Basic Electeonics
Basic Electeonics
Basic Electeonics
1.0 introduction :-
Feature of resistor
These are two terminal passive element
The effect of resistance is same for both ac and dc
Type of resistor
Fixed resistor
Variable resistor
Wire wound resistor
Potentiometer resistor
Rheostats resistor
Application of resistor
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Feature of capacitor ;
It store electric charge between two plates
Oppose the instantaneous change of voltage in the which it is connected
Application of capacitor
It is use in bypassing
It is use as coupling
It is use in filter circuit
It is use in amplifier
It is use in Ics
It is use in high voltage dc circuit
Feature of inductor :
It oppose the ac and allow the dc
Its oppose the instantaneous change of current in the circuit in which it is
connected
Types of inductor:
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Application of inductor
Semiconductor diode
Transistor
Fet ; mosfet
Op-amp
p-type
n-type
DIODE TYPES
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DIODE RATINGS
CURRENT DIRECTION:
A PN junction (or diode) is a switch or component through which
electrons will flow easily in one direction but not in the opposite
direction.
In P-type semiconductor, Holes are Majority Charge Carriers
In N-Type semiconductor, Electron are Majority Charge Carriers
Application of diode
1.2.2 Transistor
Transistor was invented in 1948 by J. Bardeen and W. H. Brattain
of Bell Telephone Laboratories, USA. Transistor has now become the
heart of most electronic application.
A transistor is a three terminal, two junction electronic active
components which amplified the low signal into high signal. A transistor
consist of two PN junction formed by sandwiching either p-type or nMD SHAKIR RAHMANI
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TYPES OF TRANSISTOR
There are two basic types of transistors depending of the arrangement of
the material.
PNP
NPN
An easy phrase to help remember the appropriate symbol is to look at the
arrow.
PNP pointing in proudly.
NPN not pointing in.
The only operational difference is the source polarity.
PNP
NPN
TERMINALS OF TRANSISTOR
Its a three terminal & two Junction Device, transfer the signal from low
resistance region to high resistance region.
Emitter
Base
Collector
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APPLICATIONS OF TRANSISTOR:
It is used Switching
It is used in audio Amplifier
It is used in Oscillator
It is used in Comparator
It is used in Series Voltage Regulator
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It is used in Sensors
It is used in micro phone
It is used in loud speaker
It is used in power amplifier
It is used in logic gate
It is used in memory
TERMINALS OF JFET
Its a three terminal & two Junction Device
Drain
Gate
Source
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ADVANTAGES OF JFET
APPLICATION OF JFET
It is used as RF amplifier
It is used as buffer amplifier
It is used as Phase shift oscillator
It is used in analog switch or gate
It is used in differential amplifier
It is used voltage controlled resistor
It is used in constant current source
It is used in low noise amplifier
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CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
MODES OF OPERATION:
The operation of a MOSFET can be separated into three different modes,
depending on the voltages at the terminals.
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APPLICATION OF MOSFET
It is used in switching
It is used in amplifier
It is used in SMPS
It is used in power supply
It is used in motor control
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CIRCUIT SYMBOL
Properties
open-loop gain: Ideally infinite: practical values 20k-200k
high open-loop gain Virtual short between + and - inputs
input impedance: Ideally infinite: CMOS op amps are close to
ideal
output impedance: Ideally zero: practical values 20-100
zero output offset: Ideally zero: practical value <1mV
gain-bandwidth product (GB): Practical values ~MHz
low noise
low input current
low power
high bandwidth
low/high supply voltage
APPLICATION OP OP-AMP
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It is used in inverter
It is used in summing amplifier
It is used in integrator
It is used in differentiator
It is used in multiplier
It is used in comparator
It is used in Ics
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2.PCB ASSEMBLING
2.0 Introduction:- Printed circuit board is known as PCB .PCB consist
of printed conductor . Copper is mostly used for conductor material . The
thikness of conducting material is depends on the current carring
capacity of the circuit .
Cost reduction
Saving of time
Rapid production
Uniform Simple system design
product
Higher reliability
Reduction in space requirement
Controllable and predictable electrical and mechanical
properties
Reduction in weight
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2.
3.
4.
Layout preparation
Transferring layout
Etching
Cleaning
Drilling
2.5.1 Layout preparation :The layout of a PCB is the pencil sketched component and conductor
drawing on a white paper or graph shit. The layout of a PCB has to
incorporate all the information such as size of the circuit, track position,
pad size, input and output connections of the circuit.
The layout should be produced at a 1:1 or 2:1 or even 4:1 scale. The
commonly applied scale is 2:1. The 4:1 scale is applied only where very
high precision is required.
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Screen printing
It is a comparatively cheap and simple method for pattern
transfer although less precise than photo printing. The majority
of PCB produced world wide are screen printed. It is the method
of pattern transfer of PCB in cheap, mass consumer electronics
where the ultimate in accuracy and precision in not necessary .
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2.6 Soldering materials:Soldering material are widely used for soldering components.
Solder material are soldering alloy, flux and contain two or more
elements.
(1)Solder alloy:Soldering alloys are special alloy which are used to get either a
mechanically stong joint or electric joint if low contact resistance.
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Board sizes
Conductor width
Spacing between conductor
Minimum plated hole diameters
2. Electrical characteristics:
Rated current
Break down voltage
Insulation resistance
Contact resistance
3. Environmental characteristics:
Ambient temperature
Vibration resistance
Shock resistance
Contact material
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3.2 Working principle:When an LED is forward biased, charge carrier recombination occur at a
forward biased PN-junction as electron from n-side cross the junction
and recombine with the hole on the p-side. As a result of recombination,
the electron lying in the conduction band of p-region. The difference of
energy between the condution band and valance band is radiated in the
firm of light energy. If the semiconductor material is translucent, the
light is emitted from the surface of the device. The brightness of the
emitted light is directly proportional to the forward biased current.
LEDs emit no light when reverse biased. LEDs operate at voltage levels
from 1.5v to 3.3v, with the current of some ten mA. The power
requirement is typically from 10 to 150 mW. LEDs can be switched ON
and OFF at very fast speed of 1 ns.
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3.3 LED characteristics:When an LED is forward biased to the threshold of conduction, its current
increases rapidly and must be controlled to prevent destruction of the device.
The light output is quite linearly proportional to the current within its active
region, so the light output can be precisely modulated to send an undistorted
signal through a fiber optic cable.
3.4 LEDTesting s:Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply! It will be
destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass through
and burn it out.
LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value,
for quick testing purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your
supply voltage is 12V or less.
3.5 LED Voltage and current:The forward voltage rating of most LEDs is fron 1v to 3v forward current
rating range from 20mA to 100mA. In order that current through the LED
does not exceed the safe value, a resistor Rs is connected in series with
it.
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Medical Instrumentation
Bar Code Readers
Color & Money Sensors
Encoders
Optical Switches
Fiber Optic Communication
Mobile Phone
PDA's
Digital Cameras
Lap Tops
General Backlighting
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Color
White light
Intensity
Eye safety information
Visibility
Operating Life
Voltage/Design Current
3.8 Illumination :
Architectural Lighting
Signage (Channel Letters)
Machine Vision
Retail Displays
Emergency Lighting (Exit Signs)
Neon Replacement
Bulb Replacements
Flashlights
Outdoor Accent Lighting - Pathway, Marker Lights
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3.9 Indication:
Household appliances
VCR/ DVD/ Stereo and other audio and video devices
Toys/Games
Instrumentation
Security Equipment
Switchess
3.10 Colours of LEDs:LEDs are made from gallium-based crystals that contain one or more
additional materials such as phosphorous to produce a distinct color.
Different LED chip technologies emit light in specific regions of the visible
light spectrum and produce different intensity levels.
LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow, green, blue and white.
Blue and white LEDs are much more expensive than the other colours.
The colour of an LED is determined by the semiconductor material, not
by the colouring of the 'package' (the plastic body). LEDs of all colours
are available in uncoloured packages which may be diffused (milky) or
clear (often described as 'water clear'). The coloured packages are also
available as diffused (the standard type) or transparent.
3.11 Bi-colour LEDs:A bi-colour LED has two LEDs wired in 'inverse parallel' (one forwards, one
backwards) combined in one package with two leads. Only one of the LEDs
can be lit at one time and they are less useful than the tri-colour LEDs
described above.
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4.ESD(ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE)
4.0 Introduction:-Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is the sudden flow of
electricity between two objects caused by contact, an electrical shock,
or dielectric breakdown. ESD can be caused by a build-up of static
electricity by tribocharging, or by electrostatic induction.
4.1 Causes of ESD:One of the causes of ESD events is static electricity. Static electricity is often
generated through tribocharging, the separation of electric charges that occurs
when two materials are brought into contact and then separated. Examples of
tribocharging include walking on a rug, rubbing a plastic comb against dry hair
Another cause of ESD damage is through electrostatic induction. This occurs
when an electrically charged object is placed near a conductive object isolated
from ground. The presence of the charged object creates an electrostatic field
that causes electrical charges on the surface of the other object to redistribute.
Even though the net electrostatic charge of the object has not changed, it now
has regions of excess positive and negative charges.
4.2 Types of ESD:The most spectacular form of ESD is the spark, which occurs when a heavy
electric field creates an ionized conductive channel in air. This can cause minor
discomfort to people, severe damage to electronic equipment, and fires and
explosions if the air contains combustible gases or particles. However, many
ESD events occur without a visible or audible spark. A person carrying a
relatively small electric charge may not feel a discharge that is sufficient to
damage sensitive electronic components
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4.3 ESD control:ESD controls come in a vast variety of forms. However, they may be classified
into three major categories:
1) Prevention of static charge build-up;
2) Safe dissipation of any charge build-up; and
3) Improvements in the ESD robustness of the product
Everything in the production line, from equipment to work tables to cabinets
and racks, must be connected to this common ground. If the factory uses
conductive flooring, then this should also be connected at regular intervals to
this common ground. Having a single or common ground will ensure that
everything in the production floor will remain at the same potential.
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Screen Printing
Reflow Process
5.1.1 Screen printing:- it is a process where when components are to be
placed, the printed circuit board normally has flat, usually tin-lead, silver,
or gold plated copper pads without holes, called solder pads. Solder
paste, a sticky mixture of flux and tiny solder particles, is first applied to
all the solder pads with a stainless steel or nickel stencil using a screen
printing process. It can also be applied by a jet-printing mechanism,
similar to an inkjet printer.
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Place the board with proper alignment with stencil cut on the pasting
platform.
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11
A correct and clean voltage supply with a phase to phase differential within
the manufacturer's specification, measurable with a Volt meter.
12
13
If the oven is fitted with edge carrying rails, verify these have not been
damaged in the move. A simple way to accomplish this
to string a line from one end to the other, looking for dips or bows in the
rail.
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Quantity
Diode (4007)
(---------------------)
04
Resistor
03
Capacitot
03
Ics (7805)
(2200F,0.1F,
1000F)
5v
LED
(3v, 20mA)
01
Pcb
(-------------------------)
01
Connecting wire
(-------------------------)
09
Soldering iron
(0-65 watt)
01
Flux
(------------------------)
01
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Solder wire
(------------------------)
01
Transformer (90-9)
Multimeter
(18v)
01
(-----------------------)
01
6.4 Circuit details:6.4.1 Pcb:- PCB stand for printed circuit board. Component are
located on these board. Pcb are sold with copper dots with hole on a
sutable grid.
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It is used in UPS.
It is used in battry charger.
It is used in emergency light.
It is used in water level alarm.
It is used in fire alarm.
It is used in Led flasher light.
It is used in digital camera.
It is used in Led driver.
It is used in Smps.
It is used in Tv.
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Range
Quantit
y
Diode (4007)
(-----------------)
04
Transistor (NPN)
(-----------------)
02
Resistor
Capacitor
(120k,
220k,)
(1000f)
LED
(2 -3v)
01
Ics (7809)
(9v)
01
Connecting wire
(-----------------)
08
Soldering iron
(30-65 watt)
01
Flux
(-----------------)
01
Solder wire
(-----------------)
01
Diode (4007)
(-----------------)
04
Transistor (NPN)
(-----------------)
02
Resistor
(120k,
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1k,
04
01
1k,
04
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Capacitor
220k,)
(1000f)
01
LED
(2 -3v)
01
Ics (7809)
(9v)
01
7.3 Circuit details:7.3.1 Pcb:- PCB stand for printed circuit board. Component are
located on these board. Pcb are sold with copper dots with hole on a
sutable grid.
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7.4 Working principle:- When the probe that is connected to the BC547
transistor via 100 resistor is covered by water, the potential at the point A
is 0V (ground potential).
Thus the transistor remains in OFF state. So buzzer wont produce any
sound.
If the water level goes below the Low liquid level probe, the potential at
the point A becomes almost equal to Vcc.
This turns ON the BC547 transistor, then a current will start to flow from Vcc
to ground through the transistor.
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Thus the buzzer produces a beep sound, indicating that the water level
inside the tank has reached to bottom and you need to switch ON the water
pump set.
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Component used:Compone
nt
Range
Quantit
y
Transistor
(--------------)
02
Resistor
(100K , 470)
04
Capacitot
(10F)
02
Battery
9v
01
LED
(3v, 20mA)
02
Pcb
(-----------------)
01
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8.3.3 Led:- Led stand for light emitting diode. It is a PN junction diode
its emit the light when it is connected in forward bised. Its made by a
special semiconductor material i.e., phosphorus or gallium. In this
circuit used of Led.
8.3.4 Transistor
A transistor is a three terminal, two junction electronic active
components which amplified the low signal into high signal. A transistor
consist of two PN junction formed by sandwiching either p-type or ntype semiconductor between a pair of opposite type. It is a voltage
control device.
8.4 Working principle:LED Flasher work on principle of Astble Multivibrator. Here transistor
work as a switch. It switch back and forth from one state to other, remaining
in each state for a time determine by circuit constant.
In other word, at first one transistor conduct (i.e. ON state) then LED
(D1) is glow and other transistor is off state then LED (i.e. D2) is off.
After the some period of time other transistor is is conduct (i.e. ON
state) then LED (i.e. D2) is glow and at this time first transistor is off state then
LED (i.e.D1) is off.
8.5 Application of LED Flasher: It is used in traffic signal
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Range
Quan
tity
Diode (4007)
(------------)
05
Resistor
(1k )
02
Capacitor
(470f)
01
LED
(2 -3v)
07
Zener diode
(9v)
01
Relay
(12v)
01
Battery
(09v)
01
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Two 12V relays are used to switch the charger and emergency LED lights
accordingly.
Consider the main supply is on, then the step down transformer reduce the
Bridge rectifier converts this to 15V DC and 4700F capacitor removes the ac
ripples to make a perfect DC.
The relay connected to the LED is always ON if the main power is present, so
the LEDs are remain in OFF since those are connected to NO (Normally
Open) terminal of the Relay. (Read our Relay connection diagram to know
The variable resistor is meant for set the voltage level for the charger
activation, a 13.8V Zener diode is used to turns off the charger circuit if the
battery voltage reach at 13.8 volt which helps to Lead Acid batterys long
life.
If the battery voltage reaches at below the pre-set level the lower
comparator will reset the flip flop in the 555, which turns ON the charger.
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LEDs provide long life, because LEDs drawn very low current which depend
on the number of LED connected in parallel.
At the time of power failure all the charger circuit will inactive and the
relayRL2 connects the battery to LEDs, thus it glows.
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