BASIC ELECTRICAL

LABORATORY MANUAL
Department of Electrical Engineering

2016-17

INSTRUCTIONS TO BE FOLLOWED BY THE

STUDENTS IN THE BASIC ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING LABORATORY
1. They must come to lab wearing shoes, having rubber soles. Sandals
& slippers are strictly prohibited.
2. They must not touch any conductor or any terminal etc. without
checking whether it is live or not.
3. They must not loosely dressed.
4. They must not put on the supply without getting the connection
checked.
5. They should see the bare conductors and should not touch the
metallic body of the apparatus.
6. They should not lean over the instruments or the tables.
7. They must not disturb the connection of other tables.
8. They must maintain discipline to avoid any type of accident or miss
happenings.

2|Page

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Testing of single phase energy meter at different power factors.
2. Study of open circuit and short circuit test of single phase
transformer.
3. Study of load test of single phase transformer.
4. Study of power factor at different loads i.e. resistive, inductive &
capacitive.
5. Measurement of single phase power by three ammeter and three
voltmeter method.
6. Verification of Thevenin and Superposition theorem.
7. Measurement of three phase power by two wattmeter method.
8. To find the magnetization characteristic of a separately excited DC
generator.
9. To observe speed control of DC motor using:
(A) Variation of armature voltage.
(B) Variation of field flux.

3|Page

TESTING OF
single
phase
ENERGY
METER AT
0.5, 0.866
AND 1.0 P.F.
4|Page

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Testing of single phase energy meter at different power factor i.e. 0.5, 0.866 and 1.0.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Name Of Apparatus
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Single phase energy meter
Single phase Variac
Triple Pole Iron Clad Switch

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5|Page

Specification
0-300(MI)
0-3A(MI)
0-600(MI)
230V,5A,1500 RPK
0-300V,10A

Quantity
3
1
1
1
2
1

THEORY:
1. Energy Meter: - It is used to calculate energy (kilowatt hour) at each instant of time. So
this type of instrument is called integrating type instrument. It is used for both household
& industrial purposes. It has two coils i.e. current coil & pressure coil. Current coil
measures the current through the circuit & pressure coil measures the voltage. And the
arrangements of the instrument can measure also the power factor. Thus this meter
measure the energy (power X time) with the help of gears arrangement.
2. Testing Of 1 Energy Meter: - For testing, we need two phases that is 2400 displaced.
Here R phase and B phase are 2400 displaced. In the arrangement given in the circuit
diagram pressure coil of energy meter is always taking voltage from R phase only and
current coil of energy meter has the provision for taking current from R phase and B
phase simultaneously or individually.
Case-1:When VRN =0 and VBN has some voltage then current coil of energy meter will
take current from B phase. So power factor angle=600 as shown below in the
phasor diagram.
Power factor=cos600=0.5

Case-2:When VBN has equal voltage with VRN then current coil of energy meter will take current
from B phase and R phase equally. So power factor angle=300 as shown below in the phasor
diagram.
Power factor=cos300=0.866

6|Page

Case-3:When VBN =0 and VRN has some voltage then current coil of energy meter will take current
from R phase. So power factor angle=00 as shown below in the phasor diagram.
Power factorcos00=1

7|Page

Precautions:
1. Do not switch on power supply without concerning respective teachers.
2. Single phase auto transformer must be kept at minimum potential point.
3. See the revolution of energy meter if it rotates reversely then change the terminal of
pressure coil.

PROCEDURE:
From the vector diagram, calculate the required voltage to apply through the two Variac
and change the power factor as given.

Cos

SL NO

OBSERVATION:
V1

VRN

VBN

VPC

(in

(in

(in

(in

(in

Volt)

Volt)

Volt)

Volt)

amp)

R.P.M

R.P.H

VPCICos=P1
(In watt.)

. .

=P2

(In watt.)

PERCENTAGE
ERROR=
(

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Graph:
Plot a curve between percentage errors in Y-axis vs power factors in X-axis.

CONCLUSION:
To be written by student.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.

8|Page

How do you vary the p.f. using two auto-transformers?

How many terminals in a single phase energy meter have?
Why energy meter is tested at different power factor.
What is the difference between current coil & pressure coil in an energy
meter?

OPEN CIRCUIT
AND SHORT
CIRCUIT TEST
Of single
phase
TRANSFORMER
9|Page

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To perform the open circuit and short circuit test of a single phase transformer and to
calculate the voltage regulation & efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No.
1
2
4
5
6
7
8

Name Of Apparatus
Single phase transformer
Wattmeter
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Single Phase Variac

Specification
1KVA,125/250V,50 HZ
(0-1000)W , Digital
0-1A
0-5A
0-300V
0-50V
0-270V, 5A

Quantity
1
2
1
1
1
1
1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
The performance of a transformer can be calculated on the basis of its equivalent circuit
which contains four main parameters, the equivalent resistance R01 as referred to primary( or
secondary R02), the equivalent leakage reactance X01 as referred to primary, the core-loss
conductance G0 and the magnetizing susceptance B0. These constants or parameters can be easily

10 | P a g e

determined by two test i.e. open circuit test and short circuit test. These are very economical and
convenient, because they furnish the required information without actually loading the
transformer.
O.C. Test:The purpose of O.C. test is to determine no load loss or
core loss and no load I0 which is helpful in finding X0 and R0.
One winding of the transformer whichever is convenient but
usually high voltage winding is left open and the other is
connected to its supply of normal voltage and frequency. A
wattmeter (W), Voltmeter (V) and ammeter (A) are connected
in the low voltage winding i.e. primary winding in the present
case. With normal voltage applied to the primary, normal flux
will be setup in the core, hence normal iron loss will occur
which are recorded by the wattmeter. As the primary no load
current I0 is small, Cu loss is negligibly small in primary and
nil in secondary. Hence, the wattmeter reading represents
practically the core loss under no load condition.
S.C. Test:For short circuit test, one winding usually the low voltage winding, is solidly shortcircuited by a thick conductor (or through an ammeter which may serve the additional purpose of
indicating rated load current).
A low voltage (usually 5 to 10% of normal primary voltage) at rated frequency (though for Cu
losses it is not essential) is applied to the primary and is cautiously increased till full- load
current is flowing both in primary and secondary (as indicated by the respective ammeters).
Since, in this test, the applied voltage is a small percentage of the normal voltage, the mutual flux
produced is also a small percentage of its normal value. Hence, core loss is very small with the
result that the wattmeter reading represents the full load Cu loss or I2R loss for the whole
transformer i.e. both primary Cu loss and secondary Cu loss. If Vsc is the voltage required to
circulate rated load current, then Z01= Vsc/I.
A two winding transformer can be represented by means of an equivalent circuit as
shown below

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Precautions:
1. Dont switch on power supply without concerning teachers.
2. Single phase auto transformer must be kept at minimum potential point before switch on
the experiment.

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST PROCEDURE:

1. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Open circuit the HV side and apply rated
voltage to the LV side through a Variac. The cupper loss is negligible since there is only
no load current is flowing. Hence, power consumed, is the core loss of the transformer.
2. Note voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.

ObservatiOn table:
V

I0

(in volt)

(in amp)

(in watt)

IW=

IM=

COS =

W=VI0COS
IW=

, IM=

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST PROCEDURE:

1. Connect as shown in the circuit diagram. Short circuit the LV side and apply a low
voltage to the HV side through an auto transformer. The iron loss is negligible since
the flux will be very low in both side of the transformer.
2. Increase the voltage gradually till full load current flows in the HV side. Note
voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter reading.

ObservatiOn table:
V

Isc

Wc

(in Volt)

(in amp)

(in watt)

Let the total equivalent resistance of primary and secondary referred to primary side be
R01 ohms and the total equivalent leakage reactance referred to primary side be X01 ohms.
Wc = Isc2R01
Hence R01 = Wc / Isc2 Also V /Isc = Z01

12 | P a g e

and X01 =

CalCulation:
1. Now draw the equivalent circuit diagram.
2. Determine the regulation of the transformer at various loads for an assumed load
power factor of 0.8 lagging.
Regulation percent =

X 100

Where
Vo = No load voltage of Transformer.
3. Calculate efficiency at power factor 0.8 lagging.

ConClusion:
To be written by the student.

Discussion QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Why iron is chosen as the material for the core of the transformer? Why not we use
aluminum?
Why transformer is rated in KVA?
What is the difference between Hysteresis loss & Eddy current loss?
What is the difference between step up & step down transformer?
Why core loss is constant in a transformer?

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LOAD TEST
OF SINGLE
PHASE
TRANSFORMER

14 | P a g e

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To study load test of single phase transformer and determine its efficiency and voltage
regulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No.

Name of Apparatus

Specification

Quantity

1
2
3
4
5
6

1 Transformer
1 Autotransformer
Wattmeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Resistive load

230/230,3KVA
0-270V,15A
300V,15A, Dynamometer Type,UPF
0-10A ,Moving Iron(MI)
0-300V (MI)
3 KW

1
1
2
2
2
1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
When the secondary winding of a transformer is connected to a load and a voltage V is
applied to the primary winding, the transformer is said to be operated under load condition.
Under this condition transformer copper loss increases with increase in current .So efficiency
changes. Maximum efficiency point reaches when iron loss is equal to copper loss. Iron loss is
constant for a transformer; therefore at maximum point copper loss is very less & equal to iron
loss. When load increases beyond this point copper loss will increase which reduces the
efficiency.

15 | P a g e

Precautions:
1. Do not switch on supply without concerning respective teachers.
2. Single phase auto transformer must be kept at minimum potential point.
3. Primary voltage that is V1 should always be constant throughout the experiment.

PROCEDURE:
By applying rated voltage to the transformer, increase the load by steps.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl.No.

LOAD
(in watt)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

16 | P a g e

V1
(in
Volt)

I1

W1

V2

I2

W2

(in

(in

(in

(in

(in

amp)

watt)

Volt)

amp)

watt)

=
100

Voltage Regulation=

CONCLUSION:
To be written by the student.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONs:
1.
2.
3.
4.

What is voltage regulation of a transformer?

What will happen if you will apply D.C. to transformer?
What is isolation transformer?
What will you do to reduce Hysteresis & Eddy current loss?

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Study of
power
factor at
different
loads

18 | P a g e

Aim of the experiment:

Study of power factor at different loads i.e. resistive, inductive & capacitive.

AppArAtus required:
Sl. No.
1
2
3

Name of Apparatus
Power factor demonstrator kit
Patch cords
Mains cord

Specification
230V, 2A
6A
6A

Quantity
1
1

CirCuit Diagram:

Theory:
Power factor is the cosine angle between voltage & current in an ac circuit. It is also
defined as the ratio of the True power flowing to the load to the apparent power and is a
dimensionless number between 0 and 1 (frequently expressed as a percentage, e.g. 0.5 pf = 50%
pf).
If is the angle between voltage and current then
Power Factor = Cos
Real Power:
Actual amount of power being used, or dissipated, in a circuit is called real power. It is measured
in watts (symbolized by the capital letter P, as always). As a rule, real power is a function of a
circuit's dissipative elements, usually resistances (R).

19 | P a g e

Reactive power:
Power merely absorbed and returned in load due to its reactive properties is referred to as
Reactive Power. Reactive Power is symbolized by the letter Q and is measured in the unit of
Volt-Amps- Reactive (VAR). Simply the power consumed in reactive load called reactive power.
Q = I2 X
Apparent Power(S) :
Total power in an AC circuit, both dissipated and absorbed/returned is referred to as apparent
power. Apparent power is symbolized by the letter S and is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps
(VA).
S = I2Z
S2 = P2 +Q2
Power Triangle:
These three types of power -- true, reactive, apparent -- relate to one another in trigonometric
form. We call this the power triangle.

Power Factor of RL circuit:

Inductive reactance, XL =L, = 2f
Z = R + jXL
Magnitude of impedance Z = R+ XL
= tan-1(XL/R)
Power Factor = cos
Power Factor of RC circuit:
Capacitive reactance, Xc =1/c, = 2f,
Z = R - jXC
Magnitude of impedance Z = R+ XC
= tan-1(XC/R) , Power Factor=Cos

20 | P a g e

Precautions:
1. Dont switch ON power supply without concerning teacher.
2. Avoid loose connection.
3. Avoid connecting only inductor to supply.

Procedure:
Connect the passive elements in steps as per the circuit diagram and fill up the observation table.

ObservatiOn:
Sl No.

Voltage
(in
Volts)

Current
(in
Amps)

Power
Factor
(Cos)

Angle

Apparent
Power
(in VA )

Real
Power
(in
Watt)

Passive
Elements

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
CalCulation:
Sl. No.
Resistance(R)
R=P/I2

Reactive
Power
(Q)
Q=(S2-P2)

Impedance
(Z)
Z=VI

Reactance
(X)
X=(Z2-R2)

Value
Of
L or C

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Graph:
Plot a graph between reactive powers (Q) in Y-axis vs. power factor (Cos) in X-axis.

ConClusion:
To be written by students.

Discussion Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.

How does the reactive power vary with the variation of power factor?
What is the power factor of purely resistive, inductive & capacitive load?
What is power consumption of purely inductive & capacitive load? Explain.
Draw the phasor diagram for purely resistive, inductive & capacitive load.

21 | P a g e

single phase
Power
measurement
by 3 AMMETER
AND 3
VOLTMETER
METHOD
22 | P a g e

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To measure single phase power by 3-ammeter and 3-voltmeter method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No.

Name of Apparatus

Specification

Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5

Volt meter
Ammeter
Rheostat
Variable Inductor
Wattmeter

0-150V, MI
0-10A, MI
27/10A
(0.03-0.3)H, 60V, 5A
125V/5A, LPF

3
3
1
1
1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

23 | P a g e

THEORY:
The circuit to be used for measurement of power in an A.C. circuit using three
ammeters is shown in fig 1. We know in a D.C. circuit the power is given by the product of
voltage and current, whereas, in A.C. circuit it is given by the product of voltage, current and
power factor. For this reason, it is not possible to find power in an A.C. circuit simply from the
readings of a voltmeter and ammeter. In A.C. circuits power is normally measured by
wattmeter. However, this method demonstrates that the power in a single phase A.C. circuits
can be measured by using three ammeters and 3 voltmeter method.
3 AMMETER METHOD:
FIG-1 is used for measurement of power by 3 ammeter method here from the
circuit it concludes that I1 is the summation of I 2& I3vectorically. Here in this circuit a fixed
resister is used which value is known and I2 is the current in that path. And I3 is the current
flowing through load.
So the phasor diagram of above circuit will be as shown below
Here
2

Then I2 +I3 +2I2I3cos =I1

Power factor=Cos =
Power=VI COS
2 2 2

1 2 3
22 3

POWER DRAWN BY LOAD= (

3 VOLTMETER METHOD:
+

+2

POWER = VI COS

POWER=

24 | P a g e

( )
)

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Dont switch on power supply without concerning respective teachers.
2. Single phase auto transformer must be kept at minimum potential point.
3. Input voltage in case of Run-1 and Run-2 is always being constant throughout the
experimental reading.

PROCEDURE:
RUN-1: Measurement of power by three-ammeter method:
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram fig-1.
2. Give fixed supply voltage of 60V for measurement. If this voltage will more than
60V then the inductor will make sound.
3. Vary the load impedance in steps and note down the reading of the meter in each
case.
RUN-2: Measurement of power by three-voltmeter method:
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram(fig-2)
2. Give fixed supply voltage of 120V for measurement. If this voltage will more than
120V then the inductor will make sound.
3. Vary the load impedance (i.e. inductor) in steps and note down the reading of the
meters in each case.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

RUN-1:
POWER
SLNO

I1 in
Amp

I2 in
Amp

I3 in
Amp

V in
Volt

P1 in
Watt

P2=

(in watt)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

25 | P a g e

ERROR
POWERFACTOR
(

Cos=

RUN-2:
POWER
SLNO

V1 in
Volt

V2 in
Volt

V3in
Volt

I in
Amp

P1 in
Watt

P2=

POWERFACTOR
(

Cos=

ERROR
=

(in watt)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

CONCLUSION:
To be written by the student.

DISCUSSION QUeStIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.

What is power factor?

If the load is capacitive in nature, what will happen in the expression of power factor?
What is the power consumption of a pure inductor & why?
Above 60 volt, why the inductor is not making sound in Run-2?

26 | P a g e

THEVENIN
AND
SUPERPOSITION
THEOREM
VERIFICATION
EXPERIMENT
27 | P a g e

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To verify Thevenin & Superposition theorem.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No.

Name of Apparatus

Specification

Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Rheostat
Rheostat
Volt meter
Ammeter
DC Source

27/10A
10/8A
0-15V ,MC
0-1A ,MC
0-30V,1A

3
1
1
3
1

THEORY OF THEVENIN THEOREM:

In an active, linear, bilateral network, the current in any element is given by the ratio of
the open circuit voltage (obtained by open circuiting the element under consideration) to the sum
of the resistance of the element and internal resistance, where the internal resistance is obtained
by looking across to terminals of the element with the element removed and with all sources
assumed to be dead.
Then,
IL=
Where IL is the current in the element RL
Voc=open circuit voltage across the element RL with RL removed.
Rin=internal resistance across the terminal to which RL is connected with (RL removed and all
sources made dead).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

28 | P a g e

Precautions:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Dont switch ON power supply without the concerned teacher.

Current knob should be at maximum position.
Voltage knob should be at minimum position.
All rheostats should be at maximum position.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect as in figure A.
2. Connect the D.P.D.T switch from 1-1 to 2-2, the ammeter A reads IL amperes, which is
the current in RL found experimentally.
3. Connect the D.P.D.T switch connecting terminals 1-1 and 3-3 in figure-A, the voltmeter
reads Voc volts.
4. To find the value of Rin and RL connect as shown in figure-B.
a. Connect D.P.D.T switch from 1-1 and 2-2.V1/I1 gives the value of RL.
b. Close the D.P.D.T switch connecting 1-1 and 3-3, the current I2 and voltage V2
gives the value of Rin.

OBSERVATION:
ILI

VOC

I1

V1

(in
amp)

(in

(in
amp)

(in

volt)

volt)

RL=V1/I1

I2

V2

(in
amp)

(in
volt)

ERROR=
RIN=V2/I2

IL=VOC/(RL+RIN)

(in amp)

CONCLUSION:
To be written by student.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Thevenins theorem?
2. Why Thevenin theorem not applied to non-linear circuits?
3. Can Thevenin theorem be applied to circuit having A.C sources? If yes, then what will be
the difference?
4. How many types of dependent sources are there?

29 | P a g e

THEORY OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

Superposition theorem
A current in a particular branch due to many sources acting in a circuit can be obtained
by adding the current due to the individual sources acting one at a time with the remaining
sources dead.
Consider a simple circuit:

To calculate current I1,I2 or I3 using superposition theorem, ignoring internal resistances of the
two sources.
1. First Va sources acting with Vb source dead.
Corresponding circuit diagram is :

Vb source is replaced by zero resistance by taking it ideal voltage source. The currents I1a,
I2a and I3a taken.
2. Next Vb acts & Va is dead. Source Va has been replaced by zero resistance. The currents
I1b, I2b and I3b are taken.

30 | P a g e

The currents are given by:

PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Connect the circuit as shown in fig-1.

Keep the rheostats at maximum ohmic values R1,R2 and R3.
Note the readings of the three ammeters i.e. I1,I2, and I3 in fig-1.
Disconnect the voltage source VB and connect the open terminals with a wire. Note the
ammeter readings (with VA sources acting).
5. Disconnect the source VA and connect the terminals with a wire. Note the ammeter
readings (with VB source acting).
6. Add the currents obtained in step (4) and (5) and compare with the currents obtained in
step (3) to verify the theorem.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
SOURCE
ACTING

CURRENT IN AMPS
I1

I2

I3

I1a

I2a

I3a

I1b

I2b

I3b

VA
VB
VA AND
VB

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Why voltage source is represented as short circuit & current source as open circuit while
taking single source?
2. What is the difference between unilateral & bilateral circuit?
3. What is the difference between active & passive elements?

31 | P a g e

3 phase
POWER
MEASURMENT
BY 2
WATTMETER
METHOD
32 | P a g e

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To measure three phase power by 2 watt meter method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No.

Name of Apparatus

Specification

Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Wattmeter
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat
3 phase Variac

500W,Digital
0-300V,Digital
0-5A,MI
38/5A
0-100V,10A

2
1
3
3
1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

33 | P a g e

THEORY:
A watt meter is an instrument for measuring active power directly in a circuit. It has two
coils i.e. current coil & pressure coil. Current coil measures the current through the circuit &
pressure coil measures the voltage. Current coil is connected in series & pressure coil in parallel
in the circuit. Two wattmeter can be used to measure power in a three phase 3-wire circuit, by
making the connections as shown in below. The load may be balanced or unbalanced. The
current coils are connected in series with two phases and the pressure coils is connected between
both phase and the third phase. The total power consumed by the two wattmeter = W1+W2
(algebraic sum).
Here current through the current coil of W1=IR and W2=IB
While potential difference across pressure coil of W1=VRY and W2=VBY
According to the phasor diagram given below
W1=VRYIRcos(30+ ) and W2=VBYIB cos(30- )
Here total power drawn by 3 phase load is W1+W2=VRYIRcos(30+ ) + VBYIB cos(30- )

Here VRY=VBY=VL
Then W1+W2=3 VL I cos
And W2-W1=VLI sin
Now tan =3

(after solving) which is 3 phase power

Thus pf angle =tan 3

Precautions:
1. Dont switch on power supply without concerning respective teachers.
2. Three phase auto transformer must be kept at minimum potential point before starting.
3. Resistant value of all rheostats should be kept at maximum position at starting.

34 | P a g e

PROCEDURE:
1. After connection, keep the rheostat in maximum position and slowly increase the output
voltage of the Variac so that current in each phase is about 1A.
2. Then vary the resistance of the rheostats so the load is deliberately unbalanced, i.e. the
current in each phase becomes different. Corresponding phase voltages across the
rheostat are VRN,VYN & VBN respectively.

OBSERVATION:
W1

W2

IR

IY

IB

VRN

VYN

VBN

(in watt)

(in watt)

(in amp)

(in amp)

(in amp)

(in volt)

(in volt)

(in volt)

W1+W2=P1

VRNIR

VYNIY

VBNIB

VI=P2

(in watt)

(in watt)

(in watt)

(in watt)

(in watt)

Sl.No.
1
2
.
9
10

VERIFICATION:
Sl.No.

1
2

9
10

CONCLUSION:
To be written by the student.

DISCUSSION questions:
1. What is balanced & unbalanced load in a three phase system?
2. Explain how you will find the multiplying factor of the watt meter.
3. Verify theoretically how the two wattmeter method gives the power measurement under
both balanced and unbalanced condition.
4. What is line & phase voltage in three phase system?
5. What is the difference between star & delta connection in 3 phase system?

35 | P a g e

Open circuit
characteristic

of separately
excited dc
generator

36 | P a g e

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To find open circuit characteristic of a separately excited DC generator.

AppArAtus required:
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Name Of Apparatus
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Rheostat
Tachometer
DC Generator Coupled to DC motor Set

Specification
0-300mA , PMMC
0-300V , PMMC
0-290ohms, 2.8Amp
38 Ohms, 8.5Amp
0-10000RPM, Digital
0.75KW,3000RPM,230V,3.4Amp

Quantity
1
1
2
1
1
1

CirCuit Diagram:

Theory:
The curve which gives the relation between field current (If) and the generated voltage
(Eg) in the armature on no load is called magnetic or open circuit characteristic of a DC
generator. The plot of this curve is practically same for all types of generators, whether they are
separately excited or self-excited. This curve is also known as no load saturation characteristic
curve of DC generator.

37 | P a g e

Now, from the emf equation of dc generator, we know that Eg = K. Hence, the generated emf
should be directly proportional to field flux (and hence, also directly proportional to the field
current). However, even when the field current is zero, some amount of emf is generated
(represented by OA in the figure). This initially induced emf is due to the fact that there exists
some residual magnetism in the field poles. This initially induced emf aids the existing residual
flux, and hence, increasing the overall field flux. This consequently increases the induced emf.
Thus, O.C.C. follows a straight line. However, as the flux density increases, the poles get
saturated and the becomes practically constant. Thus, even we increase the If further,
remains constant and hence, Eg also remains constant. Hence, the O.C.C. curve looks like the
B-H characteristic.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not switch on the power supply without concerning respective teacher.
2. Do not make rheostat position of armature to minimum and field rheostat position to
maximum at the time of starting.

PROCEDURE:
Run I: 1. Make connection as shown in the diagram. Run the motor and bring it up to rated
speed. With zero excitation in the field circuit, take the voltmeter reading. This
voltage at this point is due to the residual magnetism. Increase the excitation
slowly and take reading of ammeter and voltmeter after adjusting the speed at
constant. While making the field current adjustments do not retrace. Continue till
the induce voltage is more than the rated value.

38 | P a g e

2. Reduce the excitation and take reading of ammeter and voltmeter at constant
speed Do not retrace while reducing excitation.
Run II: - Keep the excitation of the generator constant at a partial value and vary the
speed of the generator to get different voltage values.

ObservatiOns:Run I: - Speed constant

SL NO.

If increasing

If decreasing

Run II: - Excitation constant

SL NO.

GRAPHS:
1. Plot the curves of induced voltage versus field current for increasing and decreasing
excitation.
2. Plot the curve of induce voltage vs. speed.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What do you mean by O.C.C. & why it is called so?
2.

What is the difference between a D.C. generator & D.C. motor?

3.

What is B-H curve?

4.

What is Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction?

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Speed control
of DC Motor
varying
armature
voltage and
field flux
method
40 | P a g e

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To observe Speed control of DC Motor using
(A) Variation of armature voltage.
(B) Variation of field flux.

AppArAtus required:
Sl.No.

Name Of Apparatus

Specification

Quantity

1
2
2
3
4
5
6

Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Rheostat
Tachometer
DC shunt Motor

0-5A , PMMC
0-500mA , PMMC
0-300V , PMMC
0-290ohms, 2.8Amp
38 Ohms,8.5Amp
0-10000RPM ,Digital
1.1KW,3000RPM,220V,6.3Amp

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

CirCuit diagram:

Theory:
If V is the applied voltage across the motor terminals, Eb is the back emf developed, then
V = Eb+ IaRa. Where Ia and Ra the current and resistance in the armature circuit respectively.
(
)
But, Eb =
= K .Hence V =K + IaRa .i.e. N = K
60
It shows that:i. An increase in the IaRa drop will decrease the value of speed if V remains constant.
ii. Speed varies inversely as the field flux i.e. the exciting current below saturation. Thus, by
increasing the resistance in the armature circuit, a motor can be operated at speed below normal.
By increasing the resistance in the field circuit, a motor can be operated at speed above normal.

41 | P a g e

Precautions:1. Dont switch ON power supply without concerning teacher.

2. Keep safe distance from the rotating part.

Procedure:CASE A:Speed control by variation of armature voltage.

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram. Make R at maximum and Rf zero at the time
of starting the motor (which is running on no load).
2. Adjust Rf and bring the motor to the rated speed. Note the terminal voltage V and field
current If which correspond to the rated speed of the motor. Keep If constant throughout.
3. With the exciting current kept constant, decrease R in steps; at each step note the value of
V and the speed N in r.p.m.
CASE B: Speed control by variation of field flux.
1. Run the motor as before and bring it to the rated speed at no load.
2. Change the field resistance Rf in steps and note the speed N and the field current If in
each case . Keep the voltage across the armature constant. Take reading for decreasing
and increasing value of field currents.

ObservatiOns:
Case A:-

If =
Ra=
SL.NO.

Speed in R.P.M

Voltage across Arm.

Case B: - Voltage across armature =.............................................

SL.NO.

If

Speed in R.P.M with decreasing If

Speed in R.P.M with increasing If

Graphs:
Case A: - Plot a graph between speed along y-axis and voltage across armature along x-axis.
Case B: - Plot a graph between speed along y axis and field current If along x-axis.

Discussion questions:
1. Compare the two methods and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
2. What is back e.m.f.?
3. What will happen if field circuit will be open circuited?
4. What is a Shunt Motor & why it is called so?

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