Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) and Time Synchronization

Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
and Time Synchronization

at European Utilities
Roel de Vries, MSc EE

16th of January 2013, AGH Krakow
Contents
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
Wide Area Measurement System
(WAMS)
Commercial Installations
Captured events
Time Synchronization
Phasor Measurement Units

(PMUs)

History of PMUs
Invented in 1988 at Virginia Tech

1st Commercial PMU in 1992
1st Synchrophasor standard: IEEE1344 (1995)
Updated in 2001: IEEE1344-2001
Big boost after 2003 US blackout
Standard updated in 2005: C37.118-2005
Standard again updated in 2011:
C37.118.1 Measurement specifications
C37.118.2 Communications specifications

What is a PMU?
Time Synchronized (GPS) measuring
device:
3 Phase Voltage
3 Phase Current
Reporting following information:
Voltage Magnitude & Angle (Phasor)

Current Magnitude & Angle (Phasor)
Frequency (deviation from nominal in mHz)
Rate-of-change of frequency (ROCOF in Hz/s)
Analog user defined data (e.g. sampled control signal or
transducer value)
Digital user defined data (e.g. status or flag)

PMU Classes (C37.118.1)
2 Classes:
M Class & P Class
Protection Class: fast response, no filtering required

Measurement Class: higher accuracy, filtering of
aliased signals, slower response
User choses what class might be useful for what
application

Steady-state requirements
Phasor requirements over a specific
Frequency range
Voltage magnitude range
Current magnitude range
Phase angle range
THD range
ALL MEASUREMENTS NEED TO BE WITHIN

1% TVE (Total Vector Error)

Dynamic requirements: Modulation
Phasor measurements starting at 100% rated
signal magnitude and nominal frequency
Modulating according to specified signals over a
certain frequency range


Dynamic requirements: Frequency Ramp
Frequency ramp of 1.0 Hz/s


Dynamic requirements: Step Change
Modulating according to specified signals over a
certain frequency range


TVE Example
Measurement error steady state allowed: 1% TVE
Source: F. Steinhauser, Omicron
Wide Area Measurement

System (WAMS)
Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS)
Implementation in Europe
100+ PMUs installed and around 60 in daily
operational use
First Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS) @
SwissGrid in Laufenburg, CH (12 years ago)
Many pilot projects
Some fully operational systems
No automatic control
Applications
Real time data analysis
Low freq oscillation detection

Phase angle difference detection
Voltage stability detection
Islanding detection
Oscillation source detection
Post mortem analysis

Re-connection after Islanding
Update state estimator (dynamically)
Monitor line load
Automatic load balancing
Prove valuable input for dynamic system model
The Future of WAMS

IEEE and IEC working together in a Joint
Synchrophasor Performance standard
Implementation of latest C37.118.1/2 standard
in commercial equipment
New Applications!
Automatic Control of grid operation?
Commercial Installations
Commercial Installations - Amprion

Year of installation: 2009
Amount of PMUs: 11
WAMS software: ELPROS WAProtector
Cyclic 14 days database (full resolution, 50 frames/s)

Event database
Oscillographic database
Applications:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Real-time analysis
a.
b.
c.
d.
Phase angle difference monitoring

Low-frequency oscillation detection
Voltage instability detection
Over/under value detection (Voltage/Current/Freq/Etc.)
a.
b.
With other TSOs

With SCADA/EMS system
Real time data exchange

Power flow calculations
Post-mortem analysis
Reference: Phasor Measurement Applications at Amprion

Carsten Jahnke
Commercial Installations - Amprion
Reference: Phasor Measurement Applications at Amprion

Carsten Jahnke
Commercial installations - elering

Amount of PMUs: 14
Applications:

Event database (10 000 records)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Real-time analysis
a.
b.
c.
d.

a.
b.
With other TSOs

Improve state estimator (development in progress)

Improve system dynamical model (development in progress)
Reference: Estonian WAMS System Implementation and Experiences

Jako Kilter, Alexei N. Goloshchapov, Bojan Mahkovec (Russian Cigre conference 2011)
Commercial installations - elering
Reference: Estonian WAMS System Implementation and Experiences

Jako Kilter, Alexei N. Goloshchapov, Bojan Mahkovec (Russian Cigre conference 2011)
Commercial installations - ELES

Amount of PMUs: 20+

Event database
Applications:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Real-time analysis
a.
b.
c.
d.

a.
b.
With other TSOs

Initial test of new and refurbished generators (with Mobile PMU)

Reference: Wide Area Measurement System in Action (PowerTech 07, Lausanne)

T. Babnik, Member, IEEE, U. Gabrijel, B. Mahkovec, M. Perko, and G. Sitar
Commercial installations - ELES
Reference: Wide Area Measurement System in Action (PowerTech 07, Lausanne)

T. Babnik, Member, IEEE, U. Gabrijel, B. Mahkovec, M. Perko, and G. Sitar
Captured Events
Captured Events Low frequency Voltage and Frequency

oscillation
Captured Events Voltage angle difference

Oscillation
Captured Events Synching Turkish power

system to ENTSO-E
Captured Events Tie line reconnection
GPS Clocks
GPS Clock GPS Receiver

1 input: C/A Code @ L1 freq. 1575,42 MHz
Various outputs possible
Internal deterministic conversion
Some calculations to determine accurate time
Accuracy ranging from 40ns 1000ns typically
Distribution Standards/Protocols
NTP/SNTP (Ethernet)
IEEE 1588 Precision timing protocol (PTP)
(mostly Ethernet)
IRIG-B
PPS
Various ASCII serial strings
Applications
PMU Synchronization
Event reconstruction
Multi-Rate billing
Traveling wave fault detection
General IED synchronization
Future Development
IEEE C37.238 available
Power profile within IEEE 1588v2
IEEE 1588 will be updated

GLONASS
GALILEO
COMPASS
Thank you!
Questions?
[email protected]

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Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)

and Time Synchronization

Roel de Vries, MSc EE