Introduction To Bridge Foundations

Section 7
Introduction To Bridge
Foundations
7.1 ODOT Video, Part 6/12: Introduction To
Bridge Foundations
Common Foundation Types
Spread Footings
Footing Concrete Volume
Structure Excavation
13
Foundation Reports
17
Cofferdams
18
ODOT Video, Part 8/12: Wet Structures

Excavation
19
Introduction To Bridge Foundations
Section 7.1
BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS
The foundations of a bridge are particularly

critical because they must support the
entire weight of the bridge and the traffic
loads that it will carry.
View ODOT Video, Part 6/12

Introduction to Bridge Foundations
January, 2016
Section 7.1
Common Foundation Types

Spread Footing
Piling
Drilled Shafts
Type Of Excavation
Dry Excavation:
Generally stable with no waterway or
de-stabilizing groundwater
Wet Excavation:
In or near water or significant groundwater
January, 2016
Section 7.1
Spread Footings
Spread Footings
January, 2016
Section 7.1
Spread Footings
P
Bearing pressure (P/Footing Area) < Bearing

Capacity of soil (C)
Spread Footings
Settlement d < allowable settlement in

project specifications.
January, 2016
Section 7.1
Spread Footings
Check the Foundation Report and Drill Logs to
verify that the actual foundation material
exposed below the footings matches what was
anticipated.
If there are any questions related to foundation

material suitability contact the Geotechnical
Engineer.
Spread Footings
Concrete volume of
a spread footing:
V=LxWxH
January, 2016
Section 7.1
Footing Concrete Volume Example

Footing Size: 14 ft long x 10 ft wide x 5 ft high
Volume = (14 ft)(10 ft)(5 ft) / (27 cf/cy)
V = 26 cy
Footing Concrete Volume Exercise

Footing Size: 12 ft long x 9 ft wide x 6 ft high
Volume =
January, 2016
Section 7.1
Spread Footings
Open-Pit
Excavations
Walls of excavation
are sloped for
safety.
No shoring required.
Wide enough for
workers outside of
footing.
Spread Footings
Open-Pit Excavations are permitted when:
Not in or near water.
The soil material is adequately stable to ensure
worker safety.
The soil can be maintained in a dry condition.
There is no threat of compromising the stability of
any nearby structure or the structure being built.
January, 2016
Section 7.1
Spread Footings
Shored excavations
Shoring & Cribbing:
A series of horizontal and
vertical members that resist
the surrounding soil
pressure.
Shoring &
Cribbing
January, 2016
Section 7.1
Spread Footings
Shored Excavations must be used when:
The excavation is greater than 4 feet
deep.
The soil is not stable enough to ensure
worker safety.
The presence of adjacent structures limits
the allowable size of the excavation.
Spread Footings
Foundations on rock:
Level
Stepped
Serrated
Against Solid Rock
For Arches
January, 2016
Section 7.1
Spread Footings
Unsuitable soils for spread footings:
If any evidence of problematic soils is
discovered during footing construction, work
should be stopped and The Engineer should
be contacted immediately.
Spread Footings
Items to inspect for with spread footings:
Elevation
Dimensions
Reinforcement
Soil Stability
January, 2016
10
Section 7.1
Spread Footings
Items to inspect for
spread footings:
Concrete cover. Dobies
settle into base rock and
may require larger size to
maintain proper
clearance.
3 clearance if pouring
against natural ground
Unstable or Disturbed Materials

Must be removed and replaced as directed.
Structure fill must be placed in layers of not
more than 6 inches. (00510.46(a))
Each layer must be compacted to 95% of
maximum density, or as specified. (510.46(a))
Any foundation must be approved by The
Engineer before any concrete placement.
January, 2016
11
Section 7.1
Foundation Location
Check correct position and preserve offset
reference points.
Reference Points
January, 2016
12
Section 7.1
Measuring
Excavation / Backfill
Cross-Section original
ground before excavation
begins.
Normal volume bounded
by vertical planes 1 foot
outside the footing.
(510.80(b)(2)(c))
January, 2016
13
Section 7.1
Measuring Excavation
Volume of excavation is
from bottom of footing to
natural ground line.
Measuring Backfill
Volume of backfill is
from bottom of footing
to finished construction
line.
January, 2016
14
Section 7.1
Structure Excavation Volume Example

Pier footing size is 20 ft x 10 ft
Average Depth of excavation is 5 ft
What is the volume of excavation that will be
paid for?
Volume = L x W x H
Volume = (22 ft) (12 ft) (5 ft) / 27 cf/cy
Volume = 49 cy
Structure Excavation Exercise

Pier footing size is 18 ft x 15 ft
Average Depth of excavation is 7 ft
What is the volume of excavation that will be
paid for?
Volume =
January, 2016
15
Section 7.1
Calculate Volume
by Average End Area
Measure end areas
Average end areas
Measure horizontal
distance d between
areas
Multiply average end
area by horizontal
distance d
Average End Area Example

Left End of Excavation is 10 ft wide x 6 ft high
Right End of Excavation is 10 ft wide X 10 ft high
What is volume of excavation if it is 30 ft long:
Left End Area = (10 ft)(6 ft) = 60 sf
Right End Area = (10 ft)(10 ft) = 100 sf
Volume = ((60 sf + 100 sf) / 2)(30 ft) / 27 cf/cy
Volume = 89 cy
January, 2016
16
Section 7.1
Average End Area Exercise

Left End of Excavation is 12 ft wide x 4 ft high
Right End of Excavation is 12 ft wide X 10 ft high
What is volume of excavation if it is 20 ft long:
Left End Area =
Right End Area =
Volume =
Foundation Reports
January, 2016
17
Geotechnical and Foundation Report

Dodge Canyon Creek Bridge, Bridge 21162, M.P. 20.95
Dodge Canyon Creek Bridge, Bridge 21163, M.P. 21.15
Calapooya Creek Bridge, Bridge 20861, M.P. 22.10
OR138W: Dodge Cr/Calapooya Cr Bridge Replacements
Elkton Sutherlin Hwy (Hwy. 231, M.P. 20.74 22.22)
Douglas County
Published: August 2010

Bid Date: November 2010
EA PE001472-000
Key 16796 (old Keys 14813 and 15970)
Oregon Department of Transportation

Region 3 Tech Center
Geo\Environmental Unit

Dodge Creek and Calapooya Creek Bridge Replacements Section
Page 6 of 30
proposed structures and one along the proposed fill section) was directed by the Region 3
Tech Center Geo/Environmental Unit. Soil and rock samples recovered in the explorations
were classified on site utilizing the methods described in ODOT's Soil and Rock
Classification Manual. Subsequently independent checks of the samples were made by
a Certified Engineering Geologist for quality control (Dan Raker, C.E.G.). Laboratory
testing was also performed to verify soil classifications and engineering properties.
3.1 Subsurface Investigation Summary
The following text in subsections 3.1.1, 3.1.2 and 3.1.3 are quoted from the ODOT
Engineering Geology Report titled, Elkton-Sutherlin Highway, Highway 231, Douglas
County, Oregon, dated October 2009 as prepared by Dan Raker C.E.G., and Kimberly
Wyttenberg, R.G. References made in those quotes to appendix items are to the appendix
of the original Engineering Geology Report.
3.1.1 Dodge Creek Bridge 21162
A total of two borings were advanced for the proposed Dodge Creek Bridge 21162. Test
holes 15907-01 and 15907-02, were advanced at or near the proposed new bent locations
to depth of 41.4 and 32.1 feet respectively. The subsurface investigation was directed by
the Region 3 Geo/Environmental Unit. The drilling was conducted on March 11, 2009
utilizing Cascade Drilling from Clackamas, Oregon. A CME-850 track mounted drill rig was
used, and was equipped with an automatic Standard Penetration Test (SPT) hammer.
The drilling methods used to advance the borings were 4 (inside diameter) Hollow Stem
Auger in the upper soils with a SPT taken at 5 foot intervals, and HQ-3 wire line system to
core bedrock
At the proposed location for Bridge 21162, the test holes were positioned along the
western edge of the proposed bridge. The geologic conditions encountered from the
surface down are as follows.
At Bent 1 associated with test hole 15970-01 the material encountered was approximately
8 feet of fill material that overlies approximately 14 feet of alluvium. The alluvium directly
overlies the mudstone bedrock of the Tenmile Formation at the contact elevation of
approximately 415.3 feet or approximately 22 feet below the ground surface. The fill
associated with the existing roadway approach embankment extends approximately 15
feet onto the west edge of the proposed bridge location at Bent 1. As a result, a portion of
the fill material will be encountered along the western edge of the proposed bridge location.
At Bent 2 associated with test hole 15970-02 the material encountered was approximately
18 feet of alluvium that directly overlies the mudstone bedrock of the Tenmile formation at
the contact elevation of approximately 412.4 feet or approximately 22 feet below the
ground surface.

Page 7 of 30
The bedrock contact elevation difference between Bents 1 and 2 is approximately 2.9 feet
with Bent 1 at the higher elevation. The drilling indicates that the bedrock contact has the
potential to vary at least 3 feet in the immediate area of the proposed bridge location.
3.1.2 Dodge Creek Bridge 21163
A total of 4 borings were advanced for the proposed Dodge Creek Bridge 21163. Test
holes 15970-03 (32.6 ft.), 15970-04 (37.7 ft.) and 15970-05 (37.5 ft.) were advanced at or
near the proposed new bent locations to the depth as indicated. Drill hole 15970-06 (31.0
ft.) was advanced near the deepest portion of the proposed roadway approach
embankment to the northwest of the proposed bridge. See Figure 3 in Appendix A for test
hole locations.
The subsurface investigation was directed by the Region 3
Geo/Environmental Unit. The drilling was conducted between March 10th and 12th, 2009
utilizing Cascade Drilling from Clackamas, Oregon. A CME-850 track mounted drill rig was
used equipped with an automatic Standard Penetration Test (SPT) hammer. The drilling
methods used to advance the borings were 4 (inside diameter) Hollow Stem Auger in the
upper soils with a SPT taken at 5 foot intervals, and HQ-3 wire line system to core
bedrock.
At bent 1 along the western edge of the proposed structure associated with test hole
15970-04 the material encountered was approximately 7 feet of fill material overlying
approximately 10.5 feet of alluvium. The alluvium directly overlies the mudstone bedrock
of the Tenmile Formation at the contact elevation of approximately 406.1 feet or
approximately 17.5 feet below the ground surface. In addition, at bent 1 along the eastern
edge of the proposed structure associated with test hole 15970-03, the material
encountered was approximately 12.5 feet of alluvium that directly overlies the mudstone
bedrock of the Tenmile Formation at the contact elevation of approximately 404.3 feet.
The fill associated with the existing roadway approach embankment extends approximately
30 feet onto the west edge of the proposed bridge location at bent 1. As a result a portion
of the fill material will be encountered along about half of the western edge of the proposed
bridge location.
At bent 2 associated with test hole 15970-05 the material encountered was approximately
7 feet of fill material overlying approximately 11.0 feet of alluvium. The alluvium directly
overlies the mudstone bedrock of the Tenmile Formation at the contact elevation of
approximately 404.3 feet or approximately 18 feet below the ground surface. The fill
associated with the existing approach embankment only extends approximately 15 feet
onto the west edge of the proposed bridge location at bent 2. As a result only a small
portion of the fill material will be encountered along the western edge of the proposed
bridge location.
The bedrock contact elevation difference between bents 1 and 2 is approximately 1.8 feet
with bent 1 at the higher elevation. At bent 1 between test holes 15970-03 and 15970-04
there is an elevation difference of 1.8 feet between the east and west sides of the bent.
The drilling indicates that the bedrock contact has the potential to vary at least 2 feet in the
immediate area of the proposed bridge location.
The northeast roadway approach embankment associated with test holes 15097-03 and
15970-06 encountered approximately 13.0 feet of alluvium that directly overlies the

Page 14 of 30
event) of the soil samples appeared to have liquefaction potential. Given the disjointed
nature of the alluvial stringers which have been deposited and re-cut by the creek, it is
believed the samples indicating liquefaction potential are not continuous enough to
suggest a layer of soil is subject to appreciable liquefaction risk.
6.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS

In accordance with ODOTs design practice, the foundation design was performed using
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 2007, 4th edition (with 2008 interims).
Foundation design recommendations for the bridge are discussed below under the
subsection following headings.
6.1 Dodge Creek Bridge 21162
It is recommended that the end bents (Bent 1 & 2) of the proposed single-span bridge be
founded on HP14x89 driven H-pile with tip protection. Piles are considered the best option
for the subsurface conditions encountered.
The piling will derive their axial capacity,
primarily through end bearing on and within the Tenmile Bedrock Formation.
The resistance factor for Bents 1 and 2 is 0.40 as determined from LRFD Table 10.5.5.2.31 for nominal resistance of a single pile in compression using static pile analysis with a
combination of the Nordlund and Tomlinson methods and pile driving criteria determined
by Wave Equation. Due to driving stress limitations induced during the driving process, the
piles are recommended to be ASTM A572, Grade 50 (50 ksi yield strength). Due to driving
stress limitations induced during the driving process, the recommended factored
resistances are based on ASTM A36 (36 ksi yield strength) and are therefore less than the
actual structural capacity of the pile. Table 1 provides detailed information for the piling
recommended for Bents 1 and 2.

Page 15 of 30
Bent
Pile Type,
Size, Material
Specification &
Tip Treatment
Ultimate
(Nominal)
Capacity
(kips)
Resistance
Factor
Factored
Resistance
(kips)
Pile
Driving
Criteria
HP14x89
ASTM A572
Grade 50
Reinforced Tip
940
0.40
375
Wave
Equation
Estimated
Average
Cutoff
Elevation
(ft)
Estimated
Length (ft)
Minimum
Required
Tip
Elevation
(ft)
434
30
415
434
35
412
Table 1 Dodge Creek Bridge 21162, Axial Pile Capacity Information

The pile sizes provided in Table 1 are based on axial loading of the pile. If controlling
loads other than the axial loads contemplated, are anticipated, then the pile should be
evaluated for those loads and sized accordingly. The cutoff elevation was estimated by
assuming 2 ft. embedment into the pile cap. If the cutoff elevation listed in Table 1 is
revised by 2 ft. or more, the Geotechnical Engineer should be given the opportunity to
revise the estimated pile lengths to be included in the Special Provisions for the project.
The estimated pile length is based on the difference between the estimated cutoff elevation
and the estimation that the pile will have a penetration of approximately 7 ft. into the
moderately to slightly weathered Tenmile Bedrock Formation. The minimum required tip
elevation for this bridge is based on the rock contact of the adjacent test holes.
For pile foundations designed in accordance with the above recommendations, settlement
is estimated to be less than approximately 1 inch and to be elastic in nature, occurring as
the load is applied.
6.1.1 Lateral Pile Load Capacity
The pile foundations will be subject to lateral loads resulting from live loads, wind and
earthquake loading. The laterally loaded pile analysis may be performed with the aid of
the L-Pile computer program, geotechnical input parameters for the L-Pile program are
provided in Table 2. Ground water should be assumed at an elevation of 420 ft..
DRILL LOG
OREGON DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
of 2
Hole No.
15970-01
Project Dodge Creek Bridges
Purpose
Bridge Foundation
E.A. No.
PE001462
Highway Hwy 138 W
County
Douglas
Key No.
15970
Test Type
25
437.3 ft
Tube Height
Shape
Pl - Planar
C - Curved
U - Undulating
St - Stepped
Ir - Irregular
Surface Roughness
P - Polished
Sl - Slickensided
Sm - Smooth
R - Rough
VR - Very Rough
Material Description
SOIL: Soil Name, USCS, Color, Plasticity,
Moisture, Consistency/Relative Density,
Texture, Cementation, Structure, Origin.
ROCK: Rock Name, Color, Weathering, Hardness,
Discontinuity Spacing, Joint Filling,
Core Recovery, Formation Name.
Percent
Natural Moisture
Rock
Discontinuity Data
Or RQD%
Driving
Resistance
Percent Recovery
Test Type, No.
Depth (ft)
Discontinuity
J - Joint
F - Fault
B - Bedding
Fo - Foliation
S - Shear
20
Ground Elev.
Total Depth 41.4 ft
Rock Abbreviations
Soil
15
Recorder Kim Wyttenberg
(0.0) Final Log 10/22/09
N1
40
60
1-1-5
23
N- 2 (10.0-11.5) Sandy CLAY with some silt trace gravel,

CL; orange-brown, low plasticity, damp, medium stiff, has
subrounded gravel. (Alluvium)
Lab No. 09-001632
LL=27
PI=8
N3
87
2-1-3
26
N- 3 (15.0-16.5) Clayey SAND with some silt, SC; brown,

low plasticity, moist, very loose. Has trace roots.
(Alluvium)
Lab No. 09-001633
LL=26
PI=5
73
7-9-5
Drilling Remarks
LW - Lost Water
WR - Water Return
WC - Water Color
DP - Down Pressure
DR - Drill Rate
DA - Drill Action
Unit Description
0.0 - 8.0
Dodge Unit-1
Sandy CLAY with
some silt trace
gravel, CL;
orange-brown, low
plasticity, damp,
medium stiff, has
subrounded to
angular gravel; (Fill)
Sta."C"1094+64.9, 28.0
Drilling method 4" ID
HSA (0'-25')
N- 1 (5.0-6.5) Sandy CLAY with some silt trace gravel,

CL; orange-brown, low plasticity, damp, medium stiff, has
subrounded to angular gravel. (Fill)
2-2-3
N2
N4
Typical Drilling Abbreviations

Drilling Methods
WL - Wire Line
HS - Hollow Stem Auger
DF - Drill Fluid
SA - Solid Auger
CA - Casing Advancer
HA - Hand Auger
20
N- 4 (20.0-21.5) Silty Sandy GRAVEL, GM; brown,

nonplasitic, wet, medium dense, fine rounded gravel.
(Alluvium)
Lab No. 09-001634
LL=ND
PI=NP
8.0 - 18.0
Dodge Unit-2
Sandy CLAY with
some silt trace gravel
to Clayey SAND with
some silt, CL, SC;
orange-brown to
brown, low plasticity,
damp to moist,
medium stiff and very
loose, has
subrounded gravel;
(Alluvium)
5/11/09
18.0 - 22.0
Dodge Unit-3
Silty Sandy GRAVEL,
GM; brown,
nonplasitic, wet,
medium dense,
rounded, fine gravel;
(Alluvium)
22.0 - 41.4
Dodge Unit-4
MUDSTONE, gray,
fresh, soft, very close
to moderately close
jointing, laminated to
18'
Wet spoon
Bedrock contact 22'
Backfill/
Instrumentation
End Date March 11, 2009
"A" - Advancer
"X" - Auger
"C" - Core
"N" - Standard Penetration Test
"U" - Undisturbed Sample
"D" - Oversize Split Spoon Sample
10
21162
Cascade
Water Level/
Date
Project Geologist Dan Raker
Bridge No.
Driller
Start Date March 11, 2009
Start Card No.
Easting: 4,155,421.75
Drilling
Methods, Size
and
Remarks
Northing: 650,185.61
Equipment CME 75
Graphic Log
Hole Location
ODOT DRILL LOG DODGE CREEK BRIDGES.GPJ ODOT_MAN.GDT 10/27/09
Page 1
C4
N- 5 (25.0-25.2) MUDSTONE, gray, moderately to

slightly weathered, very soft to soft. (Tenmile Formation)
C- 1 (25.2-26.4) MUDSTONE, gray, fresh, soft, close to
moderately close jointing. (Tenmile Formation)
C- 2 (26.4-31.4) MUDSTONE, gray, fresh, soft, close to
100
R2
RQD = 26
C- 3 (31.4-36.4)
From (31.4'-33.0') MUDSTONE, gray, fresh, soft, close to
From (33.0'-36.4') MUDSTONE, gray, fresh, soft, very
close to close jointing, laminated to thin bedded dipping
20 deg, fissile along some laminations. Has clay seam
33.2'-33.4'. (Tenmile Formation)
100
R2
RQD = 28
C- 4 (36.4-41.4) MUDSTONE, gray, fresh, soft, very

close to close jointing, laminated to thin bedded dipping
20 deg, fissile along some laminations. Has clay seam
37.0'-37.2'. (Tenmile Formation)
thin bedded dipping

20 deg, fissile along
bedding; (Tenmile
Formation)
Drilling method changed

to HQ3-WL (25'-41.4')
WC brown, then light
gray to white
WC Gray
30
35
40
Backfilled with bentonite

chips (41.4'-0')
(41.4) Bottom of hole.
ODOT DRILL LOG DODGE CREEK BRIDGES.GPJ ODOT_MAN.GDT 10/27/09
45
50
55
60
63
Bottom of hole 41.4'
Backfill/
Instrumentation
C3
Unit Description
SOIL: Soil Name, USCS, Color, Plasticity,

Moisture, Consistency/Relative Density,
Texture, Cementation, Structure, Origin.
ROCK: Rock Name, Color, Weathering, Hardness,
Discontinuity Spacing, Joint Filling,
Core Recovery, Formation Name.
50/2"
RQD = 0
R2
RQD = 88
R2
RQD = 78
of 2
Water Level/
Date
100
Page 2
Graphic Log
C2
Percent
Natural Moisture
100
92
Material Description
Rock
Discontinuity Data
Or RQD%
N5
C1
Driving
Resistance
Percent Recovery
25
Test Type, No.
Depth (ft)
Soil
Hole No. 15970-01
Drilling
Methods, Size
and
Remarks
Project Name Dodge Creek Bridges
Section 7.1
Foundation Exercise
You are the bridge construction inspector on the
Dodge Canyon Creek Bridge. From the Foundation
Report, determine the anticipated type of material that
will be encountered and the recommended type of
bridge foundation to be used for Bridge #21162.
Anticipated material:
________________________
________________________
________________________
Bridge foundation:
________________________
Cofferdams
January, 2016
18
Section 7.1
View ODOT, Part 8/12
Cofferdams
A water-tight
enclosure that
allows the
construction of a
bridge foundation
in the dry.
January, 2016
19
Section 7.1
Cofferdams
Used in or
near water.
Cofferdams
A seal is used when sheet piling cannot be

driven to sufficient depth to cut off water
flow.
January, 2016
20
Section 7.1
Cofferdam With Seal
Construction Steps with Seal

Drive Sheet Piles
Cut Vent Holes
Install Bracing
Excavate
Drive Foundation Piles
Placing Concrete Seal
January, 2016
21
Section 7.1
Construction Steps with Seal Contd

De-water
Construct Footing and
Column in The Dry
Flood Cofferdam
Remove Cofferdam
Place Riprap
Sheet Piles
Check sheet piling
Size and Grade.
Deep-arch
interlocking sheet
piles are used.
January, 2016
22
Section 7.1
Sheet Piling Is Often Driven Using

a Temporary Guide Structure
All sheet piles

must be plumb.
Vibratory Hammer
January, 2016
23
Section 7.1
Sheet Piles
Drive sheet piling at a
cofferdam corner first
and then work your
way around.
Sheet Piles
Each sheet piling
section is driven about
3 feet at a time.
Sheet Piling sections
are driven
progressively around
the cofferdam until the
required depth is
reached.
January, 2016
24
Section 7.1
Vent Holes
Cut vent holes at high water elevation
Allows water to enter the cofferdam to
prevent cofferdam failure
Bracing
Cofferdams
require
adequate
bracing.
January, 2016
25
Section 7.1
Wet Excavation
Underwater Exploration
The inspector should take and record
soundings to determine underwater
elevations.
Under water inspection may be required by
divers to determine proper excavation to the
edges of the cofferdam, so that seals will
hold.
January, 2016
26
Section 7.1
Driving Foundation Pile

Template is often used
As a guide for pile location.
To establish elevation references.
Driving Foundation Pile

The inspector must:
Monitor Penetration and Bearing.
Take soundings after pile driving
to check for soil displacement.
January, 2016
27
Section 7.1

Keep water levels the same on both sides of
the cofferdam to prevent flow through the
seal.
Place concrete under water by means of a
Tremie Pipe.
Use a suitable plug in the Tremie Pipe
during the initial discharge of concrete to
keep water out.
Placing Concrete Seal 00540.48(e)

The concrete shall be placed continuously
until seal is completed. Minimum of 50 cy/hr.
Do not vibrate.
Tops of seals should be kept nearly
horizontal at all times.
Take soundings of the surface of the seal.
January, 2016
28
Section 7.1

2001.20(c)
Slump of 6-10
Entrained Air not required
De-water Cofferdam
After seal concrete reaches 2,200 psi
Sump pump usually required to keep work
area dry
January, 2016
29
Section 7.1
Completing Construction
Footing and pier constructed in the dry as in
other situations.
Cofferdam flooded.
Natural streams bed lines and grades
restored to avoid scour.
Riprap placed as required.
January, 2016
30

Introduction To Bridge Foundations

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Introduction To Bridge Foundations

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Section 7

Common Foundation Types

Footing Concrete Volume

ODOT Video, Part 8/12: Wet Structures