Rural Water Supply
Rural Water Supply
Rural Water Supply
3
Republic of the Philippines
Capiz State University
Main Campus, Roxas City
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
CE Elect 1
Sanitary Engineering
Submitted by:
Rijade C. Bibiano
Alda Mae B. Firmalino
John Micheal Nionuevo
Jezaily Ann C. Sajonia
Submitted to:
Engr. Marjoric A. Penetrante
Objectives:
At the end of the report everyone is expected to:
Know the possible water supply sources that can be utilized for rural areas,
Know the possible risks of pollution of water sources and how to protect it
from such risk
Know the about the current situation and problems of water supply, sanitation
and water sources in the Philippines
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
WATER SUPPLY
WATER SOURCES
USES OF WATER
POLLUTION OF WATER
POLLUTION INFILTRATION
A.INDUSTRIAL/ COMMERCIAL POLLUTION
B.MUNICIPAL AND RURAL POLLUTION
C.PRIVATE POLLUTION SOURCE
HEALTH IMPACTS OF WATER POLLUTION
PROTECTING WELLS
FORMATION SEALING OF SPRING
UNDERGROUND POLLUTION
CHEMICALS IN DRINKING WATER
DISEASE
SANITATION
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
STATUS OF WATER USE AND SUPPLY
A. Leading Consumers or Users of Water
B. Access to Drinking Water
C. Water Shortage and Scarcity
D. Major Problems Concerning Water Use and Scarcity
E. Other Threats To Water Availability
PHILIPPINES RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR PROJECT
REVIEW QUESTIONS
SUMMARY
CONCLUSION
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Water Supply
It is the process of providing water in a systematic way through installed pumps
and pipe lines. Before water is provided to a specific area, it undergoes a process
called sanitation to ensure that the quality of water received is safe for human
consumption. The Philippines water supply system dates back to 1946 after the
country achieved its independence. Government agencies, local institutions, nongovernment organizations, and other corporations are primarily in charge in the
operation and administration of water supply and sanitation in the country.
Water Sources
The various sources of water can be classified according to their relative location
on the earth:
1. Surface sources
Surface water is any water that collects on the surface of the earth. This
includes oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, or wetlands. Fresh surface water is
maintained by rainfall or other precipitation, and it's lost through seepage
through the ground, evaporation, or use by plants and animals. Man-made
bodies of water are not considered surface water since they generally rest on
artificial surfaces, not the ground itself.
Examples:
a. lakes
b. Streams
c. rivers
d. Storage reservoir
2. Groundwater
Groundwater is used for drinking water by more than 50 percent of the
people, including almost everyone who lives in rural areas. The largest use for
groundwater is to irrigate crops.
Examples:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Springs
Infiltration wells
Wells
Tube-wells
Hand pump
3. Rain water
Rainwater is a product of water vapor that has risen due to evaporation
and accumulated in the atmosphere, which condenses and falls on the Earths
surface. As the water vapor that has accumulated in cloud formations
condenses, it forms drop of rain that fall to the earth.
Uses of Water
Water use can mean the amount of water used by a household or a country,
or thep amount used for a given task or for the production of a given quantity of some
product or crop, or the amount allocated for a particular purpose.
Agricultural
The use of water for agriculture has changed the production of crops
dramatically in the 20th century. Agricultural use of water accounts for nearly
70% of the water used throughout the world, and the majority of
this water is used for irrigation.
Industrial
The industries that produce metals, wood and paper products,
chemicals, gasoline and oils, and those invaluable grabber utensils you use to
get your ring out of the garbage disposal are major users of water. Probably
every manufactured product uses water during some part of the production
process.
Domestic
Domestic water use is water used for indoor and outdoor
household purposes or all the things you do at home. Example: drinking,
preparing food, cooking, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, brushing your
teeth, watering the yard and garden, and even washing the dog.
Pollution in Water
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans,
aquifers and groundwater). This form of environmental degradation occurs when
pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate
treatment to remove harmful compounds.
Water pollution affects the entire biosphere plants and organisms living in
these bodies of water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual
species and population, but also to the natural biological communities.
Water pollution can be categorize in:
Point sources
Point source water pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway
from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch.
Industrial/Commercial Pollution
Industrial/Commercial Pollution
Contamination of both groundwater and surface water sources by industrial
and commercial firms is often the result of ignorance, carelessness or demand for
business profit.
Municipal and Rural Pollution
Typical pollution sources and the contaminants involved are listed in Table 4.1
Table 4.1
Pollution Source
Solid waste landfill
Possible Contaminants
Heavy metals, chloride, sodium, wide
variety of organic and inorganic
compounds
Agricultural Activities
Lack of sealing around the casing (annular space) allowing unfiltered surface
water to drain directly into the filtered setting.
Oil or chemical spillage seeping down (1 liter of oil can make 20 m 3 of water
undrinkable)
o
o
o
o
Hepatitis
Kidney Damage
Nerve Disorder
Skin Lesion
Fluoride
Fluoride in the water is essential for protection against dental caries and
weakening of the bones, but higher levels can have an adverse effect on
health. In India, high fluoride content is found naturally in the waters in
Rajasthan.
Arsenic
Arsenic occurs naturally or is possibly aggravated by over powering
aquifers and by phosphorus from fertilizers. High concentrations of arsenic in
water can have an adverse effect on health. A few years back, high
concentrations of this element was found in drinking water in six districts in West
Bengal. A majority of people in the area was found suffering from arsenic skin
lesions. It was felt that arsenic contamination in the groundwater was due to
natural causes. The government is trying to provide an alternative drinking
water source and a method through which the arsenic content from water can
be removed.
Lead.
Pipes, fittings, solder, and the service connections of some household
plumbing systems contain lead that contaminates the drinking water source.
Petrochemicals
Petrochemicals contaminate the groundwater from underground
petroleum storage tanks.
Chlorinated solvents.
Metal and plastic effluents, fabric cleaning, electronic and aircraft
manufacturing are often discharged and contaminate groundwater
Disease
Water-borne diseases are infectious diseases spread primarily through
contaminated water. Though these diseases are spread either directly or through flies
or filth, water is the chief medium for spread of these diseases and hence they are
termed as water-borne diseases.
Most intestinal (enteric) diseases are infectious and are transmitted through
fecal waste. Pathogens which include virus, bacteria, protozoa, and parasitic worms
are disease-producing agents found in the feces of infected persons. These diseases
are more prevalent in areas with poor sanitary conditions. These pathogens travel
through water sources and interfuses directly through persons handling food and
water. Since these diseases are highly infectious, extreme care and hygiene should be
maintained by people looking after an infected patient. Hepatitis, cholera, dysentery,
and typhoid are the more common water-borne diseases that affect large
populations in the tropical regions.
A large number of chemicals that either exist naturally in the land or are added
due to human activity dissolve in the water, thereby contaminating it and leading to
various diseases.
Pesticides
The organophosphates and the carbonates present in pesticides affect
and damage the nervous system and can cause cancer. Some of the
pesticides contain carcinogens that exceed recommended levels. They
contain chlorides that cause reproductive and endocrinal damage.
Lead
Lead is hazardous to health as it accumulates in the body and affects
the central nervous system. Children and pregnant women are most at risk.
Fluoride
Excess fluorides can cause yellowing of the teeth and damage to the
spinal cord and other crippling diseases.
Nitrates
Drinking water that gets contaminated with nitrates can prove fatal
especially to infants that drink formula milk as it restricts the amount of oxygen
that reaches the brain causing the blue baby syndrome. It is also linked to
Petrochemicals
Benzene and other petrochemicals can cause cancer even at low
exposure levels.
Chlorinated solvents
These are linked to reproduction disorders and to some cancers.
Arsenic
Arsenic poisoning through water can cause liver and nervous system
damage, vascular diseases and also skin cancer.
Salts
It makes the fresh water unusable for drinking and irrigation purposes.
Preventive Measures
Water-borne epidemics and health hazards in the aquatic environment are
mainly due to improper management of water resources. Proper management of
water resources has become the need of the hour as this would ultimately lead to a
cleaner and healthier environment.
In order to prevent the spread of water-borne infectious diseases, people
should take adequate precautions. The city water supply should be properly checked
and necessary steps taken to disinfect it. Water pipes should be regularly checked for
leaks and cracks. At home, the water should be boiled, filtered, or other methods and
necessary steps taken to ensure that it is free from infection.
Status of Water Use and Supply
A. Leading Consumers or Users of Water
The countrys major water users are the agricultural sector which accounts for
85.27 percent of the total water supply, the industrial sector which consumes 7.46%
and lastly the domestic users which use the remaining 7.27percent.
In the Philippines, agriculture as a whole is the greatest consumer of water.
Irrigation constitutes a large portion of total water consumption by agriculture; it is
considered the biggest water user in the country, notwithstanding the fact that only
47 percent of the potentially irrigable area of 3.16 million hectares is irrigated. About
95 percent of the irrigated area is devoted to paddy and about 70 percent of paddy
production comes from irrigated lands.
Based on 2003 data, 63 percent of groundwater is consumed by the domestic
sector and the remaining is shared by agriculture (17 percent), industry (13 percent),
and other sectors (7 percent). PEM 2003, on the other hand, reports that about 86
percent of piped-water supply systems use groundwater as source.
Estimated water withdrawals as of 2003, based on water-right grantees
registered with NWRB is 77,456 MCM/year. About 60 percent of groundwater
extraction is without permit, resulting in indiscriminate withdrawal. Over abstraction
from 6,441 registered wells has led to the lowering of aquifers, resulting in saline intrusion
and ground subsidence in some areas.
B. Access to Drinking Water
According to the 2005 Little Green Data Book of the World Bank, one out of
five Filipinos does not get water from formal sources. Only 77 percent of the rural
population and 90 percent of those in urban areas have access to an improved water
source and only 44 percent have direct house connections. Those without house
connections access water from wells, springs, communal faucets, and/or from small
scale informal providers.
In the Philippines, supply and delivery of potable water in different parts of the
country is the responsibility of various government agencies and water utilities. Metro
getting worse each year. He attributed the depletion of water sources to the El Nio
weather phenomenon as part of the global climatic changes.
Same article reports that in Iloilo, the Metro Iloilo Water District (MIWD) has
started rationing water supply to consumers because of the expected increase in
demand and the low water level of its source. The MIWD extracts water from the Tigum
River through an intake dam in Barangay Daja in Maasin town, 29.5 kilometers
northwest of Iloilo City. It also gets its supply from seven pumping stations in deep wells
in Oton and San Miguel.
In its report, the DENR identified Davao as among the major cities in the country
suffering from a shortage in fresh water supply. A critical number of communities in the
second district are perennially suffering less supply of water. The city of Tagum and its
nearby towns in the province of Davao del Norte also suffer the same problem (Tupas,
J, 2007). From a little over 190 meters by the end of March 2004, Angat Dams water
level dropped to a critical mark to 170 meters in August due to a prolonged dry spell
attributed to climate change. This prompted government to stop using water reserves
for irrigation in some areas.
The Greenpeace report Crisis or Opportunity: Climate change impacts and the
Philippines (2005) written by the former head of the Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) Dr. Leoncio
Amadore also identifies the Southern Mindanao Drought of 1988 as a case in point.
According to this report, the El Nino that occurred in 1997 to 98 was one of the most
severe ENSO event to hit the country. Beginning July 1997, some parts of the Philippines
were already experiencing below normal rainfall. By October of the same year,
practically the whole country experienced a drastic drop in rainfall, leaving rice and
corn production at risk. The peak of the dry spell had ravaged the country until June
of the next year.
Experts project that by year 2025, water availability deficit would take place in
several river basins such as in Pampanga and Agno, in Pasig-Laguna, in Cagayan
Valley, all other regions in Luzon, in Jalaur and Ilog Hilabangan, and in the island of
Cebu in Visayas.
D. Major Problems Concerning Water Use and Scarcity
The discussion below summarizes the major problems concerning water use
and scarcity identified in NWRBs report on Challenges to Water Resource
Management in the Philippines, World Banks Water Resource Assistance Strategy
2003, the report contained in the PEM 2004 issue, and selected news articles from the
national dailies.
Fragmented management
One of the most critical issues confronting the Philippine water sector is
the lack of an appropriate institutional framework to address issues of
development and management of water and related resources. At present,
there are over 30 government agencies and departments separately dealing
with water supply, irrigation, hydropower, flood control, pollution, watershed
management, etc. It is this fragmented approach to water management
which causes an overlap of work and conflicts among agencies and results in
a fractional water management plan that does not adequately meet the
requirements for sustainability.
decades. In some regions, such as parts of Asia and Africa, the frequency and intensity
of droughts have also increased. The El Nio phenomenon has been more frequent,
persistent and intense since the mid-1970s.
The report also presents data on extreme climatic events that occurred in the
country since 1970, impelling us to recognize that earths climate is indeed changing.
The Great Luzon Floods in 1972 is a typical example of heavy flooding caused by
heavy, persistent precipitation.
The Southern Mindanao Drought of 1998 was one of the most severe El Nio Southern
Oscillation to hit the country.
Landslides, triggered by earthquake or heavy rainfall, were aggravated by manmade causes, i.e. forest denudation, modification of slope of the terrain, and others.
From 1989 to 1999, landslides occurred almost every year in the Cordillera
Administrative Region. The highest number occurring during the La Nia period of 1996
to 1999, which recorded annual total of 17 to 29 events that followed after a heavy
rainfall.
The Ormoc catastrophic flash flood in 1991 wherein more than 5000 people perished
was also cited
Camiguin flashflood in 2001, Southern Leyte, and Surigao disaster in 2003, and the
Aurora/Infanta floods which came after 20 days of moderate to heavy rainfall were
caused by four successive tropical cyclones towards the end of 2004.
Based on this study, it is anticipated that flood magnitude and frequency are
projected to increase, affecting many regions as a consequence of repeated heavy
precipitation events, which can increase runoff in most areas as well as groundwater
recharge in some floodplains.
Occurrences of extreme climatic events like droughts and floods have serious
negative implications for major water reservoirs in the country as well, as shown in a
study conducted in five major reservoirs in Luzon and one reservoir in Mindanao (Crisis
and Opportunity).
More cold, La Nia-type episodes were observed during the 70s, while the 80s
and 90s were characterized by the occurrence of four strong, warm periods (1982-83,
1986-87, 1991-92 and the 1997-98 El Nino events) causing consistent negative
anomalies of rainfall and inflow.
The expected climate changes that could affect rainfall distribution will
ultimately affect runoff to rivers and lakes. On the other hand, decrease in runoff
because of frequent drought episodes, would mean more serious problems in water
availability.
Provide safe, adequate and reliable water supply and sanitation services to
selected low income rural communities through community- based
arrangements.
Support health and hygiene education, water quality surveillance, and
community management activities.
Good Practices
The project has introduced several innovations and good practices, especially
in terms of mobilizing the communities and enabling them to manage their own water
supply system.
Guimaras
Guimaras actively implement Project with strong support from the provincial
management. Its governor, Hon. J. Nava. A highly motivated team of women runs
the BWSA. In addition to resources given by DPWH and the provincial government,
the BWSA was able to raise funds to construct water tank.
A spring water source about 2 km away from the barangay was equipped with
a submersible pump and generator. This was provided to them by the DPWH, together
with well and pipe materials. A total of 16 communal faucets were also installed to
serve 76 households of about 400 persons, which would be expanded to 34 more
households.
Biliran Province
Biliran Province has a population of about 140,000 residing in 132 barangays in
8 municipalities. Water supply has been a priority project in the province. To date, the
target stabling 77 BWSAs was achieved and their training is completed. A Total of 5.635
household benefited from the completed facilities.
Southern Leyte Province
Southern Leyte has a population of about 135,000 reading 376 barangays in 18
municipalities and 1 city. The governor prioritizes the project and provides various
assistance for its implementation.
To date 260 BWSAs were organized and 164 BWSAs were trained out of target
376 BWSAs.
The Existing Situation of Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation, Challenges and
Problems
o
9 BARANGAYS W/ ACCESS OF
WATER
CABUGAO
CUDIAN
ILAYA-IVISAN
MALOCLOC NORTE
MIANAY
ONDOY
POBLACION NORTE
POBLACION SUR
SANTA CRUZ
AGMALOBO
AGUSTIN NAVARRO
BALARING
BASIAO
MALOCLOC SUR
MATNOG
2. MUNICIPALITY OF PANAY
42 BARANGAYS
o
31 BARANGAYS W/ ACCESS OF
WATER
AGBALO
AGBANBAN
AGOJO
ANHAWON
BAGACAY
BAGO CHIQUITO
BAGO GRANDE
BAHIT
BATO
BONGA
BUNTOD
CABUGAO ESTE
CALAPAWAN
CALITAN
CANDU-AL
COGON
DAGA
LIBON
LINAO
LINATERAN
LOMBOY
LUS-ONAN
PAWA
PILI
POBLACION ILAWOD
POBLACION ILAYA
POBLACION TABUC
TANZA NORTE
TANZA NORTE
TICO
11 BARANGAYS W/O ACCESS
OF WATER
BANTIGUE
BINANGIG
BINANTU-AN
BUTACAL
ILAMNAY
JAMULAWON
LANIPGA
LAT-ASAN
MAGUBILIN
NAVITAS
TALASA
3. MUNICIPALITY OF PANITAN
26 BARANGAYS
11 BARANGAYS W/ ACCESS OF
WATER
AGBABADLANG
AGKILO
BAHIT
COGON
CONCIENCIA
POBLACION ILAYOD
POBLACION ILAYA
SALOCON
TABUC NORTE
TABUC SUR
TIMPAS
4.
CITY OF ROXAS
47 BARANGAYS
o
46 BARANGAYS W/ ACCESS OF
WATER
ADLAWAN
BAGO
BALIJUAGAN
BANICA
BARANGAY 1
BARANGAY 2
BARANGAY 3
BARANGAY 4
BARANGAY 5
BARANGAY 6
BARANGAY 7
BARANGAY 8
BARANGAY 9
BARANGAY 10
BARANGAY 11
BARRA
BATO
BAYBAY
BOLO
CABUGAO
CAGAY
COGON
CULAJAO
CULASI
DUMOLOG
DAYAO
DINGINAN
GABU-AN
INZO
ARNALDO
CADIMAHAN)
JUMAGUICJIC
LANOT
LONOY
MILIBILI
MONGPONG
PUNTA COGON
PUNTA TABUC
SAN JOSE
SIBAGUAN
TALON
TANQUE
TANZA
TIZA
VILLAGE
OLOTAYAN
Review Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Summary
Water is an essential commodity for survival and the improvement of quality of
life for health and economic development. There are three main sources of water
namely Surface Sources like streams, rivers, lakes, and water storage. Second is the
ground water and lastly is the rain water. Water also have some different uses it is either
Domestic, Industrial or Agricultural. Water supply in rural areas is prone to water
pollution that can cause various types of disease like hepatitis, cholera, dysentery,
diarrhea, skin irritation, respiratory problems and typhoid are the more common waterborne diseases that affect large populations in the tropical regions. Sanitation is
the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with
the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal
of sewage or wastewater. Water-borne epidemics and health hazards in the aquatic
environment are mainly due to improper management of water resources. Proper
management of water resources has become the need of the hour as this would
ultimately lead to a cleaner and healthier environment. In order to prevent the spread
of water-borne infectious diseases, people should take adequate precautions and
proper sanitation.
Conclusion
The management of water resources is an important issue for societal health
and well-being. Water supply in rural areas are prone to water pollution that can
cause various types of disease that can harm the both human, animals and also the
plants. Thats why people in rural area should be aware of what we called sanitation,
with this, people will be able to prevent the different water-borne diseases that they
may acquire in using polluted water and they may also be able to keep their water
resources clean and avoid it to become polluted.