build a huge house in Khandala.
(d) Ramu said that his master was planning to build a huge house in Khandala.
71. Nandita said to Nitin, Can you solve this sum?"
(a) Nandita asked Nitin if could he solve this sum.
(b) Nandita asked Nitin if could he solve that sum.
(c) Nandita asked Nitin if he could solve this sum.
(d) Nandita asked Nitin if he could solve that sum.
72. He said, How lovely the scene is!
(a) He exclaimed that the scene is very lovely.
(b) He exclaimed that how the scene was lovely.
(c) He exclaimed that the scene was very lovely.
(d) He exclaimed that the scene is indeed lovely.
73. Bill said, I am here to help you all.
(a) Bill said that he is here to help you all.
(b) Bill said that he was there to help us all.
(c) Bill said that he was here to help us all.
(d) Bill said that he is there to help us all.
74. The kids yelled in a loud voice, We love our family.
(a) The kids yelled loudly that they love our family.
(b) The kids yelled in a loud voice that they loved their family.
(c) The kids yelled in a loud voice that they loved our family.
(d) The kids were shouting loudly that they loved their family.
75. He said to me, Please visit my company tomorrow.
(a) He said to me to visit his company tomorrow.
(b) He requested me to visit his company tomorrow.
(c) He requested me to visit his company the next day.
(d) He said to me to visit his company the next day.
76. He said, My parents are arriving tomorrow.
(a) He said that his parents are arriving the next day.
(b) He said that his parents were arriving the next day.
(c) He said that his parents are arriving tomorrow.
(d) He said that his parents have arrived the next day.
English from Plinth to Paramount
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95
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93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
96
(c) John said that he would have enjoyed the journey if the next man hadnt snored
all the time.
(d) John said that he would have enjoyed the journey if the man next to him did not
snore.
A poet said, The night is dark and I am far from home.
(a) A poet said that the night was dark and he was far from home.
(b) A poet told his friend that the night is dark and that he is far from home.
(c) The friend was told by the poet that the night was dark and he was far from home.
(d) A poet said that the night is dark and he is far from home.
The players reported that the spectators were cheering while they were playing.
(a) The spectators have been cheering while we played., said the players.
(b) The spectators cheered while we were playing., said the players.
(c) The spectators were cheering while we were playing., said the players.
(d) The spectators played while we cheered., said the players.
She requested the boys to listen to what she was saying.
(a) She said to the boys, Please listen to what I am saying.
(b) I said to the boys, Listen to what I am saying.
(c) She said, Boys, listen to what I was saying.
(d) She said, I requested you to listen to what I am saying.
Do you want balloons ? he said to the child.
(a) He asked the child if it wanted balloons.
(b) He asked the child whether it had wanted balloons.
(c) He asked the child did it want balloons.
(d) He asked the child if it would want balloons.
She said, How ugly I look in this dress!
(a) She said that how ugly she was looking in that dress.
(b) She exclaimed how ugly she looked in that dress.
(c) She expressed how ugly she looked in that dress.
(d) She exclaimed that she looked very ugly in that dress.
She said You can leave the books here.
(a) She said that they can leave the books there.
(b) She said that they could leave the books there.
(c) She said that they can leave the books here.
(d) She said that they could leave the books here.
My friend said I am leaving today.
(a) My friend said that he is leaving today.
(b) My friend said that he was leaving today.
(c) My friend said that he leaves today.
(d) My friend said that he was leaving that day.
English from Plinth to Paramount
Narration
97
Narration
Narration
116. Mini said to me, I have bought this flat for my mother.
(a) Mini told that she had bought that flat for her mother.
(b) Mini said that she bought that flat for her mother.
(c) Mini said she has bought that flat for her mother.
(d) Mini told me that she had bought that flat for her mother.
117. He said, I will come again.
(a) He said that he will come again.
(b) He says he is coming again.
(c) He says hell come again.
(d) He said that he would come again.
118. Dont do any more work until you have had a rest, her mother said to her.
(a) Her mother advised her not to do any more work until she has had a rest.
(b) Her mother advised her not to do any more work until she had had a rest.
(c) Her mother advised her that she not do any more work until she had had a rest.
(d) Her mother advised her that she need not do any more work until she had had
a rest.
119. Make me another suit like this, he said to the tailor.
(a) He asked the tailor to make him another suit like this.
(b) He asks the tailor to make him another suit like this.
(c) He told the tailor to make him another suit like that.
(d) He told the tailor to make me another suit like this.
120. My Principal told me, Dont conduct any test tomorrow.
(a) My Principal told me not to conduct any test tomorrow.
(b) My Principal told me not to conduct any test tomorrow.
(c) My Principal ordered me dont conduct any test.
(d) My Principal ordered me not to conduct any test the next day.
121. Kiran said to me, Did you see the cricket match on television last night?
(a) Kiran asked me if I saw the cricket match on television the earlier night
(b) Kiran asked me if I had seen the cricket match on television the previous
night
(c) Kiran asked me did I see the cricket match on television last night
(d) Kiran asked me whether I had seen the cricket match on television last night
122. David said to Anna, Mona will leave for her native place tomorrow.
(a) David told Anna that Mona will leave for her native place tomorrow
(b) David told Anna that Mona left for her native place the next day
(c) David told to Anna that Mona would be leaving for her native place tomorrow
(d) David told Anna that Mona would leave for her native place the next day
123. I said to him, Why are you working so hard ?
(a) I asked him why he was working so hard
(b) I asked him why was he working so hard
English from Plinth to Paramount
99
Narration
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
100
Narration
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
(c) The teacher said congratulations to Mahesh and wished him success life
(d) The teacher congratulated Mahesh and wished him success in life
The poor examinee said, O God! take pity on me.
(a) The poor examinee prayed God to take pity on him
(b) The poor examinee, invoking God, implored him to take pity on him
(c) The poor examinee exclaimed that God take pity on him
(d) The poor examine asked God to take pity on him
Where will you be tomorrow, I said, in case I have to ring you ?
(a) I asked where you will be the next day in case I will ring him
(b) I asked where he would be the next day in case I had to ring him
(c) I said to him where he will be in case I have to ring him
(d) I enquired about his whereabouts the next day in case I would have to ring up
Seeta said to me, Can you give me your pen ?
(a) Seeta asked me can I give her my pen
(b) Seeta asked me if I can give me your pen
(c) Seeta asked me if I could give her my pen
(d) Seeta asked me if I gave her my pen
The father warned his son that he should be beware of him.
(a) The father warned his son, Beware of him !
(b) The father warned his son, Watch that chap !
(c) The father warned his son, Be careful about him.
(d) The father warned his son, Dont fall into the trap.
Manna said to Rohan, Have you sat in a trolley bus before ?
(a) Manna asked Rohan whether he had sat in a trolley bus earlier.
(b) Manna asked Rohan had he sat in a trolley bus before.
(c) Manna asked Rohan-if he sat on a trolley bus before.
(d) Manna asked Rohan if he has ever sat in a trolley bus
Farhan said to Geeta, Could you lend me a hundred rupees until tomorrow ?
(a) Farhan asked Geeta whether she could lend him a hundred rupees until tomorrow.
(b) Farhan asked Geeta whether she could lend him a hundred rupees until the next day.
(c) Farhan asked Geeta whether she could lend me a hundred rupees until the next day.
(d) Farhan asked whether Geeta could lend me a hundred rupees until the next day.
What about going for a swim, he said, Its quite fine now.
(a) He asked me what about going for a swim as it was quite fine then
(b) He proposed going for a swim as it was quite fine.
(c) He suggested going for a swim as it was quite fine.
(d) He advised me to go for a swim as it was quite fine.
You cant bathe in this sea, he said to me, its very rough.
(a) He said that I cant bathe in this sea because its very rough.
(b) He said that you couldnt bathe in that sea if it was very rough.
101
Narration
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
102
(c) He said that I couldnt bathe in that sea as it was very rough.
(d) He said that you cant bathe in this sea since it was very rough.
Jagdish said, We passed by a beautiful lake when we went on a trip to Goa.
(a) Jagdish said that they passed by a beautiful lake when they had gone on a trip to Goa.
(b) Jagdish said that they had passed by a beautiful lake when they went on a trip to Goa.
(c) Jagdish said that they had passed by a beautiful lake when they had gone on
a trip to Goa.
(d) Jagdish said they passed by a beautiful lake when they went on a trip to Goa.
He said to me, I expect you to attend the function.
(a) He told me that he had expected me to attend the function.
(b) He told me that he expected me to attended the function.
(c) He told me that he expected me to have attended the function.
(d) He told me that he expected me to attend the function.
He said, Why didnt you send your application to me ?
(a) He enquired why I had not sent my application to him.
(b) He enquired why I did not send my application to him.
(c) He enquired why had I not sent my application to him.
(d) He enquired why did I not send my application to him.
Dinesh asked, Are you going to the party tomorrow, Eliza ?
(a) Dinesh asked whether Eliza was going to the party the next day.
(b) Dinesh asked Eliza whether you are going to the party the next day.
(c) Dinesh asked Eliza whether she was going to the party the next day.
(d) Dinesh asked Eliza are you going to the party tomorrow.
John said, How long will it take to travel from Germany to South Africa?
(a) John asked how long it will take to travel from Germany to South Africa.
(b) John asked how long would it take to travel from Germany to South Africa.
(c) John asked how long it would take to travel from Germany to South Africa.
(d) John was asking how long must it take to travel from Germany to South Africa.
What did you see at the South Pole ? Ashok asked Anil.
(a) Ashok asked Anil if he saw anything at the South Pole.
(b) Ashok asked Anil what he had. seen at the South Pole.
(c) Ashok asked Anil what did he see at the South Pole.
(d) Ashok asked Anil that he saw anything at the South Pole.
Do you want some more sweets ? asked my friend.
(a) My friend asked me if I want some more sweets.
(b) My friend said to me if I wanted some more sweets.
(c) My friend asked me whether I wanted some more sweets.
(d) My friend asked me that I wanted some more sweets.
English from Plinth to Paramount
Narration
103
Narration
155. Would you mind taking off your shoes before entering the house ? He said to
the foreigner.
(a) He requested the foreigner to take off his shoes before entering the house.
(b) He told the foreigner that he must take off his shoes before entered the house.
(c) He said the foreigner that to take off His shoes before entered the house.
(d) Before entering the house he said that shoes must be taken off.
156. I lost my book yesterday, she said to her teacher.
(a) She admitted to her teacher that she had lost her book the previous day.
(b) To her teacher she was admitted that she has lost her book the previous day.
(c) She admitted losing her book to her teacher yesterday.
(d) She said to her teacher that I have lost my book the previous day.
157. They said, The boy will soon be found and we will bring him.
(a) They said that boy would be found and brought.
(b) They said that the boy would soon be found, and that they would bring him.
(c) They informed him that the boy would soon be found, and they ought to bring him.
(d) They told that the boy will be found soon and they will bring him.
158. Stop talking children, said the teacher.
(a) The teacher ordered the children to stop talking.
(b) The teacher asked the children to stop talking.
(c) The teacher told to the children to stop talking.
(d) The teacher said the children to stop talking.
159. The teacher said that the Earth moves round the Sun.
(a) The teacher stated: The Earth has been moving round the Sun.
(b) The teacher said, The Earth is moving round the Sun.
(c) The teacher said, The Earth will move round the Sun.
(d) The teacher said, The Earth moves round The Sun.
160. The lady said that they had been witnessing the programme.
(a) The lady said, We were witnessing the programme.
(b) The lady says, We are witnessing the programme.
(c) The lady said, We witnessed the programme.
(d) The lady says, We had witnessed the programme.
161. The Principal told us, Wait here till I return.
(a) The Principal told us wait here till her return.
(b) The Principal told us to wait there till he returned.
(c) The Principal told us to wait there till I return.
(d) The Principal told us please wait here till he returned.
104
Narration
105
Narration
169. She announced that they had selected Pradeep as their leader.
(a) She said, Pradeep is our leader.
(b) She announced, We have selected Pradeep as our leader.
(c) She announced, Let us select Pradeep as our leader.
(d) She declared, Pradeep had been selected as our leader.
170. He told the boy not to sit there.
(a) Didnt sit here, he said to the boy.
(b) Dont sit there, he said to the boy.
(c) Didnt sit there, he said to the boy.
(d) Dont sit here, he said to the boy.
ANSWER KEY
1. (b)
10. (d)
19. (d)
28. (a)
37. (a)
46. (b)
55. (d)
64. (d)
73. (b)
82. (c)
91. (c)
100. (a)
109. (b)
118. (b)
127. (a)
136. (a)
145. (b)
154. (a)
163. (d)
106
2. (b)
11. (a)
20. (b)
29. (b)
38. (c)
47. (b)
56. (a)
65. (a)
74. (b)
83. (c)
92. (b)
101. (b)
110. (c)
119. (c)
128. (b)
137. (b)
146. (c)
155.(a)
164. (d)
3. (b)
12. (c)
21. (c)
30. (b)
39. (c)
48. (a)
57. (b)
66. (b)
75. (c)
84. (a)
93. (a)
102. (d)
111. (b)
120. (d)
129. (b)
138. (a)
147. (b)
156.(a)
165. (b)
4. (c)
13. (d)
22. (c)
31. (a)
40. (b)
49. (c)
58. (c)
67. (a)
76. (b)
85. (c)
94. (c)
103. (b)
112. (a)
121. (b)
130. (d)
139. (c)
148. (b)
157. (b)
166. (b)
5. (b)
14. (b)
23. (c)
32. (a)
41. (d)
50. (b)
59. (b)
68. (c)
77. (a)
86. (a)
95. (a)
104. (b)
113. (b)
122. (d)
131. (d)
140. (c)
149. (c)
158. (a)
167. (d)
6. (a)
15. (d)
24. (a)
33. (c)
42. (d)
51. (b)
60. (a)
69. (d)
78. (b)
87. (c)
96. (a)
105. (a)
114. (a)
123. (a)
132. (b)
141. (d)
150. (b)
159. (d)
168. (d)
7. (c)
16. (d)
25. (a)
34. (b)
43. (a)
52. (d)
61. (a)
70. (d)
79. (d)
88. (b)
97. (d)
106. (b)
115. (b)
124. (b)
133.(b)
142. (a)
151. (d)
160.(a)
169. (b)
8. (c)
17. (c)
26. (c)
35. (d)
44. (a)
53. (b)
62. (b)
71. (d)
80. (d)
89. (c)
98. (b)
107. (c)
116. (d)
125. (c)
134. (c)
143. (c)
152. (a)
161. (b)
170. (d)
9. (c)
18. (a)
27. (b)
36. (a)
45. (c)
54. (d)
63. (a)
72. (c)
81. (a)
90. (d)
99. (d)
108. (d)
117. (d)
126. (b)
135. (a)
144.(c)
153. (d)
162. (c)
Narration
107
Narration
28.
29.
30.
(a) The players exclaimed / (b) with joy that / (c) they have won the match / (d) No
Error
(a) The Principal said / (b) that the gates should / (c) be locked as the classes have
started. / (d) No Error
(a) He told us / (b) that / (c) he has not read the book. / (d) No Error
dk iz;ksx djsaA
6.
7.
8.
(b)
9.
10.
11.
(a)
(d)
(a)
12.
(c)
very tall'.
ij
dk iz;ksx djsaA (okD; 1 dh O;k[;k ns[ksa)
(b) Knows ds LFkkuknew
(c) I want dksI wanted esa ifjofrZr djsaA
to ds ckn rks
V1 dk iz;ksx
(go) lgh gS ysfdu mlds ckn
V2 dk iz;ksx gksuk pkfg,A
fu;ekuqlkj
15. (b) forbade dk vFkZ gS ^euk djuk* @ vxj 'kCn vFkZ esa udkjkRed gks
not
rksdk
mlds
iz;ksx
lkFk
ugha
gksrkA vU; 'kCn ftudsnot
lkFkdk iz;ksx ugha gksrk&
Until, Unless, deny, decline ,oalestA
uksV%&
Both ds lkFk gh
not dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA
Both of them did not go. ( )
tSls%&
Neither of them went. ()
16. (b) died ds igys 'had' dk iz;ksx djsaA
'Simple Past' 'past perfect' esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
ij dk iz;ksx gksxkA
17. (c) has ds LFkku'had'
Indirect Speech esa'Simple Present', 'Simple Past'
13.
14.
108
Narration
18.
(c) Will
19.
(c)
20.
(b)
21.
(b)
22.
(b)
23.
24.
(b)
(b)
25.
(c)
26.
27.
(b)
(c)
28.
(c)
29.
30.
(c)
(c)
109
Question Tag
QUESTION TAG
CHAPTER
3.
()
()
()
Tag esasingular
dk iz;ksxsingular form esa gksrk gSAQuestion
buds
,oa singular pronoun dk iz;ksx djsasA
Collective noun
verb
110
S.P.
Question Tag
4.
plural
ysfdu vxj collective noun esaerHksngks ;k ge izR;sd O;fDr dh ckr djsa]
rc verb ,oa
plural pronoun iz;qDr gksaxsA
P.P.
5.
P.P.
vxj sentence dh 'kq:vkr'Let us'/Let's' ls fd;k tk, rksQuestion tag 'shall we' gksxkA
(a)
Question Tag
111
Question Tag
I am happy,
I dont write letter,
I didnt go to college yesterday,
It is very cold,
You havent eaten anything,
She doesnt drive carelessly,
I have called him up,
The boys are quite boisterous,
My friend Ram is an egoist,
God is Omnipotent, omnipresent and
Omniscient,
The mob killed the District Magistrate,
Bhim was a glutton,
We see somnambulists in movies very
often,
Bhagat Singh was a martyr,
We see conjurors in circus,
Asthma is not a contagious disease,
We used to see epidemic in villages
earlier,
Sanjivini was considered to be a
panacea,
We find too many monologues in
Shakespeares plays,
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
112
arent I?
do I?
did I?
isnt it?
have you?
does she ?
haven't I?
arent they?
isnt he?
isnt he?
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
didnt it
wasnt he?
dont we?
wasnt he.
dont we?
is it?
didnt we?
wasnt it?
dont we?
had we?
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
hasnt it?
wasnt he?
dont they?
isnt he?
Isnt he?
havent they?
hasnt it?
havent they?
will /would you?
will you?/can you?
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Shall we?
Has he?
didn't they?
aren't you?
Isn't he?
aren't there?
do they?
does it?
wasn't it?
aren't I?
1.
fdlh Hkh
Sentence esa
Subject ds Number rFkk
Person ds vuqlkjVerb dk iz;ksx
SubjectVerb Agreement dgykrk gSA
Verb 'Singular' iz;qDr gksrk gSA )
He
comes
S.V
2.
P.S
P.V
Singular Verb
Plural Verb
Singular Verb
Plural Verb
is
are
was
were
has
have
V1 (play, go etc.)
P.V
RULE 2
come
(1) Poverty and misery
together.
P.V
U.N
()
U.N
113
RULE 3
;fn nksSub dksas well as, with, alongwith, together with, and not, In addition
to, but, besides, except, rather than, accompanied by, like, unlike, no
less than, nothing but ls tksM+k tk;s
'verb'
rks igys sub ds vuqlkjiz;ksx gksuk pkfg;sA
is coming.
tSls%(1) Ram
as well as his parents
S. S.
S. V .
S. V .
S. S.
(3) My father
is very strict.
unlike my uncles
S. V.
S. S.
RULE 4
1st sub ds igys gks rks bldk vFkZ,dgksxk
vxj Article dk iz;ksx fliQZ
gh O;fDr vFkok oLrqA
vr%
singular verb dk iz;ksx gksxkA
tSls%(1) A white and black gown was
bought by her.
S. V .
(2) Churchil was a great orator and a great politician of his time.()
Churchil was a great orator and politician of his time.()
ysfdu vxj Article dk iz;ksx
lHkhSub. ds igys gks rks bldk vFkZvyx&vyx
gksxk O;fDr vFkok oLrq
A
vr% plural verb dk iz;ksx gksxkA
RULE 5
S. S.
S. V .
P. S.
P.V.
(3) Has
Ram
or Shyam come?
S. S.
S.S.
RULE 6
114
'Neither of .....'
dk vFkZ
^nks esa ls ,d Hkh A
ugha*
^nks ls vf/d* esa ls ^,d Hkh ugha*'none
ds fy,of'
English from Plinth to Paramount
dk iz;ksx djsaA
tSls%Neither of his four sons looked after him. ()
None of his four sons looked after him. ()
'Either of ......' dk vFkZ gS ^nks esa ls ,dA ^nks ls vf/d* esa ls ^,d*
'One
dsof'
fy,dk iz;ksx djsaA
tSls%Either of the five members is at fault. ()
One of the five members is at fault. ()
'Both' ds lkFk'not' dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk ^nks
uksV%
D;ksafd
esa ls ,d Hkh ugha*
ds fy, 'neither of dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
tSls%Both of them did not take the exam. ()
Neither of them took the exam. ()
RULE 7
S. V .
uksV%
;fn Statistics ls gekjk rkRi;Z
data gks
, Mathematics ls gekjk rkRi;Z
Calculation gks vkSj
ls gksa] rks budk iz;ksx cgqopu ds :i esa gksxkA
Politics ls gekjk rkRi;Z
jktuhfrd fopkjksa*
tSls%Statistics have
revealed multiple scams in the organisation of Commonwealth
P.V.
Games.
RULE 8
S. S.
S. V.
115
unanimously taken
S.P .
S.V.
S. S.
uksV%
ysfdu vxj Collective Noun esa erHksn gks ;k izR;sd O;fDr dh ckr dh'Plural
tk;s rks
verb' ,oa
'Plural Pronoun' dk iz;ksx djsaA
tSls%(1) The jury
are divided in their
opinion.
P. V.
P. P.
P. V.
RULE 10
Plural la[;k ds lkFkplural verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls%Hundred boys
are in my class.
P. V.
uksV%
vxj Cardinal Adjectives (one, two, three, fouretc.) ds cknPlural Noun dk iz;ksx gks
certain weight (fuf'pr otu)]
rFkkPlural Noun ls certain amount (fuf'pr jde)
certain period (fuf'pr vof/)] certain distance (fuf'pr nwjh)] certain height (fuf'pr
Singular Verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gS Plural
pkbZ)
dk cks/ gks] rks blds lkFk
u fd Verb dkA ;kfu vxj
Plural la[;k dksSingular unit ds :i esa iz;ksx djsasingular
verb dk iz;ksx gksxkA
rks
tSls%(1) Hundred rupees
is in my pocket.
S. V.
Five
thousand
is
rupees
a handsome amount.
Numeral (Adj.)
P. N.
S. V.
Five
thousand
have
rupees
Numeral (Adj.)
P. N.
P. V.
RULE 11
R.P
have
.
R .P
116
they meet
RULE 12
Each, Every, Everyone, Someone, Somebody, Nobody, None, One, Any, Many a,
lkFk
More than one vFkZ ls
Singular gaSA buds Singular
verb, Singular noun o Singular
pronoun dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls%(1) Each student has come.
(2) Each boy and each girl has come.
(3) One must tolerate ones friend as well as
his enemy.
one's
their
(4) Many a student
have not done
home work.
his
has
S. V
uksV%
'Many' dk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ns[ksa%&
tSls%(1) Many a man
has
come.
S.N.
S.V.
P.V.
P.V.
RULE 13
Noun/Pronoun (Plural)
S.V.
S.P.
RULE 14
Plural Noun ;k Plural Pronoun ds ckneach dk iz;ksx gks] rks
Plural
bls ekuk tkrk gS rFkk blds
lkFkPlural Verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSaA
tSls% We
()
each have
a duty towards our nation.
P.S.
P.V.
RULE 15
Indefinite Pronoun One dk iz;ksx
Sentence ds Subject ds :i esa gks] rks blds lkFk
Singular Verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rFkk blds
Singular
Pronouns one, ones,
fy,
oneself dk iz;ksx gksrk gS he,
u fdhim, his, himself dkA
tSls%One should keep his promise.
()
One should keep ones promise. ()
RULE 16
117
S.S.
P.V.
P.V.
S.S.
RULE 18
were
tSls%A number of students
present.
()
P.V.
P.S.
uksV%
ysfdu]The number of dk iz;ksx ,d fuf'pr la[;k] ds vFkZ esa gksrk gSPlural
blds ckn
Sub. dk iz;ksx
Singular Verb dk iz;ksx
gksrk gS rFkk bldkSentence
iz;ksx
ds Subject ds :i esa gksus ij] blds lkFk
gksrk gSA
tSls%The number of
boys are
fifty. ()
P .S. P .V .
RULE 19
vxj 'Amount of/quantity of' Uncountable Noun ds lkFk iz;ksx gksrsa gaS rc budk iz;ksx
Sentence ds Subject ds :i esa gksus ij buds lkFk
Singular Verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
are not sufficient.()
tSls%The amount of money
U. N.
P.V.
U. N.
S. V .
RULE 20
is well that
tSls%All
ends
well.
S. V
S.V
ysfdu]'All' dk iz;ksx
^O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa dhdk
la[;k*
cks/ djkus ds fy, gks] rksPlural
bls ekuk tkrk
gS] rFkk blds lkFk
Plural verb ds iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls%All
are well at home. ()
118
P.V
RULE 21
S.V.
S . N.
of marks was
S.N.
S.V .
RULE 22
, fangs (Mad),
(iQklh dk iQank)
spectacles, goggles,binoculars (nwjchu)
, sunglasses,
Alms ( nku), amends (la'kks/u), archives (,srgkfld nLrkost), arrears, auspices,
congratulations, embers ( jk[k), fireworks, lodgings, outskirts, particulars, proceeds,
gallows
RULE 23
119
RULE 24
Singular yxrs gSa] ysfdu budk iz;ksxPlural
dqNNouns fn[kus esa
ges'kk esa gksrk gSAcattle,
tSls%
cavalry, infantry, poultry, peasantry, children, gentry, police, people, etc. buds
cattles, childrens fy[kuk xyr gSA
lkFk dHkh s
Hkh
ugha yxk;k tkrk] tSls%
tSls%(a) Cattle are grazing in the field.
Uncountable
Nouns gSaA buds
dqNNouns dk iz;ksx
] dsoy Singular form esa gh fd;k tkrk gSA
;s
lkFkArticle A/An dk iz;ksx Hkh ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
tkrs gaSA
uhps fn, x;s mnkgj.k ns[ksa%
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
RULE 26
deer,sheep, series ,
dqNNouns, Plural ,oa Singular nksuksa esa ,d gh :ijgrs
esa gSaA tSls%
fish) ds
vFkZ gS fofHk iztkfr;ksa
RULE 27
S.N W ORDS
1.
No
2.
No
One-third of / three-fourths of / The rest of / A
3.
quarter of / Part of / Ten percent of / Twenty
Percent of
One-third of / three-fourths of/ P art of / Ten
4.
percent of / Twenty percent of
M ost of / Some / Some of / Half of/ Enough /
5.
Enough of / Not enough of/ Plenty of / A lot of/
Lots of
M ost of / Some / Some of /Half of/ Enough /
6.
Enough of / Not enough of/ Plenty of / A lot of/
Lots of
7.
The percentage of
8.
M ore than one
9.
M ore than two/three. etc.
10. M ore
+NOUN/PRONOUN
+ U. N
+ S. C. N
VERB
Singular Verb
Singular Verb
+ U. N.
Singular Verb
+ P. C. N.
Plural Verb
+ U. N.
Singular Verb
+ P. C. N.
Plural Verb
+
+
+
+
Singular Verb
Singular Verb
Plural Verb
Plural Verb
U.N./P.C.N.
S. C. N.
P. C. N.
P. C. N. + than one
uksV%
okD; 12 ,oa 13 ds chp dk varj ns[ksaA
SPOTTING THE ERROR
1.
(a) Neither of them/ (b) are going to attend/ (c) the party on 10th October./ (d) No
error
2.
(a) He walked five miles which are really a great distance/ (b) for a man like him
who is not only old but also ill./ (d) No error
121
3.
(a) Either my colleague/ (b) or a peon are coming home/ (c) with the material today./
(d) No error
4.
5.
(a) The rise and fall/ (b) of the tide are due/ (c) to lunar influence./ (d) No error
(a) Many a man/ (b) have succumbed/ (c) to this temptation./ (d) No error
6.
(a) The introduction of tea, coffee/ (b) and such other beverages/ (c) have not been
without some effect./ (d) No error
(a) The newer type of automatic machines/ (b) wash/ (c) clothes faster./ (d) No
error
(a) Each of the students in the computer class/ (b) has to type/ (c) their own research
paper this semester./ (d) No error
7.
8.
9.
10.
(a) Everyone of the films/ (b) you suggested/ (c) are not worth seeing./ (d) No error
(a) The Secretary and Principal of the college/ (b) are attending/ (c) the District
Development Council Meeting at the Collectorate./ (d) No error
11.
12.
(a) There is/ (b) only one of his novels/ (c) that are interesting./ (d) No error
(a) Knowledge of/ (b) at least two languages/ (c) are required to pass the examination./
(d) No error
(a) It is I/ (b) who is to blame/ (c) for this bad situation./ (d) No error
13.
14.
15.
16.
(a) Romansticism of melancholy/ (b) in art and literature are the reason/ (c) for
insensitivity to those suffering from depression./ (d) No error
(a) Patience as well as perseverance (b) are necessary/ (c) for success./ (d) No error
17.
(a) In Singapore/ (b) my brother-in-law with his wife/ (c) were present at the function./
(d) No error
(a) A hot and/ (b) a cold spring/ (c) was found near each other./ (d) No error
18.
(a) Either of the roads/ (b) lead/ (c) to the park/ (d) No error
19.
20.
21.
(a) One of my desires/ (b) are to become/ (c) a doctor./ (d) No error
(a) The whole block of flats/ (b) including two shops were/ (c) destroyed in fire./ (d)
No error
(a) The sum and substance/ (b) of his poem/ (c) are as follows./ (d) No error
22.
(a) Neither of the/ (b) five accused/ (c) could be convicted./ (d) No error
23.
(a) The strain of all/ (b) the difficulties, vexations and anxieties/ (c) were more
than he could beat./ (d) No error
24.
(a) Everybody/ (b) it must be admitted/ (c) has their ups and downs./ (d) No error
25.
(a) Every woman in the world/ (b) fervently hopes that their child/ (c) will be a
normal and healthy baby/ (d) No error
26.
(a) Neither of them/ (b) sent their papers/ (c) in time for the last seminar/ (d) No
error
27.
(a) This is a strange world/ (b) where each one pursues their own golden bubble/ (c)
and laughs at others for doing the same./ (d) No error
(a) If it were possible to get near when/ (b) one of the volcanic eruptions take
place/ (c) we would see a grand sight./ (d) No error
28.
122
29.
(a) A rise in rents and wages/ (b) have been found/ (c) to go together./ (d) No error
30.
(a) He is one of those few post-colonial writer who believes/ (b) that this talk about
colonialism has gone too far/ (c) and has turned into a cliche./ (d) No error
31.
(a) One of the peculiarities/ (b) which distinguishes the present age/ (c) is the
multiplication of books/ (d) No error
32.
(a) Neither of them/ (b) are going to attend/ (c) the party on 10th October/ (d) No
error
33.
(a) Ten miles are/ (b) a long distance / (c) to cover on foot./ (d) No error
34.
(a) If Mahatma Gandhi/ (b) was alive, he would feel sorry for the poor and downtrodden
who/(c) still struggle everyday to make both ends meet. / (d) No Error
35.
(a) Having acquired some experience/ (b) she is no longer one of those who believes/
(c) every explanation they are given./ (d) No error
36.
(a) With regard to implementation of the/ (b) details of the proposal, the committee
was divided/ (c) in their opinion./ (d) No error
37.
(a) Most of the funds/ (b) we get from/ (c) America is used to build roads and bridges./
(d) No error
38.
(a) The tiger was not/ (b) the only dangerous animal/ (c) in the forest there was
hyenas too./ (d) No error
39.
(a) She immediately quit/ (b) the job in which/ (c) neither skill nor knowledge were
required./ (d) No error
40.
41.
(a) The type of qualities you acquire/ (b) depend upon your company/ (c) and so you
associate yourselves with simple and good natured people./ (d) No error
(a) Our success or our failure/ (b) largely depend/ (c) upon our actions./ (d) No error
42.
(a) He is/ (b) one of the tallest boy/ (c) in the class./ (d) No error
43.
(a) That day when they brought her back for the last time/ (b) there was many oldtimers/ (c) who were shocked and fearful./ (d) No error
44.
(a) A computer virus works exactly/ (b) like the biological variety/ (c) which invade
the human body./ (d) No error
45.
(a) Many a boy/(b) have not done their/ (c) homework properly./ (d) No error
46.
(a) Two miles beyond/ (b) that building was seen dozens/ (c) of antisocial elements/ (d)
No error
47.
(a) Along the northern frontier/ (b) of India is seen/ (c) the beautiful and mighty
Himalayas./ (d) No error
48.
(a) A body of volunteers/ (b) have helped in/ (c) making this celebration a great success/
(d) No error
49.
(a) There appears/ (b) a number of problems/ (c) and I really do not know how to
solve them. (d) No error
50.
(a) Shingles are a disease/ (b) in which a person develops/ (c) lots of inflamed spots
round the waist./ (d) No error
51.
(a) Whether she should get married/ (b) or whether she should remain/ (c) single
are her personal problem./ (d) No error
123
52.
53.
54.
55.
(a) Two and two/ (b) makes/ (c) four./ (d) No error.
(a) Many a men/ (b) attended the meeting/ (c) last night./ (d) No error.
(a) The perquisites/ (b) to this job makes it/ (c) even more attractive than the
salary indicated/ (d) No error.
(a) Either you/ (b) or he/ (c) are happy./ (d) No error.
Note: 21&26 ls lacaf/r iz'uksa ds fy,
Noun ns[ksaA
(b)
2.
(a)
3.
(b)
4.
5.
(b)
(b)
6.
(c)
7.
8.
(b)
(c)
9.
(c)
10.
(b)
11.
(c)
12.
(c)
13.
(b)
14.
15.
(b)
(b)
124
ds LFkkuis
ij dk iz;ksx djsaA
Neither of ds ckn vkus okys
noun/pronoun rksplural gksrk gSA
(vr% them (Pl. Pronoun) rd dk okD; rks lgh gS) ysfdu mlds ckn vkusverb
okysbR;kfnsingular
gksuk pkfg,A
bl okD; esa
vr%
five miles plural gksus ds ckotwn
singular unit ds :i esa iz;qDr gqvk gSAfive
miles ds lkFksingular verb is dk iz;ksx gksxk uare
fd dkA
are dksis esa ifjofrZr djsaA tcsubjects
nks
dkseither . . . . or, neither. . . . nor, or vFkok
rks fudVre sub ds vuqlkj iz;ksx gksxkA
nor ls tksM+k tk,verb
Peon (S.S.) ds lkFkS.V. is dk
iz;ksx djsaA
The rise and fall ,d singular subject gS ftlds lkFksingular verb is dk iz;ksx djsaA
Many a singular pronoun gSA blds lkFk
noun, verb o pronoun ds singular form
have (P.V.) ds (S.V.) esa ifjofrZr djsaA
iz;qDr gksxsaA
,d okD; esaverb ml okD; ds eq[;sub ds vuqlkj iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,Asub
eq[;introduction
singular gSA vr%
verb Hkh
singular gksxk ;gk
has dk iz;ksx gksxk uhave
fd dkA
Verb eq[; sub newer type ds vuqlkj iz;ksx gksxkA
verb singular gksxk ;kfu
washes dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Each of . ds ckn vkus okys
verb ,oa pronoun singular gksxkA vr%
their ds cnyshis
dk iz;ksx djsaA
Verb eq[; sub everyone ds vuqlkj iz;ksx gksxkA
Everyone singular gS vr%singular verb
is dk iz;ksx djsaA
Secretary ds igys gqvk gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd ,d gh O;fDr
Secretary
;gkthe dk iz;ksx fliQZ
dks
sub
singular gS vr%verb Hkh
singular 'is' gksxkA
,oa Principal nksuksa dk in izkIr gSA
pqfd
Are ds LFkku ijis dk iz;ksx djsa D;ksafd
Novels esa lsone dk ckr dh tk jgh gSA
One
singular sub gS vr%Verb Hkh
singular gksxkA
knowledge eq[; sub gSA vxjknowledge ds vuqlkj
;gklanguages eq[; sub ugha gS cfYd
rks are ughais gksxkA
verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS verb
;fn which rFkkthat dk iz;ksxRelative Pronouns ds
is ds LFkku ij
am dk iz;ksx djsaAwho,
:i esa gks rks buds ckn iz;qDr
verb buds antecedents ds number o person ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
Verb is dk iz;ksx
are ds LFkku ij gksxk D;ksafd
subeq[;
Romansticism gS tks
singular sub gSA
verb
tc nkssubjects dksas well as ls tksM+k tkrk gS
rc 1st subject ds vuqlkj iz;qDr gksrk gSA
Patience singular subject gSA vr%
verb are ughais (s.v.) dk iz;ksx djsaA
English from Plinth to Paramount
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
was
Singular Verb.
dk iz;ksx djsaA
dk iz;ksx djsaA
125
42.
43.
44.
45.
48.
gSA ds
(b) Many a ds lkFknoun, pronoun ,oa verb singular form esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrshave
LFkku ijhas ,oa their ds LFkku ijhis dk iz;ksx djsaA
(b) Was ds LFkku ij
were dk iz;ksx djsaA D;ksafd
dozens (Plural sub) ds lkFkwere (plural
verb) dk iz;ksx gksxkA
esa dk iz;ksxsub (Himalayas) ds igys gks jgk
(b) is ds LFkku ij
are dk iz;ksx djsaA bl okD;
verb
gSA ,sls okD;
esa
gks ldrk gSA ysfdu okD; ds vFkZ ls ;s Li"V
gSds
fdfy, is seen
Confusion
India
dk iz;ksx ugha gks jgkHimalayas
cfYd
ds fy, gks jgk gSA
Himalayas ds lkFkis seen ugha
are
seen dk iz;ksx gksxkA
(b) Body, group, class bR;kfn ds lkFk
singular verb dk iz;ksx gksxkAhave
vr% ds LFkku ij
has
49.
(a)
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
(a)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
dk iz;ksx djsaA
dk iz;ksx djsaA
46.
47.
126
dk iz;ksx djsaA
;gkverb appears (s.v.) ds LFkku appear
ij
(p.v.) dk iz;ksx djsa D;ksafd
sub (a number of
problems) plural form esa gSA
Shingles form esaplural gS ysfdu vFkZsingular
esa
A vr%singular verb is dk iz;ksx djsaA
are ds LFkku ij
is dk iz;ksx djsaA D;ksafd fu.kZ; dk fo"k; (fookg) ,d gh eqk gSA
makes dksmake esa ifjofrZr djsaA
Many a ds lkFkman dk iz;ksx gksxkA
makes dksmake esa ifjofrZr djsaA
Perquisites plural noun gSA
are dksis eas ifjofrZr djsaA
Conditional Sentences
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
CHAPTER
ij fn;s x;s okD; esa liQy gksuk dM+h esgur ij fuHkZj dj jgk gSA
Conditional Sentences esa uhps fn, x;s dqN
'krZlwpd 'kCn
vo'; fn[krs gSA
1. vxj ................. rks
2. o'krZs
3. tSls gh
....................oSls gh
If ..................... ,
.......................
4.
tc ................... rc
when ............... ,
provided
5.
as soon as.................,
no sooner.............than
tcrd ...................rc rd
Unless.................. ,
Until..................... ,
Main Clause
A.
'Main Clause'
,sls Conditional Sentences esa'If Clause' Simple Present esagksrk gS vkSj
simple future esagksrk gSA
vxj eSa fnYyh vkxk rks vkils feywxkA
I will come
to Delhi
will meet you
, I
- ()
tSls%If
st
I
action
IInd action
()
127
Conditional Sentences
1. She will come to meet you as soon as you will reach Delhi.
She will come to meet you as soon as you reach Delhi.
2. If the government will become strict, corruption will surely finish.
If the government becomes strict, corruption will surely finish.
3. I will help him provided he will mend his ways.
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
If okys
mijksDr okD;ksa
esa Hkkxwill/shall/would
esa
dk iz;ksx udjsa &
sub +ckn
will / shall dk iz;ksx ugha gksuk pkfg,A
uksV%
uhps fn;s x;s 'kCn ns[ks] buds rqjar
If, as soon as, provided, before, after, until, unless, in case, when, lest.
4 ns[ksa
)
ds lkFknot dk Hkh iz;ksx ugha
gksrkA (okD;
2. Conditional Sentences esawhen ds ckn will/shall dk iz;ksx ugha
5 ns[ksa
)
gksxkA (okD;
'Main
ysfdu vxj okD; iw.kZr% orZeku dk gks
rksClause' Simple Present esa Hkh
gks ldrk gSA
tSls%1. If it rains, the schools remain closed.
'will'
vxj okD; esa lykg@mins'k gks
rksds LFkku ijshould/must dk iz;ksxdjsaA
tSls%1. If you want to remain healthy, you should exercise daily.
2. If you do not know him, you must not open the door.
'If' clause eassimple present tense ds LFkku ijpresent continuous tense Hkh
vk ldrk
gSA
tSls%1. If you are waiting for the bus, you should better take a taxi.
2. If you are not reading the newspaper, you should let others read it.
128
Conditional Sentences
PAST CONDITIONAL
B.
'If clause' esa ftl dk;Z dk mYys[k gksrk gS ml dk;Z dk u gksuk n'kkZ;k
'If Itkrk
hadgSA ;kfu
,sls okD; esa
seen you' ls rkRi;Z gS fd
'I had not seen you.'
,sls okD;ksa
sa'If'edks 'had' ls replace fd;k tk ldrk g SA rcFormula gksxk&
Had + Subject + V3 + obj, Subject + would + have + V3
If + S + V2 , S + would + V1
D.
(i)
dkYifd in
General Formula If + subject + were, subject + would + V1
129
Conditional Sentences
'was'
uhps fn, x;s 'kCnksa ds
lkFkdk iz;ksx
ughagksrk gSA
If, as though, in case, as if, would that
Ex.
,oa I wish.
(ii)
'If' Clause eas ge'Unless' so long, as soon as, when, provided, suppose, in case, but
, for bR;kfn dk Hkh iz;ksx ldrs
dj gaSA
(a) If he came to me / (b) I would have given/ (c) him my car. / (d) No error
(a) Had he invited me / (b) I would have attended / (c) the function. / (d) No error
(a) If he had called me up (b) I would inform/ (c) him ./ (d) No error
(a) If he will work hard / (b)/ he will surely / (c) get the job of his choice. / (d) No
error
(a) Unless I do not / (b) see his ticket, / (c) I will not let him sit here. / (d) No error
(a) Before the police will come / (b) You should better / (c) get the anticipatory bail.
/ (d) No error
(a) We will come to know the truth / (b) after / (c) the investigation finished. / (d)
No error
(a) Until the train will not get the signal , (b) it will not / (c) leave the platform. / (d)
No error
(a) If I had money/ (b) I will have lent / (c) it to her. / (d) No error
(a) If I was you/ (b) I would not tolerate him / (c) for a moment. / (d) No error
(a) Suppose she does not agree/ (b)what could/ (c) we do ? / (d) No error
(a) Supposing if you do not reach / (b) the station in time,/ (c) what will you do? / (d)
No error
(a) If you saw a tiger / (b) what will your / (c) reaction be?/ (d) No error
(a) If I had two houses, / (b) I would have given / (c) one to you./ (d) No error
(a) If we will heat dry ice / (b) it turns / (c) to vapour. / (d) No error
(a) "Suppose if you are / (b) late, you will be / (c) in trouble." / (d) No error.
English from Plinth to Paramount
Conditional Sentences
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
(a) Unless / (b) he will not understand the concept/ (c) he will not be able to solve the
questions. / (d) No error
(a) If he tried again,/ (b) he can pass the exam/ (c) with flying colours. / (d) No error
(a) I will wait for you / (b) unless / (c) you come. / (d) No error
(a) If I was you / (b) I would teach/ (c) him a lesson. / (d) No error
(a) If I were the Prime Minister of India / (b) I will work for the / (c) welfare of the
poor. / (d) No error
(a) If she would have come to me / (b) I would have given her the / (c) money she
needed / (d) No error
(a) If he drove fast/ (b) he can reach the station / (c) in time / (d) No error
(a) If I was a millionaire/ (b) I would support / (c) the millinium project / (d) No
error
(a) If both of you stood / (b) on the table/ (c) it would have broken/ (d) No error
(a) If she would have worked hard , / (b) she would / (c) have passed. / (d) No error
(a) If you had seen me, / (b) you should have stopped your car / (c) and come to help
me. / (d) No error
(a) If the Government will make strict law/ (b) the law and order situation / (c) will
improve. / (d) No error
(a) But for his help / (b) the patient would / (c) have died. / (d) No error
(a) But for his prompt action / (b) many people would/ (c) have lost their savings. /
(d) No error
(a) I will not come / (b) in case / (c) it will rain. / (d) No error
(a) Had the river overflown its bank,/ (b) flood would / (c) have come. / (d) No error
(a) Had I known him, / (b) I would allow him / (c) to enter my house. / (d) No error
(a) You will not get well / (b) unless you will not / (c) follow the doctor's instructions.
/ (d) No error
(a) Supposing if he refuses / (b) to meet you, / (c) what will you do? / (d) No error
(a) I shall take you for a long drive /(b) after you /(c) will return from the meeting.
/ (d) No error
(a) When you complete your service / (b) you will be / (c) retired on pension / (d) No
error
(a) Were she I, / (b) she will not allow/ (c) you to go anywhere at this time of crisis./
(d) No error
(a) I told her when / (b) she came to Delhi,/ (c) I would show her all historical
monuments. / (d) No error
(a) You can scale this high peak, / (b) provided you/ (c) will wear the right kind of
shoes. / (d) No error
(a) Had you / (b) worked hard/ (c) you will have passed./ (d) No error
(a) When I shall see him/ (b) I shall/ (c) tell him/ (d) No error.
(a) He will tell you/ (b) about it when/ (c) he will come back/ (d) No error.
(a) When I will get back/ (b) I shall pay back/ (c) the money that I borrowed/ (d) from
you last month
131
Conditional Sentences
45.
46.
(a) I will/ (b) meet him/ (c) when he will come./ (d) No error.
(a) Had I realized/ (b) your house was such a long way off, / (c) I would take a taxi./
(d) No error.
(a);
(d);
(b);
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(a);
(a);
(a);
(c);
(a);
(b);
10. (a);
11. (b);
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
(a);
(b);
(b);
(a);
(a);
(b);
(b);
(b);
(a);
(b);
(a);
If he had come
dk iz;ksx djsaA
Formula If + Sub + V2 ,
132
Sub . + would + V1
Conditional Sentences
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
(a);
(d);
(a);
(d);
(d);
(c);
(a);
(b);
(b);
(a);
(c);
(a);
(b);
(a);
(c);
(c);
(a);
(c);
(a);
(c);
(c);
133
Verb (Advance)
VERB (ADVANCE)
CHAPTER
KINDS OF VERB
1. FINITE VERBS
2. Non-Finite Verbs
3. Transitive Verbs
4. INTRANSITIVE VERBS
1.
FINITE VERBS: Finite Verbs
Subject
dk ,d Sub gksrk gS vkSj
;s
dh la[;k ,oa Person ds
Verb (Advance)
Phrasal
' ugha]
'V1 + ing'
nwljs 'kCnks esa dgk tk, rks vxj
dksbZverb 'to' esa [kRe gks rks mlds'Vckn
1
dk iz;ksxdjsaA
you.
tSls%(a) I am looking forward to meeting
V1 +ing
V1 +ing
V1 +ing
Sentence (e)
135
Verb (Advance)
(C)
(i)
'V1 + esa
ing' dk iz;ksx fdlh ?kVukincomplete
ij fn, x, nksuksa okD;ksa
dks
;k gksrk gqvk
n'kkZus ds fy,
gks jgk gSA ;g
'V1 + ing' Present Participle gSA
(ii)
'V3' dk
'V3bl
'
ij fn, x, nksuksa okD;ksa
esa
iz;ksx fdlh ?kVukComplete
dks
n'kkZus ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA
form dksPast Participle dgrs gSaA
3.
tSls%1. I write
essay .
obj.
2. Children fly
4.
kites
.
obj.
INTRANSITIVE VERB- tc
intransitive verb dgykrk
tSls%Birds
.
fly
She slept
.
uksV%
vxj verb transitive (t.v.) gksrk gSverb
rks ds mYys[k ek=k
^D;k*
ls tSls loky mBrs gSA
tSls%1. He killed (D;k\)
He killed
a rabbit
.
t.v.
obj.
2. I helped (fdls \)
I helped him
.
obj.
t.v.
136
Verb (Advance)
CAUSATIVE VERB
Sub. Verb
obj.
ysfdu tc 'sub' gh verb dks experience djs ;kfu f;k dk iQy e ij u iM+ dj dkk ij iM+s
rksCausative verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls%1. He got caught.
S2
2.
obj.
obj.
V3
S1
obj.
V3
have to make
the system
work
We
.
S2
5.
V1
Have
the
box opened .
4.
S1
We
got
him arrested by the police .
S2
3.
S1
V1
I
cannot get
your work
done
him
.
by
S2
obj.
V3
S1
PATTERN - 1
Subject + Verb
137
Verb (Advance)
tSls%
S.N
Subject
1.
2.
3.
4.
Birds
The moon
The baby
I
Verb
fly.
is shining
is sleeping.
was going
PATTERN - 2
Subject + verb + subject complement
tSls%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Subject
This
It
He
My father
Verb
Subject Complement
is
is
looks
got
a pen.
I
happy.
angry.
PATTERN - 3
Subject + verb + direct object
tSls%
1.
2.
3.
Subject
I
She
You
Verb
Direct Object
know
opened
should help
him.
the door.
yourself.
PATTERN - 4
Subject+verb + indirect object + direct object
tSls%
138
Subject
Verb
I
I
He
gave
bought
showed
my book.
a purse
his notes.
English from Plinth to Paramount
Verb (Advance)
PATTERN - 5
Subject + verb + direct object + preposition + prepositional object
tSls%
vxj pattern 4 dks ge bl rjg ifjofrZr djuk pkgs fddirect object dk mYys[k igys gksdirect
rks
object ds ckn ,d preposition dk iz;ksx gksxk vkSj indirect
object dkA
fiQj
S.N. Subject Verb
1.
2.
3.
I
I
He
gave
bought
showed
my book
a purse
his notes
to
for
to
her.
her.
me and my friends.
,slssentence form esaadjective ml voLFkk dks n'kkZrk gS tks f;k ds otg ls;kgqvk
fiQjnoun
,oa adjective dks feyk dsobject cuk;k tkrk gSA
S.N. Subject
tSls%
1.
2.
3.
He
She
I
Verb
Direct Object
pushed
washed
like
the door
the plates
my tea
Adjective
open.
clean.
strong.
PATTERN - 7
Subject + verb + preposition + prepositional object.
tSls%
S.N.
Subject
1. This car
2. She
3. He
Verb
belongs
met
succeeded
to
with
in
me.
an accident.
his attempt.
PATTERN - 8
Subject + verb + to-infinitive (as object of the verb)
tSls%
S.N.
1.
2.
3.
Subject
She
He
I
Verb
Infinitive
wants
forgot
hoped
to sleep.
to take his medicine.
to pass the exam.
139
Verb (Advance)
PATTERN - 9
Subject + verb + noun/ pronoun + infinitive.
tSls%
S.N.
1.
2.
3.
Subject
Verb
I
The doctor
I
want
you
advised him
allowed Rohit
to help him.
to rest.
to go.
verb
ask, tell, order, command, persuade, encourage,
bl pattern esa iz;qDr gksus okys
eq[;
gS&
urge, want, wish, request, intend, expect, force, tempt, teach, invite, help, warn,
like, love, hate, allow, permit, remind, cause, mean, dare.
PATTERN - 10
Subject + verb + gerund.
tSls%
S.N.
Subject
1. She
2. He
3. I
Verb
Gerund, etc.
started
has finished
love
singing.
talking.
teaching.
begin,
start, love, like, hate, stop, finish,
bl pattern esa iz;qDr gksus okys eq[; 'kCn
gS&
enjoy, prefer, fear, remember, forget, mind, miss, suggest, practice, try,
understand, keep, help, advise, admit, avoid, consider, intend, delay, deny, detest,
can't help, rest, defer, worth, risk , it is noun/good, propose, regret, anticipate.
PATTERN - 11
Subject + verb + noun/ pronoun + present participle.
tSls%
saw
heard
kept
140
Verb (Advance)
PATTERN - 12
Subject + verb + noun/ pronoun + plain infinitive.
tSls%
S.N.
1.
2.
3.
Subject
Verb
Noun/ Pronoun
Plain Infinitive
I
We
I
you
him
the boy
go
finish the work.
leave the room.
verbs
bl pattern esa iz;qDr gksus okys
eq[;gS&see, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen,
feel, make, let, help, bid.
2.
(i) The girls watched intendly as the model applied her make-up with a practiced
hand.()
adjective)
fdlh f;k ( Verb) dk iz;ksx fo'ks"k.k
(
ds :i esa fdlh Noun dh fo'ks"krk crkus ds fy;s
rd
(v) form dk iz;ksx djsaA
fd;k tkrk gS rks f;k3 form esa gh gksuk pkfg;sAPractised
vr%
'Practice' noun gSA
vU; mnkgj.k% Spoken English
Revised edition
Written document
English,
edition o document laKk(Noun) gS ftudh fo'ks"krk crkus ds fy,
mijksDr mnkgj.k
esa
'verb' dk iz;ksx gks jgk gSA
Verb
vr%3rd form esa gSA
obj
141
Verb (Advance)
sub
To
err
(iii)
is human.
Sub.
4.
.
tSls%(i) He works
honestly
Verb
Adv
(ii) He talks
politely
.
Verb
Adv
tSls%(i) He looks
honest
.
Verb
Adj
(ii) He sounds
polite
.
Verb
Adj
5.
gksrk gSA
Acquit (to do better than expected), absent, avail, reconcile ( to accept a situation
reluctantly), amuse, resign, avenge, enjoy, exert, apply (to work hard on something),
adapt, adjust, pride
1. The officers acquitted themselves well during the crisis.
2. She has reconciled herself to the demands of her in laws.
3. The students exert themselves a lot at the time of examination.
4. You will have to apply yourself to this task whole heartedly.
5. I pride myself on being able to work smoothly under pressure too.
6. You should avail yourself of this opportunity.
7. He resigned himself to yet another day without food.
(1) They enjoyed the party. (reflexive pronoun dh t:jr ugha gS)
uksV%
enjoyed ds ckn djsa
)
dk iz;ksx
pronoun u yxk;sa ijUrq vxj
object
vxj enjoy ds cknobject dk mYys[k gksreflexive
rks
reflexive
pronoun dk iz;ksx djsaA
dk mYys[k ugha gks
rks
They enjoyed during vacation. (themselves
142
Verb (Advance)
( )
( )
,slsverbs dh lwph
6.
7.
8.
V1
143
Verb (Advance)
V1
9.
10.
king
(i) Long
live
the ! ()
S.S.
P.V.
11.
tSls%(i) He is walking
.
verb
rides
(iii)He
a horse.
verb
vxj vyx&vyx verb ds lkFk vyx&vyx preposition dh t:jr iM+s rks lHkhpreposition
dk iz;ksxdjsaA
tSls%(i) Amphibians can live on land and in water.
12.
13.
(ii) He was acquitted of and absolved from all the charges of corrution.
(i) I am having a car. ()
I have a car. ()
'ing' form esa ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
dqN ,slsverbs gksrs gS ftudk iz;ksx lkekU;r%
Verbs of Perception- See, taste, smell, hear, prefer, please, notice, recognize.
Verbs of Thinking Process- Think, know, mean, mind, remember, suppose.
Verbs Showing Possession- Own, have, belong, comprise, possess, contain, consist.
Verbs expressing Feeling or State of Mind- Believe, like, dislike, love, adore,
want, wish, desire, hate, agree, trust, imagine.
(5) Verbs in General- Look, seem, appear, affect, resemble, cost, require, become,
hope, refuse.
(foLrkj ls tkudkjh ds fy,Tense esaContinous Hkkx ns[ksa)
14. (A) Adverb as dk iz;ksx uhps fn, x;s
verbs ds lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
regard, describe, define, treat, view, know.
(B) Adverb as dk iz;ksx uhps fn, x;s
verbs ds lkFku djsaA
name, elect, think, consider, call, appoint, make, choose.
tSls%1. I regard him my brother. (Add as after him)
144
Verb (Advance)
Biology has been defined the study of organism. (Add as after defined)
She is considered as the best student of my class. (Drop as after considered)
The teacher called him as stupid. (Drop as)
The principal appointed him as a lecturer. (Remove as)
He thinks her as a fool. (Remove as)
15. vxj okD; esa
'It is high time' ;k fiQj 'it's time' dk iz;ksx gks vkSj mlds ckn
'sub' dk mYys[k
sub ds ckn 'V2' dk iz;ksx djsaA
gks rks
tSls%It's high time you did something.
16. dbZnoun dk iz;ksx ,d fuf'pr verb ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gS&
tSls%Have lunch etc. take an exam make a demand vU; mnkgj.k
a good time
advantage
a gesture Launch scheme
a shower
an action
a noise
Render help
a dream
risk
a promise Impart education
a conversation
your time
a request
a mistake
17. 'To' ds ckn 'V1' dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
vU;
ijUrq
lHkhPrepositions ds ckn vxj 'verb' dk iz;ksx gksrk
verb 'v1+ing' form esa gksuk pkfg,A
gS rks
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
tSls%1. He is afraid to do
anything against his boss.
V1
2. He is afraid of going
(a) Walking along the road/ (b) a car knocked/ (c) him down./(d) No error.
(a) Having done my homework/ (b) my mother allowed me/ (c) to go out and play./(d)
No error.
(a) Being a rainy day,/ (b) I had to cancel/ (c) all my appointments./ (d) No error.
(a) A few selfish leaders/ (b) are bent to harm/ (c) the very foundation of Democracy./ (d)
No error.
(a) As I have worked hard,/ (b) I am confident to pass/ (c) with flying colours ./ (d) No
error.
(a) We went to that place/ (b) with a view to help/ (c) the earthquake victims./ (d)
No error.
(a) You should avoid/ (b) to go to school/ (c) as you have severe eye infection./ (d) No
error.
(a) I have/ (b) no achievement/ (c) to boast./ (d) No error.
(a) One must avail of/ (b) every opportunity/ (c) that comes in life./ (d) No error.
(a) Have the letter/ (b) send/ (c) by someone who is trustworthy./ (d) No error.
(a) Would you please order/ (b) for tea and buiscuits/ (c) for all of us./ (d) No error.
(a) Everyone considered him as/ (b) a brave man/(c) but he fled from the battlefield./
(d) No error.
145
Verb (Advance)
13.
14.
(a) My father does not mind/ (b) to be disturbed/ (c) while he is reading the
newspaper./(d) No error.
(a) Perhaps you do not know/ (b) I am having a car and a jeep/ (c) besides a big
house in a good locality./ (d) No error.
15.
(a) The lawyer asked me/ (b) if it were worth to take/ (c) the matter to court./ (d) No
error.
16.
(a) I bade him/ (b) to submit all the important documents/ (c) before he left the job./
(d) No error.
17.
18.
(a) All the candidates/ (b) will give/ (c) a test on Friday./ (d) No error.
19.
(a) Mrs Dorai would rather/ (b) spend a quiet evening/ (c) than attending a party./
(d) No error.
20.
(a) The audience/ (b) watched the clowns/ (c) performed their act ./ (d) No error.
21.
(a) The life-guard would not/ (b) let the children/ (c) to swim at the deep end of the
pool ./ (d) No error.
22.
23.
(a) Walking along the/ (b) bank of the river/ (c) the road began to rise./ (d) No error.
24.
(a) It is time you/ (b) decide on your next/ (c) course of action ./ (d) No error.
25.
(a) As I was feeling sleepy/ (b) I asked for/ (c) a steamed cup of tea./ (d) No error.
26.
(a) I remember/ (b) meet him/ (c) five years ago./(d) No error.
27.
(a) I have always/ (b) and will always/ (c) be faithful to you./ (d) No error.
28.
(a) I am afraid/ (b) I did a mistake/ (c) in the calculation./ (d) No error.
29.
(a) The lights went out/ (b) while we/ (c) took the examination./ (d) No error.
30.
(a) His assistants have and/ (b) are still doing/ (c) excellent work for the organization./
(d) No error.
31.
(a) After the teacher had told the boys/ (b) how to pronounce the word/ (c) all of
them in one voice repeated the word again ./ (d) No error.
32.
(a) The company is not doing well./ (b) Isn't it time you/ (c) sell off your shares in it?./
(d) No error.
33.
(a) He caught the boy/ (b) steal/ (c) the parcel./ (d) No error.
34.
(a) I declined the invitation/ (b) not because I did not want to go,/ (c) but because I have
no time./ (d) No error.
35.
(a) It is a known fact/ (b) that time does not return back/ (c) once it is lost./ (d) No error.
36.
(a) Even after sixty years of independence/ (b) lakhs of people/ (c) do not have bed to
sleep./ (d) No error.
37.
(a) The dinosaurs could not/ (b) adapt to the/ (c) changing environment./ (d) No error.
146
Verb (Advance)
38.
(a) The students were/ (b) looking forward to/ (c) meet the eminent scientist./ (d) No error.
39.
(a) The lady made the/ (b) little boy to wash/ (c) all the clothes./ (d) No error.
40.
(a) We must get this letter/ (b) send/ (c) as soon as possible./ (d) No error.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
V3
Get it done
.
V3
11.
12.
13.
14.
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
15.
16.
(b)
(b)
17.
18.
(c)
(b)
147
Verb (Advance)
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
dk iz;ksx djsaA
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c)
37.
38.
39.
40.
(b)
(c)
(b)
(b)
148
pyk ldrsaA
repeat ds lkFkagain dk iz;ksx u djsaA (okD; 1 ,oa 2 dh O;k[;k ns[ksa)
sell dkssold esa ifjofrZr djsaA
It's time + sub ds cknV2 dk iz;ksx djsaA
steal dksstealing esa ifjofrZr djsaA
catch ds ckn Verb ing form esa gksxkA
have to had esa ifjofrZr djsaA past
okD;esa gSA
Return back superfluous English gSA
back gVk nsaA
Sleep ds cknin yxk;saA
Noun ds ckn vxj infinitive dk iz;ksx gksinfinitive
rks
ds ckn mi;qDr
preposition yxkrk gSA
adapt ds cknthemselves yxk;saA
Meeting (V1 + ing) dk iz;ksx
looking forward to ds lkFk gksxkA
to gVk nsA
make ds ckn plain infinitive 'V1' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Send dk sent esa ifjofrZr djsaA
Get ds cknverb V3 form esa gksrk gSA
dks
Noun
NOUN
CHAPTER
uke dks
(laKk) dgk tkrk gSA
A noun is a word used as a name of a person, place or thing.
Noun ikp izdkj ds gksrs gSa%
1. Proper Noun
(O;fDrokpd)
2. Common Noun
(tkfrokpd)
3. Collective Noun
(lewgokpd)
4. Material Noun
(nzO;okpd)
5. Abstract Noun
(Hkkookpd)
(1) PROPER NOUN
Proper noun ls gekjk rkRi;Z fdlh
O;fDr] oLrq rFkk LFkku ds
ls gksrk
uke gSA
tSls%Ram, Delhi, Gita etc.
(a) Ram is my friend.
(b) I live in Delhi.
Common
Noun
ftl Noun (laKk) ls ,d oxZvFkoktkfr ds O;fDr ;k oLrq dk cks/ gks]
mls
King, boy, girl, city etc.
(tkfrokpd laKk) dgrs gSaA tSls&
(a) According to the boy, the nearest town is very far.
(b) The boys are going to the nearest village.
tc erHksn
n'kkZ;k tk, ;k fiQj
izR;sd lnL; ds ckjs esa dqN dgk tk,A
(a) The flock of geese spends most of its time in the pasture.
S.V.
every week.
S.V.
149
Noun
(erHksn)
P.V.
(izR;sd O;fDr)
P.P.
tkrk gSA
Abstract Noun,
(A)
tSls%(a)
Uncountable Noun
tSls%(a)
Eg:VerbAdjectiveArticle -
150
Uncountable Noun
M oney, time, know ledge
etc.
Singular Verb
M uch, little, quantity of
only 'the' can be used
Noun
IMPORTANT POINTS
RULE 1
'Wages' dk iz;ksx
singular ,oa plural nksuks
forms esa
uksV%
fd;k tk ldrk gSA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks ns[ksa&
Wages
vFkZ Form
etnwjh Plural
ifj.kke Singular
Example
P.v
S.v
RULE 2
151
Noun
Uncountable
Nouns gSaA buds
dqNNouns dk iz;ksx
] dsoy Singular form esa gh fd;k tkrk gSA
;s
lkFkArticle A/An dk iz;ksx Hkh ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
tkrs gaSA
uhps fn, x;s mnkgj.k ns[ksa%
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
fish) ds
dk vFkZ gS fofHk iztkfr;ksa
Noun
RULE 6
mnkgj.k%xyr iz;ksx
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cousin brother
or
Cousin sister
Pickpocketer
Good name
Big/small blunder
lgh iz;ksx
Cousin
Pickpocket
Name
Blunder (Blunder dk vFkZ gksrk gS cM+h HkwyA
big dk iz;ksx
vr%
xyr gSSA
Strong breeze
Strong wind (Breeze ges'kk
light ,oa gentle gksrk gS)
Bad dream
Nightmare
confusion jgrk gSfuEufyf[krnouns esa Hkh gesa
1.
Floor
Ground
5.
6.
iQ'kZ
tehu
2.
Skill
3.
Envy
Talent
Inborn(tUe ls gksrk gS)
Jealously
RULE 8
'Noun'
gks rks og
153
Noun
bl rjg ds okD;ksaTowns
esa after towns, Rows upon rows, doors to doors ;k ships after ships
fy[kuk xyr gSA
RULE 10
Common Gender Nouns tSls%Teacher, student, child, clerk, advocate, worker,
writer, leader, musician etc. ,sls nouns gSa ftudk iz;ksx
male ,oa female nksuksa ds fy, fd;k
Dual Gender Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tc bl rjg Noun
tkrk gSA bUgsa
ds dk iz;ksxSingular esa fd;k tkrk
he/his/him dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
gS rks
lkekU;r%
(1) Every leader should perform his duty.
(2) A teacher should perform his duty sincerely.
;gk fookn dk fo"k; ;g gS fd ge Masculine Gender (He/His etc.) dk gh iz;ksx D;ksa djsa\
legal gksDENOTING
his ;k her tks Hkh
bl lEcU/ esa ;fnmatter
rks
vko';d gks mls Li"V dj nsuk pkfg;sA
WORDS
GROUPS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
A band of musicians.
A board of directors, etc.
A bevy of girls, women, officers etc.
A bunch of grapes, keys, etc.
A bundle of sticks and hay.
A caravan of Merchants, pilgrims,
travellers.
A chain/range of mountains or hills.
A choir of singers.
A class of students.
A retinue of servants/ attendants.
A clump/grove of trees.
A code of laws.
A cluster / constellation/ galaxy of stars.
A company/regiment/army of soldiers.
A convoy of ships, cars etc.moving
under an escort.
A course or series of lectures.
A crew of sailors.
A crowd/mob of people.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
A curriculum of studies.
A flight of steps, stairs.
A fleet of ships or motorcars.
A flock of geese, sheep and birds.
A gang of robbers, labourers.
A garland/bunch/bouquet of flowers.
A heap of ruins, sand, stones.
A herd of cattle.
A litter of puppies.
A pack of hounds, cards.
A pair of shoes, scissors, compasses,
trousers.
A series of events.
A sheaf of corn, arrows.
A swarm of ants, bees or flies.
A train of carriages, followers etc.
A troop of horses (cavalry) scouts; etc.
A volley of shots, bullets
A forum of people (discussing issues)
A congregation of people (discussing
religious issues)
NOUN-GENDER
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
154
Noun
Masculine
Author (ys[kd)
Host (estcku)
Jew
Mayor
Poet (dfo)
Tutor
Shepherd(xM+sfM+;k)
Giant (nkuo)
Heir (mkjkf/dkjh)
Lion
Priest(iqtkjh)
Tailor (nthZ)
Feminine
Authoress
Hostess
Jewess
Mayoress
Poetess
Tutoress
Shepherdess
Giantess
Heiress
Lioness
Priestess
Tailoress
RULE 2
Prince (jktdqekj)
Waiter
Ambassador
Director
Negro
Tiger
Princess
Waitress
Ambassadress
Directress
Negress
Tigress
RULE 3
Masculine
Emperor(jktk)
Governor
Duke
God
Master
Sorcerer (tknwxj)
Feminine
Empress
Governess
Duchess
Goddess
Mistress
Sorceress
RULE 4
Masculine
Man-servant
Washerman
Buck-rabbit
Brother-in law
He-bear
Bull-calf
Jack-ass
Headmaster
Milkman
Postmaster
Peacock
Landlord
Father-in-law
Step-Father
He-goat
Cock-sparrow
Dog-wolf
Stepbrother
Grandson
Feminine
Maid - servant
Washerwoman
Doe-Rabbit
Sister-in-law
She-bear
Cow-calf
Jenny-ass
Headmistress
Milkmaid
Postmistress
Peahen
Landlady
Mother-in-law
Step-Mother
She-goat
Hen-sparrow
Bitch-wolf
Stepsister
Granddaughter
RULE 5
155
ds
Noun
Prosecutor
Sultan
Boar (cuSyk lwvj)
Brother
Colt(cNM+k)
Dog
Buck (e`x)
Earl
Monk
Gander(gal)
Hart (fgj.k)
Horse
King
Man
Mr.
Sheep
Son
Uncle
Fox
Ox
Proscutrix
Sultana
Sow
Sister
Filly
Bitch
Doe
Countess
Nun
Goose
Roe
Mare
Queen
Woman
Miss
Ewe
Daughter
Aunt
Vixen
Cow
Czar
Hero
Testator(olh;rdrkZ)
Bachelor
Boy
Cock
Drake (ckd)
Drone (uj eD[kh)
Bull
Father
Bridegroom
Gentleman
He
Husband
Lord
Male
Nephew (Hkrhtk)
Sir
Widower (fo|qj)
Wizard (tknwxj)
Czarina
Heroine
Testatrix
Maid
Girl
Hen
Duck
Bee
Cow
Mother
Bride
Lady
She
Wife
Lady
Female
Niece
Madam/ Dame
Widow
Witch
NOUN-NUMBER (SINGULAR-PLURAL)
blls ,d O;fDr] ,d LFkku ;k Tax
,d oLrq dk cks/ gksrk gSA Boy,
tSls%Girl, Box
Singular Noun:
Table.
Plural Noun: blls
Girls.
Changing Singular to Plural:
Some Rules
RULE 1
RULE 2
RULE 3
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
s, ss, ch, sh, z ;k x
ftu Noun ds vUr esa
Hero
Heroes
Potato
Potatoes
Plural cukus ds fy, vUr esa
es tksM+
vkrk gS mudk
Mosquito Mosquitoes Mango
Mangoes
fn;k tkrk gSA tSls%
Singular Plural
Singular
Bus
Buses
Fox
Watch
Watches Switch
Ass
Asses
Canvas
Fix
Fixes
Class
Church Churches Quiz
156
Taxes
Dish
Dishes
Boxes
Coach
Coaches
Plural
Foxes
Switches
Canvases
Classes
Quizes
Cargo
Cargoes
Echo
Echoes
Noun
RULE 4
Singular
Bee
Zoo
Woe
Plural
Bees
Zoos
Woes
Singular
Tree
Radio
Portfolio
Plural
Trees
Radios
Portfolios
RULE 5
Singular Plural
Chief
Chiefs
Dwarf
Dwarfs
Grief
Griefs
Gulf
Gulfs
Proof
Proofs
Roof
Roofs
Safe
Safes
Scarf
Scarfs
Turf
Turfs
Brief
Briefs
RULE 8
'y' dh txg
O;atu(consonant) vkrk gS rks
'ies' yxkus ls mldkplural cu tkrk gSA tSls%
Plural
countries
ponies
dictionaries
replies
Singular
Brother-in-law
Plural
Brothers-in-law
Bed-room
Bed-rooms
Commander-in-
Commanders-in-
chief
chief
Step-daughter
Step-daughters
Singular
Key
Ray
Way
Toy
Plural
Keys
Rays
Ways
Toys
Singular
Donkey
Monkey
Valley
Storey
Plural
Donkeys
Monkeys
Valleys
Storeys
RULE 7
Maid-servants
Pea-hens
Peacocks
Mother-in-law
Mothers-in-law
Sister-in-law
Sisters-in-law
Member of
Members of
Parliament
Parliament
Man hater
Man haters
Woman lover
Woman lovers
Plural cukus ds
fuEuNouns ,sls gSa ftudk
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
fy, Inside Vowels esaifjorZu djrs gSaA
Calf
Wife
Wolf
Leaf
Calves
Wives
Wolves
Leaves
Half
Thief
Life
Knife
Halves
Thieves
Lives
Knives
Shelf
Shelves
Loaf
Loaves
Singular Plural
Man
Men
Foot
Feet
Singular
Woman
Tooth
Mouse
Goose
Louse
Oasis
Mice
Geese
Plural
Women
Teeth
(tw~a)Lice
Oases
157
Noun
RULE 10
IMPORTANT
Singular Plural
Child
Children
Singular
Ox
Plural
Oxen
Singular
Plural
Asylum
Asylums
dqNNouns ds nks rjg dsPlural curs gSaMuseum
Museums
ftudk vFkZ Hkh vyx gksrk gSA tSls% Premium
Premiums
Brother
Forum
Forums
Brothers - Sons of the same Pendulum
Pendulums
parents.
(B) dqNLatin words ds vUr esa
'us' vkrk gSA
Brethren - Members of a society,
budk Plural us dks i ds cnydj cuk;k
community
or
a
RULE 11
(1)
religious group.
(2)
(3)
Cloth
Cloths
Clothes
Die
Dies
Dice
(4)
Index
Indexes
Indices
- Unstitched cloth.
- Stit ched
clothes
(Garments)
- Stamps used for
printing and coining.
- Small cubes used in
games.
- tables of contents in a
book.
- Signs used in algebra.
Singular Plural
Radius
radii
(C)
Singular
Syllabus
isesa
dqNGreek 'kCnksa ds vUr
vkrk gS budk
Plural is dks 'es' esa cnydj cuk;k tkrk gSA
Singular
Analysis
Crisis
Hypothesis
Basis
Thesis
(D)
Plural
syllabi
Plural
Analyses
Crises
Hypotheses
Bases
Theses
on
dqNGreek 'kCnksa ds vUr
esavkrk gS budk
Plural on dksa esa cnyusls curk gSA tSls%
Singular
Phenomenon
Criterion
Plural
Phenomena
criteria
Singular
Datum
Ovum
Agendum
Dictum
Memorandum
Stratum
158
Plural
Data
Ova
Agenda
Dicta
Memoranda
Strata
If
5
BA
But
10
MA
Ifs
5s
BAs
Buts
10s
MAs
I
P
ATM
T
MP
UPC
Is
Ps
ATMs
Ts
MPs
UPCs
Noun
(F)
tSls%Singular
Meaning
Plural
Airs
Meaning
(gok)
(fn[kkoVh O;ogkj)
Returns
(okilh)
(vk; dk fglkc)
Iron
Irons
(yksgk)
(tathjsa)
Sand
Sands
(jsr)
(jsfxLrku)
Wood
Woods
(ydM+h)
(taxy)
Abuse
Abuses
(nq#i;ksx)
(dqjhfr;k)
Good(adj)
Goods
(vPNk)
(lkeku)
Water
Waters
(ikuh)
(leqnz)
Work
Works
(dke)
(lkfgR; ys[k)
Fruit
(iQy tSls lsc bR;kfn) Fruits
(urhtk (esgur bR;kn dk))
Wit
Wits
(okd~iVqrk)
(cqferk)
Plural Form esa ,d ls vf/d A
dqNNouns dk Singular form esa ,d vFkZ
gksrk gS ijUrq
Air
Return
(G)
Singular
Custom
Manner
Pain
Quarter
Letter
Meaning
fjokT+k
rjhdk
nnZ
,d&pkSFkkbZ
v{kj] fpV~Bh
Plural
Customs
Manners
Pains
Quarters
Letters
Meaning
Apostrophe
Possessive case ds fy, fuEu fLFkfr esa djuk gh mfpr gSA tSls%
dk iz;ksx
thfor oLrq
(b) a cows horn
(c) a womans purse
tSls%(a) Mohans book
(2)
tc fdlh fuftZo dk ekuoh;dj.k (Personification) fd;k tk,A
(b) Nature's love
tSls%(a) Sun's fury
(3)
le;] Hkkj ,oa txg lacaf/r Nouns ds lkFkA
(b) arms length.
(c) a pounds weight.
tSls%(a) a days leave.
(4)
dqN lEekutud Nouns ds lkFkA
(b) at dutys call
tSls%(a) courts orders
(5)
dqNPhrases ds lkFkA
tSls%(a) at ones wits end. (b) at a stones throw
(6)
HkkSxksfyd fi.M ds lkFk
tSls%(a) Earth's atmosphere.
(1)
159
Noun
for peace sake, for conscience sake, for goodness sake, for Jesus sake, Ganesh'
book.
God's sake.
uksV%
(D) Possessive Pronoun ( his, hers, yours, ours, theirs) ds lkFkapostrophe ugha yxkrs gSaA
tSls%Yours faithfully, Yours truly.
(E) fuEutitles ds lkFkapostrophe vfUre 'kCn ds lkFk
gh yxkrs gSaA
tSls%(a) Commander-in-chiefs orders.
(b) My son-in-laws sister.
(F) futhZo oLrq ds lkFk
's dk iz;ksx ugha djrs'Of'
gS dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
tSls%Table's leg ds LFkku Leg
ij of table dk iz;ksx djsaA
(G)
Double apostrophe
dk iz;ksx u djsa
(a) My sister / (b) has read / (c) pages after pages of the Bible./ (d) No error
(a) I went to the temple / (b) with my parents, aunts / (c) and cousin sisters. / (d) No
error
(a) He / (b) takes pain / (c) over his work./ (d) No error
(a) The Manager put forward / (b) a number of criterions / (c) for the post./ (d) No
error
(a) I like / (b) the poetries / (c) of Byron and Shelley./ (d) No error
English from Plinth to Paramount
Noun
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
(a) The beautiful / (b) surrounding of the place / (c) enchanted me./ (d) No error
(a) No Porter being available/ (b) he carried / (c) all his luggages himself./ (d) No
error
(a) The tables legs / (b) have been / (c) elaborately carved./ (d) No error
(a) The sceneries / (b) of Kashmir / (c) is very charming./ (d) No error
(a) The driver showed / (b) great talent in keeping / (c) the damaged car under
control./ (d) No error
(a) When I entered the bedroom / (b) I saw a snake crawling / (c) on the ground./ (d)
No error
(a) Alms / (b) are given/ (c) to the poors./ (d) No error
(a) Lasers are / (b) indispensable tools / (c) for the delicate eyes surgery./ (d) No
error
(a) If you have a way with words / (b) a good sense of design and administration
ability / (c) you may enjoy working in high pressure world of advertising./ (d) No
error
(a) Last weeks sharp hike in the wholesale price of beef / (b) is a strong indication
for / (c) higher meat costs to come./ (d) No error
(a) Whenever he goes to Mumbai / (b) he stays in/ (c) five-stars hotels./ (d) No error
(a) The company has ordered / (b) some / (c) new equipments./ (d) No error
(a) A strong breeze / (b) blew his / (c) cap off./ (d) No error.
(a) One of her firmest belief among the Hindus is that/ (b) Karma affects their / (c)
life and also the life after death./ (d) No error
(a) He was advised to take/ (b) two spoonsful of / (c) medicine times a day./ (d) No
error
(a) It is a big blunder/(b) but we had /(c) to ignore it/(d)No error
(A) The police have received / (b) two important informations / (c) that can help
them solve the triple murder case (E) No error
(a) The sheafs / (b) of the wheat plants were too heavy / (c) for the weak farmer to
carry them on his head./ (d) No error
(a) The population of India /(b) is divided into two classes- / (c) Haves and Haves
not./ (d) No error
(a) All his sister-in laws /(b) are extremely co- operative / (c) and she doesnt miss
her real sisters at all./ (d) No error
(a) Envy strikes a woman / (b)when she sees her husband / (c) talking to another
woman./ (d) No error
(a) Two summons have been issued by the court / (b) but he has not / (c) yet
appeared before the court./ (d) No error
(a) The Vaidya's / (b) have been living here / (c) for about a decade./ (d) No error.
(a) You are among those/ (b) man who earned name and fame not by / (c) chance
but by hard work ./ (d) No error
(a) Children are playing / (b) and making mischiefs/ (c) as their holidays have
started./ (d) No error.
161
Noun
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
162
(a) Sheeps are economically useful/ (b) and so they are reared/ (c) for wool and meat./
(d) No error.
(a) I read the letter/ (b) and made him aware/ (c) of its content./ (d) No error.
(a) I shall not go to party tonight/ (b) since I have many works to complete/ (c)
before I give presentation tomorrow./ (d) No error.
(a) One must be always/ (b) true to one's words/ (c) if one wants to get respect from
everyone./ (d) No error.
(a) Even after the enactment of several Acts and Provisions /(b) we can see five
years old boys/ (c) working in hazardous factories./ (d) No error.
(a) The fans blade / (b) has broken/ (c) and we must buy a new fan before disposing it
of./ (d) No error.
(a) She wears spectacle/ (b) and so she was unable to see the gansgter/ (c) that
attacked her last night./ (d) No error.
(a) All the furnitures have been/ (b) sold for a song/ (c) as we were in a hurry to
leave the town./ (d) No error.
(a) The angry mob/ (b) attacked the police officers/ (c) when they came to raze the
illegal construction./ (d) No error.
(a) They left/ (b) their luggages/ (c) at home by mistake and went to the railway
station./ (d) No error.
(a) The car could not/ (b) ascend the steep hill/ (c) because it was in the wrong
gears./ (d) No error.
(a) The ticket window/ (b) remained closed / (c)throughout the day./ (d) No error.
(a) Satyajit Ray, who conceived, co-authored / (b) and directed a number of good
films, was/ (c) one of Indias most talented film maker./ (d) No error.
(a) I think this/ (b) is not your book. / (c) It is some bodys else./ (d) No error.
(a) You should not put/ (b) your sign on any paper / (c) that you havent read./ (d) No
error.
(a) Towns after towns were/ (b) conquered / (c) by him but he found no peace./ (d)
No error.
(a) When we reached the fair/ (b) we found that there / (c) was no place to stand./
(d) No error.
(a) All the evidences were/ (b) against him and he was / (c) held guilty./ (d) No
error.
(a) My cousin brother is a cheater/ (b) and he / (c) cheats his family members and
friends too./ (d) No error.
(a) The committee/ (b) could not come to/ (c) a final conclusion./ (d) No error.
(a) The cattle in the meadow/ (b) was terrified to hear/ (c) the roar of a lion which
appeared to be wild with anger./ (d) No error.
(a) There should be/ (b) no furnitures/ (c) in my room./ (d) No error.
(a) That house/ (b) is built of/ (c) stones./ (d) No error.
(a) Santosh lives/ (b) by the principals/ (c) he professes./ (d) No error.
(a) The astronomer/ (b) who predicts the future/ (c) has arrived./ (d) No error.
(a) He told me that/ (b) it was/ (c) his friends Sankars house./ (d) No error.
English from Plinth to Paramount
Noun
2.
3.
(b)
4.
(b)
5.
(b)
6.
(b)
7.
(c)
8.
(a)
9.
(a)
10.
(b)
11.
(c)
12.
(c)
13.
(c)
14.
(b)
15.
(c)
16.
(c)
17.
(c)
18.
(a)
19.
(a)
20.
(b)
noun
'singular form' esa djsaA
dk iz;ksx gksrk gS
rksdk iz;ksx
Cousins dk iz;ksx djsaA
dguk xyr gksrk gSA
takes pains dk iz;ksx djsaAphrase
bl
dk vFkZ gS ^dkiQh iz;kl djuk*A
'Criterion' dk plural form 'Criteria' gSA
'Poetry' uncountable noun gSA bldk cgqopu ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA
'Surroundings' dk iz;ksx djsa ftldk vFkZ gS vkl&ikl dh'Surrounding'
surround
txgA
(verb) dk 'ing' form gSA
'Luggage' dk iz;ksx djsaA
'Luggage' uncountable noun gS vkSj bldk dksbZ
plural form ugha gSA
table's legs ds LFkku'Legs
s dkds
ij of table' dk iz;ksx djsaA lkekU;r% futhZo oLrq
iz;ksx
lkFkugha
gksrkA
'Scenery' dk iz;ksx djsaA
'Scenery' uncountable noun gSA
'talent' ds LFkku 'skill'
Talent dk vFkZ natural
ability to do something.
ij
dk iz;ksx djsaA
gS
'Skill' dk vFkZ'type
gS of activity that requires special training and knowledge'.Driving
skill dk iz;ksx lgh gksrk gSA
Ground dk vFkZ'edku
gS ds ckgj dh/jrh dk mijh lrg 'AGround ds LFkku'floor'
ij dk iz;ksx djsaA
floor dk vFkZ
'edku ds vanj dkiQ'kZ* gksrk gSA
'the poors' ds LFkku'the
'The poor' dk vFkZ gS xjhc'Poor'
ij poor' dk iz;ksx djsaA
oxZAadjective
's' dk iz;ksx u djsaA
'The poor' plural common noun gSA
gSA bl esa
'eyes surgery' ds LFkku 'eye
'Eyes' noun gS ijUrq ;gk
'eyes'
ij surgery' dk iz;ksx djsaA
surgery dh fo'ks"krk crk jgk gS
adjective
noun adjective dk dk;Z
,oa
dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA vxj
singular form esa gksrk gSA
'eyes'
'eye' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
djsa rks og
vr%ugha
'administration' noun gSA ;gk 'ability'
gesa dh fo'ks"krk crkus'adjective'
okys
dk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg,Aadministration dk adjective form 'administrative' dk iz;ksx djsaA
'Costs' ds LFkku'Cost'
Noun ds :i esa'Cost' uncountable noun gS vkSj bldk
ij
dk iz;ksx djsaA
cgqopu ugha gks ldrkA
'five-stars' hyphenated noun gS tks dHkhplural
'five star' dk iz;ksx
Hkh form esa ugha gksrkA
djsaA
'Equipment' uncountable noun gS ftldkplural form ugha gksrkA
'breeze' ges
'kkgentle gksrk gSA rst+
k dsgo
fy, 'Strong wind' 'kCn dk iz;ksx djsA
'One of the' ds ckn vkus okyk
'noun plural form esa gksrk gSA
'One
of the firmest beliefs'
vr%
dk iz;ksx djsaA
'Spoonsful' ugha
'Spoonfuls' dk iz;ksx djsaA
163
Noun
'biggS
mistake.' vr%blunder ds lkFk
'big' dk iz;ksx xyr gksxkA
dk vFkZ gksrk
'Information' uncountable noun gSA bldk
plural cukus ds fy,
'pieces of information'
dk iz;ksx djsaA
'Sheaf' dk plural form 'Sheaves' gksrk gS u 'Sheafs'
fd
A
'Have nots' dk iz;ksx djsa ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS jfgr oxZA
'Sisters-in-law' dk iz;ksx djsaA
'Sister-in-law' dk cgqopu'Sisters-in-law' gksrk gSA
Jealousy
tks gekjk gS vkSj mls [kkus ds Mj ls gesa bZ";k
gksrhdk
gSiz;ksx
rks fd;k tkrk gSA tc ml oLrq
envyrks
ds fy, bZ";k gks tks gekjk ugha
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
'Summons' ,d Countable noun gS vkSj
Singular gSA bldk
plural summonses gksrk gSA
vr%'two summonses' dk iz;ksx djsaA
Vaidyas dk iz;ksx djsaA
apostrophe (') gVk nsaA
'men' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
'Those' ds lkFk
plural countable noun dk iz;ksx gksxkA
'Mischief' uncountable noun gSA bldk
plural form ugha gks ldrk gSA
'Sheep' dk singular rFkk
plural form 'sheep' gh gksrk 'Sheeps'
gSA
ds LFkku Sheep
ij
dk
iz;ksx djsaA
Content ds LFkku 'Contents'
'Contents' dk vFkZ'things
contained in
ij
dk iz;ksx djsaA
gS
21.
(a) 'blunder'
22.
(b)
23.
(a)
24.
(c)
25.
(a)
26.
(a)
27.
(a)
28.
(a)
29.
(b)
30.
(b)
31.
(a)
32.
(c)
33.
something'.
(b) 'work' uncountable noun
34.
35.
(b)
36.
(a)
37.
(a)
38.
(a)
39.
(a)
40.
(b)
41.
(c)
42.
(a)
43.
(c)
44.
(c)
45.
(b)
46.
(a)
164
Noun
47.
48.
(a)
49.
(a)
50.
51.
52.
53.
(c)
(b)
(b)
(c)
54.
55.
(b)
(a)
56.
(c)
165
Pronoun
10
PRONOUN
CHAPTER
gSaA
tSls%You, yourself are responsible for your problems.
9.
He hurt himself.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS (vfu'p;okpd loZuke)% everybody, somebody, nobody,
anybody, everybody, someone, no one, anyone, everything, something, nothing,
anything, all, some, any, both, another, much, few, little.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS (laca/okpd loZuke)%
Who, whom, whose, which, that bR;kfnA ;s tksM+us
10.
8.
166
bR;kfnA
;s
Pronoun
Subject
Singular
Possessive Possessive
Adjectives Pronouns
Object
me
my
mine
Plural
We
us
our
ours
Second Person
Singular/ Plural
You
you
your
yours
Third Person
Singular
Plural
First Person
Nominative Case
I
She
They
We
Objective Case
me
her
them
us
Nominative Case
He
It
You
Objective Case
him
it
you
RULE1
case esa gksrk gSA vxj
fdlh sentence dsverb ds igysPronoun dk iz;ksx gks rksNominative
og
Pronoun dk iz;ksx
verb ds ckn gks Objective
Case dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
rks
I
tSls%(1)
Sub.
Verb
ds igys
(2) He
Obj.
ds ckn
is taught by me (Passive)
ds igys ds ckn
RULE 2
Pronouns ,d gh sentence esa iz;qDr gksa vkSj fdlh cqjh ckr dk
231
tc fofHk
u gks]
vkHkkl
rks mUgsa
nd
Person, fiQj3rd Person vkSj var esa
1st Person.
ds e esa yxkrs gSa]2igys
1. You, he and I shall study for the exam.
2. He and I have finished our work.
3. You and he have done a great job.
(231)
(31)
(23)
RULE 3
Pronouns dk iz;ksx djrs le; ;fn mlesa viuk
,d gh okD; esa fofHk
nks"k
Lohdkj fd;k x;k gks vFkok dksbZ
Pronouns
cqjh ckr dgh xbZ gks]
rks
dks123 ds e esa j[krs gSa]
English from Plinth to Paramount
167
Pronoun
(123)
(23)
st
Pronoun
123 ds e esa gksuk pkfg, ;kfu1igys
Person, fiQj2nd
tc Pronoun cgqopu esa gks
rks
Person vkSj fiQj
3rd Person.
tkrk gSA
tSls%1. Let me do this work.
2. He is as fast as
()
Nominative Case
him
3. I run faster than
. ()
Objective Case
he
. ()
Nominative Case
RULE 7
Nominative case
168
Pronoun
USE OF IT
RULE 1
It
Sri Lanka and Pakistan are developing countries. They are facing internal terrorism.
RULE 2
It is winter.
It is March.
It is 6 oclock.
It is Monday.
RULE 3
It dk iz;ksx
Infinitive, Gerund rFkk
Clause ds cnysesa Hkh gksrk gSA
tSls%It is easy to solve it.
It is said that virtue is its own reward.
Rule 4: It dk iz;ksx
sentence dssubject ds :i esa noun ;k pronoun ij tksj Mkyusds fy, gksrk gSA
tSls%It was
he who made this mistake.
Pron.
RULE 5
It
tSls% That
the record will break today is probable.
Clause
It dk iz;ksx
le;] nwjh] ekSle] vkfn dk cks/
djkus ds fy, gksrk gS u This
fd dkA
tSls%It is 10 a.m.
It is winter.
It is night
(1) This ds cknnoun dk iz;ksx gks ldrk gSA
uksV%
tSls%This book
is mine.
Noun
169
Pronoun
It ds cknnoun dk iz;ksxugha
noun ds LFkku pronoun
gks ldrk D;kasfd
ij
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
It book is mine ()
It is my book ()
It dk iz;ksx
fdlh singular futhZo oLrq@f'k'kq dspronoun
fy,
ds :i e sa gksrk gSA
tSls%It is a splendid monument.
my
our
your
his
her
its
their
mine
ours
yours
his
hers
theirs
RULE 1
Possessive pronouns dk iz;ksx
noun
ds igys ugha
gksrk gSA
tSls%Ours school
()
Noun
()
170
Possessive pronouns
M ine
Ours
Yours
His
Hers
Theirs
M y + noun
Our + noun
Your + noun
His + noun
Her + noun
Their + noun
English from Plinth to Paramount
Pronoun
RULE 2
Possessive Pronouns dk iz;ksx fdlh
sentence
tSls%Yours
is a new car.
S.V.
sa gksrk gSA
lost
tSls%He has
()
Obj.
to hers
I prefer your help
.
Prep.
sa gksrk gSA
()
Obj .
()
Prep. Obj.
Obj .
RULE 5
Separation, leave, excuse, mention, report, pardon, sight, favour
Possessive case dk iz;ksx xyrgSA
ds lkFk
mnkgj.k ns[ks&
1. Your separation is very painful to me. (separation from you dk iz;ksx djsaA
)
2. At his sight the robbers fled. (At the sight of him dk iz;ksx djsaA
)
171
Pronoun
)
dk iz;ksx djsaA
RULE 6
your's,
esa's' ds igys 'apostrophe' dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk
gSA her's, it's
bR;kfn dk iz;ksx djuk xyr gksrk gSA
tSls%1. The bear had a ring around it's nose. ()
Possessive Pronoun
uksV%
uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks ns[ksa&
dk
uksV%
uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks ns[ksa&
He was absent. ()
He absented himself. ()
vxj absent dk iz;ksxverb ds :i esa gks
RULE 2
Keep, stop, turn, qualify, bathe, move, rest ,oahide ds lkFkreflexive pronoun dk iz;ksx
ugha
gksrkA
.
tSls%You should keep yourself away from bad boys. (yourself gVk )nsa
He hid himself in the room. (himself gVk nsa
).
172
Pronoun
RULE 3
Subject vFkokobject ds :i esa ,d reflexive pronoun dk iz;ksxrc rd ugha gks ldrk tc rd
mlds igys lEcfU/rnoun/pronoun dk mYys[k ukksA
g
)
tSls%1. Myself Ramesh from Delhi. ('myself' ds LFkku 'Iij am' dk iz;ksx djs
2. Yourself and he reached there in time. ('yourself' ds LFkku 'you'
)
ij
dk iz;ksx djs
3. I myself did this work()
4. Rohit will do this work for myself ('myself' ds LFkku 'me'
)
ij dk iz;ksx djs
uksV%
ysfdu^nks ls vf/d O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa esa ls dksbZ ,d* 'any'
ds vFkZ
;k 'one'
esa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls%One of these three friends is naughty.()
RULE 2
Neither dk iz;ksx
^nks ls ls dksbZ Hkhdsugha*
vFkZ esa gksrk gSA
Neither of these two girls is active. ()
none
uksV%
ysfdu^nks ls vf/d O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha*
ds dk
vFkZ
iz;ksx
esagksrk gSA
tSls%Neither of his four sons looked after him. ()
None of his four sons looked after him. ()
O;Drdjrs gSaA
RULE1
one another dk iz;ksxks
dk iz;ksx
nks O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa
ds fy, gksrk gS] tcfd
n ls
vf/d O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa
ds fy, gksrk gSA
tSls% 1. He was so afraid that his knees knocked one another (one another dkseach other esa
ifjofrZr djsa
)
Each other
2. After the farewell, the students of class XII bade each other goodbye. (each
other dksone another esa ifjofrZr djsa
)
pointdks
out ;k demonstrate (ladsfrr@iznf'kZr)
osPronouns tks O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa
djus ds fy,
Pronouns dgykrs gSaA tSls&
This, that, these, those, such,
iz;qDr gksrsDemonstrative
gSa]
the same.
Demonstrative
Adjectives dgykrs gSaA
budk iz;ksx tcnouns ds igys gksrk gS rks
;s
RULE 1
These dk iz;ksx
dk iz;ksx
lehi dh ,d O;fDr ;k oLrq ds fy, gksrk gS] tcfd
lehi dh ,d
ls vf/d O;fDr ;k oLrq ds fy, gksrk gSA
This
173
Pronoun
tSls%This is a cat
.
S. N.
RULE 2
those dk iz;ksxwj
dk iz;ksx
nwj dh ,d O;fDr ;k oLrq
ds fy, gksrk gS] tcfd
n dh ,d ls vf/
d O;fDr ;k oLrqds fy, gksrk gSA
That
tSls%That is a book
.
S. N.
.
P. N.
dks jksdus
ds fy, those of dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
climate) of Mumbai.
tSls%The climate of Pune is better than that (vFkZ%
The streets of Delhi are wider than those (vFkZ%
streets) of Mumbai.
RULE 5
one dk
fdlh sentence esaSingular Countable Noun dks nksckjk fy[kus ls cpus ds fy,
Plural Countable Noun dks nqckjk fy[kus ls cpus ds fy,
ones dk iz;ksx
iz;ksxgksrk gS] tcfd
gksrk gS u ones
fd dkA
RULE 1
Relative Pronouns (who/which/that) dk iz;ksx
subordinate clause ds subject ds :i
174
Pronoun
RULE 2
Relative Pronouns (whom/which/that)
object ds :i esa gksrk gSA
I love
Obj.
Verb
RULE 3
tSls%Mr. Mishra is the most laborious man that I have ever seen.
RULE 5
All dk iz;ksx O;fDr ds fy, gks] rks blds ckn
'who/that'
175
Pronoun
RULE 1
A, B
tSls%
Who is playing ?
tSls%
(C) Whose
tSls%
gksrk gSA
RULE 2
Preposition + whom
sub.
RULE 3
'which' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
tc nks ;k nks ls vf/d esasl,d dk pquko djuk gks rks
tSls%1. Who is your brother in the crowd? ()
Which is your brother in the crowd?()
2. Who of the servants do you want? ()
Which of the servants do you want? ()
'Questions'
Pronoun
'Pronoun'
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
RULE 1
tc nkssubjects dksas well as, with, alongwith, together with, and not, In
addition to, but, besides, except, rather than, accompanied by, like,
unlike, no less than, nothing but ls tksM+k tk;s
Possessive
Pronoun 1st subject
rks
ds vuqlkj gksxkA
tc nksSubjects dkseither-or, neither-nor, not only-but also, none-but. ls tksM+k tk, rks
possessive pronoun nearest subject ds vuqlkj gksxkA
tSls%Neither the staff members nor the manager was taking his task seriously.
RULE 3
177
Pronoun
()
RULE 5
separate
;fn collective noun dk iz;ksxsentence ds subject ds :i esa gks rFkk blls
individuals (vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa ;k lnL;ksa) dk cks/ gks
rks blsplural ekuk tkrk gS rFkk blds
fy, plural pronoun rFkkplural adjective they, them, their, theirs, themselves dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
()
()
RULE 8
()
()
RULE 9
Pronoun
()
()
RULE 10
tSls%Many a soldier
death in the battlefield. ()
met his
has
S. N.
S.P.
S.V.
DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS
RULE 1
Each of / Either of / Neither of
RULE 2
Each, either, neither, any ds fy, singular pronoun ,oa singular verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls%Each of the boys has their own book. ()
Each of / either of / neither of
S.V.
S.P.
RULE 3
subject ds fy, gks rks
each dk iz;ksx
subject ds cknvFkkZr~
auxiliary verb ds igys
;fn each dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
tSls%We have each advised him to give up smoking. ()
We
each
Sub.
have
advised him to give up smoking. ()
Aux. Verb
'verb'
uksV%
,sls okD;ksa
esa sub ds vuqlkj iz;qDr gksuk pkfg,A
RULE 4
Both dk iz;ksxks
n O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa
ds fy, gksrk gSA
Both dk iz;ksx
ukdkjkRed okD; esaaugh
gksrk gSA
Both of them are not going. ()
Neither of them is going. ()
179
Pronoun
(a) Unless two or more members object/ (b) to him joining the club, we shall have
to/ (c) accept his application for membership./ (d) No error.
(a) I was surprised and pleased (b)/ when I was informed of me (c) winning the
contest./ (d) No error.
(a) Our dog may look/ (b) fierce but/ (c) that wouldnt hurt a fly./ (d) No error.
(a) No one can/ (b) challenge destiny,/ (c)isnt it?/ (d) No error.
(a) All the doubts are cleared/ (b) between/ (c) you and I./ (d) No error.
(a) The front page story was about a school girl/ (b) that had hurt herself/ (c) while
saving a child in an accident./ (d) No error.
(a) The last thing that the fond mother/ (b) gave her only son/ (c) was his blessing./ (d)
No error.
(a) It is not/ (b) I who is/ (c) to blame./ (d) No error.
(a) I shall avail of/ (b) this opportunity/ (c) to meet you there./ (d) No error.
(a) Put you in my position/ (b) and you will realise/ (c) the problems faced in my
profession./ (d) No error.
(a) Each of them/ (b) has to understand/ (c) their responsibility/ (d) No error.
(a) We are proud to announce/ (b) that every one of us have earned/ (c) a good name./
(d) No error.
(a) Here is/ (b) the man whom I think/ (c) committed the crime./ (d) No error.
(a) He took/ (b) his younger sister/ (c) with himself./ (d) No error.
(a) The company is in debt/ (b) and has been unable/ (c) to pay their employees
salaries/ (d) for the past six months./ (e) No error.
(a) The company has appointed/ (b) consultants to help them/ (c) increase its
revenue and/ (d) improve its financial position./ (e) No error.
(a) You cannot change/ (b) people, but you/ (c) can definitely/ (d) change own./ (e)
No error.
(a) Governments and business houses must reduce/ (b) its own energy use/ (c) and
promote conservation/ (d) to their citizens and employees./ (e) No error.
(a) Even those which/ (b) have no previous/ (c) work experience have/ (d) applied
for this job./ (e) No error.
(a) He talked on the phone/ (b) for hours together/ (c) who really irritated/ (d) his
English from Plinth to Paramount
Pronoun
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
181
Pronoun
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
(a) One should keep/ (b) his promise/ (c) if one wants respect from both friends and
enemies/(d) No error.
(a) Last summer I went to Shimla/ (b) and enjoyed very/ (c) much/ (d) No error.
(a) If I were him/ (b) I would teach/ (c) him a lesson/ (d) No error.
(a) Being a/ (b) rainy day I/ (c) could not go to school/ (d) No error.
(a) One of them/(b) forgot to take their passport/ (c) and found himself in a difficult
situation/(d) No error.
(a) Mr. Sharma, our representative,/ (b) he will attend the meeting/ (c) on our
behalf./ (d) No error.
(a) Each girl was/ (b) given a packet of sweets/ (c) and she was happy/ (d) No error.
(a) Myself and he/ (b) will manage/ (c) everything/ (d) No error.
(a) The Ganga is a river/ (b) whose origin/ (c) has always been a matter of
speculation/ (d) No error.
(a) My friend/ (b) is laborious and intelligent, (c) isnt it?/ (d) No error.
(a) It is difficult to say/ (b) who is the better/ (c) of the two players/ (d) No error.
(a) It is the best/ (b) which the government can do/ (c) for the downtrodden/ (d) No
error.
(a) Neither of the two friends/ (b) has got their money back/ (c) from the company/
(d) No error.
(a) This is the road/ (b) whose inaugration/ (c) was done by the President/ (d) No
error.
(a) Many women/ (b) reconcile to the/ (c) demands of their in-laws./ (d) No error.
(a) May I know/ (b) to who/ (c) I am speaking?/ (d) No error.
(a) The person who/ (b) I met yesterday/ (c) was my classmate./ (d) No error.
(a) Owing to me being a new comer/ (b) I was unable/ (c) to get a good house./ (d) No
error.
(a) A good friend of/ (b) me has been/ (c) in London for twenty years/ (d) No error.
(a) It was him/ (b) who came running/ (c) into the classroom./ (d) No error.
(a) I and Raju/ (b) left for Delhi/ (c) last summer./ (d) No error.
(a) I will certainly/ (b) avail of your offer/ (c) when the occasion arises./ (d) No
error.
(a) The book/ (b) is well illustrated/ (c) and attractively bound/ (d) making altogether
an attractive volume
(a) Besides me/ (b) many other/ (c) were present./ (d) No error.
(a) My house/ (b) is farther/ (c) than her's./ (d) No error.
(a) He is the person,/ (b) whom, everyone thought,/ (c) has stolen the ring./ (d) No
error.
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Pronoun
9.
10.
11.
12.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
(c)
(c)
(c)
(b)
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
13.
14.
15.
16.
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
(d)
22.
23.
(b)
(d)
24.
25.
26.
27.
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
dk iz;ksx djsaA
Avail ds lkFk ,dreflexive pronoun vkSj
preposition of dk iz;kx djuk t:jh gksrk gSA
'Avail'
ds cknthemselves of dk iz;ksx djsaA
One another ds LFkku each
other dk iz;ksx djsaA
ij
Oneself ds LFkkuourselves
Reflexive pronoun sub ds vuqlkj iz;qDr gksrk
ij
dk iz;ksx djsaA
we ds vuqlkjourselves iz;qDr gksxkA ysfdu
Keep ds lkFkreflexive pronoun dk iz;ksx ugha
gSA
Page 172 esaRule 2) vr%'Ourselves' gVk nsaA
gksrk gSA (ns[ksa&
She gVk nsA ,d gh okD;
noun
esa (Mrs. Pratap) ,oa pronoun (she) dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA
Him ds LFkku
ij 'himself' dk iz;ksx djsaA
That ds LFkku when
2006 le; gSA
ij
dk iz;ksx djsaa D;ksafd
as ds LFkku 'when'
ij
dk iz;ksx djsaA
183
Pronoun
28.
29.
30.
(b) 'You'
31.
(a)
32.
(c)
33.
(c)
34.
(c)
35.
(a)
36.
(c)
37.
(c)
38.
(a)
39.
(b)
40.
(b)
41.
(c)
42.
(c)
43.
(b)
44.
(a)
45.
(a)
46.
(c)
47.
(c)
48.
(a)
49.
(b)
50.
(b)
51.
(a)
52.
(a)
184
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Pronoun
53.
54.
55.
(c)
56.
(a)
57.
(b)
58.
(c)
59.
(b)
60.
(b)
61.
(b)
dk iz;ksx u djsaA
She was ds LFkkuthey
ij were dk iz;ksx djsaAand
;gk ds ckn okD; ifjofrZr gks tk jgk gS vkSj
vc lHkh yM+fd;ksa dh ckr dh tk jgh gSA
Myself ds LFkku I
Myself dk iz;ksx
subject ds :i esa ugha gks ldrkA
231 fu;e
ij dk iz;ksx djsaA
ds vuqlkjhe and I dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Whose origin ds LFkkuthe
Whose dk iz;ksx
non-living
ij origin of which dk iz;ksx djsaA
ds fy, ugha gks ldrkA
Isnt it? ds LFkku Isnt
he? dk iz;ksx djsaA
My friend is .. dk Question tag isnt
ij
he? gksxkA
Who ds LFkkuwhich
of ds igyswhich dk iz;ksx gksxkA
of ds igyswho vFkok
ij
dk iz;ksx djsaA
whom dk iz;ksx ugha gks ldrkA
best ds cknthat dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Superlative Degree ds cknthat dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Their ds LFkku his
Neither of/Either of/Each of bR;kfn ds ckn vkus okyk
ij dk iz;ksx djsaA
noun vFkok
pronoun rks
plural gksxk ysfdu mlds ckn vkus
verb/pronoun
singular
okyk
bR;kfn
gksxkA
his money back.
Neither of the two
has got
friends
Plural Noun
Singular
Verb
Singular
Pronoun
ds LFkkuthe
ij inauguration of which dk iz;ksx djsaA (okD; 57 dh
O;k[;k ns[ksa)
Reconcile ds ckn ,d reflexive pronoun dk gksuk t:jh gksrkReconcile
gSA
ds cknthemselves
dk iz;ksx djsaA
'who' ds LFkku whom'
ij
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
'who' ds LFkku whom'
ij
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
'being' ;kfu V1 + ing' ds igys possessive case 'my' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
'me' ds LFkku mine'
ij
dk iz;ksx djsaA
'him' ds LFkku he'
ij dk iz;ksx gksxkA
'231' ds fu;e ds vuqlkjRaju and I' dk iz;ksxk gksxkA
'avail' ds lkFk ,d reflexive pronoun' dk iz;ksx gksxkA'myself'
;gk dk iz;ksx djsa D;ksafd
subject 'I' gSA
'making' ds cknit' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
'many' ds lkFkplural pronoun others' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
'her's' dkshers' esa ifjofrZr djsaA
'whom' dkswho' esa ifjofrZr djsaA
62.
63.
(b)
64.
(b)
65.
(a)
66.
(a)
67.
(b)
68.
(a)
69.
(a)
70.
(b)
71.
(c)
72.
(b)
73.
(c)
74.
(b)
185
Adjective
11
ADJECTIVE
CHAPTER
Adjective (fo'ks"k.k)
%An adjective is a word used to qualify a Noun or a Pronoun.
gSA vr% os
(i)
.
tSls%Solomon was a wise king
Noun
(ii)
Verb
186
Adjective
2.
3.
Adjective of
(la[;kokpd)% ftl 'kCn ls oLrq dh la[;k Kkrgks] mls
Number (la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k)dgrs gSaA
(i) Definite
(ii) Indefinite
;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa%
Adjective of Number
Cardinal Adjectives
Article the
187
Adjective
tSls%Demonstrative Adjective
This girl is good.
That pen is new.
These shirts are white.
6.
Demonstrative Pronoun
This is a good girl.
That is a new pen.
These are white shirts.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Adjective
degree.
Positive
degree dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tc ,d (O;fDr] oLrq] lewg bR;kfn) dh fo'ks"krk dk o.kZu djuk
gks rks
tSls%He is a good boy.
188
Adjective
RULE 1
lkekU;r%
fdlh adjective dk comparative degree cukus ds fy, positive degree esaer
superlative degree cukus ds fy, positive degree esaest yxk;k tkrk gSA
yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj
I.
Positive
Bold
Deep
High
Strong
Thick
Weak
Comparative
Bolder
Deeper
Higher
Stronger
Thicker
Weaker
Superlative
Boldest
Deepest
Highest
Strongest
Thickest
Weakest
RULE 2
comparative esa dsoyr vksj superlative esast
;fn positive degree ds var esae gks rks
yxkrs gSA
II.
Positive
Able
Brave
Fine
Noble
True
Wise
Comparative
Abler
Braver
Finer
Nobler
Truer
Wiser
Superlative
Ablest
Bravest
Finest
Noblest
Truest
Wisest
RULE 3
tc positive degree consonant eas [kRe gks vkSj mlds igys short
dksbZ vowel vk;s rks
consonant dksdouble djus ds ckn e'k%er ,oa est yxkdj comparative ,oa superlative
degree cuk;k tkrk gSA
III.
Positive
Big
Fit
Hot
Sad
Thin
Wet
Comparative
Bigger
Fitter
Hotter
Sadder
Thinner
Wetter
Superlative
Biggest
Fittest
Hottest
Saddest
Thinnest
Wettest
RULE 4
consonant gks rks
y dks i esa
tc positive degree dk var y esa gks vkSj mlds igys ,d
Comparative ,oa superlative cukus ds fy, e'k%er ,oa est yxk;saA
ifjofrZr djsa vkSj
IV.
Positive
Dry
Happy
Heavy
Comparative
Drier
Happier
Heavier
Superlative
Driest
Happiest
Heaviest
189
Adjective
Pretty
Merry
Prettier
Merrier
Prettiest
Merriest
Comparative
Greyer
Superlative
Greyest
RULE 5
(syllables) ds dbZadjectives ,oa nks ls vf/d 'kCn [k.M ds lHkh
adjectives ds
nks 'kCn [k.M
comparative ,oa superlative e'k%more ,oa most yxk dj cuk;s tkrs gSA
V.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Beautiful
more beautiful
most beautiful
Courageous
more courageous
most courageous
Intelligent
more intelligent
most intelligent
Pleasant
more pleasant
most pleasant
UkksV%
dqNadjectives fdlh Hkh fu;e dk ikyu ugha djrsA os iwjh rjg ls ifjofrZr gks tkrs
A gS
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Good/well
better
best
Bad/ill
worse
worst
Little
less/lesser
least
Fore
former
foremost/first
Late
later/latter
last/latest
Far
farther
farthest
Near
nearer
nearest/next
Old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
Much/many
more
most
(a)
.
P.C.N.
Some
Adjective
Few
Little
little
the little (ek=kk esa de ysfdu fu/kZfjr o ftlds rjiQ ge bafxr dj ldrs gSA)
FILL IN THE BLANKS USING FEW/LITTLE, A FEW/A LITTLE OR THE FEW/ THE LITTLE.
1.
______ Knowledge is a dangerous thing.
2.
The doctor advised him to rest for _____ days.
3.
______ water I kept for you has been finished by him.
4.
The show was cancelled as ____ people turned up to see it.
5.
I cannot prepare tea for you. There is ____ milk in the refrigerator.
Answer:1.
A little (;gk okD; dk vFkZ ;s gS fd vxj tkudkjh v/wjh gks rks [krjk c<+
Knowledge
tkrk gS ;kfu
gS ysfdu
FkksM+k gS)
2.
3.
4.
5.
191
Adjective
tSls%He is as good
as his brother
Adj.
He ran as fast
as he could.
Adv.
RULE 2
Comparative degree esa
'adjective + er. than' dk iz;ksx gksrkThan
gSA
comparative degree dk iz;ksx djsaA
tSls%He is better than his brother.
Comparative degree ds ckn'than' dk iz;ksxgksHkh ldrk gS vkSj
ugha HkhA
Today I am feeling better.
ds igys ges'kk
RULE 3
Superlative degree' ds igysarticle 'the' dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls%He is the best player of the team.
RULE 4
superlative degree
vxj fliQZ nks O;fDr@oLrq
bR;kfn sdchp esa ls,d dk pquko fd;k tk;s gks rks
comparative degree dk iz;ksx djsa ftlds igysarticle the vkSjftlds ckn
dk iz;ksxughsa
preposition 'of ' yxk;sA
tSls%She is the best of the two sisters. ()
She is the better of the two sisters.()
degree' dk iz;ksx gksxk ftlds igysarticle
vxj lHkh esa ls ,d dk pquko fd;k tk;s'superlative
rks
Hkh
'the' dk iz;ksx gksxk vkSj ftldspreposition
'of ' dkA
ckn
tSls%He is the best of all the players.
RULE 5
tc ,d
degree ugha
rqyuk gks Comparative
rks
Adjective
RULE 6
exclude djus ds fy, any other dk iz;ksxdjrk gSA
rqyuk djrs le; nwljk igys dks ;k vU; lHkh dks
tSls%Gold is more precious than any metal. ()
Gold is more precious than any other metal. ()
Superlative
topmost
northernmost
southernmost
easternmost
westernmost
RULE 10
Adjective preferable dk iz;ksx
fliQZComparative degree esa gksrk gSA
Prefer(v)
blds lkFkto iz;qDr gksrk gS than
u fd vkSjmore dk iz;ksx blds lkFk ugha gks ldrkA
to dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
ds lkFk Hkh
tSls%This is more preferable than that. ()
This is preferable to that. ()
193
Adjective
RULE 11
dks ,d
RULE 12
dqNadjectives ds igys the dk iz;ksx djus ij adjective plural common noun cu tkrk
gSA
buds cknPlural verb dk iz;ksx gksrk
gSA
tSls%rich, poor, needy, aged, blind, dead, meek, wicked, etc.
The rich (rich people) usually exploit the poor (poor people).
RULE 13
verbs dksadverbs modify djrs gSA
lkekU;r%
.
tSls%He works
honestly
adv.
Adjective esa'ly' yxk dj Adverb cuk;k tkrk gSA (dqN vioknksa dks NksM+ dj)
Adverb
tSls%Adjective
Polity
Politely
Bad
Badly
Sincere
Sincerely
ysfduVerbs of sensation( seem, look, appear, feel , taste, sound vkSjsmell) ds ckn
adverb ughaadjective dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
()
tSls%He feels badly.
He feels bad.
()
The soup smells deliciously. ()
The soup smells delicious.
()
Verbs of sensation ds vykokbe, become, turn, get, grow, keep, make ,oa prove dks
adverbs ugha cfYd
adjective modify djrs gSaA
Hkh
RULE 14
plural
dbZnoun hyphenated ;k Compound adjectives ds Hkkx gksrs gSA ;s dHkh
Hkh
esa ugha
gks ldrsA
tSls%I delivered a twohours lecture. ()
I delivered a twohour lecture. ()
He gave me two hundredrupees notes. ()
He gave me two hundredrupee notes. ()
RULE 15
Plural form esa ugha gks ldrkA
vxj dksbZNoun Adjective dk dk;Z djsa rks og
194
Adjective
tSls%Lasers are indispensable tools for delicate eyes surgery. ( eyes dks'eye' esa ifjofrZr djsa)
RULE 16
confusing gksrs gSA vr% budk iz;ksx lko/kuhiwoZd djuk pkfg,A
dqNadjectives vFkZ esa
(1) Farther ,oa Further
Farther dk vFkZ ^nwjh
gS
esa vkSj vf/d^
A
tSls%She lives at the farther end of the lane.
Further dk vFkZ gS ^vkSj*A
tSls%I did not receive any further order.
(2) Last ,oa Latest
Last dk vFkZ ^vkf[kjh^
gS
A
tSls%The last ruler of Mughal Empire was Bahadur Shah Jafar.
Latest dk vFkZ ^uohure*
gS
A
tSls%What is the latest score?
(3) Elder ,oa Older
Elder/Eldest dk vFkZ gS
^[kqu ds fj'rs esa cM+k*A
tSls%He is my elder brother
Older/Oldest dk vFkZ ^mez
gS esa cM+k*
A
tSls%He is older than his friend.
(4) Nearest ,oa Next
Nearest dk vFkZ ^lcls
gS utnhd* A
tSls%Which is the nearest hospital?
Next dk vFkZ ^vxyk^
gS A
tSls%The bank is in the next building.
(5)
Later ,oa Latter
Later dk vFkZ gS
^ckn esa*
A
tSls%I will call you later.
Latter dk vFkZ ^ckn
gS okyk^
A
tSls%The latter part of the movie was boring.
Latter dk opposite ^former' gksrk gSA
RULE 17
'All'
195
Adjective
RULE 18
vxj adjective of size, colour, age bR;kfn dk iz;ksx ,d lkFk gks rks os fuEufyf[kr e esa gksaxsA
Size shape age colour
material
emotion
nationality
noun
Negro.
age
colour
nationality
size
shape
black
leather
material
RULE 21
(a) Anurag is eclipsed by his wife, / (b) who is cleverer and / (c) amusing than
he is. /(d) No error
(a) The two first to arrive / (b) were the lucky recipients / (c) of a surprise
gift. /(d) No error
English from Plinth to Paramount
Adjective
3.
(a) Of the billions of stars in the galaxy, (b) how much are / (c) suitable for life? / (d)
No error
4.
(a) A few word of / (b) gratitude are enough / (c) to express your / (d) feelings sincerely.
/ (e) No error.
(a) He feels his troubles / (b) as much or / (c) even more than they. / (d) No error
(a) I like reading / (b) more than / (c) to play games. / (d) No error
(a) There is not many traffic / (b) along the street / (c) where I live. / (d) No error
(a) The police arrived and discovered / (b) a large number of hoarded sugar/ (c) in
his shop. / (d) No error
(a) As a dramatist / (b) Shaw is superior than / (c) any other twentieth century
writer. / (d) No error
(a) Of the two great cities/ (b) the former is / (c) biggest. / (d) No error
(a) A non banking financial company is a / (b) financial institution similarly to a
bank / (c) but it cannot issue cheque books to customers. / (d) No error
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
(a) Everyone agrees that / (b) the Ganga is the holiest / (c) of all other rivers of
India. / (d) No error.
(a) Krishna ran to the / (b) nearing grocery store to / (c) buy biscuits as his parents
were expecting guests. / (d) No error
(a) While giving a loan/ (b) you must check / (c) if the borrower has sufficiently
collateral to repay it. / (d) No error
(a) Although his speech / (b) was not very clearly everyone understood / (c) the
underlying meaning. / (d) No error
(a) He is the most / (b) intelligent and also / (c) the very talented student of the
college. / (d) No error
(a) Having been found / (b) guilty of the theft / (c) Sunny was sentenced to five
years imprisonment. / (d) No error
(a) The Railways have made / (b) crossing the tracks / (c) a punished offence. / (d)
No error
(a) Alms / (b) are given / (c) to the poors. / (d) No error
(a) Lasers are / (b) indispensable tools / (c) for the delicate eyes surgery. / (d) No
error
(a) The number of applications has risen / (b) this year by / (c) as many as 50%. /
(d) No error
(a) Two lakh of people / (b) attended the meeting / (c) held in parade ground. / (d) No
error
(a) These sort of men / (b) attain success by hook or by crook / (c) so they do not
deserve any applause. (d) No error
(a) Can you tell me how / (b) many eggs and / (c) milk he has brought / (d) No error
(a) Whole the chapter / (b) is full of printing errors which are the outcome / (c) of
the proof readers carelessness. (d) No error
197
Adjective
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
(a) Her black long / (b) hair adds / (c) glamour to her looks. (d) No error
(a) I trembled when I saw / (b) a sharp long knife / (c) in his hand. / (d) No error
(a) I saw / (b) an anxious pale girl / (c) who was fidgetting near the ICU / (d) No error
(a) Mumbai is / (b) further from / (c) Delhi than / (d) Patna. (e) No error
(a) This book is / (b) undoubtedly preferable than / (c) that and its printing / (d) is
also comparatively good. (e) No error
(a) You can trust / (b) this channel/ (c) for the last news of this hour. (d) No error
(a) Everybody knows / (b) that Radha is the most unique / (c) singer of this college
/ (d) No error
(a) The faster he completes / (b) the work given to / (c) him, the largest will be his
profit. / (d) No error.
(a) He does not have / (b) some money to buy a new machine so he is / (c) anxious
/ (d) No error
(a) This young lady is / (b) more beautiful but not so cultured / (c) as her sister. (d)
No error
(a) Now-a-days, / (b) the weather / (c) is getting cold and colder. / (d) No error
(a) This photograph / (b) was comparatively better / (c) than that which he had kept
in his purse. / (d) No error
(a) Ram is as good, / (b) if not better than / (c) they./ (d) No error
(a) Gopal felt happily / (b) to learn that I / (c) had got a job in the Bank./ (d) No error
(a) He is comparatively / (b) weaker / (c) in maths / (d) no error.
(a) Many a / (b) boys are / (c) absent today / (d) no error.
(a) Honest are / (b) rewarded / (c) sooner or later / (d) no error.
(a) My all / (b) friends will come / (c) tomorrow to meet me / (d) no error.
44.
(a) He is wiser / (b) enough to / (c) understand your trick / (d) no error.
45.
(a) Ramayana is more / (b) sacred than / (c) all the mythologies of Hindus / (d) no
error.
46.
47.
(a) I will buy / (b) the book when / (c) the revise edition will come / (d) no error.
48.
(a) He ran so fastly / (b) that he reached / (c) the destination in just two minutes. /
(d) No error.
49.
(a) I am sure that / (b) all my monthly expenses / (c) would exceed the income if I do
not economise. / (d) No error.
(a) I am more lonelier/ (b) here than/ (c) I was in the USA./ (d) No error.
(a) To me it appears that/ (b) Anthropology is the more interesting/ (c) of all the
subjects./ (d) No error.
(a) The circulation of The Statesman/ (b) is greater than/ (c) that of any newspaper/
(d) No error.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
50.
51.
52.
198
Adjective
53.
54.
(a) In the garden/ (b) were the more beautiful flowers/ (c) and silver bells./ (d) No error.
(a) In his old age,/ (b) a person is likely to get/ (c) more weak day by day./ (d) No error.
1.
(c) amusing
2.
(a)
3.
(b)
4.
(a)
5.
(b)
6.
(c)
7.
(a)
8.
(a)
9.
(b)
10.
(c)
11.
(b)
12.
(c)
13.
(b)
14.
(c)
15.
(b)
16.
(c)
17.
(c)
18.
(c)
19.
(c)
20.
(c)
199
Adjective
21.
(c) 50%
22.
(a)
23.
(a)
24.
(c)
25.
(a)
26.
(a)
of colour.
Long
black hair.
Adj. of size
27.
28.
Adj. of colour
pale
a
Adj. of colour
29.
(b)
30.
(b)
31.
(c)
32.
(b)
33.
(c)
34.
(b)
35.
(b)
36.
(c)
37.
(b)
38.
(a)
39.
(a)
40.
(b)
41.
(b)
200
anxious
girl.
Adj. of emotion
further
farther dk iz;ksx djsaA
;gk nwjh dh ckr dh tk jgh gSA
vr% ugha
Preferable ds lkFk
than ugha
to dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Last ds cnysLatest dk iz;ksx djsaA ge uohure
(Latest) news lquuk pkgrs gSA
Unique dk iz;ksx
superlative vFkok
comparative degree esa ugha gksrkA
Rule 8 ns[ksaA
unique
ds igysa dk iz;ksx djsaA
largest dh txg larger dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd lekukUrj
(increase)
o`f ;k kl (decrease) dks
express djus ds fy, double comparative degree dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Some ds txg ij any dk iz;ksx djsa D;ksafd
negative okD; esa lkekU;r%
any dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
more beautiful ds cknthan dk iz;ksx djsaA
Cold dkscolder esa ifjofrZr djsaA tc fdlh
gradual development dks n'kkZ;k tkrkcomparative
gS rks
degree dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Comparatively ds lkFk
comparative degree dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA
better ds cnysgood dk iz;ksx
djsaA
as good ds cknas dk iz;ksx djsaA
happily (adv) ds cnyshappy (adj) dk iz;ksx djsa D;ksafd
verbs of sensation (look, sum,
appear, feel, smell, taste vkSj
sound) ds cknadj dk iz;ksx gksrk gS adverb
u fd dkA
Comparatively ds lkFk
comparative degree dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk
weaker
gSAds cnysweak
dk iz;ksx djsaA
Many a ds lkFk
singular noun ,oasingular verb dk iz;ksx djsaA
Boys are dksboy is esa
English from Plinth to Paramount
Adjective
ifjofrZr djsaA
42.
43.
(a) All my
44.
(a)
45.
(c)
46.
(c)
47.
(c)
48.
(a)
49.
(b)
50.
(a)
51.
(b)
52.
(c)
53.
(b)
54.
(c)
201
Conjunction
12
CONJUNCTION
CHAPTER
Words
Some Common
Meaning in
Some Common
Conjunctions
Hindi
Conjunctions
And
As well as
vkSj
Otherwise, or else
So, hence
ugha rks
Therefore,
Either.....or
Consequently
Both.... and
vr% blfy,
Neither... nor
Too....to
u rks ------------ u
So....that
bruk -------------- fd As........as
So.......as
bruk ------------ ftruk As...........so
Whether......or
But
;k ------------ ;k
As soon as
tSlss gh ------------- oSlsNo
ghsooner.......than
Or............
;k] vFkok] ugha rks Scarcely.......when
Not only........but also u gh fliZQ ------- cfYd Hardly.........when
Where
Wherever
When
tgk dgha Hkh
Whenever
Until/Unless.,
tc dHkh Hkh
While
Because
ds nkSjku
As. ,
Lest......should
D;ksafd ----- blfy,
202
Meaning in
Hindi
lkFk gh lkFk
blhfy,
;k rks ------- ;k
nksukas ------------ vkSj
bruk ------------ fd
bruk ------------- ftruk
tSlk ------------- oSlk
ij] ijUrq ] ysfdu]
tSls gh ------------ oSls gh
eqf'dy ls------------ fd
eqf'dy ls ------------ fd
tgk
tc
rc rd ----------- tc rd
D;ksafd
,slk u gks fd] oukZ]
Conjunction
Such.....that
Provided
Though
Whereas
As though
If
bruk -------- fd
As if
c'krsZ
Although
;|fi ------- fiQj Hkh@rFkkfi
Nevertheless
tcfd
As far as
ekuks
;fn
ekuks --------- fd
;|fi ------ fiQj Hkh@rFkkfi
(in spite of)
ds ckotwn
tgk rd
TYPES OF CONJUNCTION
Conjunctions fuEufyf[kr nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa%
1. Co-ordinating Conjunction.
2. Subordinating Conjuncion.
1.
CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTION:- uhps fn, x;s okD;ksa dks i<+s%
1. He read the notes and returned it to me.
2. He came to meet me, but I was not at home.
3. She worked hard yet she failed.
and,
bu okD;ksa
esa but, yet uked Conjunctions }kjk nks ,sls okD;ksa
dks tksM+k x;k gS] tks Lo;a viuk
clauses esa ckaVk tk, rks ,d
vyx&vyx vFkZ izdV dj ldrs gSaA vc ;fn bu okD;ksa dks vyx&vyx
Principal Clause cusxh vkSj nwljh
Co-ordinate Clause cusxhA
.
tSls%1. He is rich
and happy
adj.
adj.
2. Ram
as well as Shyam
is coming.
Noun
(ii)
Noun
2. You must run fast else you will miss the train.
(iii) Adversative Conjunctions (fojks/ n'kZd)
ds foijhr gksaA
tSls%1. He is rich but he is not happy.
English from Plinth to Paramount
203
Conjunction
ls tksM+k x;k gS] ftlds fcuk og viuk vFkZ O;Dr ugha dj ikrh vFkkZr~ og ml ij iwjh rjg ls vkfJr gSA ;fn
Clause cusxh vkSj nwljh
Subordinate
bu sentences dksClause esa ckaVk tk,] rksPrincipal
,d
(vkfJr) Clause.
Time:- When, whenever, till, until, before, since, while, as soon as, as long as,
just as.
1. When I saw him, I stopped my car.
2. As soon as it rains, the farmers will sow the seeds.
(ii) Place (LFkku)%
Where, wherever,
1. You can go wherever you want.
(iii) Cause (dkj.k)% Since, because, as,
1. She came because I called him up.
2. As he is a miser, no one likes him.
(iv) Purpose (ms';)% That, so that, in order that, lest
1. We eat so that we may live.
2. Run fast lest you should miss the train.
(v)
Result (ifj.kke)%So . . . . ., that, such . . . that
1. He is so weak that he cannot even stand.
2. He is such a fool that he doesnt understand anything.
(vi) Condition ('krZ)%If, supposing, unless, provided.
1. He cannot succeed unless he works hard.
2. I will help him provided he mends his ways.
(vii) Manner (<ax)%As, as if, as though, as far as.
1. He scolded me as if he were my father.
so
uksV%
vxj as the vFkZ ^pqfda* gks rks mlds
ckn
dk iz;ksx u djsaA
As I was ill, so I could not come (Remove so)
Conjunction
As . . . as dk iz;ksx
Affirmative rFkk
Negative nksuksa gh izdkj ds okD;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gS_ tSls%
fdUrq
(i) He is as good as you. (Affirmative)
(ii) He is not as good as you. (Negative)
(ix) Contrast (varj)% Though, although, however
1. Though he worked hard, he failed.
2. I tried very hard however I could not win the race.
3.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION:- tks Conjunctions tksM+
s (pair) esa iz;qDr gksrs gSa] mUgsa
Correlatives (ladsrcks/d)dgrs gSaA tSls%
Either ...... or, neither ..... nor, both ..... and,
not only ...... but also, though .... yet, whether...or
tSls%Neither his friends nor his parents knew about his evil intention.
I do not know whether he will come or not.
4.
COMPOUND CONJUCTION:- Conjunctions tc 'kCnksa dk lewg Compound
Conjunction
gks rks
dgykrs gSA
In order that.
The announcement was made in order that all might know the new
date of exam.
On condition that I will give you money on condition that you will not misuse it.
Even if
She will succeed in life even if she faces some initial failures.
So that
We eat so that we may live.
Provided that
You can take any dress provided that you return it after the
party.
As though
He shows off as though he is very rich.
As well as
Ram as well as his friends has come to the party.
As soon as
The farmers will sow the seeds as soon as it rains.
As if
He scolded me as if he were my father.
And
as well as
Both and
Not only but also
conjunctions dk iz;ksx
Noun , Pronoun bR;kfn dks tksM+us ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu tgk
bu pkjksa
desirable adjectives dks ;k fiQjnksundesirable
rd adjective dk iz'u gS ;s fliQZ nks
adjectives dks tksMrsa gSA
tSls%He is both intelligent and hard working.
He is not only dishonest but also lazy.
RULE 2
;fn nksSub dksas well as/with/alongwith/ and not/ In addition to/ but/
besides/except/ rather than/accompanied by ls tksM+k tk;s
verb
rks dk iz;ksxigys
sub ds vuqlkj gksuk pkfg;sA
(Subject - Verb Agreement ns[kas
)
205
Conjunction
. ()
1stss
Noun
2nd Noun
2nd Verb
eat
vegetables. ()
2nd Verb
RULE 4
Conjunction
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
RULE 5
So ......... that
too.. ........to
bruk ----------- fd
tSls%(1) I am so happy.
()
I am very happy.
()
(2) 1. He is so tired that he cant walk.( 'sothat
ds LFkku 'too
ij ..... to' dk Hkh iz;ksx gks
vxj
gks tk;sxk
torks
+ v1 ds igys2nd
vkSj okD; dk vFkZ xyr fudysxkA ;kuthat'
jgs vxjds cknsub ifjofrZr gks tk,sa
Sub dk mYys[k gksuk vko';d gSA
5.
Passive
nwljk rjhdk%
okD;3 ,oa4 esa vxj ge okD; ds nwljs Hkkx
dks voice esa fy[ksa rks drkZ dk mYys[k
nd
st
by + Sub ds :i esa gks ldrk gSA 2
rc sub tks 1 sub ls fHk
gSby+sub ds form esa vk tk,xk
vkSj okD; dk vFkZ lgh fudysxkA
to + V1 (infinitive) active voice gSA
to + be + V3 - Passive voice gSA
4. This problem is too complicated to be solved by anyone.
5. It is too expensive to be bought by me.
207
Conjunction
RULE 6
neither...............nor ( nks esa ls ,d Hkh ugha)
either....................or (nks esa ls ,d)
S.S.
S.V.
have
P.S.
P.V.
Has
Ram
or his friends come?
S.V.
S.S.
verb
;fn nkssub dksNeither.........nor, either......or, nor vFkokor ls tksM+k tk;s
rks vius
)
ls utnhd okys subject ds vuqlkj gksxkA
( Sub-Verb Agreement ns[kas
RULE 7
Neither of
djsaA
tSls gh
dk iz;ksx djsaA
oSls gh
vxj nks dk;Z] Hkfo"; esa ,d ds ckn ,d gks vkSj nwljs dk;Z dk gksuk igys dk;Z ds gksus ij fuHkZj djs rks igyk
(Future Conditional
dk;ZSimple Present Tense esa gksxk vkSjSimple
nwljk future tense esa gksxkA
Sentences ns[kas)
RULE 9
If/when dk tksM+k
then ughagksrk gS A
uksV%
tSls%When I come, then, I will meet you.
Conjunction
RULE 10
No sooner .................. than
Hardly ....................... when
Scarcely .................... when
(1) bu rhuksa
Co-relatives esatksM+k lgh
uksV%
gksuk pkfg;sA
tSls%No sooner did he see me when he ran away (when gVk djthan dk iz;ksx djsa)
No Sooner had the thief seen the police then he ran away.(change then to than)
(2) bu rhuksa
co-relatives dk iz;ksx dsoy
Past Tense esa djsaA
(3) vxj okD; dh 'kq:vkrHardly, Scarcely etc. ls gks rks mlds ckn okD;formation
dk
interrogative ds rjhds ls gksxk ;kfu
Helping verb + Sub + main verb (Had + S + V3 or
Did + S + V1) ysfdu blls okD; iz'u ugha cu tkrk gSA
Hardly I saw him when I stopped my car.
()
Hardly did I see him when I stopped my car. ()
RULE 11
Lest..................... Should
..............or...................
...............else..............
.................otherwise...........
djsa)
2. The selling price of every commodity was over and above the M.R.P.
English from Plinth to Paramount
209
Conjunction
3.
The first and foremost duty of every citizen is to respect his country.
4. Each and every student must take the exam.
RULE 14
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE
NEGATIVE / INTERROGATIVE
SENTENCE
Doubt if/whether
Doubt that
Doubtful if/whether
Doubtful that
tSls%1. He doubts that she will help him. ()
He doubts if/whether she will help him.(Affirmative Sentence)
2. I have no doubt if/whether he will cheat me.()
I have no doubt that he will cheat me. Negative
3. I am doubtful that my parents will allow me to go to the party. ()
I am doubtful if/whether my parents will allow me to go to the party. (Affirmative
Sentence)
4. He is not doubtful if/whether I will finish his work in time ()
He is not doubtful that I will finish his work in time. (Negative Sentence)
RULE 15
The same
The same
.
Verb
RULE 16
As .... as ,oaso .... as dk iz;ksx
As ..... as dk iz;ksx
Positive
rqyuk djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
negative okD;ksa esa gksrk gSA
,oa negative okD;ksa esa gksrkso....as
gS vkSjdk iz;ksx fliQZ
tSls%1. He is as intelligent as you. (+ve okD;)
2. He is not as intelligent as you. (-ve okD;)
3. He is not so intelligent as you. (-ve okD;)
(ii) As....as ,oa so .... as ds lkFkadverb ,oa adjective ds fliQZPositive Degree dk iz;ksx gksrk
(i)
gSA
210
Conjunction
(a) You are quite cynical/ (b) when you say that the reason why we have/ (c) such
a large turnout is because we are serving refreshments./ (d) No error.
(a) That store/ (b) hadnt hardly/ (c) any of those goods./ (d) No error.
(a) I needed that money/ (b) so desperately, it was/ (c) like manna from heaven
when it arrived./ (d) No error.
(a) The period/ (b) between 1980 to 1990/ (c) was very significant in my life./ (d)
No error.
(a) No sooner had the hockey match started/ (b) when it began/ (c) to rain./ (d) No
error.
(a) She is very/ (b) beautiful/ (c) but intelligent./ (d) No error.
(a) Your success in the IAS examinations depends not only on/ (b) what papers
you have selected/ (c) but on how you have written them/ (d) No error.
(a) No sooner had/ (b) he arrived then/ (c) he was asked to leave again./ (d) No
error.
(a) I havent been/ (b) to New York before and/ (c) neither my sister./ (d) No error.
(a) Scarcely had/ (b) I arrived than/ (c) the train left./ (d) No error.
(a) The reason why/ (b) he was rejected/ (c) was because he was too young./ (d)
No error.
(a) Unless you do not give/ (b) the keys of the safe/ (c) you will be shot./ (d) No
error.
(a) None of the diplomats at the conference/ (b) was able either to/ (c) comprehend
or solve the problem./ (d) No error.
(a) I have found that he is/ (b) neither willing/ (c) or capable./ (d) No error.
(a) We are extremely pleased/(b) for excited as well to invite you/(c) to attend the
meeting./(d) No error.
(a) When her son got a job/ (b) then she was/ (c) very happy./ (d) No error.
(a) Bread and butter/ (b) is/ (c) all we want./ (d) No error.
(a) The cost of the new/ (b) machines is likely to/ (c) be so high as ten/ (d) times
the existing ones./ (e) No error.
(a) He walked as faster/ (b) as he could so that/ (c) he would not miss the train to
work./ (d) No error.
(a) She was running/ (b) a very high fever/(c) and thus her mother takes her to
the doctor./(d) No error.
(a) No sooner the teacher/ (b) enter the class/ (c) than the students stood up./ (d) No
error.
(a) Unless/ (b) you will work hard,/ (c) you cannot pass./ (d) No error.
(a) Keep him at an arm's lenght/ (b) lest you may not repent/(c) in the long run./
211
Conjunction
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
212
(d)No error.
(a) The briefing/ (b) will be held/ (c) between 2 P.M. to 3 P.M./ (d) No error.
(a) Unless you do not meet/ (b) all the requirements/ (c) your application will be
rejected./ (d) No error.
(a) How do you manage to speak/ (b) to her with/ (c) so great patience./ (d) No error.
(a) No sooner she had realized/ (b) her blunder than she began/ (c) to take
corrective measures./ (d) No error.
(a) She was not/ (b) so well versed in/ (c) English that we had expected./ (d) No error.
(a) Mr. Sinha, my friend, philosopher and guide not only stopped coming/ (b) here
but also going to any place/ (c) which is related to his wifes life./ (d) No error.
(a) Neither the doctor nor the nurses/ (b) were asleep when/ (c) the injured was
brought to the hospital./ (d) No error.
(a) As soon as the peon rings the bell, then all/ (b) the students come to the
assembly room/ (c) for prayer./ (d) No error.
(a) Hardly had he come out of the bus/ (b) then the bomb exploded/ (c) and shattered
the bus into pieces./ (d) No error.
(a) Scarcely had I bought/ (b) the ticket when the train/ (c) left the platform with
a hissing sound./ (d) No error.
(a) Many of the freedom fighters/ (b) are so respectful as Gandhiji/ (c) if not more. /
(d) No error.
(a) This is perhaps the same place who/ (b) was chosen by us/ (c) for the picnic./
(d) No error.
(a) She asked me that why I was/ (b) not preparing for the/ (c) Civil Service
Examinations./ (d) No error.
A) Run fast/ (b) lest you will/ (c) lose the race/ (d) No error.
(a) As Amir Khan is a perfectionist,/ (b) so he always insists/ (c) on retakes till he
is satisfied with the shot./ (d) No error.
(a) You must either/ (b) work hard/ (c) else be prepared to lead a miserable life./
(d) No error.
(a) I dont know if any of the students/ (b) of our school is going/ (c) to pay any
heed to the principals order or not./ (d) No error.
(a) This is not such a/ (b) complicated problem who cannot be solved/ (c) with
determination./ (d) No error.
(a) Although these books/ (b) are not useful but the students buy them/ (C) because
their seniors did so./ (d) No error.
(a) He did not/ (b) succeed in the examination,/ (c) yet he had worked hard and
had adopted the right strategy./ (d) No error.
(a) He has lots/ (b) of money and/ (c) he will not help any one/ (d) No error.
(a) Because he is intelligent,/ (b) therefore he gets good/ (c) marks in all the
examinations./ (d) No error.
(a) Both the rich alongwith/ (b) the poor are affected equally/ (c) when prices of
petrol and diesel increase./ (d) No error.
English from Plinth to Paramount
Conjunction
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
(a) I cannot say/ (b) if he has paid/ (c) the fee or not./ (d) No error.
(a) Ten years have passed/ (b) that I returned from/ (c) America and settled in India./
(d) No error.
(a) It was almost/ (b) ten years ago since he wrote/ (c) a letter to me enquiring
about my well being/ (d) No error.
(a) He would not/ (b) have died when you had/ (c) helped him in time./ (d) No error.
(a) Scarcely we had/ (b) reached the office/ (c) when it started raining cats and dogs./
(d) No error.
(a) The labourers/ (b) relax/ (c) between 4.00 p.m. to 5. 00 p.m./ (d) No error.
1.
2.
(b)
3.
(b)
4.
(b)
5.
(b)
6.
(c)
7.
(c)
8.
(b)
9.
(c)
10.
(b)
11.
(c)
12.
(a)
13.
(b)
14.
(c)
15.
(b)
16.
(b)
17.
(c)
18.
(c)
19.
(a)
213
Conjunction
20.
21.
(a)
22.
(b)
23.
(a)
24.
(c)
25.
(a)
26.
(c)
27.
(a)
28.
(c)
29.
(a)
30.
(d)
31.
(a) As soon as
32.
33.
(d)
34.
(b) So . . . .as
35.
(a)
36.
(a)
37.
(b)
38.
(b)
39.
(c)
40.
(a)
41.
(b)
42.
(b)
43.
(c)
44.
(b)
45.
(b)
46.
(a)
47.
(b)
48.
(b)
214
asgksrk
. . . . gSA
as dk iz;ksx djsa
dk iz;ksx udkjkRed okD;ksa esa
The same ds lkFk
that dk iz;ksx djsa u who
fd dkA
Wh family ds igysthat dk iz;ksx xyr gSA why
Conjunction ugha vk,xkA
;gk ds igys dksbZ
Lest ds lkFk
should dk iz;ksx gksxk uwill
fd dkA
as ds
Conjunction dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk
So gSA
vxj As dk vFkZ D;ksafd@pqfd
gkslkFk
rks dksbZ
gVk
As. . . .so dk iz;ksx ^tSlk- - -oSlk* dk lanHkZEgyougSA
sow, so shall you reap.
nsA
esaAs
gksrk
Either dk tksM+k
or gksrk gS u else
fd
If ds LFkku whether
Whether ds lkFk
or dk iz;ksx gksrk
if gS
ij
dk iz;ksx djsaA
ds lkFk ughaA
Such ds lkFk
that dk iz;ksx gksxk A
Although ds lkFk
but dk ugha
yet dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Yet ds LFkku though
ij
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
and ds LFkkubut
ij dk iz;ksx djsaA
Because ds lkFk
therefore dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk
Because
gSA / as/ since vkfnConjunctions
of Reason gSA buds lkFk
so/therefore dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
Both dk tksM+k
and gS u fdalong with
Whether ds lkFk
or iz;qDr gksrkif
gSA
ds LFkku whether
ij
dk iz;ksx djsaA
that ds LFkku since
Since dk iz;ksx ^tc ls* ds vFkZ esa gksrk gSA
ij
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
English from Plinth to Paramount
Conjunction
formation
,sls okD;ksa esa okD;
ds
dk Hkh ;ku j[ksaA
Present Perfect
Ten years have passed
49.
50.
51.
52.
Since +
since
Simple Past
I returned
ds LFkku
ij when dk iz;ksx gksxkA
(b) when ds LFkku if
sentence gSA
ij dk iz;ksx gksxkAConditional
okD;
(a) we had dkshad we esa ifjofrZr djsaA
(c) between ds lkFkand dk iz;ksx gksrkfrom
gSA ds lkFkto dkA
(b) since
215
Article
13
ARTICLE
CHAPTER
A, An
ARTICLE
(A)
Indefinite - A/An
(B)
Definite-The
This is a chair.
Sita sang a song.
This is an umbrella.
(Incorrect)
(Incorrect)
(Incorrect)
'A/An' djrs
bu fgUnh okD;ksa esa ^,d* ugha gksrs gq, Hkh] budk vaxzsth vuqokn
dk iz;ksx
le; geus
fd;k gSA
Countable Noun ls iwoZ] (;fn og vfuf'pr gS) Article 'A/An' dk iz;ksx
okD;ksaSingular
esa
vo'; fd;k tkrk gSA bu okD;ksa dk ;g vuqokn xyr gS%
ARTICLEdkiz;ksxdgkgksrkgS\
She is _____ excellent.
'excellent' ns[k rqjar
'an' dk iz;ksx dj nsrs gS ijUrq bl okD; eas
article
dbZ yksx
dksbZ
dk iz;ksx ugha gksxk
'excellent' ds ckn dksbZ
noun ugha gSA
D;ksafd
tSls%She is an excellent student.
tSls%She is a student
.
noun
.
student
adj
216
noun
Article
very excellent
tSls%She is a
.
student
adv
adj
noun
A/An dk iz;ksx vfuf'pr (Indefinite) Singular Noun ls iwoZ fd;k tkrk gSA (fuf'pr gksus ij
Noun ds iwoZ
The dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS) blfy, A/An dksIndefinite articles dgk tkrk
gS_ tSls%
(a) I have a car.
(c) This is an orange.
2.
(a)
(First sound
ftl 'kCn ds iwoZA/An dk iz;ksx djuk gS] ;fn ml 'kCn ds mPpkj.k dh izFke ofu
of pronunciation) Loj gS rks
An dk iz;ksx gksxk
a dk iz;ksx gksxkA
A ;fn ;g ofu O;atugS] rks
A, E,esa
I, O, U, dks Loj(Vowels) ekuk x;k gSA dbZ 'kCn
Vowels
vaxzsth Hkk"kk
bu ls 'kq: rks gks ldrs
gS] ysfdu eq[; ckr gS] ml 'kCn
mPpkj.k
ds dhA fgUnh o.kZekyk
v] vk]
ds b] bZ] m] ] ,] ,s] vks] vkS Loj
ekus tkrs gSaA
An umbrella
A university
&v Eczsyk
&; fuoflZVh
w
A union
A ewe
&; w
fu;u
&;w
A one rupee note &ou
An honest man &v kWusLV
letter D;k gS
(FirstdhSound
of
'kCn dk izFke
,;g egoiw.kZ ugha gSA egiw.kZ gS] mlds mPpkj.k
izFke ofu
pronunciation)|
(b)
(A,ftu
E,v{kjksa
I, O, U) dks
vaxzth Hkk"kk esa ,d v{kj] dbZ izdkj dh ofu gsrq iz;qDr gksrsLoj
gSA
ekuk x;k
(Consonants) Loj dk
gS] mudk
mPpkj.k
cgqr ckjO;atu(Consonants) dh rjg gksrk gSA cgqr ls O;atu
M,izFke
F, H bR;kfn
mPpkj.k nsrs gSaA gks ldrk gS 'kCn dk
v{kj gks] ysfdu
mPpkj.k
dh izFke ofu Loj
gks rks
,sls 'kCnksa dsaniwoZ
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
tSls%(a) He is an MLA/ MP
(b) He lodged an FIR.
(c) He is an IAS officer.
(d) He is an SDO.
(e) I have an x-ray machine.
(f) She in an LLB.
(g) I have been waiting for an hour.
(h) He is an heir to the throne.
(i) Ram is an honest person.
English from Plinth to Paramount
( , e-,y-,-@ ,e-ih-)
( , iQ-vkbZ-vkj-)
( v kb-,-,l-)
( , l-Mh-vks-)
( , Dl&js)
( , y-,y-ch-)
( v kW
oj)
( , ;j)
( vkW
jsLV)
217
Article
An hour.
An honour.
An honourable person.
An honest man
An heir.
A house
An honorarium.
A historical monument.
A young man.
A ewe.
An eagle.
A European.
A university.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
A unit.
A union.
An Umbrella
A unique planet.
A useful book.
A year.
A one-rupee note.
A one-eyed man.
An orange
An F.O.
A forest officer.
An M.P
A Member of Parliament.
3.
^izfr ekg* ;k ^izfr oLrq dher* ds lUnHkZ
iz;ksx
esadjus ijA/An dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls%(a) This car runs twenty kilometers a litre.
4.
yxrk gSA
tSls%(a) A dozen pencils were bought by her.
5.
tSls%(a) 2
1
Metre -two and a quarter metre.
4
1
Kilo-three and a half kilo.
2
(c) She has to run half a mile every day.
tc okD; esaVerb (f;k) dk iz;ksxNoun dh rjg fd;k tkrk gS] mlls igysA/An
(b) 3
6.
218
Article
7.
noun ds iwoZ
A/An dk iz;ksx
vkrk gS rks
(1)
pl.n.
219
Article
gksrk gSA
tSls% What sort of a man is he !
()
( )
The dk iz;ksx ml
noun ls iwoZ
fd;k tkrk gS] tks
fuf'pr
dks blh dkj.kDefinite article dgk tkrk gSA
The
gS ;k ftldh ppkZ igys dh tk pqdh gSA
tc fdlh iwoZ fu/kZfjr oLrq ds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS_ tSls%
tSls%Once upon a time there lived a king. The king was very kind. One day he met an
The
viokn%
Noun ls iwoZ
A/An dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS
220
Article
tSls%The Ukraine
The Great Britain
The Netherlands
The Hague.
jkT;ksa ds uke dsArticle
lkFk
6.
viokn%
7.
The Measles, the Rickets, the Mumps , the Plague, the Flu.
uhps fn, x;s Proper Noun ds lkFkArticle The dk iz;ksx djsaA lkFk esa dqN mnkgj.k izR;sd fcUnq
iz;ksx
ugha
gksrk gS_
tSls%(a) The world is in danger due to green house effect.
(a)
(b) Go to hell.
(c) God resides in heaven.
(d) The Bill was passed in Parliament.
Environment
221
Article
(b) He tried to park his car but the space was not sufficient.
8.
fn'kkvksa ds uke%
tSls&The East, the West, etc.
West
ysfdu ;fn budslkFk fdlh Place dk uke tksM+k x;k gksThe
rks dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA
tSls%
Bengal.
[kkM+h ds uke%
tSls&The Bay of Bengal
jsfxLrku ds uke%
tSls& The Sahara desert
ugjksa ds uke%
tSls&The Suez Canal
lekpkj i=k ds uke%
tSls&The Hindu, The Times of India
ifo=k xzaFk ds uke%
tSls&The Gita, the Bible
cgqr&lh
egoiw.kZ
ls feydj cus gksrs gSaA ftuesa
s ,d l
'kCn fdlh O;fDr ;k LFkku dk uke
gksrk gS]
,sls uke ds lkFkThe dk iz;ksx
ughafd;k tkrk_ tSls%
15.
Delhi Airport, Victoria Palace, London Zoo, Jai Singh Palace, Indira Gandhi Airport
vkanksyu ds uke%
tSls&The Quit India movement
laxBu ds uke%
tSls&The United Nations,
The Jet Airways, the Intercity, the Rajdhani Express.
jsy@gokbZ ekxZ dstSls&
uke%
18. jktuSfrd ikfVZ;ksa ds tSls&
The B.J.P, the Congress, the Communist Party.
uke%
16.
17.
222
Article
COMMON NOUN:
1.
2.
223
Article
tSls%(a) The judge (moral of judge) in him, prevailed upon the father (Love of father for
4.
djsaA
tSls%Children should go to school.
ABSTRACT/MATERIAL NOUN:
formation esa
ysfdu vxj ge bu Noun dk iz;ksx uhps fn;sSentence
x;s
djsarks rcArticle The dk
iz;ksx gksxkA
Article + Noun + of +
Superlative degree
tSls%(a) The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.
(b) The higher you rise, the greater is the fall.
vxj nks esa ls ,d dk pquko fd;k tk, rksComparative degree dk iz;ksx gksrk gS ftlds igys
the vkSj ftlds ckn of dk iz;ksx gksxk_
tSls%(a) He is the stronger of the two wrestlers.
3.
224
Superlative
vxj lHkh esa ls ,d dk pquko
fd;k tk, rks superlative degree dk iz;ksxgksxkA
Degree ds igys Hkharticle 'the' vkSj lds
m ckn 'of' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
English from Plinth to Paramount
Article
5.
tkrk gSA
tSls%(a) He is the same boy that met me in the market.
8.
Few
Little
a few
few
the few
a little
little
the little (ek=kk esa de ysfdu fu/kZfjr o ftlds rjiQ ge bafxr dj ldrs gSA)
9.
A/An (Indefinite
dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rks
ckn
mlds
(b) The director and Producer has come for the shooting.
English from Plinth to Paramount
225
Article
Adjective gSA
2.
one dk ughaA
izfrfnu] izfr lIrkg] izfr fdyks] dher ;k nj ds fy, a dk iz;ksx gh fd;k tk;sxk
Ten rupees a kilo, four times a day, Sixty kilometers an hour, Twelve rupees a
dozen.
3.
A/An
any ;k every
ds lkFk iz;ksx djus ij fHkUu&fHkUu vFkZ
fudyrk
dk vFkZ
gSA
ls Hkh gksrk gS_
(We need two or more
tSls%One cow is not enough for the familys requirement.
4.
cows.)
A cow is a useful animal.
One dk iz;ksx
another/other
gS tks ml fnu@le; gksus okyh fdlh ?kVuk ds lUnHkZ esa iz;qDr gksrk gS_
tSls%(a) One night there was a terrible storm.
(b) One day Ravana came to Sitas cottage.
6.
One day
(b) One day you will feel sorry for what you have done.
One dk iz;ksx
a/an ds pronoun ds le:Ik Hkh fd;k tkrk gS_
tSls%(a) Did you get any berth? Yes, I managed to get one.
(a) The loss of jobs/ (b) is regarded by some as an necessary evil/ (c) in the fight
against inflation./ (d) No error.
(a) It is a/ (b) quarter to ten/ (c) by my watch./ (d) No error.
(a) Gita doesnt usually/ (b) wear jewellery but yesterday/ (c) she wore ring./ (d) No
error.
English from Plinth to Paramount
Article
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
(a) The police asked us/ (b) about our movements/ (c) on a night of crime./ (d) No
error.
(a) In science the credit goes to a man/ (b) who convinces the world,/ (c) not to the
man to whom the idea first occurs./ (d) No error.
(a) It is only after/ (b) the match is over/ (c) that people realize/ how exciting it is./ (d) No error.
(a) Of the two/ (b) sisters, she/ (c) is better./ (d) No error.
(a) It is unfortunate enough/ (b) to lose few friends we make/ (c) during our school
days./ (d) No error.
(a) There were a number of intelligent gentlemen at the party/ (b) but it was Mr.
Subramaniam, an eminent scientist,/ (c) who remained a centre of attraction./
(d) No error.
(a) I have been/ (b) informed that/ (c) Mr. Sharma, the director and the chairman
will visit Patna the following month./ (d) No error.
(a) He is/ (b) the best worker/ (c) of the factory but unfortunately least paid./ (d) No error.
(a) He has come out/ (b) with an unique proposal/ (c) for his friends (d) No error.
(a) When the house was/ (b) set on the fire, all the people/ (c) started shouting at
the top of their voices./ (d) No error.
(a) Little knowledge/ (b) of medicine that he possessed/ (c) proved to be a blessing
for him when he was in great pain./ (d) No error.
(a) It was/ (b) by a mistake/ (c) that he injured her hand./ (d) No error.
(a) These orders of/ (b) the Manager/ (c) may put the lives of two thousand workers
in a danger./ (d) No error.
(a) I inspired him/ (b) to take the heart/ (c) in all adverse situations and deserve to
be called a real hero./ (d) No error.
(a) The most happy/ (b) marriage would be/ (c) a union of a deaf man and a blind
woman./ (d) No error.
(a) John suggested to/ (b) the children of his village that they should/ (c) go to the
school regularly and do their home work sincerely./ (d) No error.
(a) Some people say that/ (b) her husband is in the jail/ (c) and so she lives
alone./ (d) No error.
(a) The Greek peoples/ (b) are considered/ (c) very brave/ (d) No error.
(a) His father/ (b) asked him to go/ (c) to the temple every morning/ (d) No error.
(a) There was little/ (b) milk in the refrigerator and she gave it/ (c) to her crying son./
(d) No error.
(a) He leads/ (b) a very luxurious life / (c) so he goes to every part of India by a car./ (d) No error.
(a) Thanks to an effort/ (b) and persistence of the doctors, the victims of the blast/
(c) have been able to start a normal life again./ (d) No error.
(a) In a hours time/ (b) I will be back/ (c) but now I have to go./ (d) No error.
(a) Terrorist organizations/ (b) kill innocent people/ (c) to spread a violence./ (d)
No error.
(a)Whole world is/ (b) today facing the threat of extinction/ (c) due to the inventions
of Science./ (d) No error.
(a) The answer/ (b) to all the sufferings of / (c) human beings lies in the Science./ (d)
No error.
(a) The police should exercise/ (b) their authority with little/ (c) bit of sensitivity
227
Article
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
2.
228
Article
3.
4.
(c) night of crime og fuf'pr jkr gS ftl jkr crime gqvkA vr%
definite article the dk iz;ksx djsaA
5.
(a)
6.
(b)
7.
(c)
8.
(b)
9.
(c)
10.
(c)
11.
(c)
12.
(b)
13.
(b)
14.
(a)
15.
(b)
16.
(c)
17.
(b)
18.
(c)
19.
(c)
20.
(b)
21.
(a)
22.
(c)
23.
(a)
24.
(c)
25.
(a)
26.
(a)
27.
(c)
229
Article
28.
(a) Whole
29.
(c)
30.
(b)
31.
(b)
32.
(c)
33.
(b)
34.
(a)
35.
(b)
36.
(c)
37.
(a)
38.
(c)
39.
(c)
40.
(b)
41.
(c)
42.
(a)
43.
(a)
44.
(b)
45.
(a)
46.
(a)
47.
(b)
48.
(c)
49.
(c)
50.
(a)
51.
(a)
52.
(c)
53.
(b)
54.
(b)
230
Preposition
14
PREPOSITION
CHAPTER
iz;qDrgksdj mlNoun ;k
Among
Among
Among
Through
into
in front of
Beside
on
in
at
Besides
upon
within
in
For
on
by
in spite of
Since
over
with
despite
Between
tSls%1. A lot of co-operation is needed among the different States to combat naxalism.
between
Between
Between dk iz;ksx
(Mutual relationship)
nks ls vf/d ds fy, Hkh gksrk gSmuesa
c'krsZikjLifjd laca/
gks_
tSls%(i) There is a tournament to be played between India , Australia and New Zealand.
(ii) There is an alliance between the three European nations.
231
Preposition
Amid rFkkAmidst dk iz;ksx Hkh nks ls vf/d ds fy, gksrk gSA buds iz;ksx esa ogh
among
vUrjrFkk
gS tks
amongst ds iz;ksx esaAmid
gSA ,oa amidst dk iz;ksxuncountable noun ds lkFkHkh gksrk gSA
Beside
ds cxy esa
Besides
ds vykok ;k ds vfrfjDr
For
Since
232
Preposition
Since
dk iz;ksx
^pqfda@ D;ksafd*
ds vFkZ esa Hkh gksrk gSA
()
(4)
Through
ds tfj,@ xqtj dj
(both sides)
nksuksa rjiQ
(i) A tree fell across the railway line that caused the accident.
(5)
on
upon
233
Preposition
tSls%1.The book is on the table. (;gkon dk vFkZ gS& ds ij & ,d nwljs ds Li'kZ
gSa)
esa
2.The cat jumped upon the rat. (;gkupon dk vFkZ gS& ds ijmotion
&
esa
A)
(6)
over
tSls%We need a roof over our head. (;gkover dk vFkZ gS& ds ij ij Li'kZ esa
A)ugha
'over' dk iz;ksx djs pkgstouch
Over
Over
In
Into
tSls%1. We are sitting in the classroom. (;gkin dk vFkZ gS& esa@ ds) vanj
2.
The boy jumped into the river . (;gkinto dk vFkZ gS& ds vanj vkrk gqvk&
motion esa
)
Enter ds lkFk'into' dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA
'Throw'
'into' ugha
'in' dk iz;ksx djsaA
uksV%
;gk ds lkFk Hkh
tSls%He entered into the room. (into gVk nsa)
He threw the ball into the well. (into ds LFkku in
ij dk iz;ksx djsa)
Enter into agreement/alliance ,ao enter on/upon (vFkZ%
to undertake) dk iz;ksx djuk
uksV%
lgh gSA
(9)
On time
le; ij
In time
le; ls
tSls%1. We reach the examination centre in time.
2. The examination starts on time.
3. We thought that the train would be late but it arrived exactly in on time.
(10)
By
With
ds }kjk
ls (vkStkj ;k gfFk;kj)
tSls%1. The paper was signed by him with a parker pen in black ink.
2. The snake was killed by the man with a stick.
3. You cannot catch a big fish with a small rod.
(11) Before
ds igys@ ds le{k
234
In front of
ds lkeus
Preposition
ds igys%
tSls%I came before you.
ds le{k%
tSls%India raised the issue of cross-border terrorism before the U.N.
In front of:
ds lkeus
tSls%Don't park your car in front of my gate.
(12) At - In
'at'lkFk
'in'dsdk
lkis{k :i ls NksVs LFkku ds
dk iz;ksx djs vkSj cM+s LFkku
lkFk
iz;ksx djsaA
tSls%I live at Mukherji Nagar in Delhi.
(13) In spite of
Despite
ds ckotwn
ds ckotwn
tSls%In spite of working hard, he failed.
'Despite' ds lkFk'of' yxk dj error fn, tkrs gSA
'Despite' ds lkFk'of' dk iz;ksx u djsaA
uksV%
tSls%Despite being rich, he is not happy.
(14) By - In
tSls%1. I am sitting in the car. ()
2. I am going in car. ()
3. I am going by car. ()
'By
+ vehicle'
fdlh Hkh okgu ls ;k=kk djrs gq, n'kkZ;k
tk;s
rks
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu vxj iSny
'on foot' dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
;k=kk djus dh ckr dh tk;s rc
tSls%I go to Paramount on foot.
(15)
year
in
Day Date
on
on
235
Preposition
morning, tomorrow evening vkfn fd igys Preposition dk iz;ksxugha fd;k tkrk gS_
tSls%(i) He will go there on tomorrow. ('on' gVk nsa)
(ii) They arrived here on last night. ('on' gVk nsa)
(16) After (ds ckn) rFkk
Before (ds igys):
tSls%(i) He returned India after a long time.
(ii) I left America before Christmas.
(17) Till/until dk iz;ksx
Point of Time ds lkFk gksrk gS_
tSls%(i) The Government will not pass any Bill until/till next session.
(18) By dk iz;ksx
Preposition of Time ds :i esa Point of Time ds lkFkgksrk gS_
tSls%(i) We shall have finished the syllabus by the end of next month.
(19) During
dk iz;ksx
vof/ (duration) crkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS_
Up
Down
Upto
TO dk iz;ksx y{;(destination)
(3)
(5)
236
Preposition
(a) izfrdwy(opposite)
tSls% It is difficult to sail against current.
(b) ds fo:
tSls%I am against terrorism.
(6)
Onto
With
(8)
Beyond
ds lkFk
tSls%I am with you through all thick and thin.
ds ckgj@ ds ijs
tSls%The case is beyond the jurisdiction of the court.
About dk iz;ksx dbZ vFkksZa esa gS&
(a) ds ckjs esa
tSls%I know about him.
(b) yxHkx
be
'about + to+V1' ds LFkku 'going
+ to+V1' ;k '
ij
+ to + V1 '
any form
(10) Above rFkkBelow dk iz;ksxlevel crkus ds fy, gksrk gS_ fdlh ekud
(standard), Lrj (level)
Below dk iz;ksx djsaA
;k fpUg(mark) ls ij Above dk iz;ksx vkSj muls uhps
237
Preposition
(11) Of
'Of'
2. Chair's leg ()
Leg of chair ()
Wood of table ()
lzksr(origin)
(c)
laca/ (relation)
him
tSls%(i) I do not depend on
.
Prep.
Objective Case
me
.
(ii) She relies on
Prep.
Objective Case
Conjunction
(and, or) vkfn ls tksM+uk gks ftuds
;fn nks ,sls 'kCnksa dks
fdlh
fHk&fHk
ckn Prepositions
Prepositions
yxrs gSa bu
rks'kCnksa ds lkFk iz;qDr gksus
okys
dks Li"Vdj nsuk pkfg,_
tSls%(i) She is conscious of and engaged in her work.
(2)
()
to London.
V1 +ing
238
Preposition
(4)
dk iz;ksx gks_
tSls%Bring, go, get, arrive, reach.
verbHkh
dk iz;ksx ugh
a gksrk ;fn blds igys fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh
Preposition
tc ;s verbs 'Active Voice' esa iz;ksx fd;s tk jgsa gksa rks buds ckn
fdlh
dk iz;ksx
ugha
gksxkA
tSls%1. The teacher emphasised on the need of discipline in life. (Drop 'on').
2. I have ordered for a cup of tea. (Drop 'for')
3. I shall discuss about the problem with you. (Drop 'about')
4. (a) He described/ (b) about the incident/ (c) in his story./ (d) No error
[ (b) esa
'about' dk iz;ksx xyr gSA
]
(6)
Speak, reply, explain, complain, talk, listen, write vkfnds cknHkh ges'kk
'to' Preposition
dk iz;ksxgksrk gS ;fn
blds ckn Object ds :i esa dksbZ O;fDr dk iz;ksx
gks_
239
Preposition
(9)
Preposition
verb
objects (Direct/Indirect) ij ;ku nsa&
ds n`f"Vdks.k
ls ds lkFk iz;qDr mi;qDr
tSls%
bR;kfnA
The accident
was
form of 'be
'
'
240
Preposition
241
Preposition
Preposition
243
Preposition
***B***
244
Preposition
***C***
Callous to ............................................................ ds izfr wj gksuk
Candidate for ....................................................... dk izR;k'kh gksuk
Capacity for ......................................................... dh {kerk gksuk
Care for or about (something) .............................. fdlh phT+k dk ijokg gksuk
(take) Care of child etc. ........................................ ;ku j[kuk
Careful about ....................................................... dks ysdj lko/ku jguk
Cautious of .......................................................... ls lko/ku gksuk
English from Plinth to Paramount
245
Preposition
Preposition
***D***
Deaf to ................................................................. ds izfr cgjk gksuk
English from Plinth to Paramount
247
Preposition
Preposition
***E***
Eligible for (appointment/ election etc.) ................ ds ;ksX; gksuk
Enamoured of ....................................................... ls eksfgr gksuk
Endowed with ....................................................... ls ySl@lEi gksuk
Enmity to ............................................................. ls nq'euh gksuk
Enquire into (a matter) ........................................ fdlh ekeys esa Nku chu djuk
Enquire of (a person) ........................................... ls (O;fDr) iwNrkN djuk
Entitled to ............................................................ dk vf/dkj izkIr gksuk
/ds yk;d gksuk
Entrust a person with a responsibility, work etc. .. dke lkSaiuk
Enveloped in ......................................................... ls <+dk gksuk
Envious of ............................................................ ls b";k j[kuk
Equal to ................................................................ ds cjkcj gksuk
Escape from ......................................................... ls cp fudyuk
Essential to (health, etc.) ..................................... t:jh gksuk
Exception to ......................................................... viokn gksuk
Exemption from .................................................... ls NwV izkIr gksuk
Experience of ....................................................... dk vuqHko j[kuk
Experienced in ..................................................... esa vuqHko j[kuk
Embark on (venture) ............................................ fdlh dke esa yx tkuk
Enter (place) ......................................................... fdlh Prep dk iz;ksx ugha
Enter into (alliance, agreement) ........................... 'kkfey gksuk (le>kSrk bR;kfn esa)
English from Plinth to Paramount
249
Preposition
***F***
Failed in ............................................................... esa vliQy gksuk
Failure of ............................................................. dh vliQyrk
Faithful to ............................................................ ds izfr oiQknkj gksuk
False to (promise) ................................................. (okns dk) >wBk
Familiar to ........................................................... ls voxr gksuk
Familiar with (a subject). ..................................... (fdlh fo"k;) ls voxr gksuk
Famous for (something) ........................................ (fdlh dkj.k) izfl gksuk
Fatal to (life/ future prospects etc.) ...................... ?kkrd gksuk
Fatigued with ....................................................... ls FkdkoV gksuk
Favourable to ....................................................... ds vuqdwy gksuk
Fearful of ............................................................. ls Mjuk
Fertile in .............................................................. esa mitk gksuk
Fond of ................................................................. ilan gksuk
Fondness for ........................................................ ilan
Foreign to ............................................................ ls vutku gksuk
Fought against ..................................................... ls yM+uk
Free from (worries). .............................................. (fpUrk) ls eqDr gksuk
Free of cost. ......................................................... fcuk dher ds
Full of .................................................................. ls Hkjk gksuk
False of (heart) ..................................................... ls >wBk
Fascinated by (a thing) ......................................... fdlh pht ls eksfgr
Fascinated with (a person) ................................... fdlh O;fDr ls eksfgr
Fly into (anger) ..................................................... vpkud xqLls esa vkuk
Feed on (live on) ................................................... ij ftank jguk
For lack of ............................................................ dqN (deh) ds dkj.k
For short of .......................................................... dqN (deh) ds dkj.k
For want of ........................................................... dqN (deh) ds dkj.k
***G***
Get at (the truth). ................................................. (lp) rd igqpuk
Get on (with a person). ......................................... ls vPNk rkyesy gksuk
Get out of (gate etc.) ............................................. ls ckgj tkuk
Get over (the difficulty). ........................................ (dfBukbZ) ls mcjuk
Gifted with ........................................................... ls le`@/uh gksuk
250
Preposition
***H***
Hatred of or for something. ................................... ds izfr uiQjr gksuk
Heedless of .......................................................... ls vlko/ku
Heir to (the throne). ............................................. dk mkjkf/dkjh gksuk
Honest in ............................................................. esa bZekunkj
Hope for (good or success etc). ............................... dh vk'kk j[kuk
Hopeful of (some result) ........................................ ds izfr vk'kkafor gksuk
Hostile to ............................................................. ls izfr 'k=kqrkiw.kZ
Hurtful to ............................................................. ds izfr gkfudj@pksV igqpkus okyk
Hear from (a person) ............................................ ls dksbZ [kcj feyuk
Hear of (something) .............................................. ds ckjs esa lquuk
Hear by (post, communication) ............................. Kkr gksuk (fdlh Jksr ls)
Hard by ................................................................ utnhd
Hard up ................................................................ raxh gksuk
Hanker after ........................................................ ds ihNs iM+uk
Healed of (a disease) ............................................ Bhd gksuk (fcekjh ls)
***I***
Ignorant of ........................................................... ls vufHkK gksuk
Ill with ................................................................. ls fcekj
Immaterial to ...................................................... ds fy, egoghu
Impertinent to ..................................................... ds izfr xqLrk[k
Impervious to ....................................................... ds fy, vHks/
Implicated in ........................................................ esa iaQluk@vkjksfir gksuk
Inclined to ........................................................... ds izfr >qdko
Indebted to ........................................................... ds izfr rK~;
Indifference / indifferent to ................................. ds izfr mnklhu@ mnklhu gksuk
Indigenous to ....................................................... dk ewy fuoklh gksuk
English from Plinth to Paramount
251
Preposition
Preposition
tkuk
tkuk
***J***
Jealous of (a person) ........................................... ls bZ";k gksuk
Junior to (a person) .............................................. ls dfu"B gksuk
Judge of (things) ................................................... jk; nsuk
Judge by ............................................................... vkdk tkuk
Jump to (conclusion) ............................................ rqjar fu"d"kZ ij igqpuk
Jump at (an offer) ................................................. mNy iM+uk
Jeer at (a thing) ................................................... dk etkd mM+kuk
Jest at (a thing) .................................................... dk etkd mM+kuk
***K***
Key to .................................................................. dh dqath
Kind to (a person) ................................................. ds izfr n;kyq gksuk
Knock at (the gate) ............................................... [kV[kVkuk
Known to .............................................................. Passive voice esaknown
ds lkFk'to' dk
***L***
Lame of (a leg) ...................................................... ls yaxM+k
Laugh at (a person or thing) .................................. ij gluk
Lax in ................................................................... esa f'kfFky gksuk
Lean against ........................................................ ij (Vsd yxk dj) >qduk
Leniency to .......................................................... ds izfr uehZ
Liable to ............................................................... ds izfr mkjnk;h
Liable to (punishment) ......................................... (ltk dj) gdnkj gksuk
Liking for ............................................................. dh pkgr
Limited to ............................................................ esa lhfer
Listen to .............................................................. dks ;ku ls lquuk
Live by (hard labour). ............................................ esgur dj thuk
English from Plinth to Paramount
253
Preposition
***M***
Preposition
***N***
Natural to ............................................................. ds fy, LoHkkfod
Necessary to ........................................................ ds fy, t:jh
Need for ............................................................... dh t:jr
Negligent /neglectful of ones duty. ...................... ds izfr ykijokg gksuk
Neglectful of (a person, work, a thing) ................... ls ykijokg
Negligent in (duty) ................................................ esa ykijokg gksuk
Neglectful of (a person, working a thing) ............... mnklhu gksuk
Need of ................................................................. bPNk@t:jr gksuk
***O***
Obedience to ........................................................ ds izfr iQekZcjnkjh
Obedient to a person. ........................................... dk vkKkdkjh gksuk
Objected to ........................................................... ds f[kykiQ vkifk djuk
Objection to ......................................................... dk fojks/@,rjkt
Obliged by or to a person. ..................................... ls@ds izfr rK~ gksuk
Obstruction to ...................................................... ds fy, :dkoV
Offensive to ......................................................... ds fy, viekutud
Opportunity for ..................................................... ds fy, volj
Opposite to ........................................................... ds fo:
Originate in ......................................................... esa mRi gksuk
Overwhelmed with (joy) ........................................ ls vfHkHkwr gksuk
***P***
Painful to ............................................................. ds fy, d"Vnk;d
Part from (a person) .............................................. ls (O;fDr) tqnk gksuk
Parted with (something) ....................................... ls (phT+k) vyx gksuk
255
Preposition
Preposition
***Q***
Quarrel over (some affair) .................................... fdlh eqs ij yM+uk
Quarrel with (some person) .................................. ls yM+uk
Quest for (knowledge) ........................................... (Kku) dh ykylk gksuk
Quick at (a thing) ................................................. esa iwQrhZyk
Quick in (doing a thing) ........................................ (dke) djus esa iwQrhZyk
***R***
Rebel against (government , customs etc.) ............ dk fojks/ djuk
Recovered from .................................................... ls mcjuk
Reduced to ........................................................... ?kV dj gksuk
Reference to ........................................................ ds lanHkZ esa
Refrain from (an act) ............................................ ls cpuk@ijgst djuk
Regard for ............................................................ ds izfr lEeku gksuk
Regardless of ........................................................ ds rjiQ fcuk ;ku fn,
Rejoice at (success). ............................................. [kq'kh eukuk
Related to ............................................................ ls lacaf/r
Relations with ...................................................... ls laca/
Relevant to .......................................................... ds fy, izklafxd
Remorse for ......................................................... dk i'pkrki gksuk
Remarkable for .................................................... ds fy, fof'k"V
Remiss in ............................................................. esa lqLr
Replete with ......................................................... ls Hkjuk@iwjk djuk
Reply to ................................................................ dk tokc
English from Plinth to Paramount
257
Preposition
***S***
Sacred to .............................................................. ds fy, ikou
Sanguine of ......................................................... ds izfr vk'kkafor
Satiated with ....................................................... ls r`Ir
Satisfied with ....................................................... ls larq"V gksuk
Save from ............................................................ ls cpkuk
Search for (something). ........................................ dh [kkst djuk
Search into (a matter) .......................................... (ekeys esa) iM+rky djuk
See into (a case) .................................................. tkp&iM+rky djuk
Sensible of ........................................................... ls okfdiQ
Sensitive to ......................................................... ds izfr laosnu'khy
Sentenced to (imprisonment/death/etc.) ............. ltk izkIr djuk
Sequel to (a film etc.) ........................................... dk vxyk Hkkx
Short of (funds) ..................................................... dh deh gksuk
Sick of ................................................................. ls xzLr@ijs'kku@fcekj
Smiled on ............................................................. ij [kq'k gksuk
Sorry for ............................................................... ds fy, viQlksl djuk
Stick to (promise, etc.) ......................................... ij vfMx jguk
258
Preposition
etkd mM+kuk
Smile on .............................................................. ij esgjcku gksuk
Substitute for (for old object) ................................. fd fodYi
Shoot at, Strike at, Hit at, Catch at (unsuccessful in attempt)tc iz;kl vliQy gks
Shoot, strike, hit, catch (successful in attempt) .... tc iz;kl liQy gks
Spark off .............................................................. 'kq: djuk
Seek for ............................................................... thrus dk iz;Ru djuk
Seething with (anger etc.) .................................... (xqLls ls) cks[kykuk@mcyuk
Slow at ................................................................. /hek
Scare of ............................................................... Hk;Hkhr djuk@Mjkuk
English from Plinth to Paramount
259
Preposition
***T***
Talk over (a matter) ............................................. fdlh ekeys ij ckr djuk
Talk to someone .................................................. ls ckr djuk
Tantamount to ..................................................... ds
leku gksuk
ij[k gksuk
Teeming with ...................................................... ls Hkjk gksuk
Temperate in (one's behaviour) ............................ esa 'kkUr
Temptation to ...................................................... ds fy, izyksHko
Think of ............................................................... ds ckjs esa lkspuk
Think over (a matter) ........................................... fdlh ekeys ij lkspuk
Threaten with (revolver/bad consequences, etc.) . ls Mjkuk
Tired of (bad person/continued sickness, etc.) ...... ls =kLr gks tkuk@Fkd tkuk
Tired with (hard labour). ....................................... (esgur) ls Fkd tkuk
Tolerant of ........................................................... ds izfr lgu'khy
Touched with ....................................................... ls nzfor gksuk
Trade in commodity .............................................. dk O;kikj djuk
Trade with someone. ............................................ ls O;kikj djuk
Traitor to ............................................................. ds izfr xkj
Triumph over (enemy etc.) ................................... ij fot; izkIr djuk
True to (one's word/one's soil) .............................. dk lPpk
Trust in ................................................................ esa fo'okl djuk
Turn to a direction. .............................................. ds rjiQ eqM+uk
Trifle with ............................................................ etkd mBkuk
Trespass on land .................................................. vukf/r izos'k djuk
Tresspass against (law) ........................................ dk mYya?ku djuk
Treat of (a subject) ............................................... mik;@lalkf/r djuk@lek/ku fudkyuk
Taste for .............................................................. dk
***U***
Useful for ............................................................. esa ykHknk;d gksuk
Useful to (a person) .............................................. fdlh O;fDr ds fy, ykHknk;d gksuk
Usher in ............................................................... ifjp; djokuk@lapkyu djuk
***V***
Versed in .............................................................. esa n{k
Victory over (enemies etc.) ................................... ij fot; izkIr djuk
Void of .................................................................. ls jfgr
260
Preposition
***W***
Wait for a person, etc. .......................................... dk bUrtkj djuk
Want of ................................................................ dh deh
Warn of (danger/bad consequences etc.) ............... dh psrkouh nsuk
Weary of ............................................................... ls Fkdk
Wonder at ............................................................. ij vpafHkr gksuk
Worthy of (trust, etc.) ............................................ ds yk;d
Wait for (person, thing) ......................................... dk bartkj djuk
Weary of (a thing) ................................................. ls Fkd tkuk
Warn against (fault, danger) ................................. ls lko/ku djuk
Warn of (danger) ................................................... ls lko/ku djuk
Wish for (a thing) ................................................. dh dkeuk djuk
Ward off (evils etc.) ............................................... dks nwj j[kuk
Warn of ................................................................ [krjs ls lrdZ djuk
Wanting in ........................................................... dh deh gksuk
***Y***
Yield to (force/ threat, etc.) ................................... gkj eku tkuk
Yearn for .............................................................. dh ykylk djuk
***Z***
Zeal for (social reform etc.) ................................... mRlkg
gksuk
261
Preposition
(a) He took/ (b) leave of/ (c) four days/ (d) No error.
(a) Children/ should always/ (b) listen the advice of their elders/ (c) and well
wishers./ (d) No error.
(a) He will not/ (b) listen/ (c) what you say./ (d) No error.
(a) Nobody denies/ (b) that my ideas/ (c) are different than yours./ (d) No error.
(a) It was I who was responsible of/ (b) making all the arrangements for the/
(c)successful completion of his studies./ (d) No error.
(a) She was in the courtyard/ (b) when the burglars/ (c) entered into her house./
(d) No error.
(a) Our teacher/ (b) emphasised on/ (c) the use of correct grammar./ (d) No error.
(a) On the time/ (b) of the opening ceremony of the theatre/ (c) a large crowd had
assembled/ (d) No error.
(a) While they were returning/ (b) from school,/ (c) a stalker attacked on them with
a knife./ (d) No error.
(a) The decline of his moral values/ (b) has caused a lot/ (c) of pain to his parents/
/ (d) No error.
(a) Without thinking/ (b) for a moment he/ (c) entrusted me in all the responsibilities
./ (d) No error.
(a) Sudha fell in/ (b) the well and nobody / (c) tried to save him./ (d) No error.
(a) I / (b) prefer coffee/ (c) than tea/ (d) No error.
(a) Suresh is busy / (b) in his work/ (c) for his presentation/ (d) No error.
(a) While crossing the road/ (b) an old man was/ (c) run out by a bus/ (d) No error.
(a) Amphibians / (b) can live / (c) in water as well as land./ (d) No error.
(a) My mother is fond off/ (b) cooking different / (c) types of dishes/ (d) No error.
(a) Our teacher/ (b) cannot/ (c) control on the students./ (d) No error.
(a) The lawyer has been waiting/ (b) for the prisoner / (c) since two hours / (d) No
error.
(a) Mr. Bacon has / (b) great affection to/ (c) his family./ (d) No error.
(a) Rekha has a great/ (b) enmity for her/ (c) brother's friend./ (d) No error.
(a) He threw the bucket/ (b) into the river/ (c) and returned home without any
water./ (d) No error.
(a) There appears/ (b) to be very little/ (c) understanding among the two brothers
/ (d) No error.
(a) She was/ (b) angry on me because I/ (c) had not invited her to party./ (d) No error.
(a) He got a prestigious job though/ (b) he was not worthy/ (c) for it./ (d) No error.
(a) He described about/ (b) the incident/ (c) in a very interesting way./ (d) No error.
(a) My father/ (b) deals/ (c)with garments/ (d) No error.
(a) I cannot / (b) deal from/ (c) those unruly students/ (d) No error.
(a) Despite of / (b)working hard/ (c) he failed/ (d) No error.
(a) Ashok/ (b) married with/ (c) Rekha last month./ (d) No error.
(a) The earth's atmosphere/ (b)comprises of/ (c) three layers/ (d) No error.
(a) The court held/ (b) the local MLA responsible/ (c) for the loss or damage to any
public property./ (d) No error.
English from Plinth to Paramount
Preposition
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
(a)He was debarred to attend/ (b) the monsoon session/ (c)of the Parliament./ (d) No error.
(a) We will have to await for/ (b) the result/ (c) as the managent is on strike./ (d) No error.
(a) He should refrain/ (b) to associate himself with any party/ (c) because people
have faith in his integrity./ (d) No error.
(a) The songs of / (b) the old movies are/ (c) worthlistening to./ (d) No error.
(a) It should be obvious to you/ (b)that if you persist bothering him,/ (c) he will get
angry with you/ (d) No error.
(a) I certainly/ (b) differ with you/ (c) in this matter (d) No error.
(a)He had a suspected fracture, / (b) so he was/ (c)admitted into the hospital/
(d) No error.
(a) If you put your / (b) heart to it,/ (c) you will be a winner/ (d) No error.
(a) He walked/ (b) ten miles/ (c) by foot/ (d) No error.
(a) He is good / (b) in mathematics/ (c)but his friend isn't./ (d) No error.
(a) Those who are in power/ (b) have to be sensitive of/ (c)the sufferings of the
poor/ (d) No error.
(a) Which newspaper/ (b) do you/ (c) subscribe for?/ (d) No error.
(a) We thought that the train/ (b) would be late but/ (c) it arrived exactly in time./
(d)No error.
(a) Despite of repeated warnings, / (b) he touched a live electric wire,/ (c) and was
electrocuted./ (d) No error.
(a)It is my pleasure / (b) to congratulate you for your success/ (c) in the Civil Services
Examination/ (d) No error.
(a) I will avail/ (b) myself with/ (c) this golden opportunity/ (d) No error.
(a) It is half/ (b) past two/ (c) in my watch/ (d) No error.
(a) She can / (b) cope up with any difficult situation/ (c) as she is a braveheart./
(d) No error.
(a) Ravi/ (b) told to his friend/ (c) to buy a car./ (d) No error.
(a) He is/ (b) accused with/ (c) committing the murder./ (d) No error.
(a) The poet/ (b) described about/ (c) the spring season./ (d) No error.
(a) The atmosphere/ (b) comprises of/ (c) many inert gases also./ (d) No error.
(a)We disposed off / (b) our old furniture/ (c) before moving to Mumbai./ (d) No error.
(a)He was/ (b) bereft from / (c) all his possession./ (d) No error.
(a) He assented of/ (b) my proposal/ (c) as it was very attractive./ (d) No error.
(a) A large sign near/ (b) the entrance warns the visitors/ (c) to beware about
bears./ (d) No error.
(a) The teacher was tense/ (b) when he entered/ (c) the class which comprised of/
(d) a hundred students.
(a) There is no rule/ (b) regarding the length of a precis/ (c) with relation to/ (d)
that of the original passage.
(a) He/ (b) is suffering/ (c) with flu./ (d) No error.
(a) He wanted to go/ (b) to home/ (c) as he was sick./ (d) No error.
263
Preposition
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
264
(b);
(b);
(b);
(c);
(a);
(c);
(b);
(a);
(c);
(a);
(c);
(a);
(c);
(b);
(c);
(c);
(a);
(c);
(c);
(b);
(b);
(b);
(c);
(b);
Preposition
37.
38.
39.
40.
(b);
(b);
(c);
(b);
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
(c);
(b);
(b);
(c);
(c);
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
(a);
(b);
(b);
(c);
(b);
(b);
(b);
(b);
(b);
(a);
(b);
(a);
(c);
(c);
(c);
(c);
(b);
265
Preposition
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
266
Preposition
23.
40.
Keep your dog ____ the flower beds. It may damage the flowers.
(a) out
(b) from
(c) beside
(d) off
_______ a moment she felt disappointed for no stockings hung from the fire place.
(a) just
(b) for
(c) at
(d) since
We were completely taken ____ by the estate agent who turned out to be a crook.
(a) for
(b) on
(c) off
(d) in
Dr. Sharma concluded his speech ______ explaining the importance of charity.
(a) by
(b) with
(c) at
(d) in
Shivaji Maharaj fought _____ every kind of aggression.
(a) against
(b) to
(c) with
(d) at
Dont depend _____ others; you must stand on your own feet.
(a) at
(b) on
(c) to
(d) for
Our life promises a lot ______ pleasure and we must learn to enjoy it.
(a) with
(b) for
(c) of
(d) at
He travelled all ______ the world when he was eighty years old.
(a) in
(b) over
(c) with
(d) of
My father lives ______ Delhi
(a) in
(b) at
(c) inside
(d) on
Madhav is good ______ English.
(a) in
(b) at
(c) on
(d) with
Naina did not disclose the fact ______ her husband.
(a) to
(b) before
(c) from
(d) on
The child did not approve ______ the father's plan.
(a) to
(b) by
(c) of
(d) with
The tribes lived ______customs different from the English had ever seen.
(a) on
(b) by
(c) off
(d) with
The strike has been called ______ .
(a) of
(b) at
(c) off
(d) by
We warned her ______the danger
(a) from
(b)about
(c) against
(d) of
We laughed ______ the affair.
(a) over
(b) about
(c) for
(d) on
Put a blanket _____ the baby.
(a) over
(b) about
(c) at
(d) on
Stay______ your limits.
(d) on
41.
(a) within
(b) in
(c) at
She was happy to partake______ the festivities.
(a) in
(d) for
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
(b) of
(c) at
267
Preposition
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
268
Preposition
61.
62.
(d) out of
(d) at
Answer Key
1.
(b) 2.
(d) 3.
(d)
4.
11.
(d) 12.
(b) 13.
(d)
14. (a)
15. (c)
21.
(b) 22.
(c)
23.
(d)
24. (b)
31.
(a) 32.
(b) 33.
(a)
34. (c)
41.
(a) 42.
(b) 43.
(d)
51.
(a) 52.
(c)
(d)
61.
(b) 62.
(c)
53.
(a)
8.
(a) 9.
(b) 10.
(b)
(a)
18.
(b) 19.
(a) 20.
(b)
(a)
28.
(b) 29.
(c)
30.
(b)
37.
(d)
38.
(a) 39.
(a) 40.
(a)
44. (a)
(b)
48.
(a) 49.
(d) 50.
(c)
54. (a)
(b)
58.
(b) 59.
(a) 60.
(b)
(d)
5.
(c)
6.
(a) 7.
269
Adverb
15
ADVERB
CHAPTER
hard
(i)
verb
(ii)
Adv .
very good
tSls%He is
.
Adv .
(iii)
Adj.
very hard
tSls%She works
.
Adv.
Adv .
(iv)
over
tSls%The helicopter hovered exactly
his house.
Prep.
Adv .
(v)
because
tSls%He likes her simply
she has a clear conscience.
Adv .
(vi)
Conj.
(vii)
Sentence
270
Adverb
tSls%1.
Only
I know the truth.
Pronoun
Adv .
2.
Adv .
ADVERB rhuizdkjdsgksrsgSa%&
1. Simple Adverb
2. Relative Adverb
3. Interrogative Adverb
1.
SIMPLE ADVERB
Simple Adverb ds }kjkle; (time), LFkku
(place), la[;k (number or frequency), <ax
(manner), dkj.k (reason), ifjek.k (degree), Lohfr vFkok fu"ks/
(affirmation or negation)
Adverb of Manner
dgykrs gSaA
Adjective
Slow
glad
Honest
Adverbs of Manner
gksrk gS] izk;%
Adverb
Slowly
gladly
Honestly.
Miser, Niggard ,oa Coward ,sls nouns gS ftudsadjective forms dks geadverb forms
uksV%
nouns
ekuus dh xyrh dj cSBrs gSA
bu dsadjective ,oaadverb forms bl izdkj gSA
Noun
Adjective Form
Adverb Form
Coward
Cowardly
In a cowardly manner
Niggard
Niggardly
In a niggardly manner
Miser
Miserly
In a miserly manner
Scholar
Scholarly
In a scholarly manner
271
Adverb
He is a miser. ()
(2)
He is a miserly man.()
(3)
Remember:
1.
dqN 'kCn ,d gh :i (Form) esaAdverb vkSjAdjective dh rjg iz;ksx gks tkrsFast,
gSa_ straight,
outright, direct, hard, late, high, safe, quiet bR;kfn
adjective ,oa adverb nksuksa gSA
Adjective
tSls%Adverb
He works hard.
This is a hard task.
He wakes up early.
He came by an early flight.
Do not talk loud.
We should not speak in a loud tone.
Run fast.
He is a fast runner.
He waited long for me.
He went on a long journey.
Come near.
He is of my near relation.
2.
Adverbs ds nks :iksa
fdUrq dqN
dk vFkZ fHk
gksrk gS_
(a)
Late
Lately
nsj ls
gky-fiQygky
tSls%1. I haven't seen Akila lately.
2. He came late for the meeting.
(b)
Hard
Hardly
esgur ls eqf'dy ls
tSls%1. She works hardly to make both ends meet. ()
She works hard to make both ends meet. ()
2. He hardly does any work. ()
(c)
Free
Freely
272
Adverb
(b)
Adverb of Time
;s dk;Z gksusle;
dk crkrk gSA
vkfnA
(c)
Adverb of Place
LFkku
n'kkZus okysAdverb
eq[; fuEufyf[kr gSa%
here, there, in, out, up, down, within above, below
vkfnA
(d)
;s dk;Z gksusfrequency
dh
Frequency
Advers of Degree
de gqvkA
tSls%The work is almost complete.
;s crkrk gS dk;Z
fdruk vf/d gqvk ;k fdruk
I am quite well.
(f)
Adverb of Reason
vkfnA
Reason
Adverbs
dks n'kkZus okys
eq[; fuEufyf[kr gSa%
273
Adverb
dks n'kkZusAdverbs
okys fuEufyf[kr gSa%
surely, certainly, truly vkfnA
2. Adverbs of Negation (fu"ks/kRed)
tSls%She did not reply to my letter.
Affirmation
2.
RELATIVE ADVERBS
Relative Adverb okD;ksa dks tksM+rkantecedent
Noun ;k Pronoun) dh vksj
gSA vius (iwoZ iz;qDr
Relative Adverbs gSa&
When,
ladsr djrs gq,time, place, reason vkSjmanner crkrk gSA
Where, Why vkSjHow.
tSls%I dont know where he has gone.
He will come when I call him.
3.
INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS
Interrogative Adverbs gSa&
Why, when, where, how.
tSls%Why are you surprised?
Where has she seen me?
Adverb: Comparison
tSls%
274
gksrh gSaA
Superlative
hardest
fastest
soonest
nearest
earliest
most beautifully
most carefully
most swiftly
most slowly
most wisely
worst
furthest
farthest
latest, last
least
most
best
Adverb
POSITION OF ADVERBS
Adverb ds Position
djrk gSA ;fn
dks cny fn;k tk, rks okD; dk vFkZ gh cny tkrk gSA
tSls%Only she saw my dress.
dsoy mlusfdlh vkSj us ughaA
She only saw my dress.
dsoy ns[kk]vkSj dqN ugha fd;kA
She saw only my dress.
dsoy esjhdress, fdlh vkSj dh ughaA
She saw my only dress.
,dek=kdress tks esjs ikl FkhA
She saw my dress only.
dsoy dress, iqLrd ;k dqN vkSj ughaA
1.
okD; ds vkjaHk(At
esa the beginning)
(i)
Interrogative Adverb dk iz;ksx lnSo
sentences ds vkjaHk
esa gksrk gSA
tSls%When are you returning home?
(ii) lkjs okD; dksmodify djus ds fy, Adverb vkjaHk iz;qDr
esa gksrk gSA
tSls%Surely, I will take care of you.
(iii) Emphasis ds fy, Hkh
Adverb vkjaHk
esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA
tSls%Off she goes.
Here comes the prince.
I seldom go there.
(ii)
tSls%He will
never come
here.
H.V.
M.V.
I have
seldom gone
there.
H.V.
M.V.
is always happy.
tSls%She
M.V.
am
never sad.
M.V.
H.V.
M.V.
275
Adverb
Very
(a) The
very
boy.
best
The+
(C)
very+
Sup.
Very dk iz;ksx
Present Participle ds igys gksrk gS_ very
interesting, very daring, very
tSls%
confusing, very boring, very entertaining. fdUrqmuch dk Past Participle ds lkFk_ tSls%
much surprised, much grieved, much admired etc.
Very dk iz;ksx
Past Participle ds igys ugha gksrk gSfuEufyf[kr
uksV%
fdUrq Past Participles ds igys Very dk
iz;ksx gksrk gS
very tired, very dejected, very contented, very discontented, very pleased, very drunk,
very limited, very delighted.
2.
(B)
(C)
276
Fairly rFkkRather
Fairly dk iz;ksx
Positive Degree ds lkFk gksrk gSAfairly
wise, fairly good, etc.
tSls%
Rather dk iz;ksx
Positive rFkk
Comparative Degree ds lkFk gksrk gS_rather
fdUrq]
tSls%bad,
rather difficult, rather worse, rather hotter, etc.
Fairly ds ckntoo dk iz;ksx
Rather ds ckntoo dk iz;ksx Hkh
ughagksrk gS tcfd
gksrk gS_
tSls%
(i) fairly too good dguk xyr gSA ysfdu]
rather too good dguk fcYdqy lgh gSA
Fairly ds cknPleasant Adjectives dk iz;ksx gksrk gS_ tSls%
fairly wise, fairly beautiful, etc.
English from Plinth to Paramount
Adverb
I am too glad to meet you dk vFkZ gS ^eSa vkils feydj bruk [kq'k gw ftruk ugha gksuk pkfg,*A bl okD;
dk 'kq :i gksxkA
tSls%I am very glad to meet you.
(c)
Too . to ij vk/kfjr okD;ksatoo
Pleasant Adjective dk iz;ksx Hkh gks ldrk
esads ckn vFkZ ds vuqlkj
gSA
tSls%(i) He is too intelligent to be cheated. (=He is so intelligent that he cannot be
cheated.)
Too + Adjective
1. He is too tall.
2. She is too slim.
3. It is too cold.
Verb + Adjective
1. He is very tall.
2. She is very slim.
3. It is very cold.
5.
So
So dk iz;ksx
'very' ds LFkku ij ugha gks ldrkA
'So' ds ckn'that' dk ,oa'Too'
ds ckn'to' dk iz;ksx
bldk iz;ksxNoun ls igys ijarqAdjective ;k Adverb ds rqjar ckn yxk;k tkrk gSA
tSls%1. She is wise enough to understand your intention.
277
Adverb
7.
Yet
Yet dk iz;ksx
^vc rd* vFkkZr~
^cksyus ds le; rd* (up to the moment/time of speaking) ds
vFkZ Interrogative
esa
rFkkNegative Sentence esaverb ds ckn ;kverb + object ds ckn gksrk gSA
()
()
()
SOME RULES
RULE 1
Else ds ckn but dk iz;ksx djsa
278
Adverb
RULE 4
(A)
(B)
RULE 5
RULE 6
Too and as well dk iz;ksx
Besides, in addition to, also ds :i esa affirmative
sentences esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Also dk iz;ksx okD; ds var esa ugha
djuk pkfg,A
tSls%She found her bag and money too/as well.
(A)
RULE 7
'Seldom or never', 'seldom, if ever', 'little or nothing', 'little, if anything' dk iz;ksx
'seldom or ever' ;k 'little or anything' dguk xyr gksxkA
okD; esa fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq
tSls%He seldom or never goes to see movies.
RULE 8
279
Adverb
look
tSls%I
honest.
Verb of
sensation
Adjective
I
work
honestly.
ordinary
verb
felt
I
verb of
sensation
adverb
bad.
adj
sing badly.
Ordinary
verb
Adv
become, turn,
dqNvU; Verbs ftuds lkFk adverb ughaadjective dk iz;ksxgksrk gS osbe,
gSa&
get, grow, keep, make vkSjprove.
tSls%He got angry
.
adj
RULE 9
(a) A soldier is/ (b) taught never to/(c) fight cowardly/(d) No error.
2.
(a) A man of fifty/ (b) cannot be called/ (c) as young./ (d) No error.
3.
(a) He is being/(b) very politely/ (c) for the reason best known to him. /(d) No error.
4.
5.
(a) He is niggard/ (b) and saves each/(c) and every paise/(d) No error.
6.
(a) I am full of energy/(b) today because I /(c) soundly slept last night/(d) No error.
7.
(a) I did not know hardly/(b) anyone in the college/ (c) and so I felt lonely all the
time/(d) No error.
8.
(a) I have never seen/ (b) a coward man /(c) like Sohan/(d) No error.
9.
(a) I never remember/(b) to have met a more intelligent/(c) man in my life/(d) No error.
10.
11.
(a) I refused to consider/(b) him as an honest boy /(c) as he had cheated many
280
Adverb
people/(d) No error.
12.
13.
(a) Mangoes taste /(b) more sweetly than /(c) any other fruit of this world/(d) No error.
14.
15.
(a) Never in the history/(b) there has been/ (c) as shrewd a mentor as Chanakya/
(d) No error.
16.
17.
(a) She did her job/ (b) as better as she/(c) could do/(d) No error.
18.
(a) She does her/(b) work good as she/(c) is a trained nurse/(d) No error.
19.
(a) She had barely/(b) nothing to wear/(c) when she came to me for help/(d) No error.
20.
21.
22.
(a) Great leaders tried / (b) to eradicate social evil practices/(c) with tooth and nail/
(d) No error.
23.
(a) It rained/ (b)like cats and dogs/ (c)throughout the night./(d) No error
24.
25.
(a) The teacher asked/ (b) the students to/(c) talk loudly/(d) No error.
26.
(a) Though he was brave,/ (b) he could not face the ups and downs/(c) of life manly/
(d) No error.
27.
(a) We must try /(b) to save our hardly /(c) earned money/(d) No error.
28.
(a) We seldom or ever/(b) go out these days /(c) because it is too hot now-a-days/
(d) No error.
29.
30.
(a) Vijay could not scarcely conceal/ (b) his happiness /(c) at my resignation./
(d) No error.
31.
(a) When I read his biography,/(b) I hardly found something/(c)in his character
that I could admire/(d) No error.
32.
(a) When she received the good news,/ (b) she ran straightly /(c) to call up her parents/
(d) No error.
33.
34.
(a) You have /(b) acted nobler than/(c) all of us/(d) No error.
35.
(a) You should have/(b) sufficiently collateral/(c) to pay back the loan d) No error.
36.
(a) Veena worked /(b)very hardly /(c)as she wanted to be a surgeon/(d) No error.
37.
(a) She sounded /(b)very sadly after /(c)the death of her pet/(d) No error.
38.
(a) Her speech was not clearly /(b)but we understood /(c)the underlying meaning/
(d) No error
281
Adverb
39.
(a) All the pupils/ (b) stood up respectively/ (c) as the Guru entered the room./ (d)
No error.
1.
(c);
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(c);
(c);
(a);
(a);
(c);
(a);
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
(b);
(a);
(c);
(b);
(a);
(b);
14. (b);
15. (b);
16. (d);
17. (b);
18.
19.
20.
21.
(b);
(b);
(c);
(b);
22.
23.
24.
25.
(c);
(b);
(b);
(c);
26. (c);
282
Adverb
27. (b);
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
(a);
(c);
(a);
(b);
(b);
(b);
(b);
(b);
(b);
(b);
(a);
39. (b);
gS esgur lsA
Seldom ds lkFknever dk iz;ksx djsaA
Orderly adjective gSA
In an orderly manner dk iz;ksx djsaA
Scarcely negative 'kCn gSA blds lkFk nwljk
negative 'kCnnot dk iz;ksx u djsaA
hardly ds lkFkanything dk iz;ksx djsaA
Straight adjective ,oa adverb nksuksaStraightly
gSA
dksbZ 'kCn ugha gSA
Lately dk vFkZ gS gky&fiQygkyA
late dk iz;ksx djsa ftldk vFkZ gS nsj lsA
more nobly dk iz;ksx gksxk unobler
fd
dkA
Collateral noun gSA bldh fo'ks"krk
sufficient (adj) crkrk gS u fdsufficiently (adv).
Hard dk iz;ksx djsaA
Sound (verb of sensation) ds lkFksad (adj) dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Clearly ds LFkku clear
Speech noun gSA bldh fo'ks"krk
clear (adj) crkrk
ij
dk iz;ksx djsaA
gS u fdclearly (adv).
'respectively' dksrespectfully esa ifjofrZr djsaA
283
16
WORD OFTEN
CONFUSED & MISUSED
CHAPTER
S.N. WORD
1.
Accept
Except
2.
Expect
Suspect
3.
Adopt
Adept
Adapt
4.
Allude
Elude
5.
Alternate
Alternative
6.
Aural
Oral
7.
Access
Excess
8.
Averse
Adverse
9.
Advice (N)
Advise (V)
10.
Affect (V)
Effect (N)
11.
Apposite
Opposite
12.
Amend
Emend
13.
Amoral
Immoral
284
Meaning in English
To receive a thing.
Leaving apart or excluding.
To hope
To apprehend
To accept/to take another person's child
legally.
Proficient
To change accordingly.
Refer to
To escape
One after another.
Available instead /substitute
Of ear
Verbal
Approach
More than due.
To dislike
Unfavourable
An opinion
To offer an opinion.
To influence
Result
Proper
In front of/ contrary
To improve
To remove the mistakes
Having no moral sense.
Not conforming to moral standards.
English from Plinth to Paramount
14.
Antics
Antiques
15.
Appraise
Apprise
16.
Allusion
Illusion
17.
Beside
Besides
18.
Bridle
Bridal
19.
Beneficial
Beneficiary
Boar
Bore
20.
21.
Bought
Brought
22.
Catch
Hold
23.
Childish
Childlike
24.
Continual
Continuous
25.
Credible
Creditable
26.
Censure
Censor
27.
Canon
Cannon
28.
Canvas
Canvass
29.
Cemetery
Symmetry
30.
Casual
Causal
31.
Climactic
Tricks
Ancient pieces of art.
[kjhnuk
ykuk
xfr'khy dks idM+uk
V2 and V3 of buy.
V2 and V3 of bring.
Fkkeuk
csodwiQh Hkjk
Foolish
eklwe
Innocent
Happening repeatedly
fu;fer :Ik ls
yxkrkj
Without break
Believable
fo'oluh;
Praiseworthy, honourable
lEekuh;
To criticise
fuUnk djuk
izfrcfU/r djuk
Official licensing of films etc.
Rule
fu;e
rksi
A powerful gun fixed to wheels.
Coarse cloth
eksVk diM+k
?kwe&?kwe ds oksV ekxuk
Visit houses to get political support.
dczxkg
A burial place
,d lk
Harmony
Not formal, not taking much interest.
mnklhu] vukSipkfjd
dkjd laca/h
Relating to cause
mRd"kZ ls lacaf/r
Relating to climax
285
Relating to climate
tyok;q lacaf/r
32. Coarse
Hkk@ eksVk@ lery ugha Rough
Course
A line of action.
fdlh dk;Z dk flyflysokj jkLrk
33. Confidant
A person who is entrusted with secrets.
jktnkj
Confident
Sure and certain.
vkRefo'okl ds lkFk
34. Contagious
fcekjh tks Nwus ls iQSys A disease that spreads by contact.
Contiguous
Near
flekar
fcekjh tks gok ,oa ikuh ls iQSys
Infectious
A disease that spreads by air or water.
lsuk dh VqdMh
35. Corps
A division of army.
e`r 'kjhj (balku dk)
Corpse
A dead body.
fdlh cM+s tkuoj dk e`r 'kjhjThe dead body of a large animal.
Carcass
36. Conscious
To know
voxr
Conscientious T+kehjokyk
With a sense of duty.
37. Complain (V)
f'kdk;r djuk
To say that something is wrong or not
Climatic
Complacent
Complaisant
39.
Complement
40.
Compliment
Custom
Habit
41.
Compose
Comprise
42.
Career
Carrier
43.
Credible
Credulous
44.
Discreet
Discrete
45.
Disease
Decease
46.
Decent
Descent
Dissent
286
vkRe larq"V
vkKkdkjh
iwjd
satisfactory.
A report of a problem.
Self-satisfied.
Obedient and compliant.
N-a thing that completes or improves.
V-add to something in a way that it
improves.
A remark of admiration.
Social usage.
Personal usage.
rkjhiQ
lkekftd fu;e
vknr
Make up the whole.
cukuk
ls cuk gksuk
Consist of.
Course through life.
is'kk
lkeku <+ksus dh xkM+h That which carries.
Believable
fo'oluh;
tks vklkuh ls fo'okl dj ys Too ready to believe.
(lpsr rkfd fdlh dks O;ogkj ;kCareful not to cause offence by speech
Hkk"kk ls pksV u igqps) or behaviour.
(i`Fkd)
Separate, distinct.
fcekjh
Ailment or illness.
e`R;q
Death.
Nice, respectable.
lH;
Downward motion.
<+yku
Difference of opinion.
erHksn
47.
Dual
Duel
nksgjk
}a} ;q
48.
Deface
Efface
49.
Deny
Decline
Refuse
for djuk
Disfigure.
Wipe out.
feVk nsuk
[kaMu djuk
To declare untrue.
Refuse to accept an offer.
vLohdkj djuk
bUdkj djuk
Show unwillingness towards.
[kaMu djuk (lcwr ds lkFk) Prove wrong.
Refute
50.
Defy
Deify
51.
Defuse
Diffuse
52.
Desert
Dessert
mYya?ku djuk
bZ'oj cuk nsuk
ruko de djuk
iQSykuk@vLi"V
N- jsfxLrku]
V- R;kx nsuk
xM~Mk@volkn
Hollow/ A mental state of despair.
ewY; de gksuk
Undervalue.
54. Disinterested fu"i{k
Impartial.
Uninterested fnypLih uk gksuk
Not interested.
55. Delightful
Very pleasant.
izlUurknk;d
Lokfn"V
Delicious
Pleasing to taste.
56. Deprecate
To hate.
ukilan djuk
eqY; de djuk
Depreciate
To reduce in value.
=kqfViw.kZ
57. Defective
Having a certain imperfection.
Deficient
Lacking something.
deh gksuk
58. Decided
fu.kZ; fd;k gqvk (fuf'pr) Clear and definite.
Decisive
Deciding.
fu.kkZ;d
59. Effective
Producing effect.
vljnkj
tks fuf'pr gh mke ifj.kke ns
Efficacious
Able to produce the desired result.
Efficient
Competent.
dk;Zdq'ky
mRi dj ikuk
60. Elicit
To get or produce something.
voS/
Illicit
Illegal or disopproved of by society.
61. Economical
Involving less expenditure.
de [kpZ okyk
Economic
vFkZO;oLFkk lEcfU/r
Relating to economy.
62. Enduring
yEcs le; rd dk;e
Existing for a long time.
Endurable
Bearable.
lgu djus yk;d
53.
Depression
Depreciation
287
63.
Emigrant
izoklh
vizoklh
64. Enormity
vfr] ?kksj
Enormousness T;knk gksuk
lqfuf'pr djuk
65. Ensure
Insure
chek djuk
fnyklk nsuk
Assure
(<+d nsuk)
66. Envelop
Immigrant
Envelope
(fyiQkiQk)
67.
Especially
Specially
fo'ks"k dj
fdlh fo'ks"k volj ds fy,
68.
Excite
mksftr djuk
Incite
mdlkuk @ HkM+dkuk
69.
Expedient
Expeditious
lgh@ ykHknk;d
'kh?kz@ iQqrhZ ls
70.
Extinct
Instinct
No longer existing.
Inborn impulse.
71.
Flair
Flare
72.
Flaunt
Flout
73.
Fortuitous
Fortunate
foyqIr
ewy izo`fk
tUetkr izo`fk
//duk] iQSyuk
fn[kkok djuk
mYya?ku djuk
vkdfLed
HkkX;'kkyh
74.
Felicity
Facility
Faculty
izlUurk
A blessing, happiness.
lqfo/k
Ease or comfort
dk;Z'kfDr@ dkWyst dk foHkkx
Ability/departments of college/ the people
@dkWyst ds v;kidx.k
who teach
75.
Fatal
Fateful
76.
Fain
Feign
?kkrd
Deadly
egoiw.kZ@ijUrq udkjkRed
Important but with usually negative
effect.
ifj.kke;qDr
[kq'kh ls
Gladly
288
Natural ability.
A burst of flame or light/ to become angry.
Display ostentatiously/to show off.
Disregard a rule or custom.
Happening by change.
Lucky.
77.
Floor
Ground
78.
Graceful
Gracious
79.
Gate
Gait
80.
Gourmand
Gourmet
81.
Hear
Listen
82.
Hoard
Horde
83.
Humility
Humiliation
84.
Historic
Historical
Histrionic
85.
Human
Humane
86.
Illegal
Illicit
87.
Incredible
Incredulous
88.
Ingenious
Ingenuous
89.
Intense
Intensive
90.
Invent
iQ'kZ
The flat surface of room on which we walk.
The surface of earth outside the room.
tehu
Handsome or attractive
HkO;
Merciful
n;kyq
}kj
An entrance
A particular way of walking.
pyus dk rjhdk
isVw
A glutton
A food connoisseur.
ikd dyk dk ikj[kh
To receive sound.
lquuk
To hear carefully.
;ku ls lquuk
To store in a secret place.
fNikdj laxzg djuk
,d cM+k lewg
A large group of people.
The quality of being humble.
fouezrk
Disrespect
vieku
Important
egoiw.kZ
Relating to history
,sfrgkfld
ukVdh; ,oa c<+k p<+kdj Dramatic and exaggerated
Relating to man
ekuo
n;kyq
Kind
Against the law
xSjdkuwuh
voS/
Disapproved of by society.
Unbelievable
vfo'oluh;
Not ready to believe something/ someone.
tks fo'okl u djsa
cf<+;k ,oa ubZ ;qfDr Hkjk Clever and involving new ideas.
Honest and sincere.
fu"diV] ljy
Extreme and forceful.
rhoz
Involving a lot of effort.
xgu
To create something which never existed
vkfo"dkj djuk
Discover
[kkst djuk
91.
Industrial
Industrious
92.
Imperious
Imperial
93.
Incumbent
Recumbent
94.
Jealous
Relating to industry
m|ksx laca/h
Hard-working
esgurh
ncax
Haughty
jktlh
Majestic, relating to empire.
To be necessary
t:jh
Lying down
ysVk gqvk
bZ";kZyq (tc oLrq gekjh gks)
When we are afraid of losing the person/
before.
To find something for the first time which
nobody was aware of.
289
Envious
95.
Judicial
Judicious
96.
Light
Burn
U;k; laca/h
Relating to a judge or justice.
le>nkj
Wise, Prudent
V- tykuk&izdkf'kr djus ds fy,Verb-to start flames in order to spread light/
N- jks'kuh]
Adj- gYdk
Noun-radiance/Adj-not heavy.
uk'k djus ds fy,] V-to start flames to destroy something/NV- tykuk&
N- iQiQksyk
97.
the
part of body damaged due to heat.
Lightening
Lightning
Lighting
serious.
98.
Loath
Loathe
99.
Loose
Lose
Loss
Strong in growth
Very comfortable and expensive.
Beautiful
Worthy of love
A chemical element. Eg-gold, iron etc.
Ability.
A unit of length.
A device used to measure the amount of
something that is used.
ykijokg
Careless
ux.;
Very little
Short-lived
{kf.kd
Very important
egoiw.kZ
Underage
ukckfyx
One who works in mines.
[knku dehZ
izfrdwy gksuk
To hinder
rhozrk de djuk@'kkUr djukMake less severe.
usoh lacaf/r
Relating to a navy.
English from Plinth to Paramount
ukHkh
111. Ordinance
Ordnance
112. Pane
Navel
109. Notable
Notorious
Famous
Eminent
110. Official
Officious
Relating to an office.
Too eager to tell others what to do.
A law made by the government.
Military material such as weapons,
ammunition etc.
door.
Pain
Pains
113. Palate
Palette
Pellet
114. Pedal
Peddle
115. Perpetrate
Perpetuate
116. Personal
Personnel
117. Pore
Pour
118. Practice (N)
Practise (V)
119. Practicable
Practical/
Pragmatic
djuk (xqukg)
To commit (a crime).
fdlh dk;Z@gkykr ds tkjh jgus
To cause something to continue.
dk dkj.k cuuk
Private
futh
Staff
dehZ
Small hole.
Nsn
cguk] mM+syuk
Flow, cause to flow.
Regular activity.
vH;kl
vH;kl djuk
To do something regularly.
O;ogkfjd
Able to be done.
okLro esa@iz;ksxkRed Effective or realistic.
To recommend
Forbid or condemn.
121. Proceed
Precede
122. Popular
izfl
Liked by all.
120. Prescribe
Proscribe
To continue
To come before/happen before.
291
Populous
123. Pray
Prey
124. Principal
Principle
125. Quite
Quiet
Quit
126. Respectable
Respectful
Respective
127. Resource
Recourse
128. Refute
Repudiate
129. Regrettable
Regretful
130. Rise
Raise
Raze
Rage
131. Ride
Thickly populated.
To offer prayer to God.
Hunt and kill/ victim
One who is in charge of a school/ first in
order of importance.
Most important basic idea / moral rule.
Completely/a little/ Note: both meanings
are different from each other
To be silent
to give up
pqi
NksM+ nsuk
Worthy of respect.
lEekuuh;
lEekutud
Showing respect
fof'k"V] vyx&vyx
Particular
lalk/u
Means
Resort
jkLrk
[k.Mu djuk
Prove to be wrong.
lgh ;k lp ekuus ls badkj djukRefuse to accept as true or correct.
[ksntud
Causing regret, undesirable.
nq[kh
Feeling sorry
mBuk@tkxuk@rjDdh djukTo get up, to progress.
To lift
mBkuk
To demolish
oLr djuk
xqLlk
Anger
nksifg;k ;k tkuoj dh lokjh djukTo sit on an animal or two-wheeler and
travel.
Drive
132. Rout
Route
Root
133. Septic
Sceptic
134. See
Look
Watch
Stare
Peep
Glance
Glare
Glimpse
Glower
292
135. Sever
Amputate
Maim
Severe
Sewer
136. Story
Storey
137. Suit
Soot
Suite
138. Statue
Statute
139. Straight
Strait
140. Stationary
Stationery
141. Sight
Site
Cite
142. Shear
Sheer
143. Toe
Tow
144. Temper
Tamper
145. Temporary
Temporal
146. Titillate
Titivate
147. Topical
Tropical
148. Vain
Vein
To break/ to separate.
vyx djuk
'kjhj ds fdlh ckgjh vax (gkFk
Cut off a body part that is permanently
;k iSj)dks dkV dj vyx djuk] damaged.
D;ksafd og LFkk;h :i ls {kfrxzLr
gks pqdk gS
'kjhj ds fdlh vax dks LFkk;hTo damage any body part permanently.
:i ls {kfrxzLr djuk
Extreme
rhoz
ukyk
Drain
Account of any event.
dgkuh
ry
Floor
okn@vfHk;ksx
Action in a law court.
Black substance in smoke.
dkfy[k
A set of rooms / furniture.
lsV
ewfrZ
Image
fyf[kr dkuwu
Written law
Extending without a curve.
lh/k
Narrow passage of water.
tylaf/
fLFkj
Not moving.
iSu] dkWih bR;kfn
Things needed for writing.
Ability to see/view.
n`f"V@ utkjk
A place of construction.
dk;ZLFky
mYys[k djuk
To mention.
dkVuk (cky] bR;kfn)
To cut off-hair, wool etc.
iw.kZ :Ik ls
Utter, complete
Any of the five separate parts at the end
iSj dh xyh
of the foot.
To pull a vehicle using a rope or chain
tied to another vehicle.
xqLlk
Anger, rage
To ls)
interfere with.
NsM+&NkM+ djuk (fdlh pht
{kf.kd] rRdkfyd
Short lived
lkalkfjd
Earthly or worldly
mksftr djuk
Stimulate or excite especially in a sexual
lqUnjrk c<+kuk
izklafxd@vk/qfud fo"k; ls
m".k
csdkj esa@?keaMh
ukM+h
way.
To make smarter or more pretty.
Related to present time.
With hot climate
Not successful/arrogant.
149. Verbal
Verbose
Oral
Verbiage
Relating to words
'kkfCnd
'kCnksa ls Hkjk
Containing more words than necessary
Spoken
ekSf[kd
t:jr ls T;knk 'kCnksa Hkjk ftlls
Use of too many words due to which it
vFkZ le>uk dfBu gks tk, becomes difficult for one to understand
the speech or article.
150. Virtuous
Virtual
151. Vile
Wile
152. Vale
Veil
Wail
153. Vocation
Vacation
154. Violence
Violation
155. Wither
Whither
Weather
Whether
156. Wave
Waive
294
Vocabularies
17
VOCABULARIES
CHAPTER
S.N.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
295
Vocabularies
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
296
Vocabularies
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
....................... Deadly.
gkfudkjd
85. Balk ................. vfuPNqd gksuk
.......................... To be unwilling to do something.
86. Balmy .............. xeZ....................................... Pleasantly warm.
84.
297
Vocabularies
87.
88.
89.
serious.
Barb ................. dkVk
...................................... Sharp projection from fish hook.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
tkuk
115. Buckle ............. nokc esa VwV........................
Crumble under pressure.
116. Bully ................ ijs'kku djuk@ Mjkuk
..................... To hurt/frighten someone.
117. Bunk ................ fcuk vuqefr ds pys tkuk
............... To leave without permission.
118. Butcher ........... gR;k djuk............................... To kill/murder someone.
119. Cabal ............... "kM~;U=k djus okyk
................
lewg Group of people who plan secretly.
298
Vocabularies
................
Seek votes.
dj xuk
oksV
ek
Capitalize ....... iwth miyC/ djkuk
...................... To supply money to a business.
Capitulate ....... vkReleZi.k djuk
...................... Surrender.
Capricious ....... ludh .................................... Fickle-minded.
Carcass ............ e`r 'kjhj (tkuoj dk).................. A dead body of a large animal.
Cardinal .......... izeq[k
...................................... most important.
Careen ............. rsth ls vkxs c<+rs gq, ck,a&nk,a
Sway
from side to side while moving
fgyuk
forward quickly.
tkuk
141. Cave (V) ........... nokc esa VwV........................
Collapse/give in to demands.
Cave (N) ........... xqiQk
...................................... A large hole on the side of a hill.
142. Censor ............. izfrcaf/r djuk
........................... To ban unacceptable parts.
143. Censure ........... fuUnk djuk
............................... Strongly criticise.
144. Chaos .............. vO;oLFkk
................................. Complete disorder.
145. Charismatic .... vkdZ"kd
.................................. Attractive.
146. Chaste ............. ifo=k
...................................... Pure.
147. Chauvinism .... cM+Iiu dh Hkkouk (viuh uLy@
.... Feeling
enZ of superiority due to race or
gksus ij)
gender.
English from Plinth to Paramount
299
Vocabularies
nsuk
148. Cheat .............. /ks[ksckt@ /ks[kk
.....................
One who cheats or deceives/the act
of deceiving.
149. Chide ............... MkVuk
..................................... To reprimand and to speak severely
to someone.
150. Clamour .......... 'kksj epk dj ekx ;k f'kdk;r djuk
.. To make a loud complaint or demand.
151. Clandestine .... xqIr....................................... Planned/done in secret.
152. Clasp ............... tksj ls Fkkeuk
............................ To hold something firmly.
153. Cloak ............... yEck pksxk@ fNikuk
...................... Long gown/ to hide.
154. Coalition ......... lk>k...................................... A temporary alliance.
155. Coddle ............. dqN T;knk gh ns[kHkky
............
djuk To protect something/ someone too
much.
156. Collate ............ e esa j[kuk] xyrh <w<+us gsrq feyku
To put
in proper order.
djuk
157. Collision ......... VDdj..................................... The act of hitting something with other
thing.
158. Combat ............ yM+kbZ
..................................... A fight especially during a war.
159. Commendable . iz'kaluh;
.................................. Praiseworthy.
nsuk
160. Commute ........ ;k=kk djuk tks fu;fer gks@ cny
... To
make the same journey regularly/ to
change.
161. Complement ... iwjd...................................... A thing that improves.
162. Conceal ........... fNikuk
.................................... To hide.
163. Concede .......... Lohdkj dj ysuk
......................... Admit to be true.
164. Concurring ...... lger gksuk
............................... To agree with someone.
165. Condolence ..... laosnuk O;Dr djuk
...................... Sympathy for the family of a person
who has recently died.
166. Confrontation Vdjko.................................... Fight/argument.
167. Consecrate ...... ifo=k cukuk@ifo=k ?kksf"kr
..........
Make or declare sacred.
djuk
168. Conspicuity ..... izR;{k gksuk
................................ Clarity.
169. Conspirator ..... "kM~;a=kdkjh
............................... One who plans something illegal.
170. Contemplate ... fopkj djuk.............................. Think of a particular thing for a long
time.
171. Convalesce ...... LokLF; ykHk djuk
....................... Regain health after illness.
172. Conversant ..... Kku gksuk
.................................. Having knowledge of.
173. Convict ............ nks"kh fl djuk@nks"kfl
.........
O;fDr
One proved guilty/to be proved guilty.
174. Conviviality .... nksLrkuk
................................... Friendly.
175. Corporal .......... 'kkjhfjd.................................. Bodily.
176. Corpse ............. eqnkZ 'kjhj
................................. A dead body of a person.
177. Corroborate ..... iqf"V djuk
................................ Confirm or support.
300
Vocabularies
301
Vocabularies
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
Hkax
231. Disillusion ...... fujk'kk@eksg
...........................
Disappointment.
232. Disinterested .. fu"i{k
..................................... Impartial.
233. Disparagement mis{kk
..................................... Insult/abuse.
234. Dispassionate . rVLFk
..................................... Not influenced by emotion.
235. Dispense with . NqVdkjk ikuk
............................. Get rid of or manage without.
236. Disseminate .... iQSyuk
..................................... Spread widely.
237. Docile .............. vkKkdkjh
................................. Obedient.
302
Vocabularies
Dummy.
256. Effluvium ........ cncw
...................................... Noxious smell.
257. Effrontery ....... vR;Ur vlEeku
......................... Extreme rudeness.
gsrq)
264. Elope ............... Hkkx tkuk ('kknh...................
To leave home secretly to get
married.
265. Elucidate ........ Li"V djuk
............................... To make clear and easy to
understand.
266. Elusive ............ idM+ esa u [email protected];
......... Difficult to find/discribe.
267. Emaciated ....... nqcZy
...................................... Thin and weak.
303
Vocabularies
Vocabularies
311. Faux pas .......... lkekftd xyrh .......................... Word/behavior that is social mistake.
312. Feasible .......... O;ogkfjd
................................ Practical.
313. Feeble ............. detksj ................................... Weak and without energy.
314. Feign ............... u[kjs djuk
............................... To pretend.
315. Felicity ............ [kq'kh
...................................... Happiness/ bliss.
vksrizksr
331. Fraught ........... vfiz; phT+kksa ls iw.kZ@
.............
Full of unpleasant things.
xqLlk
djukexpression showing anger/
332. Frown .............. Hkksgsa p<+k dj ns[kuk@.......
Facial
annoyance.
333. Furore ............. xqLlk
...................................... An outbreak of public anger.
334. Gag .................. eqg esa dqN Bwl
......................
To put cloth etc in the mouth.
nsuk
English from Plinth to Paramount
305
Vocabularies
pqi
344. Glum ............... nq[kh@fujk'k ,oa
......................
Disappointed or unhappy and quiet.
345. Glutton ............ isVw
........................................ One who eats too much.
346. Gourmet .......... ikd dyk dk ikj[kh.................... A person who knows a lot about food
and cooking.
347. Grandeur ......... HkO;
...................................... The quality of being very beautiful and
attractive.
348. Grapple ............ la?k"kZ djuk
............................... Wrestle.
349. Grievous .......... rdyhiQnsg@ xaHkhj
........................ Having very serious effect or causing
pain.
350. Grotesque ....... for] Hkk
............................... Unpleasant /distorted.
esa)
351. Grumble .......... cM+cM+kuk (xqLls
.....................
To complain about something in an
annoyed way.
352. Guffaw ............. Bgkdk
.................................... Noisy laughter.
353. Haggard ........... Fkdk@fcekj...........................
Looking ill or tired.
lk
354. Hailstorm ........ vksys ds lkFk rwiQku
...................... A sudden heavy fall of hail.
355. Hallucination .. Hkze
....................................... To see or feel something or someone
that does not exist.
356. Hapless ............ cspkjk
..................................... Unlucky/ helpless.
357. Hard hearted ... iRFkj fny
................................ A person who is not kind.
358. Harrowing ....... ijs'kku djus okyk
........................ Extremely upsetting.
359. Harry ............... ijs'kku djuk
............................. To annoy.
360. Hasten ............. tYnh djuk............................... Hurry and do things quickly.
361. Hatch ............... djuk ("kM~;a=k
) ........................... To make (a secret plan).
362. Haughty .......... ?keaMh
..................................... Arrogant.
363. Hazardous ....... [krjukd.................................. Dangerous.
364. Head Strong .... fth ...................................... Stubborn.
306
Vocabularies
307
Vocabularies
ds
399. Impromptu ...... fcuk rS;kjh............................
Done/said without preparation.
400. Impulse ........... dqN djus dk vkosx
..................... Sudden urge to do something.
401. Impunity ......... n.M ls jfgr............................. Freedom from punishment.
402. Incarnate ........ ekuo :Ik esa
............................. In human form.
403. Incessant ........ yxkrkj................................... Never stopping.
404. Incision ........... phjk...................................... An opening made by a sharp tool.
405. Incongruous .... csesy
...................................... Unusual/different from others.
406. Inconspicuous . tks vklkuh ls fn[kkbZ
...............
Not easily noticed or seen.
u ns
407. Incumbent ...... vko';d ................................. Necessary as a duty.
408. Incur ................ dqN vfiz; vuqHko djuk tSls&?kkVk
..... To experience something usually
unpleasant.
409. Indelible.......... LFkk;h
..................................... Unable to be removed.
410. Indigence ........ xjhch..................................... Poverty.
411. Inducement ..... izyksHku
.................................... Act done to persuade someone or
something.
412. Indulge ............ vklDr gksuk
.............................. Allow oneself something enjoyable.
413. Inhibition ........ fgpd ..................................... A feeling preventing one from acting
naturally.
414. Insane ............. ikxy ..................................... Mentally ill.
415. Instigate ......... mdlkuk.................................. To urge to do some action.
416. Interlocutor .... okrkZyki djus okyk
...................... Someone involved in a conversation.
417. Intermittent ... :d&:d ds ............................. Not happening regularly or
continuously.
gqvk
418. Intertwined ..... xwFkk.................................
To be twisted together.
Vocabularies
dFkk
441. Legend ............ iqjkuh vkSj izfl ...................
Very old and popular story.
442. Legitimate ...... tk;t ..................................... Allowed by law.
443. Lenient ........... mnkjkRed
................................ Not strict.
444. Lessen ............. de djuk ................................ To make less strong.
445. Lethargic ........ vkylh.................................... Lacking energy/lazy.
446. Liability .......... nkf;Ro
.................................... Legally responsible.
447. Lopsided .......... frjNk..................................... With one side lower than the other.
448. Loquacious ...... ckrwuh
..................................... Talkative/Garrulous.
449. Lunacy ............ ikxyiu................................... Insanity.
450. Macho ............. enkZuk
..................................... Masculine.
451. Magnitude ...... rhozrk
..................................... The large size or importance of
something.
452. Majestic .......... 'kfDr'kkyh@ jktlh
....................... Powerful/dignified and impressive.
453. Malady ............ fcekjh.................................... An illness.
309
Vocabularies
458.
459.
460.
461.
Manifestation . vfHkO;fDr
................................ Clear to become noticeable.
Marine ............ leqnzh;
.................................... Related to sea.
Massacre ......... ujlagkj................................... An act of killing many people.
Maze ............... tky ...................................... A complicated set of path or passages.
Vocabularies
ghu
490. Nonchalant ..... mnklhu@Hkko
.........................
Careless/ lacking interest.
491. Oblivion .......... foLe`fr
.................................... The state of being unaware/
forgotten.
492. Obnoxious ....... ?k`f.kr
..................................... Unpleasant.
493. Obscene ........... v'yhy ................................... Rude or shocking.
494. Obsessive ........ rhoz
constantly.
495. Obsolete .......... iqjkuk
...................................... Not in use any more.
496. Obstinate ........ gBh....................................... Stubborn.
311
Vocabularies
Vocabularies
............................. Irritate.
djuk
313
Vocabularies
ckn
583. Recuperate ...... Bhd gksuk fcekjh ds................
To recover from illness.
584. Redundant ...... xSj t:jh ................................. Unnecessary.
585. Refute ............. [k.Mu djuk
............................. To say/prove that a person opinion is
wrong.
586. Regime ............ 'kklu..................................... Rule of.
587. Reign ............... 'kklu..................................... The monarch's period of rule.
588. Rein ................ yxke@ yxke yxkuk
..................... Piece of leather which helps you to
control the headgear of a horse/to
bridle/to restrain.
589. Relegate .......... voufr djuk............................. Place in a lower position.
590. Reluctant ........ vfuPNqd
................................. Unwilling.
591. Remorse .......... viQlksl.................................. Feeling of guilt or regret.
592. Renewable ...... uohuhdj.kh;
............................. Which can be used again and again.
593. Repent ............. iNrkuk................................... To be sorry for something.
594. Repercussions . ifj.kke................................... Consequence.
595. Replica ............ gq&c&gq
................................... An exact copy of an object.
596. Reprehensible . fuUnuh;
................................... Deserving condemnation.
597. Reprieve .......... cpko..................................... An escape from a bad situation.
598. Repugnant ...... izfrdwy@ fujk'kktud
..................... Unpleasant behavior or belief.
599. Resentment .... ukilan.................................... Feeling of dislike.
600. Respite ............ cpko..................................... Relief from something.
601. Resurgence ..... fdlh fopkj/kjk dk fiQj ls lj mBkuk
. A new increase of idea which had
been forgotten for some time.
602. Resurrect ........ fiQj ls thfor djuk..................... To bring someone back to life.
603. Retrieve .......... fiQj ls izkIr djuk
....................... To find and bring back something.
604. Reverence ....... lEeku.................................... Respect.
605. Rhetoric .......... izHkko'kkyh Hkk"k.k (ijUrq t:jh
Effective
ugha fd speech but not essentially
sincere.
bZekunkj Hkh)
606. Rumour ........... viQokg
................................... Piece of news that may or may not be
true.
314
Vocabularies
315
Vocabularies
316
Vocabularies
665.
666.
667.
668.
669.
670.
671.
672.
673.
674.
675.
676.
677.
678.
679.
680.
681.
682.
683.
684.
685.
686.
687.
688.
689.
690.
691.
692.
693.
694.
317
Vocabularies
318
Synonyms
18
SYNONYMS
CHAPTER
Directions: in questions no. 1 to 274, out of the four alternatives, choose the one
which best expresses the meaning of the given word and mark it in the answer sheet.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Irrevocable
(a) Change
(b) Done
(c) Unalterable
(d) Reversible
Adorn
(a) Trust
(b) Writer
(c) Suspect
(d) Beautify
Repose
(a) Place
(b) Keep
(c) Rest
(d) Replace
Commotion
(a) Cheer
(b) Imbalance
(c) Disturbance
(d) Movement
Nurture
(a) To encourage
(b) To grow
(c) To see
(d) To maintain
Deny
(a) Regain
(b) Refuse
(c) Repair
(d) Reduce
Abuse
(a) Use
(b) Praise
(c) Scorn
(d) Raise
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Docile
(a) Submissive
(b) Stubborn
(c) Strong
(d) Changeable
Considerate
(a) Agreeable
(b) Kind
(c) Like-minded
(d) Thoughtful
Irresolute
(a) Undecided
(b) Angry
(c) Ignorant
(d) Firm
Frugal
(a) Economical
(b) Miserly
(c) Splendid
(d) Hungry
Motive
(a) Reason
(b) Occasion
(c) Intention
(d) Preparation
Pity
(a) Offence
(b) Mercy
(c) Kindness
(d) Joy
Quash
(a) Question
(b) Pledge
(c) Reject
(d) Slash
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Restrict
(a) Curtail
(b) Prohibit
(c) Retain
(d) Retail
Anticipate
(a) Antagonise
(b) Expect
(c) Accept
(d) Hope
Tremendous
(a) Awesome
(b) Remarkable
(c) Considerable
(d) Excessive
Meticulous
(a) Correct
(b) Clean
(c) Methodical
(d) Painstaking
Abundant
(a) Sufficient
(b) Plentiful
(c) Significant
(d) Vibrant
Acquaint
(a) Arouse
(b) Introduce
(c) Appoint
(d) Acquire
Change
(a) Alter
(b) Renew
(c) Review
(d) Repeat
319
Synonyms
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
320
Surreptitiously
(a) Calmly
(b) Secretly
(c) Suggestively
(d) Quitely
Forebode
(a) Alarm
(b) Foretell
(c) Failure
(d) Forefront
Genuine
(a) Good
(b) Real
(c) Attractive
(d) Lovable
Adverse
(a) Negative
(b) Facilitating
(c) Decorative
(d) Derogative
Elastic
(a) Rubbery
(b) Flexible
(c) Expensive
(d) Exciting
Vacillate
(a) Waver
(b) Never
(c) Quiver
(d) Queer
Impeccable
(a) Perfect
(b) Fair
(c) Faultless
(d) Criminal
Impediment
(a) Clear
(b) Ailment
(c) Incapable
(d) Obstruction
Advance
(a) Reduce
(b) Halt
(c) Progress
(d) Extend
Prognosis
(a) Diagnosis
(b) Forecast
(c) Preface
(d) Identity
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Poach
(a) Catch
(b) Hunt
(c) Preach
(d) Plunder
Repartee
(a) Refuse
(b) Celebrate
(c) Quick witty reply
(d) Question
Exhort
(a) Recommend
(b) Coax
(c) Urge
(d) Push
Lurid
(a) Happy
(b) Abundant
(c) Bright
(d) Shocking
Familiar
(a) Well-known
(b) Familial
(c) Relative
(d) Common
Dessert
(a) Wasteland
(b) Abandon
(c) Sweet-dish
(d) Broth
Affiliate
(a) Control
(b) Associate
(c) Copy
(d) Discriminate
Explicit
(a) Clear
(b) Obvious
(c) Cautious
(d) Exorbitant
Diligent
(a) Intelligent
(b) Energetic
(c) Modest
(d) Industrious
Infuriate
(a) Burn
(b) Disgrace
(c) Threaten
(d) Enrage
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
Prospective
(a)Preceded
(b) Prosperous
(c) Perplexed
(d) Possible
Lousy
(a) Unbearable
(b)Awful
(c) Loose
(d) Stinking
Accentuated
(a) Accent
(b) Devalued
(c) Mitigated
(d) Sharpened
Predominantly
(a) Emphatically
(b) Forcefully
(c) Mostly
(d) Profoundly
Paucity
(a) Sincerity
(b) Shortfall
(c) Publicity
(d) Downfall
Avert
(a) Hide
(b) Obey
(c) Excuse
(d) Avoid
Pensive
(a) Careless
(b) Thoughtful
(c) Penitent
(d) Unattached
Cordial
(a) Smooth
(b) Friendly
(c) Sophisticated
(d) Reserved
Provisional
(a) Casual
(b) Lucky
(c) Visible
(d) Temporary
Horrendous
(a) Very huge
(b) Greatly unpleasant
(c) Mildly sincere
(d) Most pleasant
Synonyms
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
Authentic
(a) Admirable
(b) Genuine
(c) Adjustable
(d) None of the above
Rectify
(a) Correct
(b) Alter
(c) Erase
(d) Continue
Miraculous
(a) Mysterious
(b) Sudden
(c) Amazing
(d) Unexpected
Warranty
(a) Threat
(b) Guarantee
(c) Order for arrest
(d) Issue
Knave
(a) Emperor
(b) Enchanter
(c) Soldier
(d) Scoundrel
Prodigal
(a) Huge
(b) Prodigious
(c) Enormous
(d) Wasteful
Impost
(a) Fertilizer
(b) Dispatch
(c) Tax
(d) Postage
Coarse
(a) Academic
(b) Grain
(c) Rough
(d) Training
Forego
(a) Renounce
(b) Disown
(c) Leave
(d) Accumulate
Recipients
(a) Creators
(b) Donors
(c) Receivers
(d) Instigators
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
Frontier
(a) Edge
(b) Landmark
(c) Boundary
(d) Corner
Rout
(a) Death
(b) Defeat
(c) Loss
(d) Crash
Irreproachable
(a) Remarkable
(b) Extraordinary
(c) Faultless
(d) Immense
Felicity
(a) Prosperity
(b) Honesty
(c) Bliss
(d) Sorrow
Judicious
(a) Biased
(b) Sensible
(c) Exact
(d) Honest
Transpired
(a) Was communicated
(b) Was discussed
(c) Happened
(d) Conspired
Obstinate
(a) Foolish
(b) Unyielding
(c) Unreasonable
(d) Mischievous
Sundry
(a) Countless
(b) Various
(c) Certain
(d) Several
Menial
(a) Lowly
(b) Tough
(c) Dangerous
(d) Low-paid
Impetus
(a) Financial support
(b) Accelerated growth
(c) Retarded growth
(d) Driving force
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Emulate
(a) Praise
(b) Find out
(c) Follow
(d) Assess
Boast
(a) Cry
(b) Abuse
(c) Hate
(d) Brag
Mass murder
(a) Patricide
(b) Fratricide
(c) Regicide
(d) Genocide
Executioner
(a) Executive engineer
(b) Explorer
(c) Experimenter
(d) One who inflict
capital punishment
Maiden speech
(a) Farewell speech
(b) Short speech
(c) First speech
(d) Speech about
women
Interfere
(a) Meddle
(b) Help
(c) Object
(d) Copy
Tedious
(a) Tiresome
(b) Dull
(c) Interesting
(d) Exciting
Magnificent
(a) Magnanimous
(b) Modest
(c) Generous
(d) Splendid
Spirited
(a) Heated
(b) Drunk
(c) Enthusiastic
(d) Possessed
321
Synonyms
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
322
Gloomy
(a) Misty
(b) Morose
(c) Murky
(d) Shadowy
Grumble
(a) To scold
(b) To complain
(c) To sheer
(d) To fight
Crude
(a) Unrefined
(b) Cruel
(c) Rude
(d) Savage
Hostile
(a) Poor
(b) Antagonistic
(c) Delinquent
(d) Reticent
Friendly
(a) Gentle
(b) Amiable
(c) Considerate
(d) Industrious
Veil
(a) Seclude
(b) Moan
(c) Conceal
(d) Repent
Recurrent
(a) Flowing backward
(b) Healing quickly
(c) Happening
repeatedly
(d) Timely
Peculiar
(a) Same
(b) Strange
(c) Surprising
(d) Tiring
Prosper
(a) Cherish
(b) Promote
(c) Thrive
(d) Rich
Eminent
(a) Confident
(b) Authentic
(c) Ingenious
(d) Illustrious
91.
Fortitude
(a) Composure
(b) Confidence
(c) Courage
(d) Produce
92. Sanitise
(a) Pleasant
(b) Disinfect
(c) Pious
(d) Crazy
93. Favourite
(a) Preferred
(b) Focused
(c) Pleasurable
(d) Disliked
94. Novice
(a) Beginner
(b) Virtuous
(c) Trainer
(d) Learner
95. Adversary
(a) Poverty
(b) Contestant
(c) Opponent
(d) Intruder
96. Dishonour
(a) Infamy
(b) Glory
(c) Uncouth
(d) Wicked
97. Erudite
(a) Scholarly
(b) Friendly
(c) Miserly
(d) Lovely
98. Idea
(a) Comprehension
(b) Notion
(c) Emotion
(d) Gist
99. Takes after
(a) Follows
(b) Comes after
(c) Resembles
(d) Imitates
100. Ill-favoured
(a) Unlucky
(b) Weak in health
(c) Short-tempered
(d) Ugly
101. Homage
(a) Humility
(b) Tribute
(c) Obedience
(d) Allegiance
102. Clue
(a) Hint
(b) Inkling
(c) Intimation
(d) Signal
103. Amazement
(a) Shock
(b) Wander
(c) Surprise
(d) Suspicion
104. Consistency
(a) Constancy
(b) Competence
(c) Permanence
(d) Uniformity
105. Electrifying
(a) Attractive
(b) Fearsome
(c) Exciting
(d) Disturbing
106. Refrain
(a) Dissuade
(b) Desist
(c) Prevent
(d) Curb
107. Merited
(a) Deserved
(b) Encouraged
(c) Prompted
(d) Supported
108. Candid
(a) Overconfident
(b) Frank
(c) Arrogant
(d) Careless
109. Zealous
(a) Ardent
(b) Jealous
(c) Furious
(d) Impatient
110. Industrious
(a) Indolent
(b) Industrial
(c) Hard-working
(d) Economic
English from Plinth to Paramount
Synonyms
111. Feasible
(a) Practical
(b) Rejoice
(c) Accentuate
(d) Accurate
112. Atrocity
(a) Envy
(b) Violence
(c) Jealousy
(d) Absurdity
113. Fortify
(a) Create
(b) Generate
(c) Prohibit
(d) Strengthen
114. Pacify
(a) Calm down
(b) Satisfy
(c) Rouse
(d) Rejoice
115. Barren
(a) Good
(b) Wholesome
(c) Unproductive
(d) Profitable
116. Infamy
(a) Notoriety
(b) Glory
(c) Integrity
(d) Familiarity
117. Intrepid
(a) Hesitant
(b) Fearless
(c) Extrovert
(d) Familiarity
118. Perspicuous
(a) Relevant
(b) Precise
(c) Brief
(d) Clear
119. Sufficient
(a) Full
(b) Complete
(c) Enough
(d) Less
120. Benevolent
(a) Beneficial
(b) Kind
(c) Helpful
(d) Supportive
English from Plinth to Paramount
121. Ancestors
(a) Extinct tribes
(b) Relatives
(c) Forefathers
(d) Old people
122. Embrace
(a) Impress
(b) Except
(c) Embarrass
(d) Accept
123. Meek
(a) Light-hearted
(b) Serious
(c) Submissive
(d) Benign
124. Cajole
(a) Insist
(b) Persuade
(c) Direct
(d) Recommend
125. Fragrance
(a) Taste
(b) Aroma
(c) Sight
(d) Touch
126. Fictitious
(a) False
(b) Frail
(c) Foul
(d) Flattering
127. Obscene
(a) Dirty
(b) Unhealthy
(c) Indecent
(d) Unwanted
128. Imitate
(a) Follow
(b) Copy
(c) Think
(d) Allude
129. Enigmatic
(a) Magnetic
(b) Automatic
(c) Speeding
(d) Puzzling
130. Despondent
(a) Deserted
(b) Dejected
(c) Rejected
(d) Repentant
131. Aversion
(a) Aggression
(b) Assertion
(c) Dislike
(d) Impudence
132. Desperation
(a) Depression
(b) Jubilation
(c) Fascination
(d) Hopelessness
133. Jubilant
(a) Brilliant
(b) Proud
(c) Ecstatic
(d) Gloomy
134. Liberty
(a) Freedom
(b) Equality
(c) Charity
(d) Democracy
135. Blister
(a) Chatter
(b) Travel
(c) Attack
(d) Wound
136. Trauma
(a) Accident
(b) Art form
(c) Type of medicine
(d) Emotional shock
137. Fabulous
(a) Beautiful
(b) Marvellous
(c) Interesting
(d) Charming
138. Laudable
(a) Sincere
(b) Praiseworthy
(c) Benevolent
(d) Welcome
139. Surpass
(a) Outdo
(b) Pass over
(c) Overdo
(d) Pass by
140. Defer
(a) Indifferent
(b) Deft
(c) Differ
(d) Postpone
323
Synonyms
141. Cease
(a) Begin
(b) Stop
(c) Create
(d) Dull
142. Pious
(a) Religious
(b) Sympathetic
(c) Afraid
(d) Faithful
143. Abandon
(a) Forsake
(b) Keep
(c) Cherish
(d) Enlarge
144. Intimidate
(a) Calm down
(b) View
(c) Leave
(d) Frighten
145. Regard
(a) Respect
(b) Liking
(c) Love
(d) Suspicion
146. Swap
(a) Snap
(b) Exchange
(c) Break
(d) Exclude
147. Prudent
(a) Wise
(b) Cunning
(c) Frank
(d) Severe
148. Genius
(a) A generous person
(b) A foreigner
(c) An intellect
(d) An athlete
149. Culmination
(a) Conclusion
(b) Climax
(c) Abyss
(d) Cultivation
150. Sporadic
(a) Surviving
(b) Sweeping
(c) Irregular
(d) Persistent
324
151. Crass
(a) Casual
(b) Formal
(c) Unrefined
(d) Sterile
152. Accomplish
(a) Amass
(b) Acquire
(c) Adhere
(d) Achieve
153. Cursory
(a) Little
(b) Quick
(c) Eager
(d) Tender
154. Envisaged
(a) Ensured
(b) Idealized
(c) Contemplated
(d) Imagined
155. Clandestine
(a) Awkward
(b) Inconsistent
(c) Secret
(d) Ugly
156. Resentment
(a) Annoyance
(b) Dispatch
(c) Disagreement
(d) Dismissal
157. Obdurate
(a) Angry
(b) Calm
(c) Obsessed
(d) Adamant
158. Obscure
(a) Unknown
(b) Neglectful
(c) Occasional
(d) Old
159. Reluctant
(a) Unwilling
(b) Forego
(c) Redundant
(d) Amendable
160. Revelation
(a) Anticipation
(b) Imagination
(c) Revel in
(d) Disclosure
161. Ostracise
(a) Censure
(b) Sentence
(c) Banish
(d) Berate
162. Appalled
(a) Shocked
(b) Saddened
(c) Scared
(d) Alarmed
163. Imbecility
(a) Stupidity
(b) Rusticity
(c) Verbosity
(d) Incoherence
164. Collusion
(a) Conflict
(b) Secret agreement
(c) Consultation
(d) Misunderstanding
165. Hesitant
(a) Antagonistic
(b) Grumbling
(c) Contradict
(d) Undecided
166. Deceptive
(a) Disagreeable
(b) Misleading
(c) Mistake
(d) Debatable
167. Palpable
(a) Obvious
(b) Immense
(c) Sufficient
(d) Hidden
168. Laid-back
(a) Lie in wait
(b) Sorry state
(c) Lame
(d) Easy-going
169. Sauntering
(a) Jogging
(b) Brisk walking
(c) Travelling
(d) Strolling
170. Pompous
(a) Grandiose
(b) Polished
(c) Modest
(d) Skilled
English from Plinth to Paramount
Synonyms
171. Poignant
(a) Showy
(b) Sad
(c) Silly
(d) Snobbish
172. Querulous
(a) Critical
(b) Curious
(c) Quarrelsome
(d) Ambiguous
173. Audacious
(a) Brilliant
(b) Powerful
(c) Bold
(d) Frightening
174. Perilous
(a) Hazardous
(b) Rigorous
(c) Resilient
(d) Requisite
175. Reverie
(a) Determination
(b) Day-dream
(c) Reality
(d) Realization
176. Genial
(a) Cordial
(b) Unselfish
(c) Careful
(d) Specific
177. Accrue
(a) Accumulate
(b) Accommodate
(c) Grow
(d) Suffice
178. Loquacious
(a) Talkative
(b) Slow
(c) Content
(d) Unclear
179. Vindictive
(a) Imaginative
(b) Accusative
(c) Spiteful
(d) Aggressive
180. Inclement
(a) Selfish
(b) Active
(c) Unfavourable
(d) Inactive
English from Plinth to Paramount
181. Hostility
(a) Illness
(b) Enmity
(c) Disturbance
(d) Derogatory
182. Indifferent
(a) Dissimilar
(b) Various
(c) Interference
(d) Unconcerned
183. Condemn
(a) Censure
(b) Despair
(c) Kill
(d) Hit
184. Defect
(a) Loss
(b) Harm
(c) Shortcoming
(d) Delicate
185. Jealous
(a) Envious
(b) Unhappy
(c) Regretful
(d) Remorse
186. Weary
(a) Careless
(b) Shivering
(c) Troubled
(d) Weak
187. Plausible
(a) Pleasing taste
(b) Seemingly true
(c) Manageable
(d) Cannot be proved
188. Creditable
(a) Able to lend money
(b) Bringing praise
(c) Able to repay a loan
(d) Fit to be believed
189. Salient
(a) Most important
(b) Salt-like taste
(c) Pleasing
(d) Satisfactory
190. Fragile
(a) Soft
(b) Smooth
(c) Flexible
(d) Easily broken
191. Reticent
(a) Sensitive
(b) Secretive
(c) Not feeling well
(d) Not saying much
192. Reciprocal
(a) Formal
(b) Favorable
(c) Mutual
(d) Sustainable
193. Apprise
(a) Inform
(b) Estimate
(c) Admire
(d) Require
194. Consensus
(a) Awareness
(b) General agreement
(c) Careful observation
(d) Praiseworthy
195. Unceremonious
(a) Impolite
(b) Informal
(c) Incomplete
(d) Irregular
196. Treason
(a) Absurdity
(b) Disloyalty
(c) Dishonesty
(d) Deception
197. Amiable
(a) Popular
(b) Generous
(c) Friendly
(d) Reasonable
198. Lucid
(a) Fluent
(b) Clear
(c) Musical
(d) Familiar
199. Ravaged
(a) Destroyed
(b) Spoiled
(c) Conquered
(d) Robbed
200. Perplexed
(a) Annoyed
(b) Disappointed
(c) Puzzled
(d) Ruined
325
Synonyms
201. Anonymity
(a) Reputation
(b) Publicity
(c) Being unknown
(d) Wrong address
202. Ephemeral
(a) Disturbing
(b) Filthy
(c) Short-lived
(d) Poverty-stricken
203. Caption
(a) Joke
(b) Definition
(c) Meaning
(d) Title
204. Battered
(a) Destroyed
(b) Dashed on
(c) Struck hard
(d) Struck off
205. Extravagant
(a) Hardworking
(b) Good
(c) Extraordinary
(d) Spendthrift
206. Redundant
(a) Superfluous
(b) Uninterested
(c) Introspective
(d) Knowledgeable
207. Hindered
(a) Damaged
(b) Disturbed
(c) Obstructed
(d) Protested
208. Concealed
(a) Covered
(b) Closed
(c) Sealed
(d) Hidden
209. Relish
(a) Realize
(b) Taste
(c) Enjoy
(d) Reveal
210. Acute
(a) Dull
(b) Drowsy
(c) Unpleasant
(d) Sharp
326
211. Solicit
(a) Command
(b) Request
(c) Sympathize
(d) Agree
212. Surmount
(a) Discount
(b) Surround
(c) Overcome
(d) Capture
213. Pertinent
(a) Indirect
(b) Relevant
(c) Direct
(d) Important
214. Nebulous
(a) Revolutionary
(b) Vague
(c) Starting
(d) Idiotic
215. Ubiquitous
(a) Omnipresent
(b) Omnipotent
(c) Omniscient
(d) Affluent
216. Corroborate
(a) Collaborate
(b) Substantiate
(c) Co-operate
(d) Correlate
217. Adequate
(a) Necessary
(b) Sufficient
(c) Procured
(d) Additional
218. Solecism
(a) Abuse
(b) Witty quip
(c) Clever argument
(d) Grammatical error
219. Delirious
(a) Delicious
(b) Pleasing
(c) Desperate
(d) Excited
220. Licentious
(a) Immoral
(b) Intellectual
(c) Moral
(d) Without license
221. Squander
(a) Expensive
(b) Waste
(c) Litter
(d) Economical
222. Abated
(a) Reduced
(b) Vanished
(c) Increased
(d) Stabilized
223. Abrogate
(a) Repeal
(b) Destroy
(c) Delay
(d) Dismiss
224. Abstemious
(a) Resistant
(b) Temperate
(c) Superstitions
(d) Careful
225. Allegiance
(a)Servility
(b)Obedience
(c) Loyalty
(d) Passivity
226. Amicable
(a) Poisonous
(b) Co-operative
(c) Satisfying
(d) Heartening
227. Ample
(a) Meagre
(b) Quantitative
(c) Sufficient
(d) Tasty
228. Baleful
(a) Harmful
(b) Doubtful
(c) Useful
(d) Helpful
229. Benevolence
(a) Ill will
(b) Morbidity
(c) Kindness
(d) Vision
230. Camouflage
(a) Hide
(b) Reveal
(c) Disguise
(d) Pretend
English from Plinth to Paramount
Synonyms
231. Chivalrous
(a) Crude
(b) Gallant
(c) Handsome
(d)Tinkering
232. Covenant
(a)Case
(b) Coupon
(c) Contract
(d) Settlement
233. Dainty
(a)Carefree
(b)Feminine and happy
(c)Delicacy
(d)Small and graceful
234. Deference
(a) Indifference
(b) Sympathy
(c) Respect
(d) Flattery
235. Dormant
(a) Sleeping
(b) Humble
(c) Quick
(d) Active
236. Dramatic
(a) Unprecedented
(b)Thrilling
(c) Spectacular
(d) Effective
237. Dubious
(a) Doubtful
(b) Disputable
(c) Duplicate
(d) Dangerous
238. Duplicity
(a) Repetition
(b) Artlessness
(c) Deception
(d) Cleverness
239. Eternal
(a) Innumerable
(b) Immeasurable
(c) Prolonged
(d) Perpetual
240. Evince
(a) Look
(b) Try
(c) Apply
(d) Show
English from Plinth to Paramount
241. Evoked
(a) Escaped
(b) Called forth
(c) Produced
(d) Summoned
242. Flabbergasted
(a) Scared
(b) Embarrassed
(c) Dumbfounded
(d) Humiliated
243. Flimsy
(a) Weak
(b) Strong
(c) Justified
(d) Impulsive
244. Garish
(a) Unusual
(b) Exciting
(c) Confused
(d) Gaudy
245. Implacable
(a) Relentless
(b) Unappeasable
(c) Dangerous
(d) Courageous
246. Indict
(a) To accuse
(b) Entrapment
(c) Indoctrination
(d) Inducement
247. Indigent
(a) Indian men
(b) Poor
(c) Guilty
(d) Untried
248. Innocuous
(a) Abominable
(b) Harmless
(c) Harmful
(d) Useful
249. Innuendoes
(a) Indications
(b) Inspiring quotes
(c) Witty remarks
(d) Insinuations
250. Insolent
(a) Violent
(b) Polite
(c) Insulting
(d) Frivolous
251. Irreverence
(a) Disrespect
(b) Cruelty
(c) Unkindness
(d) Invalidity
252. Latent
(a)Primitive
(b) Hidden
(c) Potent
(d) Talented
253. Massive
(a) Tall
(b) Large in size
(c) Total
(d) Little
254. Obnoxious
(a) Depressing
(b) Disgusting
(c) Arrogant
(d) Filthy
255. Panacea
(a) Flatter
(b) Praise
(c) Inactivity
(d) Cure-all
256. Pragmatic
(a) Practical
(b) Playful
(c) Causal
(d) Clever
257. Reparation
(a) Compensation
(b) Co-relation
(c) Aspersion
(d) Delegation
258. Salutary
(a) Premature
(b) Terrible
(c) Disastrous
(d) Beneficial
259. Shrink
(a) Contract
(b) Physician
(c) Reduce
(d) Shrivel
260. Soporific
(a) Soothing
(b) Terrific
(c) Supreme
(d) Sleep-inducing
327
Synonyms
261. Vagary
(a)Lapse of memory
(b) Companionship
(c) gang
(d) impulse
262. Coax
(a) Pacify
(b) Punish
(c) Persuade
(d) Please
263. Renowned
(a) Notorious
(b) Great
266. Transparent
(a) Translucent
(b) Opaque
(c) Clear
(d) Sharp
267. Fruitless
(a) Successful
(b) barren
(c) Useless
(d) Insufficient
(c) Brave
(d) Famous
264. Blaze
(a) Rage
(b) Rush
(c) Fire
(d) Mark
265. Tangential
(a) partly
(b) forcefully
(c)superficial
relevance
(d) fitfully
ANSWER KEY
1.
11.
21.
31.
41.
51.
61.
71.
81.
91.
101.
111.
121.
131.
141.
151.
161.
171.
181.
191.
201.
211.
221.
231.
241.
251.
261.
328
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(d)
2.
12.
22.
32.
42.
52.
62.
72.
82.
92.
102.
112.
122.
132.
142.
152.
162.
172.
182.
192.
202.
212.
222.
232.
242.
252.
262.
(d)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)
3.
13.
23.
33.
43.
53.
63.
73.
83.
93.
103.
113.
123.
133.
143.
153.
163.
173.
183.
193.
203.
213.
223.
233.
243.
253.
263.
(c)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(d)
4.
14.
24.
34.
44.
54.
64.
74.
84.
94.
104.
114.
124.
134.
144.
154.
164.
174.
184.
194.
204.
214.
224.
234.
244.
254.
264.
(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
5.
15.
25.
35.
45.
55.
65.
75.
85.
95.
105.
115.
125.
135.
145.
155.
165.
175.
185.
195.
205.
215.
225.
235.
245.
255.
265.
(b)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(c)
6.
16.
26.
36.
46.
56.
66.
76.
86.
96.
106.
116.
126.
136.
146.
156.
166.
176.
186.
196.
206.
216.
226.
236.
246.
256.
266.
(b)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(c)
7.
17.
27.
37.
47.
57.
67.
77.
87.
97.
107.
117.
127.
137.
147.
157.
167.
177.
187.
197.
207.
217.
227.
237.
247.
257.
267.
(c)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(c)
8.
18.
28.
38.
48.
58.
68.
78.
88.
98.
108.
118.
128.
138.
148.
158.
168.
178.
188.
198.
208.
218.
228.
238.
248.
258.
(a)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
9.
19.
29.
39.
49.
59.
69.
79.
89.
99.
109.
119.
129.
139.
149.
159.
169.
179.
189.
199.
209.
219.
229.
239.
249.
259.
(d)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(d)
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
80.
90.
100.
110.
120.
130.
140.
150.
160.
170.
180.
190.
200.
210.
220.
230.
240.
250.
260.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(d)
Antonyms
19
ANTONYMS
CHAPTER
Directions: in questions no. 1 to 298 choose the word opposite in meaning to the
given word and mark it in the answer sheet.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Fastidious
(a) Fussy
(b) Cooperative
(c) Promising
(d) Adjustable
Shallow
(a) High
(b) Long
(c) Wide
(d) Deep
Explicit
(a) Elusive
(b) Allusive
(c) Ambidextrous
(d) Ambiguous
Immune
(a) Free
(b) Vulnerable
(c) Powerful
(d) Weak
Bleak
(a) Dull
(b) Dark
(c) Bright
(d) Exposure
Veneration
(a) Fear
(b) Reverence
(c) Remorse
(d) Disrespect
Insolent
(a) Ignorant
(b) Proud
(c) Laudable
(d) Humble
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Urban
(a) Rustic
(b) Rural
(c) Civil
(d) Foreign
Incredible
(a) Possible
(b) Believable
(c) Enjoyable
(d) Imaginary
Concur
(a) Disagree
(b) Disappear
(c) Disarrange
(d) Discourage
Quiet
(a) Strong
(b) Pandemonium
(c) Incomplete
(d) Violent
Vague
(a) Clear
(b) Dull
(c) Unknown
(d) Shady
Inevitable
(a) Avoidable
(b) Unnecessary
(c) Inseparable
(d) Uncertain
Humility
(a) Dignity
(b) Cruelty
(c) Anger
(d) Pride
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Rapidly
(a) Lazily
(b) Secretly
(c) Slowly
(d) Firmly
Extol
(a) Heckle
(b) Censure
(c) Hate
(d) Scold
Make
(a) Liberate
(b) Break
(c) Emancipate
(d) Bind
Terminate
(a) Hasten
(b) Depart
(c) Begin
(d) Change
Successor
(a) Failure
(b) Loser
(c) Predecessor
(d) Predator
Demolish
(a) Shift
(b) Build
(c) Repeat
(d) Hide
Genial
(a) Stupid
(b) Stingy
(c) Boorish
(d) Unkind
329
Antonyms
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
330
Prevent
(a) Protect
(b) Black
(c) Hinder
(d) Induce
Plausible
(a) Inplausible
(b) Unplausible
(c) Implausible/ Unbelievable
(d) Displausible
Frailty
(a) Energy
(b) Intensity
(c) Vehemence
(d) Strength
Flair
(a) Spreading outward
(b) Inability
(c) Spotlight
(d) Taste
Collapse
(a) Rise
(b) Handicap
(c) Crush
(d) Crumble
Dormant
(a) Acute
(b) Active
(c) Able
(d) Ablaze
Anxious
(a) Crafty
(b) Light
(c) Carefree
(d) Careless
Hazy
(a) Plain
(b) Light
(c) Clear
(d) Dull
Thrifty
(a) Clean
(b) Loyal
(c) Wasteful
(d) Reverent
Fantastic
(a) Old
(b) Ordinary
(c) Classic
(d) Rational
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Innovate
(a) Sell
(b) Buy
(c) Close
(d) Copy
Asceticism
(a) Comfort
(b) Luxury
(c) Anti-semitism
(d) Humility
Enduring
(a) Fleeting
(b) Painful
(c) Permanent
(d) Long lasting
Dissolution
(a) Retribution
(b) Establishment
(c) Persuasion
(d) Compliance
Progressive
(a) Repressive
(b) Retrogressive
(c) Repulsive
(d) Aggressive
Unnerved
(a) Confident
(b) Nervous
(c) Hopeful
(d) Anxious
Vague
(a) Unclear
(b) Sharp
(c) Precise
(d) Actual
Harmony
(a) Disagreement
(b) Melody
(c) Confusion
(d) Concord
Purposely
(a) Half-heartedly
(b) Timidly
(c) Unintentionally
(d) Hesitatingly
Guilty
(a) Innocent
(b) Ignorant
(c) Irreverent
(d) Immature
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
Brave
(a) Sorry
(b) Bold
(c) Timid
(d) Boisterous
Duplicity
(a) Complexity
(b) Honesty
(c) Serenity
(d) Originality
Opaque
(a) Brilliant
(b) Bright
(c) Transparent
(d) Lustrous
Jocular
(a) Merry
(b) Morose
(c) Jugular
(d) Juggler
Hinder
(a) Encourage
(b) Acknowledge
(c) Prohibit
(d) Instruct
Uncompromising
(a) Courteous
(b) Flexible
(c) Awesome
(d) Soft
Zeal
(a) Disinterest
(b) Apathy
(c) Carelessness
(d) Hatred
Desecration
(a) Consecration
(b) Discouragement
(c) Despondency
(d) Expectation
Shimmering
(a) Gloomy
(b) Glimmering
(c) Refreshing
(d) Repining
Far-fetched
(a) Wise
(b) Prudent
(c) Located for
(d) Realistic
Antonyms
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
Takes off
(a) Travels
(b) Falls
(c) Explodes
(d) Lands
Niggardly
(a) Hastily
(b) Lavishly
(c) Likely
(d) Gorgeously
Melodious
(a) Harmonious
(b) Tuneless
(c) Odious
(d) Mellifluous
Advanced
(a) Progressed
(b) Outpaced
(c) Receded
(d) Run back
Enlightened
(a) Slander
(b) Bemoan
(c) Ignorant
(d) Before
Exceptional
(a) Great
(b) Occasional
(c) Common
(d) Absorbing
Permanent
(a) Long
(b) Short
(c) Durable
(d) Temporary
Moderate
(a) Abnormal
(b) Weak
(c) Extreme
(d) Separate
Diffidence
(a) Boldness
(b) Outspokenness
(c) Fluency
(d) Obstinacy
Superficial
(a) Careful
(b) Of surface
(c) Thorough
(d) Casual
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
Reckless
(a) Careful
(b) Frank
(c) Diffident
(d) Smart
Scorn
(a) Contempt
(b) Joy
(c) Admiration
(d) Pity
Grandiose
(a) Simple
(b) False
(c) Ideal
(d) Proud
Trivial
(a) Serious
(b) Violent
(c) Wild
(d) Unimportant
Lurid
(a) Dismal
(b) Mild
(c) Murky
(d) Mysterious
Loquacious
(a) Reserved
(b) Miserly
(c) Eloquent
(d) Healthy
Unscrupulous
(a) Conscientious
(b) Dedicated
(c) Single-minded
(d) Superfluous
Confiscate
(a) Produce
(b) Release
(c) Destroy
(d) Exhibit
Contaminate
(a) Sanctify
(b) Invigorate
(c) Taint
(d) Purify
Often
(a) Usually
(b) Rarely
(c) Sometimes
(d) Occasionally
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
Frugal
(a) Economical
(b) Extravagant
(c) Miserly
(d) Greedy
Eminent
(a) Illustrious
(b) Notorious
(c) Intelligent
(d) Known
Barbarous
(a) Civilized
(b) Modern
(c) Polite
(d) Praiseworthy
Embark upon
(a) Launch
(b) Analyse
(c) Break off
(d) Conclude
Falling off
(a) Shrinkage
(b) Erosion
(c) Improvement
(d) Descent
Depressed
(a) Satisfied
(b) Elated
(c) Impressed
(d) Affected
Yield to
(a) Submit to
(b) Persuade
(c) Resist
(d) Seek terms with
Paucity
(a) Overflow
(b) Inflow
(c) Plenty
(d) Grim
Conclusive
(a) Powerful
(b) Indecisive
(c) Exclusive
(d) Partial
Triggered
(a) Choked
(b) Tapered off
(c) Diluted
(d) Ignited
331
Antonyms
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
332
Parallel
(a) Divergent
(b) Difficult
(c) Similar
(d) Crooked
Manifested
(a) Displayed
(b) Concealed
(c) Suppressed
(d) Marked
Blocked
(a) Facilitated
(b) Started
(c) Checked
(d) Promoted
Vindictive
(a) careless
(b) forgiving
(c) heedless
(d) refined
Turn coat
(a)Loyal
(b) Disappointing
(c) Thrilling
(d) Nail-biting
Inaugurate
(a) Terminate
(b) Inculcate
(c) Facilitate
(d) Ameliorate
Embellish
(a) Dishonour
(b) Demolish
(c) Spoil
(d) Suffice
Detest
(a) Test
(b) Dislike
(c) Like
(d) Interest
Intentional
(a) Accidental
(b) Undecided
(c) Concentrated
(d) Broken
Commence
(a) Start
(b) Schedule
(c) Conclude
(d) Dissolve
92.
Expand
(a) Contract
(b) Contrast
(c) Consist
(d) Controvert
93. Prosperity
(a) Propriety
(b) Property
(c) Adversity
(d) Perspicacity
94. Stimulate
(a) Encourage
(b) Discourage
(c) Tempt
(d) Instigate
95. Deliberate
(a) Unconditional
(b) Unintentional
(c) Unilateral
(d) Emotional
96. Perilous
(a) Pitiable
(b) Difficult
(c) Safe
(d) Comfortable
97. Disputable
(a) Undisputable
(b) Indisputable
(c) Nondisputable
(d) Adisputable
98. Audacious
(a) Cautious
(b) Timid
(c) Rude
(d) Proud
99. Meticulous
(a) Unmerited
(b) Unimaginative
(c) Carefree
(d) Careless
100. Repel
(a) Attract
(b) Interest
(c) Tempt
(d) Like
101. Dim
(a) Transparent
(b) Luminous
(c) Opaque
(d) Dazzling
102. Genuine
(a) Genius
(b) Honest
(c) Affected
(d) Fictitious
103. Ham-fisted
(a) Simple
(b) Adroit
(c) Difficult
(d) Vague
104. Implicit
(a) Explicit
(b) Implied
(c) Explained
(d) Exquisite
105. Capture
(a) Catch
(b) Detain
(c) Liberate
(d) Stop
106. Repulsive
(a) Attractive
(b) Offensive
(c) Defensive
(d) Pensive
107. Misery
(a) Sorry
(b) Careless
(c) Joy
(d) Content
108. Escalate
(a) Decrease
(b) Descend
(c) Deliver
(d) Derive
109. Anarchy
(a) Curfew
(b) Permanence
(c) Wholesome
(d) Order
110. Commotion
(a) Transmission
(b) Tranquillity
(c) Transparency
(d) Transition
111. Monotony
(a) Enthusiasm
(b) Repetitiveness
(c) Variety
(d) Singularity
English from Plinth to Paramount
Antonyms
112. Latter
(a) Earlier
(b) Before
(c) Later
(d) Former
113. Dynamic
(a) Stable
(b) Still
(c) Lazy
(d) Static
114. Diligent
(a) Intelligent
(b) Lazy
(c) Boastful
(d) Notorious
115. Hereditary
(a) Carried
(b) Acquired
(c) Possessed
(d) Regained
116. Philistine
(a) Cultured
(b) Libertine
(c) Sober
(d) Educated
117. Heretical
(a) Contradictory
(b) Doubtful
(c) Impious
(d) Orthodox
118. Ingest
(a) Disrupt
(b) Disgorge
(c) Dismiss
(d) Display
119. Implicate
(a) Exonerate
(b) Impersonate
(c) Complicate
(d) Impose
120. Laceration
(a) Convalescence
(b) Recouperation
(c) Healing
(d) Palpitation
121. Liberty
(a) Serenity
(b) Slavery
(c) Serfdom
(d) Subordinate
English from Plinth to Paramount
122. Disorderly
(a) Chaotic
(b) Organized
(c) Adjusted
(d) Arranged
123. Elevation
(a) Reduction
(b) Humiliation
(c) Increment
(d) Debasement
124. Glossy
(a) Dull
(b) Shining
(c) Weary
(d) Tired
125. Boon
(a) Dull
(b) Bane
(c) Hurt
(d) Harsh
126. Accomplish
(a) Fail
(b) Improper
(c) Disagreeable
(d) Scatter
127. Famous
(a) Obscure
(b) Eminent
(c) Lenient
(d) Fabulous
128. Orderly
(a) Unclear
(b) Valueless
(c) Chaotic
(d) Incomplete
129. Gloomy
(a) Radiant
(b) Fragrant
(c) Melodious
(d) Illusory
130. Strife
(a) War
(b) Peace
(c) Anger
(d) Woe
131. Isolation
(a) Segregation
(b) Association
(c) Seclusion
(d) Deportation
132. Antique
(a) Common
(b) Recent
(c) Innovative
(d) Youthful
133. Contented
(a) Dissatisfied
(b) Emptied
(c) Happy
(d) Unfriendly
134. Rapid
(a) Happy
(b) Fall
(c) Slow
(d) Abnormal
135. Severe
(a) Sharp
(b) Mild
(c) Important
(d) Cut
136. Initiated
(a) Complicated
(b) Simplified
(c) Concluded
(d) Commenced
137. Consensus
(a) Accept
(b) Opinion
(c) Disagreement
(d) Permission
138. Fatigued
(a) Weakened
(b) Energised
(c) Tired
(d) Activated
139. Autonomy
(a) Slavery
(b) Subordination
(c) Dependence
(d) Submissiveness
140. Flexible
(a) Rigid
(b) Cruel
(c) Humble
(d) Easy
141. Artificial
(a) Artful
(b) Machine-made
(c) Artistic
(d) Natural
333
Antonyms
142. Delete
(a) Regress
(b) Interpolate
(c) Infer
(d) Include
143. Benefactor
(a) Helper
(b) Victor
(c) Disciple
(d) Enemy
144. Evanescent
(a) Clean
(b) Tight
(c) Eternal
(d) Cheap
145. Barren
(a) Fertile
(b) Rich
(c) Prosperous
(d) Positive
146. Virtue
(a) Vice
(b) Failure
(c) Fault
(d) Offence
147. Nervous
(a) Flawless
(b) Immature
(c) Smooth
(d) Composed
148. Confident
(a) Worried
(b) Pessimistic
(c) Diffident
(d) Depressed
149. Evident
(a) Suspected
(b) Disagreed
(c) hidden
(d) Unimportant
150. Adamant
(a) Yielding
(b) Permissive
(c) Liberal
(d) Tolerant
151. Professional
(a) Novice
(b) Amateur
(c) Dabbler
(d) Apprentice
334
152. Callous
(a) Persuasive
(b) Caring
(c) Gentle
(d) Sensitive
153. Cessation
(a) Commencement
(b) Renewal
(c) Ongoing
(d) Interruption
154. Procrastinate
(a) Experiment
(b) Expedite
(c) Exclude
(d) Propagate
155. Potent
(a) Inefficient
(b) Soft
(c) Fragile
(d) Weak
156. Probity
(a) Dishonesty
(b) Timidity
(c) Treachery
(d) Insincerity
157. Gregarious
(a) Recluse
(b) Social
(c) Laudatory
(d) Rustic
158. Sporadic
(a) Surviving
(b) Sweeping
(c) Restrained
(d) Continual
159. Implication
(a) Consideration
(b) Exoneration
(c) Conclusion
(d) Interpretation
160. Apposite
(a) Intemperate
(b) Inappropriate
(c) Indecent
(d) Incriminatory
161. Gregarious
(a) Indecent
(b) Unsociable
(c) Above reproach
(d) Unlovable
162. Chivalry
(a) Cawardish
(b) Discourtesy
(c) Disobedience
(d) Disaffection
163. Dismal
(a) Bright
(b) Indifferent
(c) Fast
(d) Energetic
164. Sanguine temper
(a) Despairing nature
(b) Peaceful temperament
(c) Rude behaviour
(d) Selfish nature
165. Meagre
(a) Extravagant
(b) Abandon
(c) Prosperous
(d) Surplus
166. Imperil
(a) Safeguard
(b) Construct
(c) Create
(d) Brighten
167. Flamboyant
(a) Elaborately
(b) Really
(c) Not showy
(d) Sensibly
168. Consolidated
(a) Disjointed
(b) Broken
(c) Weakened
(d) Lost
169. Chronic
(a) Pathetic
(b) Characteristic
(c) Temporary
(d) Mild
170. Vituperative
(a) Joyous
(b) Laudatory
(c) Critical
(d) Virtuous
171. Awkward
(a) Awful
(b) Satisfactory
(c) Graceful
(d) Easy
English from Plinth to Paramount
Antonyms
172. Smug
(a) Satisfied
(b) Dissatisfied
(c) Serious
(d) Delighted
173. Oppressive
(a) Gentle
(b) Harsh
(c) Smooth
(d) Orderly
174. Obscure
(a) Inconspicuous
(b) Veiled
(c) Clear
(d) Distinct
175. Clinch
(a) Lose
(b) Clasp
(c) Deal
(d) Seal
176. Enervate
(a) Decelerate
(b) Strengthen
(c) Push forward
(d) Aggravate
177. To put up with
(a) To stay together
(b) To talk politely
(c) To dislike
(d) To move along with
178. Autonomous
(a) Self-government
(b) Dependent
(c) Defensive
(d) Neutral
179. Deceitful
(a) Sincere
(b) Useful
(c) Plain
(d) Honest
180. Exonerate
(a) Admit
(b) Release
(c) Convict
(d) Reject
181. Exaggerate
(a) Underwrite
(b) Understate
(c) Ignore
(d) Condemn
English from Plinth to Paramount
182. Controversial
(a) Indisputable
(b) Restrained
(c) Controlled
(d) Appeasing
183. Synthetic
(a) Natural
(b) Plastic
(c) Cosmetic
(d) Apathetic
184. Accord
(a) Disagreement
(b) Welcome
(c) Disrespect
(d) Conformity
185. Infirmity
(a) Employment
(b) Indisposition
(c) Strength
(d) Weakness
186. Feasible
(a) Useful
(b) Impractical
(c) Uneven
(d) Important
187. Deny
(a) Accept
(b) Proceed
(c) Hold
(d) Promote
188. Acquit
(a) Inform
(b) Release
(c) Abuse
(d) Condemn
189. Benediction
(a) Best wishes
(b) Use
(c) Curse
(d) Blessing
190. Affluence
(a) Not being fluent
(b) Poverty
(c) Difficult
(d) Unhealthy
191. Forbid
(a) Defy
(b) Dislike
(c) Permit
(d) Understand
192. Harmonious
(a) Selfish
(b) Aggressive
(c) Mechanical
(d) Discordant
193. Inconspicuous
(a) Open-hearted
(b) Open-minded
(c) Prominent
(d) Smooth
194. Factual
(a) Actual
(b) Idealistic
(c) Unrealistic
(d) Verbal
195. Abandon
(a) Assert
(b) Retain
(c) Produce
(d) Twist
196. Assent
(a) Breakdown
(b) Misunderstand
(c) Dispatch
(d) Disagreement
197. Fickle
(a) Constant
(b) Convenient
(c) Questionable
(d) Faithful
198. Discreet
(a) Worthy
(b) Wishful thinking
(c) Honest
(d) Careless in
behaviour
199. Articulate
(a) Unable to understand
(b) Unable to express
oneself
(c) Unable to agree
(d) Unable to live
200. Unjust
(a) Serious
(b) Self-centred
(c) Fair-minded
(d) Considerable
335
Antonyms
201. Humble
(a) Rich
(b) Powerful
(c) Haughty
(d) Strong
202. Exemptions
(a) Generalisation
(b) Liberalisation
(c) Exclusions
(d) Inclusions
203. Prominent
(a) Unknown
(b) Treason
(c) Loyalty
(d) Distrust
204. Alleviate
(a) Intensity
(b) Magnify
(c) Mitigate
(d) Aggravate
205. Disperse
(a) Converge
(b) Smile
(c) Dispense
(d) Sing
206. Ambiguous
(a) Truthful
(b) Lucid
(c) Logical
(d) Systematic
207. Hilarious
(a) Unworthy
(b) Unpleasant
(c) Ill-fated
(d) Serious
208. Tolerance
(a) Loathing
(b) Brawl
(c) Plea
(d) Forbid
209. Steadfast
(a) Staunch
(b) Feeble
(c) Faint
(d) Wavering
210. Conceited
(a) Proud
(b) Honest
(c) Modest
(d) Modern
336
211. Deterrent
(a) Determinant
(b) Detriment
(c) Encouragement
(d) Enrichment
212. Spurious
(a) Truthful
(b) Authentic
(c) Credible
(d) Original
213. Slander
(a) Gain
(b) Profit
(c) Praise
(d) Loss
214. Reveal
(a) Appeal
(b) Relax
(c) Recover
(d) Conceal
215. Admonish
(a) Condemn
(b) Bless
(c) Praise
(d) Congratulate
216. Adulation
(a) Flattery
(b) Encomium
(c) Confession
(d) Condemnation
217. Affirmation
(a) Denial
(b) Refusal
(c) Opposition
(d) Obstruction
218. Affluent
(a) Poor
(b) Ordinary
(c) Infamous
(d) Backward
219. Agony
(a) Ecstasy
(b) Laughter
(c) Humdrum
(d) Ecstasy
220. Appalling
(a) Shocking
(b) Consoling
(c) Scaring
(d) Horrifying
221. Candid
(a) Frank
(b) Diplomatic
(c) Reserved
(d) Impertinent
222. Comaraderies
(a) Curiosity
(b) Ferocity
(c) Impetuosity
(d) Animosity
223. Convicted
(a) Charged
(b) Relieved
(c) Dismissed
(d) Acquitted
224. Convoluted
(a) Simple
(b) Complicated
(c) Difficult
(d) Majestic
225. Curtail
(a) Lengthen
(b) Shorten
(c) Entail
(d) Close
226. Dense
(a) Scarce
(b) Slim
(c) Sparse
(d) Lean
227. Diminished
(a) Created
(b) Rose
(c) Increased
(d) Lessen
228. Ephemeral
(a) Eternal
(b) Transitory
(c) Mortal
(d) Temporal
229. Escalating
(a) Fixed
(b) Fluctuating
(c) Falling
(d) Reasonable
230. Esteem
(a) Power
(b) Guess
(c) Contempt
(d) Estimate
English from Plinth to Paramount
Antonyms
231. Exotic
(a) Wonderful
(b) Cosmopolitan
(c) Irrelevant
(d) Common
232. Fetter
(a) Restore
(b) Liberate
(c) Exonerate
(d) Distract
233. Flourish
(a) Perish
(b) Degenerate
(c) Decay
(d) Dismiss
234. Futile
(a) Waste
(b) Expensive
(c) Useful
(d) Cheap
235. Garrulous
(a) Vociferous
(b) Eloquent
(c) Taciturn
(d) Vocal
236. Gratuitous
(a) Uncharitable
(b) Grand appearance
(c) Warranted
(d) Being grateful
237. In toto
(a) Bluntly
(b) Partially
(c) Entirely
(d) Strongly
238. Fleeting
(a) Glossy
(b) Perpetual
(c) Aspiring
(d) Sufficient
239. Inert
(a) Active
(b) Lazy
(c) Strong
(d) Resolute
240. Initial
(a) Terminal
(b) Commencing
(c) Delayed
(d) Disastrous
English from Plinth to Paramount
241. Intimidating
(a) Authoritative
(b) Casual
(c) Non-serious
(d) Friendly
242. Jest
(a) Gravity
(b) Grim
(c) Genial
(d) Sport
243. Latent
(a) Unspoken
(b) Later
(c) Implicit
(d) Obvious
244. Maladroit
(a) Authoritative
(b) Skilful
(c) Maladjusted
(d) Malevolent
245. Malevolence
(a) Tenderness
(b) Kindness
(c) Benefiting
(d) Indulgence
246. Malice
(a) Sympathy
(b) Goodwill
(c) Friendship
(d) Attraction
247. Monotonous
(a) Disastrous
(b) Terrifying
(c) Terrible
(d) Interesting
248. Obscene
(a) Disobedient
(b) Decent
(c) Dislocate
(d) Cautious
249. Opposed
(a) Resistant
(b) Against
(c) Favouring
(d) Similar
250. Ostracise
(a) Amuse
(b) Welcome
(c) Entertain
(d) Host
251. Parsimonious
(a) Prodigious
(b) Selfless
(c) Extravagant
(d) Ostentatious
252. Predilection
(a) Acceptance
(b) Attraction
(c) Dislike
(d) Choice
253. Profound
(a) Deep
(b) Superficial
(c) Hollow
(d) Fallow
254. Protean
(a) Amateur
(b) Catholic
(c) Unchanging
(d) Rapid
255. Quiescent
(a) Restless
(b) Exempt
(c) Malignant
(d) Mendicant
256. Perilous
(a) Safe
(b) Developed
(c) Sophisticated
(d) Communicative
257. Revelation
(a) Rejection
(b) Elimination
(c) Concealment
(d) Introduction
258. Repulsion
(a) Attraction
(b) Disapproval
(c) Disparagement
(d) Denigration
259. Segregate
(a) Sever
(b) Unite
(c) Separate
(d) Aggregate
260. Significant
(a) Substantial
(b) Miniscule
(c) Incoherent
(d) Unimportant
337
Antonyms
262. Validate
(a) Disprove
(b) Authenticate
(c) Ingenuine
(d) Legalise
261. Despair
(a) Sneer
(b) Compliment
(c) Irony
(d) Hope
263. Vicious
(a) Godly
(b) Virtuous
(c) Sublime
(d) Friendly
ANSWER KEY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
338
(d)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
(c)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(b)
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
(c)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(b)
81. (a)
82. (d)
83. (b)
84. (a)
85. (b)
86. (a)
87. (a)
88. (c)
89. (c)
90. (a)
91. (c)
92. (a)
93. (c)
94. (b)
95. (b)
96. (c)
97. (b)
98. (b)
99. (d)
100. (a)
101. (b)
102. (d)
103. (b)
104. (a)
105. (c)
106. (a)
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
(c)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(b)
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
(a)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(d)
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
(b)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(a)
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
(c)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(c)
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
(c)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(c)
(a)
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
262.
263.
(b)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(a)
(b)
20
CHAPTER
or an abbey.
Abbreviation ........... la{ksi@ y?kq:i
................ A shortened form of a word or phrase.
Abdication ............... vkSipkfjd :i ls R;kx nsuk
.. To formally give up.
Ablution .................. /kfeZd Luku
.................. Ritual washing of the body.
Abstruse .................. le>us esa eqf'dy
........... Hard to understand.
Abundance .............. vkf/D;@ izpqjrk
............. A quantity that is more than enough.
Accentuate .............. tksj nsuk
...................... Give more force or importance to.
Accomplice .............. lg&vijk/h.................. Helper in a wrong deed or crime.
Acronym .................. izFkek{kjh................
Word formed from initial letters of a
uke
name.
Addendum ............... ifjf'k"V
....................... Thing to be added at the end of a book,
etc.
Advertisement ........ foKkiu....................... A public notice offering or asking for
goods, services, etc.
Afforestation ........... oukjksiu
...................... The act of forestation by planting many
trees.
Agenda .................... ?kks"k.kk
....................
Items of business for consideration at
i=k
a meeting.
Aggressor ................ vke.kdrkZ
.................. Someone who attacks first.
Agnosticism .............. tks bZ'oj ds vf'rRo ij 'kadk-djsDoubtful about the existence of God.
Alien ........................ xSj ukxfjd
................... One who belongs to different country,
race of group.
Alimony ................... rykd i'pkr~ dh thou o`fr. Allowance fixed after divorce to a wife.
Allegory ................... izrhd dFkk
................... Story in which ideas are symbolized as
people.
Alliteration ............. vuqizkl
....................... Commencement of adjacent words with
the same letter.
339
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
340
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
341
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
342
343
ruler.
132. Diplomacy ............... dwVuhfr
....................... The skill and policy of a countrys
statesmen and politicians/ skill in
dealing with people.
133. Discrepancy ............ folaxfr....................... Difference between two things that
should be the same.
134. Dissimulate ............ fNikuk
........................ To hide or disguise.
135. Diurnal .................... nSfud
.......................... Of the daytime.
136. Draper ..................... tqykgk
........................ A shopkeeper selling cloth and
clothing.
137. Draw ........................ vfuf.kZr
...................... The result of the match where neither
party wins.
138. Dwarf ....................... ckSuk
........................... A person, plant or animal who/which
is below the usual size.
139. Dynasty ................... oa'k
............................ Succession of rulers belonging to one
family.
140. Eavesdropper .......... pqids ls futh okrkZyki
..... One who witnesses secretly to private
141. Economical ............. fdiQk;rh
...................... One who is careful in the use of money/
fuel etc.
142. Edible ...................... [kkus ;ksX;
..................... That which is fit to be eaten.
143. Effeminate .............. vkSjrkuk xq.k............
gksuk A man who is womanish in his habits.
144. Egalitarianism ........ lerkokn...................... Belief that all people are equal and
have the same rights and opportunities.
145. Egoist ...................... LokFkhZ@ vgadkjh
.............. A lover of ones ownself/supercilious.
146. Eligible ................... ;ksX;
........................... Fit to be chosen; qualified.
147. Emergency .............. vkikrdky................... A sudden serious situation requiring
immediate action.
148. Emeritus ................. llEeku lsokeqDr O;fDr
.... One who is honourably discharged from
service.
149. Emigrant ................. izoklh
......................... A person who goes to another country
to live.
150. Emissary ................. xqIrpj@ tklwl
............... A person sent on a mission (usually
official).
151. Epicure .................... vPNk [kkus dk 'kkSdhu
...... Person fond of delicious food.
152. Epidemic ................. laked jksx
.................. Disease affecting many people at the same
place and time.
153. Epilogue .................. ukVd ds ckn dk Hkk"k.k
..... A speech or a poem recited at the end
of a play.
154. Episode ................... dM+h@ dFkka'k
................. Part of story (especially T.V. or Radio
show story)
344
345
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
..........
vkgkj foKku
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
346
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
347
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
277.
278.
279.
280.
281.
282.
283.
284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
289.
290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
306.
307.
349
351
353
422.
423.
424.
425.
426.
427.
428.
429.
430.
431.
432.
433.
434.
435.
436.
437.
438.
439.
440.
441.
442.
443.
444.
445.
446.
447.
448.
449.
450.
451.
354
355
479.
480.
481.
482.
483.
484.
485.
486.
487.
488.
489.
490.
491.
492.
493.
494.
495.
496.
497.
498.
499.
500.
501.
502.
503.
504.
356
21
CHAPTER
Directions: In question nos.1 to 225, out of the four alternatives, choose the one
which can be substituted for the given words/sentence and choose the appropriate
alternative which best expresser the sentences.
1.
9.
10.
2.
(A) Insolvent
(B) Poor
(C) Destitute
(D) Pauper
Words uttered impiously about God
11.
3.
(A) amoral
(B) philosophy
(C) logic
(D) blasphemy
A number of ships.
4.
(a) fleet
(b) galaxy
(c) constellation (d) group
One who compiles a dictionary
5.
6.
7.
8.
(A) geographer
(B) lexicographer
(C) lapidist
(D) linguist
A test in which cells from diseased
organs are removed and tested
(A) Biopsy
(B) Autopsy
(C) Operation
(D) Amputation
A small room in a big house, hotel,
ship etc. where glasses, dishes,
spoons, food etc. are kept.
(A) Portico
(B) Pantry
(C) Mezzanine
(D) Kitchen
A foreigner who settles in a country.
(A) Immigrant
(B) Emigrant
(C) Alien
(D) Visitor
Doing something according to ones
own free will.
(A) Willfully
(C) Voluntarily
(B) Obligingly
(D) Compulsorily
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
(B) Extant
(D) Immanent
(B) creator
(D) optimist
(B) Periphery
(D) Verandah
(B) Impressionist
(D) Impostor
(A) weather
(B) rains
(C) breeze
(D) tempest
84. Careful and thorough enquiry :
(A) Investigation (B) Interview
(C) Examination (D) Exploration
85. A situation that stops an activity
from progressing :
(A) Bypass
(B) Breach
(C) Bottleneck
(D) Block head
86. A disease which is spread by direct
contact
(A) Contagious
(B) Infectious
(C) Epidemic
(D) Endemic
87. The study of ancient civilizations
(A) History
(C) Ethnology
(B) Anthropology
(D) Archaeology
(B) perusal
(D) operation
(B) mammal
(D) vertebrate
(A) lover
(B) beloved
(C) feminist
(D) womanizer
221. A man who hates marriage
(A) polyandrist
(B) bigot
(C) misogamist
(D) widower
222. Thick skinned animal
(A) pachyderm
(C) monotreme
223. Cow - like
(B) prehensile
(D) hand-skinned
(A) aquiline
(B) bovine
(C) feline
(D) vulpine
224. The words with opposite meanings
used together
(A) oxymoron
(B) irony
(C) pun
(D) alliteration
225. Specialist of kidney
(A) nephrologist
(C) orthopaedist
(B) paediatrist
(D) oncologist
ANSWER KEY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
366
(A)
(D)
(A)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(A)
(C)
(D)
(A)
(B)
(A)
(C)
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
(D)
(A)
(B)
(B)
(C)
(A)
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
(C)
(B)
(A)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(A)
(A)
(C)
(B)
(C)
(A)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(A)
(D)
(B)
(B)
(D)
(D)
(B)
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
(C)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(B)
(C)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(A)
(C)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(C)
(A)
(D)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(B)
(C)
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
(A)
(D)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(B)
(B)
(D)
(B)
(C)
(B)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(A)
(C)
(A)
(D)
(A)
(C)
(D)
(A)
(A)
93. (B)
94. (B)
95. (C)
96. (B)
97. (B)
98. (C)
99. (A)
100. (B)
101. (B)
102. (B)
103. (B)
104. (A)
105. (C)
106. (B)
107. (B)
108. (B)
109. (D)
110. (C)
111. (B)
112. (C)
113. (A)
114. (C)
115. (B)
116. (A)
117. (D)
118. (B)
119. (A)
120. (B)
121. (C)
122. (B)
123. (B)
124. (C)
125. (C)
126. (A)
127. (B)
128. (D)
129. (D)
130. (D)
131. (D)
132. (B)
133. (D)
134. (C)
135. (C)
136. (A)
137. (C)
138. (B)
139. (C)
140. (A)
141. (C)
142. (B)
143. (B)
144. (B)
145. (D)
146. (D)
147. (D)
148. (D)
149. (B)
150. (C)
151. (B)
152. (B)
153. (C)
154. (A)
155. (C)
156. (D)
157. (D)
158. (C)
159. (B)
160. (B)
161. (B)
162. (B)
163. (A)
164. (D)
165. (B)
166. (A)
167. (C)
168. (A)
169. (A)
170. (A)
171. (B)
172. (A)
173. (C)
174. (A)
175. (A)
176. (A)
177. (B)
178. (D)
179. (B)
180. (A)
181. (A)
182. (A)
183. (C)
184. (A)
185. (A)
186. (A)
187. (A)
188. (B)
189. (B)
190. (B)
191. (C)
192. (B)
193. (B)
194. (A)
195. (D)
196. (B)
197. (C)
198. (A)
199. (B)
200. (A)
201. (B)
202. (D)
203. (A)
204. (C)
205. (D)
206. (A)
207. (A)
208. (A)
209. (A)
210. (B)
211. (A)
212. (A)
213. (B)
214. (B)
215. (D)
216. (A)
217. (A)
218. (A)
219. (B)
220. (C)
221. (C)
222. (A)
223. (B)
224. (A)
225. (A)
22
CHAPTER
4.
5.
6.
An iron-will ....................
An old flame ..................
1.
2.
3.
reasons.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
367
23.
24.
25.
26.
ph igqp okyk
O;fDr........ An influential person
.............. One who comes occasionally.
;nk&dnk vkusokyk
ljljh fuxkg..................... Overview.
........... People with the same idea,
,d gh izo`fr ds yksx
charact-eristics and interests.
..................... To be defeated.
ijkftr gksuk
,slk O;fDr tks ifjokj
@Vhe ds. A person who is regarded as
for his family/ team etc.
fy, 'kehZanxh dk dkj.k disgrace
cusa
44. Blind alley ..................... dk;Z ftlesa vkxs izxfr
......... A situation in which no further
........................ progress can be made.
laHko ugh
45. Blind date ...................... fdlh vatku O;fDr ls feyuk
.. A meeting between a girl and
42. Bite the dust .................
43. Black sheep ...................
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
368
unlikely to be realized.
Cat and dog life ............. dygiw.kZ thou
.................. Troublesome life.
Catch a tartar ................ 'k=kq ;k cgqr cM+h ijs'kkuh
... To grapple
with a unexpectedly.
ls
........................ formidable opponent.
lkeuk gksuk
Cats paw ....................... futh LokFkZ ds iwfrZ
......
esaAftlperson used by another as
O;fDrdk iz;ksx fd;k tk,..... a dupe or tool.
Chew the cud ................ euu djuk....................... To ponder over / meditate.
Chicken hearted ........... dk;j ............................. Lacking courage / cowardly.
Cock-and-bull story ....... eux<+ar dgkuh
.................. A concocted story.
Crocodile tears .............. fn[kkoVh vklw
.................... An false display of grief.
369
undone.
function.
........ Come to nothing.
dksbZ ifj.kke u fudyuk
........................ Speak unintentionally or
cksy tkuk
unexpectedly.
.......
lko/kuhiw.kZ eUnxfr
uhfrDeliberate slow policy/ policy of
delaying decisions.
fu"i{k............................ In an honest way .
ukjh tkfr........................ Women.
Selfish friends who are with us
eqlhcr esa lkFk...............
u
English from Plinth to Paramount
person.
111. Fish in troubled waters ..
...............
Out of ones usual and comfortable
d"Vizn voLFkk
esa
of others.
place.
obstruct the enjoyment of
something.
114. Fools paradise .............. >qBh mEehn esa [kq'k
........
A state of being happy for foolish
gksuk
or unfounded reasons.
115. Forty winks ................... >idh ............................ A nap.
116. French leave .................
. Agksuk
leave without information or
fcuk lwpuk ds vuqifLFkr
permission.
117. Fringe benefits ............. osru ds vykok feyus
.......... An additional benefit apart
....................... from salary.
okyk ykHk
371
A lounge
in a theater or studio
vfHkusrk dk Hks"k&Hkw"kk
dk dejk
servile manner.
effort.
150. High and dry .................. vdsyk............................ In a deprived situation (alone).
........................... Overbearing.
fujadq'k
.......... Living with comfort and ease.
,s'k vkjke dh ftUnxh
153. Hit below the belt .......... xyr rjhds ls izgkj djuk
...... To strike unfairly.
154. Hit the jackpot .............. cM+h dke;kch feyuk
............ Gaining a big/ great success
151. High handed ..................
152. High living ....................
(speci-ally by luck).
155. Hit the nail on the head lgh le; ij lgh .............. To do the right thing at the
right time
ckr@dk;Z djuk
............ No alternative.
dksbZ fodYi u gksuk
157. Hole and corner policy .. xqIr uhfr
......................... Secret policy.
158. Hue and cry ................... gks
-gYyk
.......................... Any loud public outcry.
156. Hobsons choice .............
372
.........................
Rigorous control.
dM+kbZ
ls
170. Itching palm .................. fj'or ysus dh vknr gksuk
...... Craving for bribe.
171. Itsy bitsy ....................... vR;Ur NksVk
..................... Very small or tiny.
172. Jack of all trades and .... tks vkneh fdlh Hkh dke...esa
A person who knows many
master of none
fuiq.k u gks] ysfdu lHkh........ different kinds of work but is a
.... master of none.
dk;ks dh tkudkjh j[krk gks
173. Jail bird ........................ tks tsy esa gks ;k igys
...........
s A person who is or has been
jg pqdk gk...................... confined to jail.
174. Jaundiced eye ............... i{kikriw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k
............. To look at something with a
169. Iron hand/ Iron fist .......
prejudiced view.
......................... False love.
>wBk I;kj
176. Jump to a conclusion .... fcuk lksps&le>s urhts
.........
ij To come to a conclusion
......................... prematurely.
igqp tkuk
177. Kangaroo court ............. xSj
-dkuwuh U;k;ky;
............. An illegal court.
178. Keep ones cards close .. fdlh ckr dks fNikuk
........... Hiding something.
175. Judas kiss .....................
to ones chest
179. Keep ones fingers crosses fdlh vPNh ?kVuk ds gksus
. Todh
wait expectantly.
dkeuk djuk
180. Keep ones word ............ izrhKk iwjh djuk
................ To keep ones promise.
181. Keep the ball rolling ..... tkjh j[kuk
....................... To maintain the progress of a
project or plan.
182. Keep the wolf from the door nfjnzrk ls la?k"kZ
...........
djuk To avert poverty/ starvation.
183. Kill two birds with one stone ,d dk;Z djds nks leL;kvksa
Doing
ls two things at the same
....................... time while effort is made for one
fuiV ysuk
184. Kith and kin .................. cU/q&ckU/o
...................... Blood relations.
English from Plinth to Paramount
373
.. To
frown.
R;kSfj;k p<+kuk (xqLlk
djuk)
. Ajguk
man who is fond of the
tks efgykvksa ds laxr esa
.................. company of women.
ilan djrk gks
187. Lame excuse ................. vlarks"ktud cgkuk
............. False excuse/ baseless excuse.
188. Left- handed complimentiz'kaalk ds :i esa vieku
....... An insult disguised as a
185. Knit ones brow .............
186. Ladys man ....................
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
374
compliment.
Lions share .................. lcls cM+k fgLlk
................. Large part.
Live in an ivory tower ... lEiUurk esa thuk...........
Living in comfort and being
,oa
unaware of realities of others'
vke yksxksa ds nq%[k ls
miseries.
[kqn dks nwj j[kuk
Loaves and fishes .......... O;fDrxr ykHk
................... Material benefit.
Look off colours ............ vLoLFk fn[kkbZ
..............
nsuk Look ill or unhealthy.
Look through coloured ....... >wBs vkoj.k ls ns[kuk
............ To see with different/ wrong
glasses
views.
Lump in the throat ....... xyk Hkj tkuk (HkkoukRed A
tight
{k.k
esa)or uncomfortable feeling
in throat due to emotions.
Mad as a march hare ..... fljfiQjk.......................... Crazy and insane.
Make a clean breast ...... lp dcwy ysuk
.................. To confess especially something
bad or illegal.
Maiden name ................ fookfgrk L=kh dk fookg
...........
ls A womens surname before
marriage.
iwoZ dk uke
Maiden speech .............. izFke lkoZtfud Hkk"k.k
.......... First speech.
Make a hash ................. xM+cM dj nsuk
.................. To mess up.
Make a mountain .......... ckr dk craxM+ cukuk
........... To exaggerate a minor difficulty.
out of a mole hill
Make both ends meet ... vk; ds vanj gh xqtkjk djuk
.. To live within ones means.
Make hay while the ..... ekSds dk ykHk mBkuk
............ To take the benefit of an
sun shines
opportunity.
Make or mar ................. cukuk ;k fcxkM+uk
............... To make or destroy.
Make the best of ........... nksuksa gkFk ...............
Getting benefited from both the
esa yM~Mw
both the worlds
sides.
Make up ones mind ...... fu'p; djuk .................... To decide.
Man of means .............. le` O;fDr
..................... A wealthy man.
Man of iron ................... n`<+ bPNk 'kfDr...........
okyk Man with strong will-power.
Man of letter ................. fo}ku vkneh
..................... Learned person.
Man of parts .................. lq;ksX; O;fDr
.................... A man of qualities.
Man of spirit ................. mRlkfgr O;fDr
.................. A man full of enthusiasm.
Man of straw ................. og vkneh ftldk dksbZ er u gks
A weak person.
English from Plinth to Paramount
212.
213.
214.
215.
language.
To Mind ones Ps .......... f'k"Vkpkj dk iwjk ;ku..j[kuk
Taking care of behaviour
and Qs
properly.
Miss the beat ................ volj [kksuk
..................... To lose an opportunity.
Mother wit .................... vke tkudkjh................... Common sense.
Move heaven and earth vkdk'k&ikrky ,d djuk
...... To try one's best.
Much cry and little wool/jkbZ dk igkM+ cukuk
............ Lot of fanfare for something
Much ado about nothing ................................... which has very little importance.
Narrow escape/Close Shave cky&cky cpuk
.............. To escape by a little margin.
.......
To put on end to something in
vkjaHk esa gh u"V dj
nsuk
its initial stage.
csdkj............................. Ineffective.
227. Nurse a grudge .............. 'k=kqrk Hkko dk;e........
j[kuk Bear resentment for long period.
228. Oily tongue ................... [kq'kken dh Hkk"kk
................ Flattering words.
229. On ones guard .............. lko/ku@lpsr jguk
.............. Vigilant.
230. On ones last legs .......... [kRe gksus dh fLFkfr esa
... Close
gksukto collapsing.
231. Once for all .................... ges'kk ds fy, (dke............ For the last time/ Conclusively.
[kRe djuk)
232. Open question ............... loky ftl dk ,d ls vf/d
. A question which may have more
than one answer.
mkj gks ldrk gSA
233. Palmy days .................... vPNs o 'kkafriw.kZ
...........
fnu Prosperous/ affluent days.
234. Pandoras box ................ leL;kvksa dk HkaMkj
............. A source of extensive but
unforeseen troubles.
(ftlls okfdiQ u gks)
235. Part and parcel .............. vko';d vax .................... Inseparable part.
226. Null and void .................
375
........................... An expert.
fo'ks"kK
................. To bear the cost of something/
[kpZ ogu djuk
some service rendered.
somebodys eyes
250. Put a spoke in ones wheel rax djuk@ ck/k mRi...
To obstruct.
djuk
very angry.
256. Quarrel with ones ......... tgk ls jksth&jksVh.......
feyrhTo fight with the executive or
bread and butter ............ gS] ogk ds ofj"B vf/dkjh
..... employer, who is providing ones
means of living.
ls yM+uk
257. Queer fish ..................... vthc O;ogkj okyk O;fDr
.... Strange person.
258. Rain cats and dogs ........ rst ckfj'k gksuk
.................. Rain very heavily.
259. Rainy day ...................... vkfFkZd d"V ds ............
Future time of need, especially
fnu
financial need.
260. Read between the lines . fNik gqvk vFkZ le> tkuk
..... To understand the hidden
meaning.
376
importance.
377
285.
286.
287.
288.
289.
290.
291.
292.
obtain something.
Set ones teeth on edge .
Set the Thames on fire .
Shoulder to shoulder ....
Show white feather .......
Sine die .........................
Sit on the fence .............
Slip of the tongue .........
Slow coach ....................
working.
xSj egRoiw.kZ .............
O;fDr Insignificant person.
.................. To suspect of something wrong
dqN xyr gS&;s
done.
eglwl dj ysuk
................. Easy progress.
ijs'kkuh ds fcuk
A secret enemy.
vkLrhu dk lkai@ diVh...fe=k
.................... A tremble with fear or
Mj ls dkiuk
apprehension.
............ To create future troubles for
Hkfo"; ds fy, isj'kkuh
yourself or others.
bDV~Bk djuk
eu dh ckr djuk............... Speak what one really thinks.
....................... In order/ neat and clean.
lkiQ&lqFkjk
... The
ejus@ lsokfuo`fr ds igys
dh last ceremony or farewell.
fcnkbZ laxhr ;k lekjksg
English from Plinth to Paramount
..................... To challenge.
djuk
328. Tooth and nail ............... iwjh rkdr ls
..................... Violently.
329. True to ones salt .......... oiQknkj@ ued gyky
........... Loyal person.
330. Turn a deaf ear to .......... vulquk djuk
.................... Not to pay attention to.
331. Turn over a new leaf ..... cqjs vkpj.k NksM+ vPNh
.. Tofn'kk
be entirely changed (for good).
esa iw.kZ :i ls cnyuk
332. Turn the corner ............. fdlh dk;Z esa vk;s ladViw.kZ
... To pass through a critical point
in a process.
fLFkfr ls mcj tkuk
333. Turn turtle .................... myV&iyV tkuk
................. To overturn.
334. Turn up ones nose at .... uhpk le>uk
..................... To take lightly with contempt.
335. Under the nose of .......... vk[kksa ds lkeus] ukd ds
. Right
uhps in front of someone.
336. Under the thumb of ....... ds o'k esa gksuk
.................. Under the power or influence of.
337. Up and doing ................. dke esa lf; :i ls yxuk ... Active in work.
338. Up ones sleeves ............ fNik ds j[kh xbZ oLrq ftldk
. An item kept hidden and used
whenever required.
iz;ksx t:jr iM+us ij djsa
English from Plinth to Paramount
379
380
23
CHAPTER
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
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381
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
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37.
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41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Beside oneself (to feel extremely nervous or worried, cgqr vf/d fpUrhr ;k O;kdy gksuk)&
Before any exam I am beside myself.
Beside the mark (irrelevant, vizklafxd)&
The judge did not hear any argument that
was beside the mark.
Between Scylla and Charybdis (between two great dangers, nks dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds chp)&
She is between Scylla and Charybdis: If she obeys her mother-in-law she will lose
her job and if she does not she will lose her family.
Bid defiance (to defy, voKk djuk)&
The army is bidding defiance by going against the
government.
Bite the dust (to be defeated, gkj tkuk)&
In every match , the Pakistani team bit
the dust.
Blaze the trail (to be pioneer and make path for others, nwljks ds fy, jkLrk cukuk)&
Only a
man of iron can blaze the trail.
Blessing in disguise (something intrinsically good but having a bad appearance, ij ls
cqjh fn[kus okyh ij okLro esa vPNhHe
ckr)&
missed the train but it was a blessing in disguise
as the train met with an accident.
Blow ones own trumpet (to praise ones ownself, viuh gh 'ks[kh c?kkjuk)&
Every political
party always blows its own trumpet and denounces the other political parties.
Blue stocking (an educated intellectual lady, i<+h fy[kh efgyk)&
A blue stocking was
rarely found in Medieval India.
Book worm (a bibliophilic person, fdrkch dhM+k)&
She is not a book worm but still
comes first.
Break the ice (to break silence by speaking first, fuLrC/krk rksM+uk)&
Shyam broke the ice
by talking to me after a long time.
Bring down the house (receive great applause, Hkjiwj rkjhiQ ikuk)&
The performance of
Lata Mangeshkar brought the house down.
Bring home (to explain, le>kuk)&I was unable to bring my views home before
my parents.
Bring to book (to punish, ltk nsuk)&The guilty should be brought to book.
izdk
esa ykuk)&
Bring to light (to disclose, irk yxkuk] fNih ckr dksk
The CBI has brought many
indiscripancies to light in many high profile cases.
Brow beat (to intimidate, Mjkuk)&
The Government must not brow beat the social reformers if they protest against any unjust law.
Burn ones boats (point of no return, okilh dk jkLrk can dj nsuk)&
By signing the agreement
he burnt his boat. Now he will have to work in this organization for two more years.
By and by (gradually, /hjs&/hjs)&
You will learn the norms of this organization by and by.
By and large (on the whole, laiw.kZ :i ls ns[kus
&ij My friend is by and large an
honest person.
By dint of (by means of, ds cy ij)& You can succeed by dint of hard work only.
383
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
384
By fair or foul means (by any way right or wrong, lgh ;k xyr fdlh Hkh izdkj ls)&
He will try
to get a job by fair or foul means but will ultimately lose his peace of mind.
By the rule of thumb (according to practical experience, O;ogkfjd :i ls)& By rule of
thumb we must not allow children to take major decisions.
Call a spade and spade (to be frank, eqagiQV ckr &
djukHe never hesitated in calling a
spade a spade and hence he has few friends.
Call names (to abuse, xkyh nsuk
& He has a bad habit of calling names.
Capital punishment (death penalty, ekSr dh ltk)& Capital punishment should be
abolished as it is the cruelest form of punishment.
Carrot and stick policy (reward and punishment policy, buke vkSj ltk dh ikWfylh)&
The
multinational companies adopt carrot and stick policy to get maximum output.
Carry matters with a high hand (to deal with a person strictly, l[rh ls fuiVuk)&The
police carry matters with high hand.
Cast a slur (to bring disgrace, vi; k dk dkj.k cuuk
& Taking bribe could cast a slur on
the honour of your family.
Cave in (yield, >qd tkuk)&
One must not cave in under pressure or temptation.
Chapter and verse (in full detail, iw.kZ fooj.k ds lkFk)&
I cannot narrate the whole incident in chapter and verse.
Cheek by jowl (close together, lkFk&lkFk)&
Many poor people live cheek by jowl in a
small room.
& It is not a childs play to address a crowd.
Childs play (a very easy task, cPpksa dk [ksy
Clinch the issue (to clear the controversy, fookn [kRe djuk)&
The college administration
clinched the issue by accepting the demands of the students.
Clip ones wings (to weaken the power, ij drjuk)& Sonia Gandhi clipped the wings of
some ministers by withdrawing the powers delegated to them.
& His family had a close shave in the bus
Close shave (a narrow escape, cky&cky cpuk
accident.
Cloven hoof (symbol of disgrace or evil intention, vlEeku ;k 'kSrkuh bjkns dk izrhd)&
Usually
some or other leader of the BJP shows cloven hoof to the BJP leadership.
Cock a snook (to show impudent contempt, vlEeku izdV djuk)&
He refused to accept the
award, cocking a snook at the Filmfare Award jury.
Cock sure (very sure and certain, lqfuf'pr gksuk)&
I am cock sure, we will win the match.
Cold reception (not a hearty welcome, tks xeZtks
were very
kh ls Hkjk Lokxr ugha We
gks)&
unhappy when we were given cold reception at his marriage party.
& I came across a problem when I was
Come across (meet by chance, vpkud eqykdkr gksuk
solving the equation.
Come home to (to understand, le> esa vkuk)&
At last, it came home and we got the
correct answer.
Come in handy (to be useful, dke dk gksuk)&
This opener comes in handy when we
need to open this container.
Come to a pass (a difficult situation, fdlh ?kVuk dk gksuk)&
The accident came to pass due
to the negligence of the driver.
English from Plinth to Paramount
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
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96.
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98.
385
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
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111.
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116.
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118.
119.
120.
386
Down and out (lacking funds, resources or prospects, iQ.M] laink bR;kfn dh deh gksuk)&
He
was down and out when his factory was burnt to the ground.
Down in the mouth (filled with melancholy and despondency, nq[k ,oa fujk'kk ls Hjk gksuk)&
She was down in the mouth when she saw her husbands dead body.
Draconian law (extremely severe law, vR;Ur wj dkuwu)&
There are still many draconian
laws in under developed countries.
Draw the long bow (to tell large stories or to exaggerate, yEch dgkfu;k cukuk ;k c<+k&p<+k dj
Come to the point. Dont draw a long bow.
dqN crkuk)&
Drawn battle /match (a battle or match in which no party wins, cjkcj dh ckth gksuk)&
The
drawn battle created a lot of excitement till the last ball.
ek=kk)&
Drop in the ocean (very insignificant amount, vR;Ur gh FkksM+hMy
knowledge about
Archeology is only a drop in the ocean.
Ducks and drakes (to waste money, iSls cckZn djuk)&
I cannot allow you to play ducks
and drakes with my hard earned money.
lkgl)&
Dutch courage (bravery under alcoholic influence, 'kjkc ds u'ks esa fn[kk;s tkuk okykHis
dutch courage will vanish when he will gain his sense.
Easy money (bribe, fj'or)& Many officers make easy money.
Eat ones word (to admit that something you said in the past was wrong, ;s Lohdkj djuk
fd dgh gqbZ ckr xyr FkhThose
)& who said that Amitabh Bachhans charm was over had
to eat their word after the success of Kaun Banega Crorepati.
Egg on (to urge somebody to do some thing that is generally wrong, dqN xyr dk;Z djus ds fy,
izksRlkfgr djuk)&
He egged me on to drive faster.
Eke out (to support (existence) with difficulty and effort or to add (something insufficient), especially with effort, cgqr eqf'dy ls dqN miyC/ djkuk)&
He is trying to eke out an
income by doing over time.
Elixir of life (nectar of life, thou dk ve`r)& Contentment is the elixir of life.
Enough and to spare (plentiful, izpqj ek=kk esa)&
He earns enough and to spare.
Ever and Anon (now and then, tc&rc)& The night was dark and we could hear the
howling of dogs ever and anon.
Every dog has his day (good fortune comes sooner or later, vPNk fnu lcdk vkrk gS)&
When
he bagged three movies in a row, he realized that every dog has his day.
ls She is an honest person by every inch .
Every Inch (Completely, iw.kZ :i &
Eye wash (ineffective remedy which is just for show, fliQZ fn[kkos dk)&
The committee set
up to look into the multiple scams was just an eye wash.
See eye-to-eye (showing agreement/ to agree, iw.kZr% lger gksuk)&
The two competitiors
never see eye to eye.
djuk
Face the music (to face opposition, dfBukbZ ;k fojks/ dk lkeuk&
Every leader has to
face the music if he doesnt fulfill promises made by him.
& I dont want to fan the flame of the tension
Fan the flame (to aggravate, cnrj cukuk
between the husband and the wife.
Few and far between (very rare, cgqr de)&The houses in this remote village are few
and far away.
English from Plinth to Paramount
121. Fight to the finish (to fight to the end, vkf[kjh urhts rd yM+uk)&
When she was blamed
and sued without any rhyme or reason, she pledged to fight the case to the finish.
122. Fish in troubled waters (to take advantage of the difficulties of others, nwljksa dh ijs'kkuh dk
ykHk mBkuk)&
Many lawyers dont hesitate from fishing in troubled waters.
123. Fit to hold a candle to (match for, equal in quality, cjkcjh dk gksuk)&
He is such a miser
that he is not fit to hold a candle of such a lavish reception.
124. Flash in the pan (something or someone that became successful quickly and is unlikely
to be repeated, vLdekr liQyrk ikuk tks {kf.kd gks vkSj Hkfo"; esa fiQj 'kk;n
The usuccess
gks)& of
Kumar Gaurav in his debut movie Love Story was a flash in the pan.
125. Flesh and blood (human nature or physical existence, together with its weaknesses /
substance and depth in artistic portrayal, gkM+&ekl dk gksuk@ fdlh dyk esa ik;h tkus okyh xgjkbZ)&
The movies of late seventies lacked flesh and blood with their ketchup blood and
round the tree romance.
126. Flog a dead horse (to waste ones energy, csdkj dh dks'kh'k djuk)&
Trying to reform a
terrorist is like flogging a dead horse.
127. Fly in the face of (to defy/ to brave/ to withstand, voKk djuk@ lkgl ls lkeuk djuk)&
The
theory about the existence of heaven and hell flies in the face of all logic and common sense.
128. Fly into a passion (to be enraged, ksf/r gksuk)&
He flies into a passion within seconds
if someone ignores his instructions.
129. Fools errand (a fruitless mission or undertaking, fu"iQy dk;Z)&
Many projects of
Mohammad -bin-tuglaq were fools errand.
130. Foot the bill (bear expenses, [kpZ ogu djuk)&
You had ordered these tasteless pizzaz .
Now you will have to foot the bill.
131. For good (for ever, ges'kk ds fy,)He educated him and sent him to America for good.
132. For the rainy day (precaution for emergency, dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fy;s izcU/)&
I have kept
some money in the bank for the rainy days.
133. Foul Play (treachery, /ks[kk/M+h)&
Foul play destroys the fun of life.
134. French leave (leave without information, fcuk lwpuk ds vuqifLFkr gksuk)&
If you take french
leave, you will be fined.
135. From the bottom of ones heart (very sincerely, vUrj eu ls)& I thanked him from the
bottom of my heart for his timely help.
136. Gain ground (to progress/ advance, rjDdh djuk@ opZLo c<+kuk)&
Due to the misgovernance
by the ruling party, the opposition is gaining ground.
137. Gentleman at large (wealthy man with time on his hands, /uh O;fDr ftlds ikl le; dh deh
Here he was, talking like a gentleman at large who was free to come and go
u gks)&
and roam about the world at pleasure,
138. Get down to brass tacks (discuss the basic facts or realities/ to deal with the matter
djuk)&After avoiding the thorny question of tax reforms
straight, fdlh eq[; fo"k;ij ppZk
for months, the ruling party finally got down to brass tacks last week and drafted a
preliminary proposal.
139. Get into a scrape (find oneself in a difficult or awkward situation, [kqn dks eqf'dy gkykr esa
ikuk)&By signing the bond he will get into a scrape.
English from Plinth to Paramount
387
158. Harp on the same string (to keep on talking on the same topic, ,d gh fo"k; ij ckr djrs
jguk)& Some obsessed people have the habit of harping on the same string.
159. At the nick of time (at the last possible moment, Bhd le; ij)& I reached the examination hall at the nick of time.
160. Heart and soul (with complete faith and dedication, lPps fny ls)&He has put heart and
soul in his work.
161. Heart to heart (very frankly, iwjs fny ls] [kqys :i ls)&
The two friends had a heart to heart
talk as they met after many years.
162. Hen-pecked husband (admirer of ones own wife in a servile manner, tks: dk xqyke)&
Every boy boasts, I will never become a hen pecked husband.
163. Himalayan blunder (a serious mistake, xaHkhj xyrh)&
He committed a Himalayan blunder by leaving for work without his body guards and was shot dead.
164. Hit the nail on the head (to act in the right way, Bhd fukkus ij pksV ekjuk)&
You have hit
the nail on the head by making the bid at the right time.
165. Hold good (valid/ applicable, ykxw@ mfpr Bgjkuk)&
Rule of triple talaq doesnt hold good
even in the Islamic countries.
166. Hold ones ground (to stand firm, n`<+rk ls MVs jguk)&
The Indian soldiers held their
ground to the end.
167. Hold ones jaw (to stop talking, cksyuk cUn gksuk)&
Please hold your jaw else I shall
go away.
168. Hold the fort (to stand firm on ones position, vius LFkku ij MVs jguk)&
Our soldiers held
the fort and proved their valour.
169. Hold the scales even (to be impartial, fu"i{k jguk)&The Judge must hold the
scales even.
170. Hold water (to stand up to critical examination, lgh lkfcr gksuk)&
Your argument does not
hold water.
171. Hot water (trouble, ijs'kkfu;ka)&
Your cousin is in hot water due to his controversial speech.
172. In a fix (in a difficult mental state, ekufld my>u esa)&
He was in a fix when he saw his
mother in ICU.
173. In a tight corner (in difficult situation, eqf'dy gkykr eas)&
I found myself in a tight corner
when I lost my journey ticket.
174. In doldrums (to be depressed, fujk'kk esa)&
He was found in doldrum when he could not
succeed even in his third attempt.
175. In embryo (immature/ in the making, vfodflr voLFkk esa)&
My plan of expanding my
business is still in embryo.
176. In no time (in a very short time, FkksM+h gh nsj esa)&
He can solve any mathematical
problem in no time.
177. In ones teens (from thirteen to nineteen years of age, rSjg ls mUuhl lky rd)&
A person in
his teen is spirited, full of dreams and optimistic.
178. In the air (in circulation/ in peoples thoughts, ppkZ esa)&
News of his cold blooded
murder is very much in the air.
English from Plinth to Paramount
389
199. Keep up appearance (to keep ones prestige/to maintain outward show, ckgjh fn[kkok cuk;s
j[kuk)& Inspite of being a bankrupt, he is able to keep up his appearance.
200. Kick ones heels (wait impatiently to be summoned, cqykos ds fy, cslczh ls bartkj djuk)&
The
whole day we kicked our heels outside the court room.
201. Kick the bucket (to die, ej tkuk)&He kicked the bucket and left his family in extreme financial difficulty.
202. Kill the fat calf for (to arrange a lavish reception for someone, fdlh dk /we/ke ls Lokxr
djuk& India killed the fat calf for the Common Wealth Games.
203. Kiss the dust (to be humiliated, viekfur gksuk)&
In Indo-Pak war our enemies had to
kiss the dust.
204. Knock against (to hit against, VDdj [kkuk)&
I couldnt see the transparent door and
knocked against it.
205. Lapped in luxury (brought up in luxury, foykflrk esa iyuk)&
Great people are generally
not lapped in luxury.
206. Laugh in ones sleeves (to laugh secretly, pqids ls)&Our neighbours laughed in their
sleeves when they saw my grand father wearing a pair of fashionable googles.
207. Lead by the nose (to lead someone by coercion/ to guide someone very carefully, nokc
I had
to lead him by the nose to the meeting.
esa ;k ekxZn'kZu djus gsrq fdlh dks jkLrk
fn[kkuk)&
He will never find his way through the admission form unless you lead him by the nose.
208. Lead to the altar (to marry, 'kknh djus tkuk)&
He promised her to lead her to the altar.
209. Leap in the dark (to do something though there is uncertainty about the outcome, vfuf'pr
play lottery is to leap in the dark.
ifj.kke gksus ij Hkh dksbZ dk;ZTo
djuk)&
210. Leave no stone unturned (to make all possible efforts, dksbZ Hkh iz;Ru ckdh u NksM+uk)&
He
worked very hard to pass the Civil Services Exams and left no stone unturned.
211. Leave one in the lurch (to leave one in difficulties, fdlh dk dfBukbZ;ksa esa lkFk NksM+
He nsuk)&
kicked the bucket and left his family in the lurch.
tkuk)&
212. Let by-gones be by-gones (to forget old things, iqjkuh ckrksa dks Hkwy
India
and Pakistan must start bi-lateral talks and let by-gones be by-gones.
213. Lick the dust (to get defeated, gkj tkuk)&
The team licked the dust in the final match.
214. Lie in wait (wait in hiding to attack,?kkr yxk;s cSBs jguk)&
The policemen were lying in
wait for the kidnappers.
215. Live in an Ivory tower (where one can be aloof from the realities of life , tgk thou dh
The queen lived in an ivory tower and did not know the meanokLrfodrk ls nwj jgrs gSa)&
ing of poverty.
216. Long and short (all that can or need be said., lkjka'k)&
The long and short of the whole
discussion will be made available to all in black and white.
217. Look down upon (To hate a person, fdlh O;fDr ls ?k`.kk djuk)&
I hate those people who
look down upon the poor.
218. Lose the day (to be defeated, gkj tkuk)&My favourite football team lost the day.
219. Make a fortune (To grow rich, /uh cu tkuk)& He made a fortune by selling smuggled
goods.
English from Plinth to Paramount
391
240. On the wrong side of (ones age being more than, vf/d mez dk gksuk)&
He is on the wrong
side of fifty now.
241. Open secret (known to all, loZfofnr)&He is bankrupt and this is an open secret now.
242. Order of the day (some common things of the time, dksbZ izpfyr ckr)&
Following new
fashion is the order of the day.
243. Out of the wood (out of difficulties, eqlhcr ls NqVdkjk)&
At last India came out of the wood
and got independence.
244. Pay one back in ones own coin (tit for tat, tSls dks rSlk)&
The person doing wrong
should be paid back in his own coin.
245. Pell mell (very fast and not organised, cgqr tYn vkSj vLr&O;Lr rjhds ls)&
Every thing was
done pell mell as we got the order at the eleventh hour.
246. Petticoat-Government ( undue influence of women, fL=k;ksa dk vuqfpr ncko)&
Petticoatgovernment may adversaly influence your whole project.
&
fudkyuk
247. Pick holes in (to find fault with, nwljksa esa nks"k
My boss has the habit of picking
holes in our performance.
248. Pin prick (troubles that are for short time, tks leL;k,a dqN fliQZ le; ds fy, gks)&
We should
ignore such pin pricks and get on with the job.
249. Play a double game (to act dubiously, /ks[kk/kM+h djuk)&
My friend was playing a double
game.
250. Play fast and loose (be unreliable, vfo'oluh; gksuk)&How can you trust a man who
plays fast and loose changing his statement every minute?
251. Play one false (to deceive, fdlh dks /ks[kk nsuk)&
He played her false and married again.
252. Play ones cards well (to do the correct things to achieve a desired result, le>nkjh ls dke
djuk)& If you play your cards well, you will get selected..
253. Play the fool (to act foolishly, csodwiQh djuk)&
Why do you play the fool when it comes to
spending money?
254. Pocket an insult (to bear insult, vieku lgu dj ysuk)& Indians had to pocket much
insult during their fight for Independence.
255. Poison ones ears against (to set a person against another, fdlh ds fo# dku Hkjuk)&
She
has poisoned the ears of my mother-in-law.
256. Past master (an expert, fdlh {ks=k dk fo'ks"kK)&
He is a past master in cheating others.
257. Pour oil on troubled waters (to pacify the anger of others, ks/ dks 'kkUr djus dk iz;Ru)&
He
solved the matter by pouring oil on troubled waters with his good behaviour.
258. Pull the string (to exercise secret influence, fNis :i ls izHkko Mkyuk)&
When I saw extreme
level of red-tapism in the organization, I had to pull my strings to get my work done.
259. Pull to pieces (to criticise severely, dVq vkykspuk djuk)&
The leader of opposition has
pulled the ruling party to pieces.
260. Put an end to (to finish, lekIr dj nsuk)&She has put an end to her unfeasible ideas.
261. Put pen to paper (to start writing, fy[kuk vkjEHk dj nsuk)&
In my board examination I put
my pen to paper without wasting a second.
262. Put the saddle on the right horse (to blame the really guilty person, lgh vijk/h ij vkjksi
yxkuk)The court put the saddle on the right horse and passed the right order.
English from Plinth to Paramount
393
283. Stand in good stead (to be of great service, cgqr lgk;d gksuk)&
Your experience will
always stand in good stead when you join a full time job.
284. Storm in a tea cup (much hue and cry over a little matter, NksVh lh ckr ij cgqr 'kksjxqy djuk)&
Do not worry about these silly rows. They are just storm in a tea cup.
285. Strain every nerve (to make every possible effort, gj izdkj dk iz;Ru djuk)&
I strained
every nerve to get out of the problem.
286. Sword of Damocles (an imminent danger, flj ij yVdh ryokj)& Terrorism is a sword of
Damocles hanging over the whole world.
287. Take a leaf out of another mans book (to imitate another person, udy djuk)& He has
no originality of thought; he only takes a leaf out of another mans book to make
quick money.
288. Take an exception to (to be offended by something, fdlh ckr dk cqjk ekuuk)&
She took an
exception to his joke.
289. Take into ones head (to suddenly decide to do some thing, often silly or surprising,
took into their heads to get married
dqN csodwiQh Hkjh gjdr djus dk vpkud fu.kZ;Itysuk)&
next sunday.
290. Take pains (to work hard, dfBu ifjJe djuk)& She took pains to bring up her children
after her husband's death.
291. Take the bull by the horns (to face danger with courage, [krjs dk fgEer ls lkeuk djuk)&
Bhagat Singh took the bull by the horns and bravely challenged the British empire.
292. Take to ones heels (to run away, Hkkx tkuk)&
when the police came, the robber took
to his heels.
293. Tall talk (boasting, 'ks[kh ekjuk)&
One of my friends Rajesh is famous for his tall talks.
294. The Fourth Estate (the press, izsl)&Today the fourth estate can influence the court
proceedings of any case.
295. The knock down price (very low price, cgqr de dher)& I bought every thing at the
mega sale at knock down prices.
296. Sheet anchor (a person or thing to be relied upon in an emergency, vkikrdky esa dke vkus
His uncle proved to be his sheet anchor after his fathers death.
okyk O;fDr vFkok oLrq)&
297. Thick-skinned person (not easily offended, insensitive, yTtkghu ;k laosnughu O;fDr)&
He is
such a thick- skinned person that he laughed when people cursed and abused him.
298. Think lightly (not to be serious about a thing, etkd ds :i esa ysuk)&Dont think of your
married life lightly.
299. Throw light on (to make something easier to understand, fdlh fo"k; ij izdk'k Mkyuk)&
I
wanted to throw light on the pitiful life of the bar dancers.
300. Throw mud at (try to make a low opinion of someone by saying unpleasant things about
him, cnuke djuk)&Companies should think carefully before slinging mud at someone
who may respond with a libel action costing it crores of rupees.
301. Tool in the hands of (under the authority of another, nwljs ds gkFk esa dBiqryh dh Hkkafr)&
The
whole legal system has become a tool in the hands of the politicians.
302. Turn ones coat (to change ones party, ny cny ysuk)&Some people are so ambitious
that they often turn their coat.
English from Plinth to Paramount
395
303. Turn the tables (to change the situation completely, fLFkfr dks fcydqy cny nsuk)&
The ruling
party had an easy victory in the last Lok sabha election but inflation and corruption
have totally turned the table.
304. Under a cloud (under suspicious conditions, lansgiw.kZ fLFkfr
Ever
since the rumours of
esa)&
corruption started, the former chief minister has been under a cloud .
305. Under the rose (secretly, xqIr :i ls)& He is selling confidential documents under the rose.
306. Under the thumb of (completely under ones power or influence, fdlh ds opZLo esa nck gksuk)&
He is under the thumb of his mother and does not listen to the problems of his wife.
307. Upto the mark (up to standard, mfpr Lrj rd)& I have to watch my staff all the time to
keep them up to the mark.
308. Vexed question (much debated and discussed, ftl iz'u ij dkiQh cgl gks pqdh gks)&
'Mercy
killing should be granted or not' has become a vexed question.
309. Wash dirty linen in public (to expose private affairs in public, O;fDrxr ckrksa dks ckgj
mNkyuk)&
There is nothing as bad as washing ones dirty linen in public.
310. Wash ones hand of (to be free from, fdlh ckr ls eqDr gks tkuk)&
Police have washed their
hands of the kidnapping case.
311. Wear a long face (to look gloomy, mnkl fn[kkbZ nsuk)&
Inspite of losing his job, he did not
wear a long face.
312. Wild goose chase (useless efforts, O;FkZ dk iz;Ru)&
Pakistans efforts to grab Kashmir
have proved to be a wild goose chase.
313. Win laurels (to win honours, ; k izkIr djuk)&
Sachin won laurels for India.
314. Without rhyme or reason (without any justification, vdkj.k)&Dont shout at anyone
without rhyme or reason.
396
24
CHAPTER
(PRACTICE SET)
Directions : In questions 1 to 300, four alternatives are given for the idiom/ phrase
underlined in the sentence. Choose the alternative which best expresses the meaning
of the idiom/phrase and mark it in the Answer Sheet.
7.
She could never measure up to her
1.
To strain every nerve
parents expectation.
(A) to make utmost efforts
(A) Reach the level
(B) to feel weak and tired
(B) Work as hard
(C) to be a diligent worker
(C) Assess the amount
(D) to be methodical in work
(D) Increase her height
2.
To flog a dead horse
(A) to whip a dead horse
(B) attempt to do the impossible
(C) waste ones efforts
(D) to take advantage of a weakness
3.
8.
9.
4.
To die in harness
(A) premeditated murder
(B) dying young in an accident
(C) to die while in service
(D) to be taken by surprise
5.
10.
6.
11.
To be all at sea
(A) a family voyage
(B) lost and confused
(C) in the middle of the ocean
(D) a string of islands
397
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
398
Cold comfort
(A) absurdity
(B) deception
(C) slight satisfaction
(D)foolish proposal
The reputed company is in the red
due to the recession.
(A) making money
(B) losing money
(C) in danger
(D) spending money
When the Principal was entering the
class, all my friends quietly
disappeared, leaving me alone to
face the music.
(A) to listen to him
(B) to enter into the class
(C) to bear the criticism
(D) to listen to a favourable comment
The Kenyan team proved to be the
dark horse in the ICC World Cup
Cricket.
(A) a strong intruder
(B) a skilled team
(C) the most powerful
(D) an unexpected winner
Having no arguments to defend his
point, the speaker began to beat
about the bush.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
400
50.
to cast aspersions
(A) to act as the pillar of support
(B) to raise aspirations
(C) to make unpleasant remarks
(D) to dissolve all the differences
51.
on the cards
(A) impossible
(B) shocking
(C) evident
(D) anticipated
52.
53.
54.
Off and on
(A) repeatedly
(B) always
(C) occasionally
(D) never
55.
56.
57.
58.
65.
59.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
401
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
402
87.
96.
88.
97.
89.
98.
(B) to insulate
(D) to incite
90.
To bring to light
(A) to reveal
(B) to conceal
(C) to provide luminescence
(D) to appeal
91.
99.
92.
93.
Status quo
(A) unchanged position
(B) excellent place
(C) unbreakable statue
(D) long queue
94.
95.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115
116.
117.
118.
(B) to adjust
(D) to tolerate
(B) overjoyed
(D) excited
her
(B) to flare up
(D) to swing
165. Stick by
(A) to adhere closely
(B) stand by someone
(C) to paste
(D) to pass by
166. Wink at
(A) to tease somebody
(B) to like someone
(C) to pretend not to see
(D) to stare at
407
(B) to supply
(D) to attract
242. To egg on
(A) to egg on slowly
(B) to destroy slowly
(C) to give a walk over
(D) to instigate/ cause to proceed
further
243. To haul over the coals
(A) to walk over the fire
(B) to burn
(C) to scold for something done wrong
(D) to throw into fire
244. To draw a bead on
(A) to say prayers
(B) to count the beads
(C) to do ones best
(D) to take careful aim at
245. Fabian policy
(A) dictatorial policy
(B) democratic policy
(C) systematic policy
(D) policy of cautious persistence
246. To play to the gallery
(A) to try to get the appreciation from
the least intelligent people
(B) to try to win appreciation of
intelligent people
(C) to play in the gallery
(D) to disturb people sitting in the
gallery
247. Pyrrhic victory
(A) Permanent victory
(B) Defeat
(C) Easy victory
(D) Victory at high cost
412
266. In vogue
(A) in fashion
(B) fair
(C) smooth
(D) total absence
267. Three Rs
(A) radiogram, radiograph, radio
telescope
(B) rabble, rattle, razzle
(C) reading, writing, arithmetic
(D) rail, radar, raft
268. A wild goose chase
(A) foolish and useless enterprise
(B) to hunt
(C) a violent chase
(D) to speak harshly
269. To rest on ones laurels
(A) to cease to strive for further glory
(B) to be lazy
(C) to be proud of ones victory
(D) to die
270. Raw deal
(A) unjust treatment
(B) unripe fruit
(C) early stage of business
(D) contract not yet finally decided
271. A forlorn hope
(A) a plan which has remote chances of
success
(B) hope about unforeseeable future
(C) hope of a single person
(D) hope of a silly person
272. Printers devil
(A) an apprentice in a printing office
(B) blunder
(C) low type of printed material
(D) delay in printing
273. To call on the carpet
(A) subject to criticism
(B) to summon for a scolding
(C) a heartfelt welcome
(D) on the ground
274. To bring the house down
(A) to appeal greatly to the audience
414
275.
276.
277.
278.
279.
280.
283. To whitewash
(A) to clean a place
(B) to work hard
(C) to retrieve damaged reputation
(D) to use cosmetics
284. Within an ace of
(A) very close
(B) within ones means
(C) within a narrow circle
(D) near centre
285. To keep an open mind
(A) to remember
(B) to forget
(C) to come to no decision on a subject
until one knowns all the facts
(D) to be clear-headed
286. Open question
(A) a question put to all
(B) a question without any generally
agreed answer
(C) a permanent problem
(D) a clearly-wr itten/expressed
question
287. On ones mettle
(A) roused to do ones best
(B) to put on an overcoat
(C) to safeguard against attack
(D) to use ones own money properly
288. To keep the pot boiling
(A) to maintain interest
(B) to heat
(C) to show anger
(D) to do experiments
289. Grist to ones mill
(A) grain to be ground
(B) useful for ones purpose
(C) income from will
(D) to work ones machine
290. Kangaroo court
(A) a group of kangaroos
(B) the young kangaroo
(C) unofficial court
(D) unofficial estimate
291. Wool gathering
(A) to become a shepherd
(B) to shear sheep
English from Plinth to Paramount
ANSWER KEY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
416
(A) 31.
(B) 32.
(B) 33.
(C) 34.
(C) 35.
(D) 36.
(A) 37.
(C) 38.
(B) 39.
(C) 40.
(B) 41.
(B) 42.
(D) 43.
(D) 44.
(C) 45.
(C) 46.
(C) 47.
(D) 48.
(C) 49.
(B) 50.
(C) 51.
(D) 52.
(C) 53.
(B) 54.
(C) 55.
(B) 56.
(C) 57.
(B) 58.
(A) 59.
(A) 60.
(D) 61.
(C) 62.
(C) 63.
(C) 64.
(B) 65.
(A) 66.
(B) 67.
(B) 68.
(D) 69.
(C) 70.
(A) 71.
(B) 72.
(B) 73.
(B) 74.
(B) 75.
(D) 76.
(A) 77.
(A) 78.
(C) 79.
(C) 80.
(D) 81.
(A) 82.
(C) 83.
(C) 84.
(D) 85.
(C) 86.
(B) 87.
(C) 88.
(A) 89.
(D) 90.
(D)
(A)
(B)
(B)
(A)
(C)
(C)
(A)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(B)
(C)
(C)
(A)
(A)
(A)
(B)
(B)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(B)
(D)
(B)
(D)
(A)
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
(D)
(C)
(A)
(C)
(D)
(D)
(C)
(C)
(A)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(D)
(A)
(D)
(B)
(C)
(A)
(D)
(B)
(B)
(C)
(B)
(D)
(D)
(A)
(D)
(D)
(B)
(A)
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
(B)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(B)
(D)
(D)
(C)
(A)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(A)
(C)
(A)
(C)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(D)
(D)
(C)
(C)
(A)
(D)
(B)
(C)
(C)
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
(D) 181.
(B) 182.
(B) 183.
(B) 184.
(D) 185.
(A) 186.
(C) 187.
(C) 188.
(C) 189.
(A) 190.
(A) 191.
(C) 192.
(D) 193.
(C) 194.
(A) 195.
(C) 196.
(D) 197.
(D) 198.
(A) 199.
(B) 200.
(B) 201.
(A) 202.
(C) 203.
(B) 204.
(D) 205.
(C) 206.
(A) 207.
(C) 208.
(B) 209.
(D) 210.
(A)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(B)
(D)
(D)
(C)
(B)
(A)
(D)
(B)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(A)
(C)
(C)
(D)
(C)
(C)
(A)
(C)
(C)
(A)
(B)
(D)
(A)
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
(B)
(C)
(C)
(D)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(A)
(A)
(D)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(B)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(D)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(D)
(A)
(C)
(A)
(C)
(D)
(A)
(C)
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
262.
263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.
(A)
(D)
(C)
(D)
(D)
(A)
(D)
(A)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(D)
(D)
(C)
(A)
(C)
(A)
(C)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(A)
(A)
(B)
(A)
(A)
(C)
(A)
(A)
(A)
271. (A)
272. (A)
273. (B)
274. (A)
275. (C)
276. (B)
277. (C)
278. (B)
279. (B)
280. (A)
281. (C)
282. (C)
283. (C)
284. (A)
285. (C)
286. (B)
287. (A)
288. (A)
289. (B)
290. (C)
291. (C)
292. (D)
293. (D)
294. (A)
295. (B)
296. (A)
297. (B)
298. (C)
299. (B)
300. (C)