Vidyut Sanchaar Electrical & Electronics Department Magazine April 2014 NIT Arunachal Pradesh
Vidyut Sanchaar Electrical & Electronics Department Magazine April 2014 NIT Arunachal Pradesh
Vidyut Sanchaar Electrical & Electronics Department Magazine April 2014 NIT Arunachal Pradesh
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VISION
Our vision is to impart quality technical education with
strong underpinning of sound knowledge in the domain. Our
approach is interactive, innovative and quintessentially holistic.
Our goal is to produce imaginative entrepreneurs, technology
leaders of the new millennium and researchers with a
profound sense of humanistic and ethical values.
MISSION
Our mission is that of producing such Technical Engineers
who will not run after jobs but for whom jobs will run after
them, and such that they will create employment and develop
new technologies for faster, sustainable and inclusive growth.
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VIDYUT SANCHAAR
A half yearly magazine.
VISION
The vision behind the work is to provide the Students,
Faculties and Researchers a common platform for sharing
their imagination and creativity in form of writing or art;
Also to create an awareness of the ongoing innovations in
the field of technology and to inculcate the habit of finding
new and innovative ideas and knowledge.
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EDITORIAL
To accomplish great things, we must not only act but also dream; not only plan but also
believe- Anatole France
These lines surely go behind the idea of publishing the magazine realizing into
reality. The vision behind the work was to provide the Students, Faculties and Researchers a
common platform for sharing their imagination and creativity in form of writing or art; Also to
create an awareness of the ongoing innovations in the field of technology and to inculcate the
habit of remaining always hungry for knowledge.
Observing the success of the previous volume, it gives us immense sense of ecstasy
proffering before you the second volume of VIDYUT SANCHAAR. The power of
combination of creativity and knowledge from the mind and souls of sensitive artist gets true
appreciation and value only when they are placed at a large frame. Our endeavor at Vidyut
Sanchaar is to provide such frame for the future engineers.
We are extremely grateful to those who contributed without any inhibition and to the
management, for its motivation that enabled us to create this work successfully. We also express
our hearties thanks to the faculty members of Dept. of EEE for their regular guidance and
assistantship.
So, Get ready to be acquainted with the modern and take back the slice of talent you will not
find anywhere else.
EDITORIAL TEAM
Chairman
Mr. Rajen Pudur
(HOD, EEE)
Chief Advisor
Mr. Gomar Bam
(Tech. Asst. EEE)
Chief Editor
Mr. Ankit Kumar Garg
Prince Kumar
Ujjal Das
Devnath Sah
Contributors
Shweta rani
Kanchan Bharti
Tenzing Choney
Nanhi Kiran
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CONTENTS
Sr. No.
1.
2. .
3.
4.
5.
6.
Topic
Page
Addresses
Editorial
10 THINGS AN ENGINEERING
UNDERGRADUATE CAN LEARN FROM Mr.
Narendra Modi
software for an Electrical Engineering Student
9
12
16
14
Cathodic Protection
18
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
22
32
Piezoelectric Transducers
33
Autonomous hybrid PV /wind /diesel power
system for powering a remote tehsil in
Arunachal Pradesh
35
37
15.
40
16.
41
13.
14.
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17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
42
43
44
45
46
47
Creative Writings
55
Get acquainted with the dignitaries of NIT AP
Feedback form
59
61
28.
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5. Firmness: Modi is firm on his decisions, he make a survey of the issue and then after
looking all the aspects of the issue he makes final decision. Many reporters including the
Gujarat journalist Aakar patel have commented on Modi after interview that he is firm
and deterministic which helps him in forming straight forward strategy.
6. Tight Control: Modi has a tendency to control tightly and have overall control in his
hand. The examples of his tight controls can be seen from snoopgate scandal and fake
encounter cases.
7. Always updated: Modi is always updated with the current affairs. He has a dedicated
team which flows the information to him time to time whenever needed.
8. Innovation: Modi has implemented many innovative activities in Gujarat market, which
are succeeding due to which Gujarat is the most developed state of the country. An
engineer being an innovator, should try to produce new products in the market, which
are accessible and affordable by poor persons and needy.
9. Management: Modi is very good manager. He divides his work according the priority.
Engineers are managers by default since they know how to manage their hectic schedule.
10. Best team leader: Modi has organizational capabilities, which makes him the best team
leader. He knows how to utilize the available human resources to get the highest
efficiency.
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Need of the virtual lab environment furnished with different software for an
Electrical Engineering Student
Without any question and doubt it is obvious that todays engineering demands practical
and industrial knowledge rather than only core subject theory. Theory plays a very important role
in the understanding of subject but industrial and practical knowledge acts as an add-on benefit
for the engineers. Although the students, who are willing to be professor/ researcher/ scientist;
have to be conceptually and practically very strong. Each and every time it is very difficult to
perform the practices on hardware. Sometimes one has to do hard labor in deciding the
appropriate parameters of the circuit for a particular use.
Software programme plays a very important role in understanding of the subject like
circuit theory, power system, machine theory, control system and power electronics and drive
etc. In power plants, distribution substations, load centers and even in industries also all the
control actions are performed with the computer programs with appropriate synchronization of
hardware for necessary action. All the designs of wiring electrical systems and distribution
systems are done through software programs. So, it is very important to understand and learn
some software which are very frequently used worldwide in electrical engineering sector.
Some very popular and useful software in electrical engineering
MATLAB/SIMULINK: MATLAB is a high level language environment for numerical
computation, simulation and programming. With MATLAB one can analyze data, develop
algorithms and create the models of the system before practical application to check its
characteristic. One can use MATLAB for a range of applications, including signal processing
and communications, image and video processing, control systems, test and measurement,
computational finance, and computational biology. MATLAB can be extended by adding some
add-on products like parallel computing, statistics etc. The student version of the MATLAB is
available at website.
LabVIEW: LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) is system
design software from National Instrument that provides engineers and scientists with the tools
needed to create and deploy measurement and control systems. It has the unprecedented capacity
of integration with hardware. LabVIEW inspires you to solve problems, accelerates your
productivity, and gives you the confidence to continually innovate. Student version is available
of LabVIEW on website.
PSCAD: PSCAD (Power system Computer Aided Design) is a simulation programme specially
dedicated for study of transients in power system. It is graphical user interface medium with
many control tools available, which makes this software a convenient and interactive tool for
both analysis and design of any power system. PSCAD features a broad range of models of
power system and power electronics studies such as Frequency dependent transmission lines and
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CATHODIC PROTECTION
Corrosion: Underground and underwater corrosion of all metallic surface is basically an
electrochemical phenomenon in which different parts
of the structure undergoing corrosion act as
electrodes, while surrounding soil or water act as
electrolytes. A difference of potential is setup
between two parts of submerged underground
metallic structure due to varying conditions of
electrolyte like difference in temperature, salt
content, oxygen availability, moisture, etc. This
difference of potential acting between different parts
of structure sets up a flow of galvanic current
between these parts. The current set up this way
causes corrosion. At the points at which these
galvanic current emanate, the metallic ions react and
get dissolved into the electrolyte, leaving pits and
causing leaks on the surface of the metal.
Prevention of corrosion by Cathodic protection: The corrosion of submerged metallic
structures which takes place due to electrolytic action as explained above can be prevented by
counter-acting the galvanic corrosion current by means of superimposed DC current using an
external DC source. Thus, when direct current is applied to a submerged/underground structure
with a polarity, which opposes the natural galvanic current and is of sufficient magnitude so as to
polarize all the anodic area, corrosion is prevented. However, the current required to provide
complete protection depends on various conditions in which the structure operates. For example,
a ship may play with different drafts in water of varying salinity and temperature and with
varying speeds in different seawater velocity. Thus the current value to protect such ships has to
vary continuously. The amount of current so impressed has a bearing on the degree of protection
to the structure. If the current impressed higher than the required value, there is a risk of damage
to the protective coating, while if the current is lesser than the required value, the structure would
be partially protected.
Thus to obtain the optimum level of protection under varying conditions, it is necessary
to vary the impressed current continuously so as to maintain a constant level of protective
potential at the structure. This continuous monitoring and control can be achieved by providing
an automatic control for the cathodic protection system.
The RRL Automatic cathodic protection rectifier accomplishes this by monitoring the
structure to electrolyte potential with respect to reference electrode, continuously adjusting
the impressed current to maintain the structure to soil potential at a preset optimum
value.
Process of applying coating and wrapping:
First the pipe is cleaned by applying sand blasting.
Primer is applied on the clean pipe either by brush or spraying.
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Function of primer:
Bonding to surface
Corrosion suppression
Chemical resistance
Adhesion to coating over primer
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Advantages: The conversion efficiency of MHD system can be around 50%. Also we can
generate large amount of power instantly it has ability to reach the full load power level as soon
as started. Direct conversion of heat into electricity permits to eliminate turbine and boiler i.e.
reduces losses of energy. Hence it is more efficient compared to conventional generator.
Conclusion: Today we are getting maximum power generated from fossil fuels. But fossils fuels
wont last long. Also at some place renewable resources like Hydel energy, wind energy, solar
energy is not available. So, in my view it is the best method to meet energy requirement of such
places. MHD system has less losses and it is more reliable (as it has no moving parts), hence it
can be used anywhere. Hope in our country we would be able to develop and implement this
method very soon.
Kanchan Bharati
2nd Year,EEE
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Phasor measurement units, or PMUs, are a new "smart" technology being deployed throughout
North America, monitoring what happens on the transmission grid. PMUs make measurements at
short time intervalstypically 30 times per secondsignificantly faster than the conventional
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) technology, which makes measurements only
every few seconds. (For comparison, electricity alternates at a frequency of 60 times per second
on the system.) The more-frequent measurements from the PMUs can reveal system dynamics
that would not be apparent with the older SCADA systems. All PMUs across an interconnection
are kept in precise time synchronization using GPS. This synchronization provides the capability
to easily compare system data among geographically dispersed units, creating wide-area
visibility across large power systems, which was not previously possible using older technology.
Conclusion and outlook
The security of power supply in terms of reliability and blackout prevention has the
utmost priority when planning and extending power grids. The aspect of sustainability is
gradually gaining in importance in view of such challenges as the global climate protection and
economical use of power resources running short. A more appropriate way is to integrate
renewable energy resources to a greater extent in the future and, in addition to this, to increase
the efficiency of conventional power generation as well as power transmission and distribution
without loss of system security.
The future power grids will have to withstand increasingly more stresses caused by large-scale
energy trading and a growing share of fluctuating regenerative energy sources, such as wind and
solar power. In order to keep generation, transmission and consumption in balance, the grids
must become more flexible, i.e. they must be controlled in a better way. State-of-the-art power
electronics with HVDC and FACTS technologies provides a wide range of applications with
different solutions, which can be adapted to the respective grid in the best possible manner.
Prince Kumar
3rd Year, EEE
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Working: Concentrated sunlight heats up the devices semiconductor cathode to more than
degrees centigrade. Photo excited hot electrons stream out of the cathodes Nano textured
underside down to the anode, where they are collected as direct electrical current. Additional
solar and device heat is collected below the anode to run electricity-generating steam turbine.
2. Solar cells based on organic materials that possess electrodes that are both
flexible and transparent (FLEXTRODES) New research from the Okinawa
Institute of Science and Technology (OIST)
Traditional silicon-based solar cells are expensive to make because of the cost of the raw
materials and stringent fabrication requirements. Silicon-based solar cells are also rigid and
opaque, meaning their usage and placement is limited. These flexible conductive materials are
also transparent. The fabrication of the Flextrodes, as these flexible transparent electrodes have
been named is more cost effective and potentially easier to fabricate using a method called rollto-roll coating, due to their flexible nature. For example, the main component for fabricating
Flextrodes is PET, the same inexpensive and readily available plastic that comprises disposable
drink bottles. In addition, their use and placement is potentially much more diverse than the
silicon cells. For example, they may even be placed on windows since the organic solar cells can
be made partially transparent.
3. A simple and economical way of processing to fabricate Graphene-based solar
cell (Research developed by Gujarat Energy and Research Management
Institute (GERMI)
Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, has many novel
properties. It has high electrical conductivity (better than copper) and very high (90%)
transparency makes Graphene an ideal material for fabrication of transparent and current
spreading electrodes. Graphene can be used to produce low-cost solar cells; the cost of setting up
such plants will come down substantially. Further improvements can be achieved.
4. Continuous Flow Solar Micro-reactor
The method involves the use of a continuous flow micro-reactor to make nano particle inks that
produce solar cells by printing. Current approaches based mainly on batch operations are more
time-consuming and more expensive. In the new process, simulated sunlight is focused on a solar
micro- reactor to quickly heat it. The micro-reactor allows for accurate control of temperature to
enhance the quality of the finished product. In these experiments, light was produced artificially,
but the process could be done with direct sunlight, and at a fraction of the cost of current
methods. The system can synthesize solar energy materials in minutes compared to other
processes that might take
minutes to two hours. This gain in operation speed can lower cost.
5. Thin Film Solar Cells
Solar materials in the experiment were fabricated using copper indium diselenide, but to
lower material costs it might also be possible to use a compound such as copper zinc tin sulfide.
To make the process something that could go 24 hours a day, sunlight might at first be used to
create molten salts which could be used later as an energy source for the manufacturing. This
could provide even more control precision in the processing temperatures required to create the
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solar energy materials. Modern chalcogenide-based, thin film solar cells have reached a solar
energy conversion efficiency of about 20 per cent in the laboratory, researchers said, while
costing less than silicon technology. Further improvements in efficiency should be possible.
Another advantage of these thin-film approaches to solar energy is that the solar absorbing layers
are, in fact, thin - about 1-2um, instead of the 50-100um of more conventional silicon cells. The
thinness could ease the incorporation of solar energy into structures.
6. New Stacked Solar Cells
Semprius Inc., an innovator in high concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) solar modules, has
manufactured the first four-junction, four-terminal stacked solar cell using its proprietary micro
transfer printing process. The new stacked solar cell is comprised of a three-junction microcell
that is stacked on top of a single-junction germanium microcell using Semprius high-speed
micro transfer printing process, which enables the simultaneous formation of thousands of
stacked microcells with very high yields. By using four junctions, the stacked cell is able to
capture light across a broader portion of the solar spectrum and therefore achieve efficiencies
much higher than conventional silicon and thin-film single-junction solar cells. Initial trials
yielded solar cells with measured efficiencies up to 43.9 percent. This process is capable of
achieving solar cell efficiencies greater than 50 percent in the near future.
Tenzin Choney
3rd Year, EEE
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through a conductor will produce a magnetic field that varies with current, and an interesting
feature of this sensor is that, it can be used to measure the current without interrupting the
circuit. They are also used with brushless DC motors to detect the position of the permanent
magnet. The need of this sensor is to detect the position of permanent magnet and produce
respective voltage which in turn controls the rotation. This makes the clock display clear.
When used with microcontrollers they may require some interfacing circuitry. The interface
section basically depends upon the sensor used.
B. Encoder:A device which converts a signal or certain data into code is called an encoder. Analog or
digital encoders are found in many applications. Encoding in analog devices is done using analog
circuitry, while in digital the encoding is done using program algorithms.
C. Decoder:A Decoder decodes an encoded signal or encoded data. They are helpful in retrieving the data
that had been encoded. Whenever encoders are used they are complimented by decoders as well.
Here both are used to decode and encode the information obtained from the sensor for the
microcontroller to process. Here TX-2B is used for decoding purpose. It is a CMOS LSI
designed for remote controlled applications.
D. LEDs:Seven blue LEDs are used to display clock digits for digital clock
and clock arms for analog clock time period. One red LED is used to make a
circular frame, while one yellow LED is used to form numbers in the analog
clock fig.
E. IR Transmitter:A Low cost miniature plastic package used for specific online and radiant intensity
ranges is called an Infrared Transmitter.
5. SIMULATION SOFTWARE AND TOOLS
Few software and Simulators are used like, Edsim Simulator, Multisim 11 and
Microvision Keil. Edsim Simulator is used to perform simulation of Assembly code, so first we
checked our program in Edsim and checked all the values of registers like Accumulator and so
on. In Multism11 we designed the schematic of the project. Microvision Keil software was used
to convert the Assembly code to HEX file and for uploading the program from the computer to
programmer. We have used ATMEL series programmer in which we can program various
ATMELs ICs and AVR too.
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6. CONCLUSION
Speed of the LED's (Frame rate):The rotational speed of the LED's affects directly how many pictures can be displayed in a
Second. This corresponds to the frame rate. On a modern TV, the frame rate is 100Hz. More the
frame rate, the less flickering of the picture. Because on the Propeller Display the picture is
scanned mechanically, it is not easy to achieve high frame rates. The propeller has to be very
well balanced to keep vibrations as low as possible and keep the speed of the rotating LED's as
high as possible.
The idea behind using the propeller mechanism was to design a display. We choose a
clock as our display idea and successfully implemented it. The clock works in both modes analog
and digital Interesting feature was making it remote control and wireless. It was also achieved
using IR sensor. It is helpful wherever there is a need of automatic display.
Ujjal Das,
2 year,EEE.
nd
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Piezoelectric Transducers
It is the conversion of electrical pulses to mechanical vibrations and the conversion of
returned mechanical vibrations back into electrical energy. Its major application is in the
ultrasonic testing and is also used in many field radios and microphones because they can
convert electricity into mechanical action and vice versa. Piezoelectric transducers release
electricity when pressed, they are used in many types of electric starters.
In the conversion process an active element is used. These active element is basically a
piece of polarized material (some part are positive while others are negative) with electrode
attached to two of its opposite faces. When an electric field is applied across the material, the
polarized molecules will align themselves with the electric field resulting in induced dipole
within the molecules or crystal structure of the material. This alignment of molecules will cause
the material to change dimensions. This phenomenon is known as electrostriction. Materials with
crystal lattices can store energy or release it as electricity when put under physical stress.e.g. a
permanently-polarized material such as quartz (SiO2) or barium titanate (BaTiO3) will produce
an electric field when the material changes dimensions as a result of an imposed mechanical
force. This phenomenon is known as the piezoelectric effect. It can be used as both sensor and
actuator so term as transducer.
Piezoelectric Sensor
The sensor turns mechanical energy into electric potential. The high sensitivity of
piezoelectric transducers makes them useful in microphones, where they convert sound pressure
into electric voltage, in precision balances, in accelerometers and motion detectors, and as
generators and detectors of ultrasound. They are also used in non-destructive testing, in the
generation of high voltages, and in many other applications requiring the precise sensing of
motion or force. It is also used to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, strain or force by
converting them to an electrical charge.
Piezoelectric Actuator
The actuator converts electrical energy into mechanical force or motion. The
piezoelectric effect also works in reverse, in that a voltage applied to a piezoelectric material will
cause that material to bend, stretch, or otherwise deform. This deformation is usually very slight
and proportional to the voltage applied, and so the reverse effect offers a method of precision
movement on the micro scale. A transducer may, therefore, be used as an actuator for the exact
adjustment of fine optical instruments, lasers, and atomic force microscopes.
Application of Piezoelectric Transducer
Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be versatile tools for the measurement of various
processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control and for research and development
in many industries. Although the piezoelectric effect was discovered by Pierre Curie in 1880, it
was only in the 1950s that the piezoelectric effect started to be used for industrial sensing
applications. Since then, this measuring principle has been increasingly used and can be regarded
as a mature technology with an outstanding inherent reliability. It has been successfully used in
various applications, such as in medical, aerospace, nuclear instrumentation, and as a tilt sensor
in consumer electronics or a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile phones. In the
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Renewable energy technologies offer the promise of clean, abundant energy gathered from selfrenewing resources such as the sun, wind, water, earth, and plants. Hybrid power systems
consist of a combination of renewable energy sources such as: photovoltaic (PV), wind
generators, hydro, etc. to charge batteries and provide power to meet the energy demand,
considering the local geography and other details of the place of installation. These types of
systems are very useful in the areas which are unable to connect to the utility grid. But special
attention is required before implementing the hybrid systems. One major issue is the variable and
unpredictable character of energy supply from renewable sources.
Objective
In this project a linear model of a standalone hybrid renewable energy system has been
developed (PV, wind turbine, diesel generator) and optimized for minimum operating and
installation cost using Matlab /Simulink. The model is useful for simulation of autonomous
hybrid PV-wind system, not connected to a grid. Blocks like wind model, PV model, battery
model, diesel generator model, energy conversion and load are implemented and the results of
simulation are also obtained.
The system consists of a load profile representing a base station, PV panels and a wind
turbine as renewable power sources, batteries for storing excess energy and to improve the
system reliability, a diesel generator for backup power as well as dummy load for dumping
excess power. The buses are joined through a bidirectional power converter. The system model
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has been implemented with MATLAB/Simulink. The controller oversees the power
flows within the whole system and triggers the diesel generator when needed. The load is
assumed to be that of a real data collected from Leporiang, Arunachal Pradesh. As further
input, the model uses data of the insolation, wind speeds (latitude 27.12 longitude 93.2E) .Using
a 1 sec interval, the system has been simulated for a time frame of 24 sec assumed for 24 hour.
Then, system performance has been analyzed and total operation costs have been computed.
Key parameters of the components and the system settings are then varied and the
simulation has been repeated, with the goal to minimize overall cost. At each point in time, the
load needs to be covered and therefore the equilibrium of generated, stored and used power
needs to be satisfied. This is achieved by redirecting power from or into the batteries using the
control strategy implemented in the Battery Management System. Furthermore the constraints
for the model components need to be fulfilled.
The optimization problem is formulated, in this work, to achieve a minimum total cost for
the system components and to ensure that the load is served reliably. The results yield, also, that
the PV-wind hybrid energy systems are the most economical and reliable solution for
electrifying remote area loads like to that of LEPORIANG in Arunachal Pradesh. The load
following strategy provides best result relative to leveled cost of operation and energy
consumption. The excess dumped load can be used to as an electrolytic hydrogen generator
which uses the dumped power to separate hydrogen from water and can be used as further energy
sources whenever necessary as a future prospect. Hence we developed a linear model of a
standalone hybrid renewable energy system and optimize it for minimum operating cost and
installations.
Devnath sah,
3rd, EEE
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Civil Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Every year, lakhs of engineering graduates compete in the IES exam for a few hundred seats.
Perhaps, this is why IES exam is considered to be a very tough exam not just in India but the
world over. Owing to the degree of toughness of the exam, the candidates who clear the IES
exam and become IES officers enjoy immense respect and stature in the society.
The examination comprises a written test followed by a personal interview. Usually written test
takes almost 3 days and then dates of PI are announced by the authority as per their convenience
and the merit.
Number of days: 3 Number of hours: 10 hours
Total marks: 1,200 (Written and personnel interview)
Written test (Type: Descriptive and objective) Total marks: 1,000
Paper
Type
Subject
Marks
Paper I
Objective
200
Paper II
Objective
Electrical Engineering
200
Day - 2
2 hours
Paper III
Objective
Electrical Engineering
200
Day - 2
2 hours
Paper IV
Conventional (Subjective)
Electrical Engineering
200
Paper V
Conventional (Subjective)
Electrical Engineering
200
Day - 3
2 hours
Day - 3 &
2 hours
Total
Day/
Hours
Day - 1
2 hours
1000
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FINAL
YEAR
PROJECT
S
Expert Supervisor:
Prof. Saibal Chattarjee
NERIST
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Study and Design analysis of small hydro power plant analysis in Arunachal
Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh, the land of rising sun is considered to have maximum hydro potential in the
country with bury of rivers, small streams and water outlets from mountains. With the dissemination of
knowledge, many small hydro power plant are being developed in the remote areas which are either grid
connected or stand alone.
Challenges:
Literature Survey:
Arunachal Pradesh is situated in the North-Eastern part of India with 83743 sq. kms area and has a long
international border with Bhutan to the west (160 km), China to the north and north-east (1,080 km) and
Myanmar to the east (440 km). It is situated between latitude 26 30' N and 29 30 ' N and longitude 91
30' E and 97 30' E. Rivers divide the state into five river valleys: the Kameng, the Subansiri, the Siang,
the Lohit and the Tirap. Arunachal Pradesh receives heavy rainfall of 2,000 to 4,100 millimetres (79 to
161 in) annually, most of it between May and September.
Finding:
We visited two power plant of Arunachal Pradesh namely Tago Hydro power plant located in near Ziro
and Gching Hydro power plant located near Aalo(previously named Along). Tago hydel was grid
connected and supply its produce only to the grid rather than making the generation available for local
use. Gching hydel was for local use and was a standalone system. The produce was used for the use for
nearby village.
Contribution:
The study made led to the following conclusion:
1. There is no proper voltage and frequency regulating device in the generating station.
2. Reliability is least on both the power plant
3. Voltage stability is one of the major problems in both the plant.
4. Power Quality was hazardous mainly in the case of Gching power plant.
5. Manpower were not much efficient to give necessary results and check the problems.
6. The potential can be tapped in more proper way and optimized plant can be developed.
As per observation and study of plant a prototype was developed by our team using MATALB
SIMULINK. The model was checked with some of the voltage and frequency regulating schemes. Further
addition filter for the system were added to reduce harmonics of the system. The voltage was controlled
using voltage regulator modeled. The changes are recommended as a part of the project for introducing it
in the power plant for the betterment and reduction of the impact by issues existing presently.
Guide By:
Mr. Rajen Pudur, Mr. Rally Sango
Assistant Professor, NIT Arunachal Pradesh
Submitted By:
The increasing environmental concerns and the fact that the Internal Combustion Engine
(ICE) vehicles produce many harmful gases viz. NO, CO, CO2, N2O, etc. did gave a rise in the
large scale development of electric vehicle. Electric vehicles offer a huge advantage over the
ICEs that their emission, which is zero. But, what has stopped the full scale production of
electric vehicles is their short range. Short range of electric vehicles is one of the stumbling
blocks in the way of electric cars to gaining wide user acceptance and becoming a major market
player.
The study proposes a basic architecture of the electric vehicle. A torque control algorithm
is proposed to control the speed of the electric vehicle running at a maximum rated speed. The
control and dynamics of braking is similar to a conventional vehicle with friction braking. In this
research, the MATLAB based model of a mid-sized electric vehicle is studied using MATLAB.
Through this model the practical working of a similar vehicle can be studies without any actual
implementation. From the results obtained we try to draw a conclusion on the difference in
energy recuperation level in the two strategies with consistent pedal feel in mind. Care has been
taken to observe and adjust brake torque such that wheel lock up is prevented. The results
provide a good case to invest more time and money into developing of electric vehicles for a
better and greener future. The simulation tests conducted in this research are for a longitudinal
braking scenario. Further investigation is required to study effects with lateral motion and
cornering manoeuvres.
Guided By:
Rajen Pudur
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Brajagopal Datta
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Submitted By:
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Guided By:
Mr. Rajen Pudur
Assistant Professor, EEE
Mr. Brajagopal Dutta
Assistant Professor, EEE
Submitted By:
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We are in a time of extra ordinary uncertainty and exceptional turbulence, what used to work
doesnt work now, so as to cope with futuristic approach of transmission system, we had to over
think our approach towards new ideas. That is underground power transmission system.
Those who resist changing and fearfully hang on to tradition same old practice in a
Completely new world will became extinct.
-Anonymous
Guide By:
Mr. Rajen Pudur
Assistant Professor, NIT Arunachal Pradesh
Submitted By:
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Guide By:
Mr. Abhishek Kumar
Assistant Professor, NIT Arunachal Pradesh
Submitted By:
Why remote locations: In a developing country like India, for all round development,
electrification of rural and remote locations is must. It has been seen that proper electrification of
a place leads to proper and rapid economic and social development. But at present we find that
the electrification of rural and remote places is not up to the mark. One major problem has been
the grid connectivity of these places. The grid connectivity is not adequate to meet the demands
of these places. One reason for this is the topographical conditions which pose difficulties for
grid connectivity or due to remote locations it is not economical (due to transmission losses).
But it has been found that such remote locations are generally rich in local natural
renewable resources like- water is available in bulk, solar insolation is high, wind blow at high
speeds. These resources are abundant and inexhaustible. So these resources must be utilized
properly. Small plants can be set up at such locations to meet the demands locally.
Since for these remote areas the power demand is small (several Kilowatts) and highly
variable. So for such plants uncontrolled turbines are preferred on economic grounds due to the
low demands but the problem arises due to the variable nature of the demand which varies
greatly over a day. Since uncontrolled turbines are used so with the variation of load there are
abrupt changes in the voltage and frequency of the system thereby making it unstable. The
frequency variation of 2% and term inal voltage variation of 5 from their nominal rated values
are generally acceptable. So we need a strong and reliable system to maintain the voltage and
frequency.
We are implementing a STATCOM based controller with Induction generator as the
machine. STATCOM regulates the voltage during load variation by fulfilling a continuous and
varying reactive power demand of generators and loads, while a dump load absorbs additional
generated power which is not consumed by the consumer loads so that total generated voltage at
the generators terminal remain constant which in turn regulates the system frequency. Induction
generators are preferred for such applications because it offers rugged brushless rotor
construction with least maintenance requirement over conventional generators along with several
other advantages.
Guide By:
Mr. Abhishek Kumar
Assistant Professor, NIT Arunachal Pradesh
Submitted By:
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Guided By:
Mr. SHANTANU CHATTERJEE
Assistant Professor, NIT Arunachal Pradesh
Submitted By:
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Design of active power filter for non-linear load for harmonic reduction
In a normal alternating current power system, the current varies sinusoidal at a specific
frequency, usually 50 or 60 hertz. When a linear electrical load is connected to the system, it
draws a sinusoidal current at the same frequency as the voltage (though usually not in phase with
the voltage). Harmonics are caused by non-linear loads. When a non-linear load, such as a
rectifier, is connected to the system, it draws a current that is not necessarily sinusoidal. The
current waveform can become quite complex, depending on the type of load and its interaction
with other components of the system. Regardless of how complex the current waveform
becomes, as described through Fourier series analysis, it is possible to decompose it into a series
of simple sinusoids, which start at the power system fundamental frequency and occur at integer
multiples of the fundamental frequency. Further examples of non-linear loads include common
office equipment such as computers and printers, Fluorescent lighting, battery chargers and also
variable-speed drives. The most common harmonic in electrical power systems is the third.
Active power filters are widely used for the reduction of harmonics in the power system caused
by nonlinear loads. The conventional method to mitigate the harmonics is by using passive LC
filters but this method has drawbacks like large size, resonance problem and fixed compensation
behavior etc., so this solution becomes ineffective. Subsequently, the active power filter (APF)
comes in to the picture, which gives promising solution to compensate for the above adverse
effects of harmonics by using suitable control algorithms. Different APF topologies have been
proposed by many authors, such as series, shunt and hybrid type and these may be based on
current source or voltage source. Series APF is used to compensate the voltage harmonics and
shunt type for current harmonics. As non-linear loads inject current harmonics to the power
system, the suitable choice to eliminate current harmonics is voltage source shunt APF. The
Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) injects a suitable compensating current at a point of the line
known as the point of common coupling (PCC) so that the harmonics present in the line are
cancelled out and the sinusoidal nature of voltage and current waveforms are restored. A three
phase current controlled voltage source inverter (VSI) with a DC link capacitor across it is used
as an active filter. Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) algorithm is used to extract the
harmonic components. Hysteresis band current control (HBCC) technique is used for the
generation of firing pulses to the inverter. This system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink
and the results are presented.
Guide By:
Mr. SHANTANU CHATTERJEE
Assistant Professor, NIT Arunachal Pradesh
Submitted By:
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NEWS
AND
VIEW
s
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IEEE Workshop
The student chapter of IEEE was set up in our institute for the need of research and
development. This chapter promotes research in the field of engineering and makes student
aware from the various advancement made in the field of science and technology. In this context
the member student of the chapter organized two day workshop on ASP.Net with C#. the basic
concepts of Microsoft visual studio and some other technical software were discussed along
with the knowledge of ASP.Net. Students were trained to develop the dynamic web pages; also
they were assigned homework to develop their own website. Participants were very satisfied
with the knowledge and concepts they gained in this period.
Role
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Creativ
e
Writings
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Believe in yourself
Promise Yourself
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Positive Thinking
Anonymous
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His main areas of interests are social Stratification and Inequality, Rural Development
and Agrarian Studies, Problems of Underdevelopment, Ethnicity and employment, Decentralized
planning, Panchayat, Women Studies, Joint forest management, Social Engineering and
Entrepreneurship.
Face 2 face with Dr. S. K. Dutta Sir
Question: How is your teaching experience being with the students of NIT AP?
Answer: It was indeed an excellent experience I had while teaching the B. Tech students of
NIT A.P. Of course the course I taught on Entrepreneurship, which was not the major subject
of engineering but it will definitely help them in their future carrier development and many
more opportunities.
Similarly, while teaching the M. Tech course on Appropriate technology and
Entrepreneurship practices I encounter several question as the students cant be an
aspirant for job rather they have to create opportunities for others. Its a collaborative
programme and presently they are in Hyderabad with NIRD and visiting lot of enterprises
and had developed confidence to open enterprise by themselves.
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Question: Throw some light on your best moments pertaining to teaching and working with the
students of NIT Arunachal Pradesh!
Answer: My teaching is dialogue not monologue i.e., more interactive where the students are
thrown for exclusive learning. This is I practice and got a good result. I am sure those who took
interest they have gained a lot.
Secondly, The cultural festival Atulyam 2013, where the students whole heartedly
participated and therefore it was successful. Of course, I had many other plans which I could not
do.
Question: What is the distinguished factor of NIT A.P. which makes it different from other
prestigious institutions?
Answer: Their difficulty to say now as facilities are yet to be provided. With minimum facilities
the students are doing excellent. But more creative work like Roshni need to be developed and
has to be carried by the juniors as well.
Question: In your opinion what are the novel activities a student can perform in NIT Arunachal
Pradesh looking at the geographical condition of the region?
Answer: NIT needs to bridge the gap between the NIT community and the larger society around.
A strategy needs to be developed by the students and faculty together to develop the life and
living of the entire region.
Question: Does the environment of Yupia suites for an engineering student? What is your
opinion!
Answer: Environment is not bed, the only problem is road infrastructure which needs to be
developed. Communication is another constraint. I did try once in consultation with the district
administration but failed. We need to work conjointly and then this would definitely be possible.
Question: What difference did you see among the students on NIT AP and other prestigious
institution being the T&P in-charge?
Answer: Main problem is the infrastructure, we dont have placement cell as such where the
company executives generally interact with T&P in-charge as well as with the students. Most of
the good institutions are having this facility, so that student coordinators play an important role
and are very active, which is lacking in our institute. Due to less number of students the
corporates are reluctant to visit us, therefore the only option is pool campus placement process
which we are availing but we need to do lot and for which student cooperation is necessary, but
we hardly get good response from them.
Question: Please give us some tips to increase efficiency while studying.
Answer: one should regularly go through the aptitudes either he has placed or not. Many books
are available in market. One can procure those books or else ask our library to get those. I am
sure our director is quite open and liberal in getting those for your benefit.
Question: Any message that you would like to give for NITians!
Answer: Be honest, bold and creative!!!
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