MANDYA DISTRICT

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2014

Mandya Zilla Panchayat

and
Planning, Programme Monitoring and Statistics Department
Government of Karnataka

COPY RIGHTS
Mandya District Human Development Report 2014
Copyright

Published by

First Published

: 2014

Planning, Programme Monitoring and Statistics Department

Government of Karnataka

Mandya Zilla Panchayat, Government of Karnataka

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or

transmitted in any form by any means without the prior permission by Zilla
Panchayat and Planning, Programme Monitoring and Statistics Department,
Government of Karnataka

Printed by

KAMAL IMPRESSION

# 54, Sri Beereshwara Trust Camplex, SJCE Road,

T.K. Layout, Mysore - 570023. Mobile : 9886789747

While every care has been taken to reproduce the accurate data, oversights
/ errors may occur. If found convey it to the CEO, Zilla Panchayat and
Planning, Programme Monitoring and Statistics Department, Government of
Karnataka

VIDHANA SOUDHA
BENGALURU- 560 001
CM/PS/234/2014
Date : 27-10-2014

SIDDARAMAIAH
CHIEF MINISTER

MESSAGE

I am delighted to learn that the Department of Planning, Programme Monitoring and
Statistics is bringing out District Human Development Reports for all the 30 Districts of State,
simultaneously.

Karnataka is consistently striving to improve human development parameters in
education, nutrition and health through many initiatives and well-conceived programmes.
However, it is still a matter of concern that certain pockets of the State have not shown as
much improvement as desried in the human development parameters. Human resource is the
real wealth of any State. Sustainable growth and advancement is not feasible without human
development. It is expected that these reports will throw light on the unique development
challenges within each district, and would provide necessary pointers for planners and policy
makers to address these challenges.

The District Human Development Reports are expected to become guiding documents
for planning and implementation of Programmes within the districts. I urge the Members
of Parliament, Legislators, Zilla Panchayat, Taluk Panchayat and Gram Panchayat Members,
vis-a-vis representatives of Urban Local Bodies to make conscious attempt to understand the
analysis that has been provided in the district human development reports and strive hard to
ensure that the identified gaps are bridged through effective planning and implementation.

A number of people from many walks of life including administrators, academicians
and people representatives have contributed in making of these reports. I commend each
and every one associated with the preparation of the District Human Development Reports. I
acknowledge the efforts put in by district committees headed by Chief Executive Officers and
Officers of the Planning Department in completing this challenging task.

It gives me great pride to share with you that Karnataka is the frist state in the country
to prepare district human development reports, for all the districts. I am hopeful that this
initiative will spur us to double our efforts to make Karnataka, a more equitable progressive
State.

(SIDDARAMAIAH)

Room No 444,445
4th Floor, Vikasa Soudha
Bengaluru 560 001
Res. No. 080 22343804, 22343807

S.R. PATIL

Minister for Planning &

Statistics, IT & BT,
Science & Technology
And
Bagalkot District Incharge Minister

MESSAGE

I am happy to learn that the District Human Development Reports
(DHDRs) for all the 30 districts in the State are being placed in public domain
shortly. A painstaking and massive effort has gone into the preparation of these
reports. I heartily congratulate the Zilla Panchayats and the Planning Department
for commendable work.

The reports, I am sure, would help policy makers, administrators.
researchers, social organizations and the public at large to understand the critical
concerns of human development in the Districts and Taluks of our State and
also to bridge such deprivations by initiating suitable policy and programme
interventions.

(S.R. Patil)

II

Ph:080-22253631
22033897
Room No. 262/262A
Vidhana Soudha, 2nd Floor
Bangalore - 560 001.

Dr. M.H. AMBAREESH

Minister for Housing and
Mandya District Incharge Minister

Date: 30/12/2014

Ref. No. HM: 1399/14

MESSAGE
The Human Development Index (HDI) and other associated indices including the Gender Inequality
Index (GII) and the multi-diamensional poverty index (MPI) being computed by the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) are comprehensivley used indices to measure the quality of human
life. These indices are extremely useful not only identify the important facets of human development
but also to formulate suitable Policies to attain human development.
In view of the rising popularity of the usage of human development indices, the UNDP and also the
National Planning Commissions in india have been encouraging the individual States in the country
to compute human development indices not only at the state level but also at the district and taluk
levels. Human development indices computed at the district and sub-district levels are of immense use
in the formulation and execution of local-level policies and programmes for the overall development.
I am very much pleased to note that the Government of Karnataka has already brought out two Statelevel Human Development Reports (KHDR) in 1999 & 2005 and four district level reports in 2008.
It is really a landmark in brining out HDR at the District level for all the thirty districts to address the
inter-taluk disparities in health, education and standard of living and to draw attention to remove
inequalities and discriminations.
The Human Development Report prepared for Mandya District (DHDR-2014) is an important
document throwing light on the various parameters relating to human development such as literacy
school enrolment, living standard, employment, income, poverty, health and gender disparities. This
report would serve as a benchmark against which future improvements in human development can
be evaluated.
I congratulate the Principal Investigator of the project and all others involved in the preparation of this
pioneering district-level human development report and fondly hope that it would be fairly handy for
the policy makers, development administrators and academic institutions engaged in development
at the grass -root levels.

(Dr. M.H. AMBAREESH)

III

IV

PREFACE
That the quality of human life in a poor country like India cannot be improved simply by increasing the incomes of people
or by enhancing the quantity and range of goods and services these incomes can buy, has long been established. The
development specialists and policy makers have been relentlessly in quest of new and more comprehensive indicators
of development encompassing the different facets of human well-being. A result of this search is the concept of human
development index evolved by the UNDP in the nineteen-nineties.
Most developing countries which embarked on a programme of rapid economic development during the post-Second
World War period were given to understand that economic growth which, through a steady rise in incomes, would
automatically fetch everything required for all-round human prosperity. The growth experience of the poor countries in
the latter half of the 20th century belied this hope. Development is a multi-faceted process involving concerted, all-round
efforts to improve the quality of human life in its myriad dimensions, while economic growth is a uni-directional one
which only leads to a rise in the number of goods and services available per person, and fails to bring about complete
human development.
It was gradually realized by the development pandits and policy makers that the aim of development should be not merely
to increase the real income per capita but to enhance the quality of human life, by not only enlarging the peoples choices/
command over the material requisites of well-being but also by freeing them from poverty, unemployment, hunger
and mal-nutrition, squalor, ignorance, ill-health, premature death and debilitating physical environment. The ultimate
objective of every development effort is attainment of human self-esteem which can only be accomplished through a
sustained rise in real incomes accompanied by gainful employment to all, alleviation of poverty with particular stress
on the need to fight feminine poverty, bring about all-round empowerment of women and remove economic and social
discrimination among different classes in the society.
Human Development Index (HDI) is a commendable conceptual-cum-policy effort to achieve the above-mentioned
objectives of development. It is a composite index incorporating the major traits of the quality of human life namely, life
expectancy at birth, adult literacy ratio, combined school enrolment ratio and income adjusted for purchasing power
parity. The saga of human development reports brought out regularly every year by the UNDP since 1990, is replete with
continuous attempts to refine the methods of incorporating the different components of the HDI along with a sustained
commitment and drive to extend the task of preparation of HDI into the constituent states within every country, into the
districts within a state and also into every taluk/block within every district. The ultimate goal of this movement is to be
able to prepare human development indices for every village and perhaps, for every household therein. As far as India is
concerned, there is a realization, albeit belatedly, on the part of the planners and policy makers that more meaningful and
effective formulation and implementation of programmes for development would require a status report on the different
facets/components of human development at the grassroots level.
The present report, the District Human Development Report (DHDR-2014) of Mandya district, it is fondly hoped, would
serve not only as a data base for development planning at the taluk and district levels but also as a status report on the key
dimensions of human development in different taluks in the district. The HDR of Mandya district makes a sincere attempt
to compare different taluks in the district in terms of the major components of human development index and also to
compare the human development indicators of the district as such, with those of the State of Karnataka.
Thus the Human Development Report (HDR) of Mandya district helps usher in and facilitate a process of development
at the grass-root level. The report would be extremely useful not only as a data base for local-level planning but also as a
guide for the grass-root level development functionaries - both government and non-government to implement various
development programmes more meaningfully and effectively, besides being useful for academicians/researchers in the
field of development.
This report was made possible by the encouragement and help I received from several individuals, officers and institutions.
The report benefited particularly from the interactions in the workshops and experts meetings held at the State, District
and Taluk levels from time to time. It is my pleasant duty to thank all of them although the space does not permit me to
make a mention of every one of them here. First of all, I am grateful to the authorities of the University of Mysore for their
kind permission and encouragement in carrying out this project.
V

This project was funded by the Government of Karnataka, Department of Planning, Bengaluru. In this context, I am deeply
indebted to Sri. Sanjeev Kumar, IAS., Formerly Principal Secretary to the Government of Karnataka (GoK), Department of
Planning for his constant encouragement, kind help and guidance in the process of preparation of the report. I thankful
to Smt. Anita Kaul, IAS (Rtd.), Formerly Additional Chief Secretary and Principal Secretary, Planning Department, GoK,
Bengaluru for her committed support for the preparation of HDRs at the district level.
I must be thankful to Ms. V. Manjula, IAS, Principal Secretary to the GoK, Department of Planning, Bengaluru for her
learned comments and guidance at every stage of preparation of this report. I am thankful to Sri Rajeev Ranjan, IFS,
Former Secretary, Department of Planning, Bengaluru. I am thankful to Sri. A.K. Singh, IFS, Secretary, Department of
Planning, Bengaluru. Thanks are due to Dr. H. Shashidhar, IAS (Rtd.), State Level Consultant and Coordinator, Human
Development Division, Department of Planning, Bengaluru, for his continuous support and valuable suggestions &
guidance in preparing the report. I am thankful to Sri. H.S. Ashokananda, QMG, Member, for his support and guidance
for the completion of the report.
I place on record my heartfelt thanks to Mrs. Rohini Sindhuri, I.A.S, CEO, Zilla Panchayat, Mandya for sponsoring this
study and also for extending the necessary support in this regard from Zilla Panchayat. Thanks are due to Sri.G.Jayarm
and Sri.P.C.Jayanna former Chief Executive Officers of Mandya Zilla Panchayat, for their support and cooperation in
the preparation of this report. I must be thankful to Sri. B.N.Kendagannappa, Former CPO, Zilla Panchayat, Mandya for
his unstinted co-operation and help right from the inception of the project. My thanks are also due to the members of
the Mandya District Planning Committee as well as to the President and Members of Mandya Zilla Panchayat for their
encouragement and suggestions. My thanks are also due to all the members of the Core committee, officers of Zilla
Panchayat, Mandya, and line Departments in Zilla Panchayat, NGOs and urban local bodies in Mandya district for their
kind help in the course of this study.
I am thankful to my colleague Dr. H.S. Kumara, Assistant Professor & Co-Investigator of the project for his continuous
support in the preparation of the report. I thank Dr. M.V.Srinivasagowda, Honorary Professor, National Institute of
Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, for his erudite insights into several vital topics discussed in the report. Besides relentlessly
suggesting quite a few ideas in the format of the report, he has written Chapter 6 titled: Income, Employment and Poverty,
and made meticulous and strenuous language scrutiny for this report.
I am thankful to Prof. R.N.Achutha, Former Director, IDS, Dr. Ganesh Prasad, SIRD, Mysuru, Prof. O.D.Hegde, Prof. D.S
Leelavathi, Prof. K.S.Arunkumar, Prof. M.G. Basavaraja, Prof. Yashodhara, Dr. Navitha Thimmiah, Dr. Meera Mundayat, and
Dr. M. Komala for their co-operation and involvement in the preparation of this report.
In the Project Team, Mr. Sandeep, Mr. Lokesh, Mr. Suresh, Dr. Ramakrishna, Dr. Sathyanarayana, and others at IDS,
Mysuru, have rendered yeoman service in various forms: collecting, processing and analyzing the massive data for the
project and computer-drafting of this report. I thank them profusely for their unstinted help. I thank Mr. M.S. Karthik,
NRDMS, Chamarajanagar district, for preparation of cartographic maps.
I admit here that while the suggestions and help I have received from all these people and institutions have helped to
make this report immensely better than it would otherwise have been, I am alone responsible for the flaws that may still
lurk in it.

Mysuru

M. Devaraj
Director and Professor (Lead Agency)
Institute of Development Studies, University of Mysore
VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Human Development Report (HDR-2014) for Mandya District serves as an important official data base and a document
useful for development administrators and academicians engaged in improving the quality of human life in the District.
The HDR is the result of the efforts put in by several institutions, officials, elected representatives and experts for over
a year. I am happy to acknowledge the help and support they have rendered in bringing out this report. This report
serves as a benchmark for local-level institutions such as Gram Panchayats, Taluk Panchayats and the Zilla Panchayat, with
reference to which they can plan for future development.
First of all I thank the Government of Karnataka not only for having chosen Mandya District for preparation of Human
Development Report (HDR) at the grass-root level, but also for funding this project.
The success of this project is largely due to the unstinted efforts of Dr. M. Devaraj, Director and Professor, Institute of
Development Studies, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Principal Investigator of this project and Dr. H.S.Kumara, Assistant
Professor, Co-Investigator of the project. I am thankful to them and their team for the commendable work done by them.
I am thankful to the President, Vice-President and Members of Mandya Zilla Panchayat and the members of the District
Planning Committee (DPC) for their interaction at the district workshops and their valuable suggestions to enhance the
quality of this DHDR Mandya.
My thanks are also due to all my District officers and officers of the Zilla Panchayat, Mandya, particularly Sri.B.N.
Kendagannappa, Former Chief Planning Officer and Nodal Officer, Project Director, Deputy Secretaries for their cooperation for the preparation of the report.
I must be thankful to all the Chairpersons and the Members of the Technical Committees, who have rendered yeoman
service in various stages of the preparation of the HDR of Mandya District by providing necessary data and other technical
support.
I also thank the District Officials of Departments of Agriculture, Women and Child Welfare, Social Welfare, Education,
Health, Food & Civil supplies, DUDC, Police Department, Slum Board, DSO, PWD, Forest Department, Electricity Board,
Railways, Banks, NGOs and urban local bodies in Mandya district for their kind help in collecting the necessary data for
the report.
My thanks are due to Presidents, Vice-presidents and Members of the Gram Panchayats and Taluk Panchayats, Executive
Officers and other officials for their interactions and for providing useful data for the preparation of the HDR-Mandya
District.
I am thankful to Sri. H.S. Ashokananda, QMG, Member, Prof. R.N.Achutha, Former Director, IDS, Dr. Ganesh Prasad,
SIRD, Mysuru, Dr. M.V.Srinivasagowda, Honorary Professor, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru,
Prof. O.D.Hegde, Prof. D.S. Leelavathi, Prof. K.S. Arunkumar, Prof. M.G. Basavaraja, Prof. Yashodhara, Dr. Navitha
Thimmiah, Dr. Meera Mundayat and Dr. M. Komala for their co-operation and involvement in the preparation of this
report.
The Project staff, including Mr. Sandeep, Mr. Karthik, Mr. Lokesh, Mr. Suresh, Dr. Ramakrishna, Dr. Sathyanarayana, the
research team and others at IDS, Mysuru, have rendered yeoman service in the preparation of this report, I thank them
profusely.

Mandya

Smt. Rohini Sinduri, IAS,

Chief Executive Officer
Zilla Panchayat, Mandya
VII

MANDYA DISTRICT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2014
Prof. M. DEVARAJ
Principal Investigator, DHDR Project, Director and Professor,
Institute of Development Studies, University of Mysore, Mysuru

Dr. H.S. KUMARA

Co-Investigator, DHDR Project and Assistant Professor,
Institute of Development Studies, University of Mysore, Mysuru

EXPERT GROUP
Prof. M.V. Srinivasgowda
Honorary Professor, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru

Prof. O.D. Hegde

Professor (Rtd.), Department of Economics and Cooperation, University of Mysore, Mysuru

Prof. K. Yeshodhara
Professor (Rtd.), Department of Studies in Education, University of Mysore, Mysuru

Prof. K.S. Arun Kumar

Professor, PES University, Bengaluru

Prof. D.S. Leelavathi

Professor, Department of Economics and Cooperation, University of Mysore, Mysuru

Prof. M.G. Basavaraja

Professor, Department of Economics and Cooperation, University of Mysore, Mysuru

Dr. Navitha Thimmaiah

Professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore, Mysuru

Dr. M. Komala
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics and Cooperation, University of Mysore, Mysuru

VIII

MANDYA DISTRICT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2014

CORE COMMITTEE

Chairperson

Chief Executive Officer

Sri. G. Jayaram
Sri. P.C. Jayanna
Smt. Rohini Sindhuri

Member Secretary

Chief Planning Officer and

Nodal Officer of the DHDR - Mandya

(May 2010 -June 2012)

( June 2012 June 2014)
(From June 2014)

Sri. B.N. Kendagannappa

Members Prof. M. Devaraj

Principal Investigator, DHDR Project
Dr. H.S. Kumara
Co-Investigator, DHDR Project

Joint Director, Dept. of Agriculture
Deputy Secretary (Development), ZP, Mandya
Deputy Secretary (Administration), ZP, Mandya

Deputy Director, Food and Civil Supplies

District Health Officer

Deputy Director, Dept. of Public Instruction

Deputy Director, Dept. of Women and Child

Project Director, District Urban Development Cell

District Social Welfare Officer

District Statistical Officer
IX

MEMBERS OF DISTRICT PLANNING COMMITTEE (DPC)

Smt. T. Manjula Paramesh
President, Zilla Panchayat, Mandya President
Sri. B. Siddaraju
President, City Municipal Council, Mandya

Vice-President

Sri. R.K. Kumar

Zilla Panchayat Member, Krishnarajpet Taluk

Member

Smt. J.E. Chandrakala

Zilla Panchayat Member, Mandya Taluk Member
Sri. Chandregowda
Zilla Panchayat Member, Nagamangala Taluk

Member

Sri. Jayakanth
Zilla Panchayat Member, Mandya Taluk Member
Smt. M.S. Divyashri
Zilla Panchayat Member, Malavalli Taluk Member
Sri. K.S. Prabhakar
Zilla Panchayat Member , Krishnarajpet Taluk

Member

Sri. B. Basavaraju
Zilla Panchayat Member, Maddur Taluk Member
Smt. Bharathi Krishnamurthy
Zilla Panchayat Member, Nagamangala Taluk Member
Sri. K. Ravi
Zilla Panchayat Member, Maddur Taluk Member
Smt. Lingaraji
Zilla Panchayat Member, Shrirangapattana Taluk Member
Smt. V. Vasantha
Zilla Panchayat Member, Pandavapura Taluk Member
Sri. K.S. Vijayananda
Zilla Panchayat Member, Mandya Taluk Member
X

Sri. R.N. Viswash

Zilla Panchayat Member, Malavalli Taluk Member
Dr. S.C. Shankaregowda
Zilla Panchayat Member, Mandya Taluk Member
Sri. C.M. Satish
Zilla Panchayat Member, Malavalli Taluk Member
Smt. Sarvamangala
Zilla Panchayat Member, Malavalli Taluk Member
Sri. H.K. Ashoka
Councilor, TMC, Krishnarajpet Member
Sri. M. Mahesh
Councilor, CMC, Mandya Member
Sri. Somashekar Keragodu
Councilor, CMC, Mandya Member
Sri. C.S. Puttaraju
Member of Parliament, Mandya District Permanent Invitee
Dr. M.H. Ambareesh
MLA, Mandya Permanent Invitee
Sri. D.C. Thammanna
MLA, Maddur Permanent Invitee
Sri. A.B. Ramesh Babu Bandisiddegowda
MLA, Shrirangapattana Permanent Invitee
Sri. P.M. Narendraswamy
MLA, Malavalli Permanent Invitee
Sri. K.C. Narayanagowda
MLA, Krishnarajpet Permanent Invitee
Sri. K.S. Puttannaiah
MLA, Melkote Permanent Invitee
Sri. N. Chaluvarayaswamy
MLA, Nagamangala Permanent Invitee
XI

Sri. B. Ramakrishna
MLC Permanent Invitee
Sri. G. Madhusudan
MLC Permanent Invitee
Sri. Marithibbegowda
MLC Permanent Invitee
Deputy Commissioner,
Mandya District Permanent Invitee
Chief Executive Officer, Zilla Panchayat, Mandya Member Secretary

XII

CONTENTS
MESSAGE III - V
FOREWORD VI
PREFACE VII-VIII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IX-X
PART I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-8
PART II: ALL CHAPTERS 9-257
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 11-18
1.1.
Concept and Methodology 9
1.2. Factors contributing to Human Development
12
1.3. Data Collection, Compilation and Validation
13
1.4.
Measurement of Indices 17
1.5.
Concluding Remarks 19

CHAPTER 2: DISTRICT OVERVIEW 21-32
2.1.
Introduction 21
2.2. Background and Brief Regional History
22
2.3. Physiographic Divisions of the District
23
2.4. Land, Soil and Natural Resource Endowments
25
2.5.
Demography 26
2.6.
Literacy 27
2.7.
Industry 27
2.8.
Irrigation 28
2.9.
Infrastructure 29
2.10.
Regional Perspectives and Backwardness 30
2.11.
An Overview 32
CHAPTER 3. COMPUTATION OF INDICES 31-52
3.1.
Introduction 33
3.2.
Human Development Index 34
3.3.
Gender Inequality Index 42
3.4.
Child Development Index 48
3.5.
Food Security Index 54
3.6.
Composite Taluk Development Index 60
3.7.
Urban Development Index 66
3.8.
Concluding Remarks 68

XIII

CHAPTER 4: LITERACY AND EDUCATION 70-96

4.1.
Introduction 70
4.2. Literacy Profile of the District
70
4.3.
Enrollment
-Elementary School 73
4.4. Attendance, Dropout and Dropout Children Mainstreamed
75
4.5. Transition Index for Children enrolled at 6th Class as compared to the
children enrolled at 5th Class as well as 8th and 7th in a particular year
78
4.6. Secondary School Enrollment and Dropout Rate
79
4.7.
Pupil Teacher Ratio 81
4.8.
Infrastructure and Access 83
4.9. Eight Basic facilities Infrastructure Index (SSA Method)
85
4.10. School Completion Ratio, Pass Rate in 5th and 7th Classes, Percentage of
Children passing with 60% and above and SSLC / PUC Results
86
4.11. Post-Secondary Education including Professional (Engineering/Medicine/
Dental/Nursing) and General Degree Colleges, ITI/Polytechnic and

other Skill Development Institutions 90
4.12. Schemes for Promotion of Literacy Level
90
4.13. Per-capita Expenditure Analysis 91
4.14. Radar Analysis for Education 92
4.15. Small area study: Female Drop-outs in Lower and Higher Primary and
Secondary education A study in three GPs of Nagamangala Taluk
92
4.16. An Overview and persisting educational gaps in the District
93
4.17. Recommendations 96
CHAPTER 5: HEALTH AND NUTRITION 97-115
5.1.
Introduction 97
5.2. Demography, Population by Place of Residence, Sex, and Social Groups, Sex Ratio
98
5.3.
IMR, CMR and MMR 100
5.4. Couple Protection Issues and Family Welfare
102
5.5. Infrastructure and Health Personnel Facility
103
5.6. ANC Coverage and Anaemia among Pregnant Women
106
5.7.
Institutional Delivery 107
5.8.
Immunization of Children 108
5.9. Under-weight Children and BMI Ratio
108
5.10.
Communicable Diseases 109
5.11. Performance of various Health Schemes
110
5.12. Per-capita Expenditure Analysis on Health Sector
110
5.13. Radar Analysis for Health 112
5.14. Small area study: Efficacy of Health Care Services for Pregnant
Women A study in K. Honnalagere GP of Maddur Taluk.
112
5.15. An Overview: Performance and Inadequacies of Health Care System
115

XIV

CHAPTER 6: INCOME, POVERTY AND EMPLOYMENT

116-133
6.1.
Introduction 116
6.2.
District and Taluk Income 116
6.3. Agriculture: Cropping Pattern, Irrigation, and Livestock
123
6.4. Poverty, BPL Households and MGNREGA
127
6.5.
Employment and Unemployment 129
6.6.
Main and Marginal Workers 129
6.7.
Work Participation Rate 129
6.8.
Occupation Pattern 130
6.9.
Child Labour 130
6.10.
Radar Analysis for Living Standard 132
6.11. Concluding Remarks 132
CHAPTER 7: STANDARD OF LIVING 134-149
7.1.
Introduction 134
7.2.
Housing Status 135
7.3.
Site-less Households 135
7.4.
Households with Pucca Houses 135
7.5.
Households without Proper Houses 136
7.6.
Households and Asset Status 137
7.7.
Schemes for Housing Facilities 140
7.8.
Drinking Water 142
7.9.
Electricity 144
7.10.
Traditional Fuel and Modern Fuel 144
7.11. Sanitation 149
7.12. Small area study: Construction and the Use of Rural Toilets
A study in Manikyanahalli GP of Pandavapura Taluk
147
7.13. Concluding Remarks 148
CHAPTER 8: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT 150-170
8.1.
Introduction Gender as Concept 150
8.2.
Gender Differentials in the District 156
8.3.
Patterns of Literacy and Enrollment 156
8.4.
Work Participation Trends 159
8.5.
Marginalization of Womens Works 161
8.6.
Trends in Political Participation 162
8.7. Community Attitudes and Social Prejudices, if any, affecting Women and Girl Children 165
8.8. Crime against Women: Crime Data at District and Taluk Levels
166
8.9. Role of Womens Groups and SHGs
167
8.10. Small area study: Community attitudes and social prejudices, affecting
women and girl children in Shrirangapattana & Mandya taluks A study in K. Shettihalli and Tubinakere GPs.
168
8.11. Concluding Remarks 169

XV

CHAPTER 9: STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES

171-196
9.1.
Introduction 171
9.2. A Demographic Profile of SCs and STs
172
9.3. Education Profile and Levels of Enrollment and Education and Dropout Rate
177
9.4. Health Awareness and Institutional Delivery Rate
185
9.5. Occupational Pattern Income and Employment Livelihood opportunities

and Development Programmes 186
9.6. Housing, Sanitation, and Drinking Water facilities
188
9.7. Composite Dalit Development Index (CDDI) A Case Study
192
9.8.
Concluding remarks 196
CHAPTER 10: GOVERNANCE ISSUES GOVERNANCE AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
197-219
10.1. Introduction 197
10.2. Local Governance Structure 199
10.3. Panchayat Raj Institutions: Structure and Process
201
10.4. Urban Local Bodies: Structure, Issues and Processes
208
10.5. Improving Service Delivery Mechanisms: e Initiatives,
Capacity Building, Good Governance Practices
212
10.6. Role of NGOs and Other Voluntary Groups
214
10.7. Representation of Women and Marginalized Sections of Society in Governance
216
10.8. Concluding Remarks 218
CHAPTER 11: URBAN ISSUES IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
220-242
11.1.
Introduction 220
11.2. Service Delivery Issues 221
11.3. Water Supply and Sanitation 228
11.4. Solid and Liquid Waste management 230
11.5. Radar Analysis 238
11.6. Small area study: Socio-economic status of slum dwellers in
Malavalli Town of Mandya District
239
11.7. Concluding Remarks 242
CHAPTER 12: WAY FORWARD 243-257
12.1. Introduction 243
12.2. Discussion and Analysis on:
Outline of HD and its Measurement as indicated by different indicators
Educational Component
Health Component
Livelihood and Quality of Living Indicators like Drinking Water, Housing and Sanitation Components
Combined HD Analysis of the District
Regional Disparity of the present HD situation in the District

XVI

The way Ahead:

Future HD Strategy for the Education Sector
Future HD strategy for Health Sector
Future HD Strategy for Livelihood Sector
Future HD Strategy for Dalits, Tribals, and Minorities
Future HD Strategy for Gender Development
Future HD Strategy for other sectors 243
12.3. Concluding Remarks 256
ANNEXURES 258-333
REFERANCES 333

XVII

LIST OF TABLES
2.1. Percentage of forest area to total geographical area of Mandya District -2011-12
258
2.2. Decadal population growth rate in Mandya District - 2001 and 2011
258
2.3. Urban Population to Total Population in Mandya District- 2011
258
2.4. Proportion of urban and rural population in Mandya vis-a -vis Karnataka and India
259
2.5. Sex ratio in Mandya District by Taluk -2011
259
2.6. Width-wise details of first three classes of roads (in km) in Mandya districts (up to end of March 2002) 259
2.7. Distance covered in Mandya district (up to end of March 2002)
259
2.8. Classification of Taluks in Mandya District as per Composite Taluk Development Indices Comparison of DHDRs and Prof. D.M. Nanjundappa Committees classifications
260
3.1. Human Development Index (HDI) Value and Rank
36
3.2. Gender Inequality Index (GII) Value and Rank
44
3.3. Child Development Index (CDI) Value and Rank
49
3.4. Food Security Index (FSI) Value and Rank 56
3.5. Composite Taluk Development Index (CTDI) Value and Rank
65
3.6. Urban Development Index (UDI) Value and Rank 67
4.1. Literacy Rate in Mandya district -2001 and 2011
260
4.2. Taluk-wise Male and Female literacy rates in Mandya District-2011
260
4.3. Gender gap in Literacy rate between 2001 and 2011 in Mandya District
261
4.4. Gross Enrolment Rate (Elementary School) in Mandya District by Taluks -2011
261
4.5. Net Enrolment Rate (Elementary School) in Mandya District by Taluk - 2010-11 and 2011-12
261
4.6. Dropout rate (Elementary School) in Mandya District by Taluks 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12
262
4.7. Taluk wise Dropout Children Mainstreamed (Primary and Secondary Schools) in
Mandya District by Taluks 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12
262
4.8. Transition Rate at Elementary School level in Mandya District: 2009-10, 2011-12 (%)
263
4.9. Secondary School Gross Enrolment Rate (15-16 years)
263
4.10.
Drop-out rate in Secondary School 263
4.11. Details of sanctioned posts and working teachers in schools in Mandya District in 2011-12
264
4.12. Details of Male and Female working teachers in schools
264
4.13. Pupil-Teacher Ratio (Elementary School) in Mandya District by Taluk -2009-10, 2010-11 & 2011-12
264
4.14. Pupil-Teacher Ratio (Secondary School) in Mandya District in 2009-10, 2010-11 & 2011-12
265
4.15. Building status and Condition of classrooms in Elementary and Secondary schools

(Education Department Schools) Mandya District 265
4.16. Percentage of villages having a Primary School within 1 km distance in Mandya District 2011-12
265
4.17. Taluk-wise School Infrastructure Index in Mandya District in 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12
266
4.18. Taluk-wise School Infrastructure Index in Mandya District in 2011-12
266
4.19. Educational Performance of Mandya District -2006
267
4.20. Educational Performance of Mandya District -2010
267
XVIII

4.21. SSLC pass percentage in Mandya district and its taluks during 2009-10,2010-11 and 2011-12
267
4.22. PUC pass percentage in Mandya District and its Taluks in 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12
267
4.23. Particulars of Higher Education Institutions in Mandya District
268
4.24. Details of Enrolment in different Higher Education Institutions 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12
268
4.25 (a). Per- capita Expenditure on Education-2011-12
268
4.25 (b). Break-up of Expenditure by Dept. of Education in Mandya District for the Year 2011-12
269
4.26. Social Composition of the Sample School dropouts
269
4.27. Level of schooling and Class-wise Distribution of the Sample dropout (No. of Dropouts 37)
270
4.28. Education Level of Parents of Dropouts Childern
270
4.29.
Reasons for Female Dropouts 271
4.30. Percentage of Dropouts resumed back to school
271
5.1. Status of Health Indicators in Mandya District
271
5.2. Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratio between 2001 and 2011
271
5.3. Major Health Indicators in Taluks of Mandya District
272
5.4. Eligible couples protected by contraceptive methods in Mandya District by Taluks
272
5.5. Sub-centers in Mandya District by Taluk -2011
272
5.6. Primary Health Centers in Mandya District by Taluk-2011
272
5.7. Doctors availability in Mandya District by Taluk- 2011
273
5.8. Nurses Availability in Mandya District by Taluk- 2011
273
5.9. Sub-centers, Primary Health Centers and Doctors availability in

Mandya District by Taluk 2009-2011(Nos) 273
5.10. ANC Coverage and Anaemia among pregnant women in Mandya District by Taluk: 2009-10 (%)
273
5.11. Taluk- wise Institutional deliveries in Mandya District -2011
274
5.12. ANC and Institutional Delivery in 2009-10 and 2010-11 in Mandya District
274
5.13. Children fully Immunized in Mandya District by Taluks
274
5.14. Percentage of Children born under-weight in Mandya District by Taluk in 2011-12
274
5.15. Malnourished Children (Excluding Normal) in Mandya District by Taluk (%)
275
5.16. Percentage of fully Immunized Children in Mandya by Taluk
275
5.17. Percentage of people affected by major communicable diseases-2011-12
275
5.18. Number of people affected by Communicable Diseases during 2009-2012
276
5.19. Number of Jana Swashthya Yojana ( JSY ) Beneficiaries in Mandya District and its Taluk (2011-12)
276
5.20. Per-capita Health Expenditure in 2008-09 (at Current Prices)
276
5.21. Trends in Per-Capita Health Expenditure from 2009 to 2012
277
5.22.
Place of Delivery 277
5.23. Birth Weight of the children (in kgs)
277
5.24.
Vaccinations administered to the baby 277
6.1. Growth of DDP at 2004-05 prices in Mandya District: (Rs. Lakh)
277
6.2. Taluk-wise Economic Growth Rates at 2004-05 prices in Mandya District (In lakh Rs.)
278
6.3. Growth Rate of Per capita income in Mandya District vis-a-vis Karnataka State at 2004-05
prices during the period from 2004-05 to 2008-09
278
XIX

6.4. Taluk-wise Gross Per- capita Income (in rupees) for the year 2008-09 at current prices
278
6.5. Taluk-wise Sectoral Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09 at Current Prices
Aggregates for all sectors (In lakh Rs. & %)
279
6.6. Taluk-wise Sectoral Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09 at Current Prices

Primary Sector (In lakh Rs. & %) 279
6.7. Taluk-wise Sectoral Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09 at Current Prices

Secondary Sector (In lakh Rs. & %) 280
6.8. Taluk-wise Sectoral Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09 at Current Prices

Tertiary Sector (In lakh Rs. & %) 281
6.9 (a). Land Use Pattern in Mandya District in 2011-12 (in Ha.)
282
6.9 (b). Percentage Change in Net Sown Area (NSA) in Mandya District (2001 2011)
282
6.9 (c). Percentage of area degraded to TGA in Mandya District in 2011-12
283
6.9 (d). Taluk- wise Average size of holdings in Mandya District - 2011-12 (In hectares)
283
6.10 (a). Cropping Intensity in Mandya District by Taluks -2011-12
283
6.10 (b). Cropping Intensity in Mandya District by Taluks 2012-13
284
6.11. Cropping Pattern in Mandya District 2011-12
284
6.12. Percentage of Area under leguminous crops to the GCA in Mandya District 2011-12
284
6.13. Per capita food grain production in Mandya District In 2011-12 (in kgs)
285
6.14. Irrigation in Mandya District 2011-12: Net Area Irrigated by Different Sources (Area in Ha)
285
6.15. Irrigation Intensity in Mandya District by Taluks -2011-12
285
6.16. Livestock In Mandya District (As per 2007 Livestock Census)
286
6.17. Taluk-wise Poverty Head Count Ratio in Mandya District
286
6.18. Shows the details of the total number of ration cards including BPL cards issued by
State Food and Civil Supplies Dept in Mandya District.
286
6.19. Percentage of Households provided employment to total number of households in

Mandya District registered under MGNREGS 287
6.20. Decadal Growth Rate of Workforce in Mandya District by Taluks between 2001 and 2011
287
6.21. Percentage of main workers to total workers in Mandya District by Taluks - 2011
287
6.22. Work Participation Rate ( WPR) in Mandya District by Taluks -2011
288
6.23. Male Work Participation Rate ( WPRM) in Mandya District by Taluks -2011
288
6.24. Female Work Participation Rate ( WPRF) in Mandya District by Taluks -2011
288
6.25. Cultivators to Total Workers in Mandya District by Taluks -2011
288
6.26. Percentage of Agricultural labourers to total workers in Mandya District -2011
289
6.27. Percentage of workers in Household Industries in Mandya District - 2011
289
6.28. Share of female workers in the non-agricultural sector in Mandya District -2011
289
6.29. Female Agricultural wage rate in Mandya District - 2011
289
6.30. Male Agricultural wage rate in Mandya District - 2011
290
6.31. Ratio of average agricultural wage prevalent in Mandya District to Minimum

wages prescribed by the State 290
XX

6.32.
Occupation Pattern in Mandya District 2011-12 290
7.1. Taluk-wise Site-less Households in Mandya District 2011
291
7.2. Number of Households with Pucca Houses in Mandya District by Taluks-2011
291
7.3. Number of Households without Own Houses in Urban Local Bodies -2011
291
7.4. Percentage of Slum Population to total urban population -2011
292
7.5. Sewerage/ Drainage Facilities in Urban Local Bodies -2011
292
7.6. Gram Panchayats selected for Nirmal Gram Puraskar Award in Mandya District, 2011
292
7.7. Number of Households with Bicycles in Mandya District in 2001 & 2011
293
7.8. Number of Households having with two-wheelers during 2001 & 2011
293
7.9. Number of households with no assets (Telephone, Computer, TV,
2 Wheelers and 4 Wheelers) in Mandya District during 2001 & 2011
294
7.10 (a). Progress of Indira Awas Yojana in Mandya District -Physical Progress, 2009-2010
294
7.10 (b).Progress of Indira Awas Yojana in Mandya District-Physical Progress, 2011-2012.
294
7.10 (c). Progress of Indira Awas Yojana in Mandya District-Physical Progress, 2012-13
295
7.10 (d). Progress of Rural Ambedkar Housing Scheme in Mandya Physical Progress, 2009-12.
295
7.10 (e). Progress of Basava Housing Scheme in Mandya District Physical Progress 2010-11
296
7.11. Number of Households having access to drinking water during 2001 & 2011
297
7.12. Number of Households in Mandya district having access to electricity in 2001 and 2011
298
7.13. Number of Households having access to Modern Cooking fuel during 2001 & 2011
298
7.14. Number of Households having access to latrine facility within their premises in 2001 & 2011
299
7.15. Percentage of Households Selected for Rural Sanitation within Manikyanahalli Gram Panchayat Area 299
8.1.
Taluk-wise Sex ratio in Mandya District 299
8.2. Distribution of Child Sex ratio in Mandya district by taluk
300
8.3 (a). Taluk-wise health indicators among women in Mandya District
300
8.3 (b). Taluk wise health indicators among children in Mandya District
300
8.3 (c). Population Served by Anganwadi Centers in Mandya District by Taluks
301
8.4. Taluk wise Female Literacy Rate in Mandya District
301
8.5. Taluk-wise female and male work participation rates in Mandya District
301
8.6. Percentage of female workers in non-agricultural sector (NAGF) to Total female workers
302
8.7. Taluk-wise female and male wage rates in Mandya District
302
8.8. Elected Women Representatives in Urban Local Bodies
302
8.9. Elected Women Representatives in Rural Local Bodies
303
8.10.
Women-headed Households in Mandya District 303
8.11. Crime against Women in Mandya District 2009-12
303
8.12.
Active Self-Help Groups (SHGs) 304
9.1. Decadal Growth of SC & ST Population in Mandya District
304
9.2. Taluk-wise Growth of SC and ST Population in the District 1991-2011
305
9.3. Percentage of SC-ST Population to the total Population by Taluk
305
9.4. SC-ST Population in Rural & Urban Areas 2001 & 2011
306
XXI

9.5. Sex Ratio among SC, ST and Other Groups

306
9.6. Gross Enrollment in Primary School in Mandya District in 2011-12
307
9.7. Gross Enrollment in Upper Primary School in Mandya District 2011-12
307
9.8. Gross Enrollment in Elementary School in Mandya District in 2011-12
307
9.9. Transition Rate from 5th Standard to 6th Standard in Mandya District 2011-12
308
9.10. Transition Rate from 8th Standard to 9th Standard in Mandya District 2011-12
308
9.11. Drop-out rate in Primary Schools for SCs and STs 2011-12
308
9.12. Drop-out rate in Upper Primary Schools for SCs and STs 2011-12
309
9.13. SSLC Results for SC and ST in Mandya district 2011-12 & 2012-13
309
9.14. Land Holding among SCs and STs (In numbers)
309
9.15. Land Owned by Different Groups (In hectares)
310
9.16. Houses Constructed Under Ashraya Scheme Year: 2011-12
310
9.17. Houses Constructed Under Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Scheme Year: 2011-12
310
9.18.
Indira Awas Houses Year: 2011-12 311
9.19. Ambedkar Housing Scheme for SCs and STs in Mandya district Year 2009-12
311
9.20. Details of sanitation facilities for SCs and STs in Mandya district Year: 2009-11
311
9.21. Scheduled Caste HHs access to basic services
311
9.22. Scheduled Tribes HHs with access to basic services
312
9.23.
Composite Dalit Development Index 312
10.1. Details of SHGs in Mandya District - 2011-12
312
10.2. Details of SCs/STs elected representatives in rural local bodies
313
10.3. SCs/STs elected representatives in urban local bodies in Mandya District in 2011-12
313
10.4. Gram Panchayats Selected for Nirmal Gram Puraskar Awards in the District
313
11.1.
Category-wise ULBs in Mandya District 313
11.2. Trends in Urban Population in Mandya District
314
11.3. Trends in urban slum population in Mandya District during 2001-2011
314
11.4. Households Access to Drinking Water in ULBs in Mandya District 2001-2011
315
11.5. Households having access to toilet facility within the premises in Mandya District ULBs (2001 -2011) 315
11.6. Solid Waste Generated in ULBs of Mandya District
316
11.7. Manpower deployed for collection and disposal of Solid waste in ULBs
316
11.8. HHs having access to Sewerage /Drainage in Mandya District ULBs
317
11.9.
Roads (Length in kms) in ULBs 318
11.10. Percentage of Own resources to Total receipts of ULBs wise
318
11.11. Per-capita expenditure on Development Works in ULBs
319
11.12. Households without own house in ULBs in 2011-12
319
11.13. Crime Rate per 10,000 Populations in Urban local bodies
319
11.14. Road accidents per 10, 000 Populations in ULBs
320
11.15. Number of Hospital Beds per 1,000 population in ULBs in 2011
320
11.16. Urban Development Index (UDI) for Mandya District ULBs
320
XXII

LIST OF FIGURES
2.1. Month wise actual and normal rainfall in 2012 (mms) in Mandya District
23
2.2. Actual annual rainfall from 2001-2012 (mms) in Mandya District
24
3.1.
Radar diagram for Taluk-wise HDI 37
3.2.
Comparison of HDI 2011 37
3.3. HDI of Mandya District in 1991, 2001 & 2011
38
3.4. Radar Diagram for Living Standard Index in Mandya District.
39
3.5. Radar diagram for Taluk-wise Health Index, in Mandya District
40
3.6. Radar diagram for Taluk-wise Education Index in Mandya District
40
3.7. Taluk-wise comparison of LSI, HI and EI in Mandya District
41
3.8.
Gender Inequality Index 44
3.9.
Reproductive Health Index 45
3.10.
Empowerment Index 46
3.11.
Labour Market Index 47
3.12. Taluk-wise comparison of Gender Inequality Indices in Mandya District
48
3.13. Radar diagram for Child Development Index.
50
3.14.
Health Index 51
3.15.
Nutrition Index 52
3.16.
Education Index 53
3.17.
Comparison between Child Development Indices 54
3.18.
Food Security Index (FSI) 56
3.19.
Food Availability Index (FAI) 57
3.20.
Food Accessibility Index (FAcI) 58
3.21.
Food Absorption Index (FAbI) 59
3.22. Taluk-wise Comparison of Food Security Indices in Mandya district
60
3.23:
Living Standard/Livelihood Index 61
3.24:
Health Index 62
3.25:
Education Index 63
3.26.
Composite Taluk Development Index 64
3.27.
Urban Development Index 68
4.1. Literacy Rate in Mandya district -2001 and 2011
71
4.2. Taluk-wise male and female literacy rates in Mandya District-2011
72
4.3. Gross Enrolment Rate (Elementary School) in Mandya District by Taluks-2011
74
4.4. Net Enrolment Rate (Elementary School) in Mandya District by Taluk 2010-11 and 2011-12
75
4.5. Dropout Rate (Elementary School) in Mandya District by Taluks 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12
76
4.6. Taluk wise Dropout Children Mainstreamed (Primary and Secondary Schools) in Mandya District-2011 77
4.7. Transition Rate at Elementary School level in Mandya District: 2009-10, 2011-12 (%)
79
4.8. Secondary School Gross Enrolment Rate (15-16 years)
80
XXIII

4.9.
Drop-out rate in Secondary School 81
4.10.
School Infrastructure Index Number 85
4.11.
Radar diagram of Education Index 92
5.1. Changes in Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratio between 2001 and 2011
100
5.2. Status of Major Health Indicators in taluks of Mandya District
101
5.3. Eligible couples protected by contraceptive methods in Mandya District by Taluks
103
5.4. Per -capita Health Expenditure from 2009-2012
111
5.5.
Radar Diagram of Health 112
5.6. Incidence of Anaemia among sample respondents
114
6.1. Percentage of Taluk-wise Sectoral Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09
at Current Prices - Aggregates for all sectors
121
6.2. Percentage of Taluk-wise Sectoral Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09

at Current Prices -Primary Sector 122
6.3. Percentage of Taluk-wise Sectoral Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09

at Current Prices -Secondary Sector 122
6.4. Percentage of Taluk-wise Sectoral Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09

at Current Prices - Tertiary Sector 123
6.5. Radar Diagram for Living Standard Index in Mandya District
132
7.1. Percentage of Households with Bicycles in Mandya District in 2001 & 2011
138
7.2. Percentage of Households having with two-wheelers during 2001 & 2011
139
7.3. Percentage of households with no assets (Telephone, Computer, TV,
2 Wheelers and 4 Wheelers) in Mandya District during 2001 & 2011
140
7.4. Percentage of Households having access to drinking water during 2001 & 2011
143
7.5. Percentage of Households in Mandya District having access to electricity in 2001 & 2011
144
7.6. Percentage of Households having access to Modern Cooking fuel during 2001 & 2011
145
7.7. Percentage of Households having access to latrine facility within the premises during 2001 & 2011
146
8.1.
Taluk-wise Sex ratio in Mandya District 152
8.2. Distribution of Child Sex ratio in Mandya district by taluk
153
8.3. Taluk-wise health indicators among women in Mandya District
154
8.4. Population Served by Anganwadi Centers in Mandya District by Taluks
155
8.5. Taluk-wise female and male work participation rates in Mandya District
159
8.6. Percentage of female workers in non-agricultural sector (NAGF) to Total female workers
160
8.7. Taluk-wise female and male wage rates in Mandya District
161
8.8. Percentage of Elected Women Representatives in Urban Local Bodies
163
8.9. Percentage of elected women representatives in rural local bodies
163
8.10. Percentage of Women-headed Households in Mandya District
164
8.11. Crime against Women in Mandya District 2009-12
166
8.12.
Percentage of active and registered SHGs 167
9.1. Taluk-wise Growth of SC and ST Population in the District 1991-2011
173
XXIV

9.2. SC-ST Population in Rural & Urban Areas 2001 & 2011
175
9.3. Sex Ratio among SC, ST and Other Groups
177
9.4. Gross Enrollment in Primary School among SC and ST in Mandya District in 2011-12
178
9.5. Gross Enrollment in Upper Primary School among SC and ST in Mandya District 2011-12
179
9.6. Gross Enrollment in Elementary School among SC and ST in Mandya District in 2011-12
180
9.7. Transition Rate from 5th Standard to 6th Standard among SC and ST in Mandya District 2011-12
181
9.8. Transition Rate from 8th Standard to 9th Standard among SC and ST in Mandya District 2011-12
182
9.9. Drop-out rate in Primary Schools for SCs and STs 2011-12
183
9.10. Drop-out rate in Upper Primary Schools for SCs and STs 2011-12
184
9.11. SSLC Results for SC and ST in Mandya district 2011-12 & 2012-13
185
9.12. Land Holdings among SC and ST (In numbers
186
9.13. Land Owned by SC, ST and General Groups (In hectares)
187
9.14. Houses Constructed Under Ashraya Scheme Year: 2011-12
188
9.15. Houses Constructed Under Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Scheme Year: 2011-12
189
9.16.
Indira Awas Houses Year: 2011-12 190
9.17. Percentage of Scheduled Caste Households with access to basic services
191
9.18. Percentage of Scheduled Tribes Households with access to basic services
192
9.19. Radar Diagram of Composite Dalit Development Index
195
10.1. Details of SHGs in Mandya District - 2011-12
215
10.2. SCs/STs elected representatives in rural local bodies
216
10.3. SCs/STs elected representatives in urban local bodies in Mandya District in 2011-12
217
10.4. Gram Panchayats Selected for Nirmal Gram Puraskar Awards in the District
218
11.1. Percentage of Households having access to four basic services provided by
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), Mandya district -2011
222
11.2.
Trends in Urbanisation in Mandya District 227
11.3. Trends in urban slum population in Mandya District
228
11.4. Percentage of urban households having access to water supply in Mandya District ULBs (2001-2011) 229
11.5. Percentage of urban households in Mandya District ULBs having access to toilet facility

within the premises (2001-2011) 230
11.6.
Per-capita waste generated (gm/day) 231
11.7. Percentage of Households having access to Sewerage /Drainage in Mandya District ULBs
232
11.8. Percentage of own resources to total receipts of ULBs during 2011-12
233
11.9. Trends in percentage of own resources to total receipts of ULBs
234
11.10. Per- capita expenditure on development works in ULBs
235
11.11. Percentage of Households without own house in ULBs in 2011-12
236
11.12. Crime rate per 10, 000 populations in ULBs
236
11.13. Roads accidents per 10000 populations in ULBs
237
11.14. Radar analysis 238
11.15. Age group of the respondents 239
XXV

LIST OF CHARTS
3.1.
Indicators for three dimensions of HDI 35
3.2.
Indicators for Gender Inequality Index 43
3.3
Indicators for Child Development Index 49
3.4
Indicators for Food Security Index 55
3.5
Indicators for Urban Development Index 67
10.1.
District Level Zilla Panchayat 205
10.2.
Intermediate Level Taluk Panchayat 205
10.3.
Lower Level Grama Panchayat 206
10.4. Existing Planning Process of Three Tier System in Karnataka
207
10.5. Elected wing in City Municipal Council and Town Municipal Councils
210
10.6. Structure of City Municipal Councils (CMCs)
211
10.7. Structure of Town Municipal Councils (TMCs)
211

LIST OF BOXES
2.1. Summary Statistics of Mandya District (2011)
22
4.1.
Provision for Children with Special Needs 78
4.2.
Two Model schools in Mandya District 84
4.3. Quality concern in Education in Mandya District
87
4.4.
Capacity Building 88
4.5.
Nali kali Satellite Programme 91
4.6.
Reading corners 95
6.1. Maddur A Unique Terminal Market for Tender Coconut
124
6.2. National Child Labour Project (NCLP) in Karnataka
131
7.1. Self investment in Housing-model villages show the way
136
8.1.
Why Gender Segregated Analysis? 150
10.1. UNDP- Five Principles of Good Governance
198
11.1.
Initiatives for improving urban Governance 223
11.2. Glimpse of Public Grievance and Redressal Module (PGR)
224

LIST OF THEMATIC MAPS

1.1. Human Development Index
2.1. Gender Inequality Index
3.1. Child Development Index
4.1. Food Security Index
5.1. Composite Taluk Development Index
6.1. Urban Development Index
XXVI

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AAY
ACGR
AEH
AEZ
ANC
APL
ASHAs
ASER
AVY
BEO
BMIC
BRS
BVY
CBO
CBR
CD
CDDI
CDI
CCDI
CFTRI
CIPET
CMC
CMR
CP
CPHEEO
CPM
CPO
CSO
CSR
CTDI
CWSN
DDI
DDP
DDPI
DFRL
DHDR
DIET
DISE

Anthyodaya Anna Yojana

Annual Compound Growth Rate
All Electric Homes
Agricultural Export Zone
Antenatal Care
Above Poverty Line
Accredited Social Health Activists
Annual States of Education Report
Ambedkar Vasathi Yojana
Block Education Officer
Bangalore-Mysore Infrastructure Corridor
Bank Reconciliation Statement
Basava Vasathi Yojana
Community Based Organization
Crude Birth Rate
Communicable Diseases
Composite Dalit Development Index
Child Development Index
Comprehensive Composite Development Index
Central Food Technological Research Institute
Central Institute of Plastic Engineering Technology
City Municipal Council
Child Mortality Rate
Cerebral Palsied
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineer Organisation
Capability Poverty Measure
Chief Planning Officer
Central Statistical Organization
Child Sex Ratio
Composite Taluk Development Index
Children With Special Needs
Dalit Deprivation Index
District Domestic Product
Deputy Director of Public Instruction
Defence Food Research Laboratory
District Human Development Report
District Institute of Education and Training
District Information System for Education
XXVII

DPC
DPEP
DPGR
DUDC
EI
EMI
ESA
ETR
FSI
GAD
GCA
GDP
GEM
GER
GII
GIS
GNP
GoK
GP
GSDP
HBE
HCR
HDI
HDPE
HDRs
HHs
HI
HI
HPS
HS
IAY
ICT
ID
IEDSS
IMR
IPM
ITI
KIADB
KM
KMABR

District Planning Committee

District Primary Education Programme
Decadal Population Growth Rate
District Urban Development Cell
Education Index
Empowerment Index
Employment Standards Act
Educational Transition Rates
Food Security Index
Gender and Development
Gross Cropped Area
Gross Domestic Product
Gender Empowerment Measure
Gross Enrolment rate
Gender Inequality Index
Geographic Information System
Gross National Product
Government of Karnataka
Gram Panchayath
Gross State Domestic Product
Home Based Education
Head Count Ratio
Human Development Index
High-Density Polyethylene
Human Development Reports
House Holds
Hearing Impaired
Health Index
Higher Primary School
High School
Indira Awas Yojana
Information and Communication Technology
Institutional Deliveries
Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage
Infant Mortality Rate
Income Poverty Measure
Industrial Training Institute
Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board
Karnataka Municipalities
Karnataka Municipal Accounting & Budgeting Rules
XXVIII

KMC
KRS
KSCB
KSSIDC
KUWS & DB
LD
LMI
LPS
LSI
MDGs
MEW
MGNREGS
MHRD
MLA
MLC
MLD
MMR
MPCE
MPI
MR
MRP
NBA
NER
NEW
NGOs
NHDR
NICNET
NREGS
NSA
NTR
OBB
OBC
ODC
OI
OOSC
PANE
PCHE
PCI
PGR
PHC

Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act

Krishna Raj Sagar
Karnataka Slum Clearance Board
Karnataka Small Scale Industries Development Corporation
Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board
Learning Disabled
Labour Market Index
Lower Primary School
Living Standard Index
Millennium Development Goals
Measure of Economic Welfare
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
Ministry of Human Resource Development
Member of Legislative Assembly
Members of the Legislative Council
Million Liters per Day
Maternal Mortality Rate
Monthly Per -Capita Consumption Expenditure
Multidimensional Poverty Index
Mentally Retarded
Municipal Reforms Project
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan
Net Enrollment Rate
Net Economic Welfare
Non-Governmental Organizations
National Human Development Report
National Informatics Center Network
National Rural Employment Scheme
Net Sown Area
Non-Tax Revenues
Operation Black Board
Other Backward Class
Overseas Development Council
Orthopedically Impaired
Out of School Children
Pregnant Women with Anaemia
Per Capita Health Expenditure
Per Capita Income
Public Grievance and Redressal Module
Primary Health Centre
XXIX

PPP
PQLI
PRI
RDI
RLBs
RMSA
ROW
RTE
RUSA
SCs
SCSP
SDMC
SDP
SEZ
SH
SHGs
SI
SNA
SSA
STEP
STs
TDP
TFR
TGA
TMC
TPs
UDI
ULBs
UNDP
UNICEF
UNO
VC
VI
WAD
WHO
WID
WPR
WTP
ZP

Purchasing Power Parity

Physical Quality of Life Index
Panchayat Raj Institutions
Reproductive Health Index
Rural Local Bodies
Rashtriya Madyamika Shikshana Abhiyana
Right of Way
Right To Education
Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan
Scheduled Castes
Schedule Caste Sub-Plan
School Development and Management Committee
States Domestic Product
Special Economic Zone
State Highway
Self Help Groups
Speech Impaired
System of National Accounts
Sarva Shikshana Abhiyana
Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women
Scheduled Tribes
Taluk Domestic Product
Total Fertility Rate
Total Geographical Area
Town Municipal Councils
Town Panchayats
Urban Development Index
Urban Local Bodies
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund
United Nation Organisation
Visweswarayya Canal
Visually Impaired
Women and Development
World Health Organization
Women in Development
Work Participation Rate
Water Treatment Plant
Zilla Panchayath
XXX

PART - I

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The conventional concept of development focused on
the expansion of production of goods and services and
the consequent growth in per capita income was used
as an indicator of prosperity. As economic prosperity
measured in terms of per capita income does not always
ensure enrichment in quality of life reflected in broader
dimensions of well-being, it needs to be measured using
unconventional indicators such as Human Development
Index (HDI) and the incidence of poverty, the indicators
that are more appropriate in reflecting changes in the
attainment levels during different periods of time.
Human Development is about much more than the rise
in national incomes. It is about creating an environment
in which people can develop their full potential and lead
productive, creative lives in accordance with their needs
and interests. People are the real wealth of a nation. Thus
development is about expanding the choices people have
to make to lead their lives the way they value. And it is
thus much more than economic growth which is only a
means, albeit a very important one, of enlarging peoples
choices. Fundamental to enlarging these choices is
building human capabilities the range of things that
people can do in life. The most basic capabilities for
human development are to lead a long and healthy life, to
be knowledgeable to have access to the resources needed
for a decent standard of living and to be able to participate
in the life of the community. Without these, many choices
are simply not available and many opportunities in life
remain inaccessible.
The most important purpose of the Human development
Report (HDR) for Mandya District is to provide a
yardstick against which future attainments on the human
development front can be judged. Another major purpose
is to sensitize the State planners and policy makers to
the significance of the human development perspective
for promoting social well-being along with equitable and
sustainable growth. Thus, human development can be
an ideal instrument for increasing the pace of poverty
reduction. This report also spells out the challenges that
the local government faces in different areas of human
development, and outlines the policy initiatives for
meeting these challenges. The HDR provides a noteworthy
assessment of key components of human development
in the district highlights the achievements made hitherto

and provides what else needs to be done to consolidate

and accelerate the gains. In fact the 73rd and 74th
Constitutional Amendments mandate the preparation
of district-level plans. So, the District has been and will
continue to be a very important unit for planning and its
implementation for human development.
Among other things, the availability of district-level
human development indicators would facilitate planning
and resource mapping. Easy public access to current
information of this type could serve as a gauge to
measure the performance and progress of various
districts. The Human Development Report of Mandya
District specifically focuses on :to draw at a rich picture
of Human development in the district of Mandya by
focusing specifically on the dimensions and indicators
of human development as manifested in the district over
space and time; to critically examine human development
of the district by taking into account the temporal
and spatial variations in social, economic, cultural and
political aspects of peoples life with special reference
to demography, literacy and education, sanitation,
health and nutrition, employment, income and poverty,
socio-economic infrastructures such as housing, water
supply, irrigation, power, transport and communication,
gender issues and disparities in development among
the poor and rich and the local governance with regard
to Panchayat raj institutions; to bring out reasons for
disparities in the development levels in all aspects
mentioned above, and to develop strategies for bringing
about equitable, sustainable, productive and empowered
human development and to identify the needs and
priorities of backward taluks and find solutions to reduce
the development gaps between them and the developed
taluks by making appropriate provisions in the resource
allocations.
The concept of human development as propounded in
the UNDPs Human Development reports is multifaceted
and still evolving. The range and dimensions of the
choices have been expanding with successive Global
HDRs. Nevertheless, the three choices, viz., to lead a long
life, to acquire knowledge and to have resources needed
for a decent living which are central to the notion of
human development have remained constant.
1

The HDI is an outline of human development. It measures

the average achievement in a country in three basic
dimensions of human development. The Global Human
Development Report-2010 prepared by the UNDP has
used an improved methodology for computing HDI,
GII and MPI. The measurement of human development
is now broad-based and it considers several additional
indicators. Accordingly, eleven indicators have been used
for measuring the three dimensions of HDI viz. Living
standard, health and education. HDI is the geometric
mean of the three-dimensional indices. Albeit Human
Development Index (HDI) has been used as the prime
indicator of human development in Mandya district,
other complementary indices have also been computed
to comprehensively understand the overall development
of the district through different dimensions. These
additional indices are: Gender Inequality Index (GII);
Child Development Index (CDI); Food Security Index
(FSI); Composite Taluk Development Index (CTDI);
Urban Development Index (UDI) and Composite Dalit
Development Index (CDDI).
Overall 126 Indicators have been used for computing the
above-mentioned indices. These indicators are chosen
taking into account demographic factors, livelihood and
employment related factors, household assets, factors
empowering the community, health factors including
water supply and sanitation, and education factors HDI
is computed by using 11 indicators, Gender Inequality
Index (GII) is computed by using 15 indicators,
Child Development Index (CDI) is computed using 3
indicators, FSI by using 18 indicators, CTDI by using
68 indicators, UDI by using 11 indicators.To work out
the HDI the study has used the well-known and timetested UNDP methodology. For computing Composite
Dalit Development Index (CDDI), 10 indicators have
been used and the data were gathered from a village to
compute CDDI.
The human development index (HDI) for all the taluks
in the district ranges between 0.493 and 0.758. HDI for
Shrirangapattana, Mandya and Maddur taluks is higher
than the district average (0.663), while HDI for Malavalli,
Pandavapura, Nagamangala and Krishnarajpet taluks
is lower than that of district. Shrirangapattana taluk
ranks number one in HDI ranking followed by Mandya
taluk in the 2nd rank and Maddur taluk in the 3rd rank.
Krishnarajpet taluk ranks last i.e. 7th, with a HDI of
0.493. Shrirangapattana taluk has highest HDI (0.758)
because of the better values in health index (0.920), living
standard index (0.696) and 0.682 for education index.

Though Mandya taluk ranks first in education index

(1.0) and living standard index (0.754), it ranks seventh
in health index (0.441). Due to poor performance in
health index, Mandya taluk moved to the 2nd rank in
the district. Krishnarajpet taluk ranks 7th in HDI in the
district because of the low index value in living standard
(0.204).
The living standard index (LSI), one of the three
components of HDI is computed using seven subindicators namely: access to cooking fuel, toilet, water,
electricity, pucca house, percentage of non-agricultural
workers and per capita income. Mandya district has a
moderate LSI of 0.588. The highest LSI (0.754) is found
for Mandya taluk which is in the 1st rank and the Lowest
LSI (0.204) is for Krishnarajpet taluk which is in the 7th
rank. Mandya and Shrirangapattana taluks have better
LSI value than the districts average of 0.588, while
Krishnarajpet, Nagamangala, Malavalli, Pandavapura and
Maddur taluks have lower LSI than the district average.
Thus, there is a significant gap in the LSI between the
taluks of Mandya district.
Two vital health indicators namely child mortality rate
and maternal mortality rate are used as sub-indicators to
compute the health index (HI). The HI of taluks in the
district ranges from 0.441 to 0.953 and there is a striking
gap between lowest and highest in health index. Mandya
taluk has least (0.441) HI which is lesser than the district
average of 0.726, while all other taluks have higher health
index than that of the district. Nagamangala taluk ranks
number one with highest HI of 0.953.
Education index is computed using two sub-indicators
namely literacy rate and gross enrollment rate at primary
and secondary schools. Mandya district has an average
EI of 0.681 which shows the moderate education
development. EI for taluks ranges from 0.428 to 1.000
showing wide gap between taluks. Mandya taluk ranks
first with an EI of 1.0, while Malavalli taluk has least EI
of 0.428.
The gender inequality index (GII) is one of the other
indices computed for assessing the overall development
of the district. Gender inequality index encompasses
unequal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities
for female and translates to poor health status, low
educational attainment, and poor economic and
political status compared to male. GII is computed
based on three dimensions relating to: reproductive
health, empowerment and labour market. The GII for
2

Mandya district is 0.070 indicating that gender inequality

in Mandya district is very low. Taluk-wise GII values
indicate that Maddur taluk rank 1st with the lowest
value (0.046) followed by Krishnarajpet in the 2nd Rank
(0.052), Shrirangapattana in the 3rd Rank (0.053) and
Nagamangala in the 4th Rank (0.0.61). Mandya taluk has
GII of 0.075 which is nearly equal to that of GII of the
district. Malavalli and Pandavapura taluks have higher GII
of 0.087 and 0.104 with 6th and 7th ranks respectively.
Child Development Index (CDI) is a composite index
worked out based on child mortality rate (Health Index),
percentage of mal-nourished children, babies born underweight (Nutritional index) and percentage of drop-out
children in primary and secondary school main-streamed
(Education index). The CDI for Mandya district is 0.338.
For taluks CDI ranges from 0.208 to 0.978. The CDI for
Pandavapura taluk is the highest (0.978) followed by
Shrirangapattana taluk with CDI of 0.681. Malavalli taluk
is in the 3rd rank with 0.584, Maddur taluk ranks 4th
with 0.533 and Nagamangala taluk ranks 5th with 0.448.
Krishnarajpet (0.302) and Mandya taluks (0.208) are in
the 6th and 7th place respectively.
Food Security Index (FSI) is computed based on three
dimensions namely food availability, accessibility and
absorption. Food Security index of a nation helps to find
out whether a nation is able to give food to the people
and keep them healthy all the times. The FSI for Mandya
district is 0.398. The FSI for the taluks ranges from 0.365
in the case of Malavalli (7th rank) to 0.605 in the case
of Shrirangapattana taluk (1st rank). This considerable
gap in FSI indicates wide variation with regard to food
security, between taluks which is to be essentially
addressed by the district administration.
Composite Taluk Development Index (CTDI) is a
comprehensive index covering a wide range of critical
development indicators in a taluk. It helps not only to
assess the over-all development of a taluk but also to
compare taluks in terms of overall development. CTDI
is computed by using three broad parameters related
to education, health and standard of living. In all 68
indicators have been used for computing CTDI. The
average Composite Development Index for Mandya
district is 0.506 which shows modest development.
Mandya taluk with a CTDI value of 0.611 ranks first. The
CTDI for Maddur taluk is 0.535 which is slightly higher
than the district CTDI. Nagamangala taluk is in the 3rd
place with a CTDI of 0.507. The CTDI of Shrirangapattana
(0.491), Krishnarajpet (0.473) and Malavalli (0.425)

taluks are below the district average.

Urban Development Index (UDI) is also one of the
important indices for assessing human development
of an urban area. The UDI is computed using the
indicators which are important for urban development
and altogether 11 indicators have been used to compute
the UDI. The UDI for urban local bodies ranges from
0.383 to 0.756. Mandya CMC has highest UDI of 0.756
followed by Krishnarajpet TMC with UDI of 0.648 and
Shrirangapattana with UDI of 0.629. The UDI for Malavalli
TMC is 0.497, for Nagamangala TP 0.467, for Pandavapura
TP 0.442 and for Maddur TMC 0.383.
In addition to constructing the above-mentioned index,
a Composite Dalit Development Index (CDDI) is also
computed based on a small area study in a village to
understand the Dalit development problems. CDDI is a
composite index of 10 indicators relating the life of Dalits.
In the sample study in a village of Mandya district the
CDDI worked out to be 0.573 which indicates average
Dalit development in the scale range specified for the
purpose. The Dalit Deprivation Index (DDI) is 1-CDDI
(0.573), thus in the present case the DDI is 0.427.
In addition to the computation of Human Development
Index and other indices namely GII, CDI, FSI, CTDI, UDI
and CDDI the report also throws light on issues relating
to literacy and education, health & nutrition, standard of
living, status of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
and Urban issues to understand the gamut of human
development in the district.
Literacy Rate is the common indicator used for educational
development in any district and it is calculated by
considering the population above seven years. The total
population above seven years of the district is 16.33
lakh and the literacy rate is 70.40 per cent. But it is less
than the average literacy rate of the state (75.60%) and
the district is placed in the 20th position in the literacy
rate. The district in total has made some improvement
in Literacy rate in the last decade from 2001 (61.05%)
to 2011 (70.40%). The GER at elementary level in all the
seven taluks is fairly high and it ranges between the lowest
85.76% (Nagamangala taluk) and the highest 107.34%
(Mandya taluk). Three taluks -Mandya, Pandavapura and
Maddur - have recorded a GER of greater than 100 per
cent, whereas the other four taluks have recorded less than
100%. Pupil-Teacher Ratio at the elementary level in the
district is 20:1 which means there are 20 pupils attached
to one teacher. Considerable variation in Pupil-Teacher
Ratio is noticed across the seven taluks, ranging between
3

13:1in Nagamangala taluk and 37:1 in Shrirangapattana

taluk in 2011-12; while little variation is found across the
taluks in 2009-10 and some variation in 2010-11. About
99% of the schools possess own buildings.
In respect of health and nutrition the core indicators like
IMR, CMR, MMR and per capita expenditure on health
are discussed in the report. The IMR for Mandya District
is 26 which is much below the Karnataka and Indias
IMR of 35 and 42 respectively. Krishnarajpet has highest
rate of IMR with (27) is followed by Nagamangala and
Malavalli with 26 each. The least IMR is found in four
taluks namely Pandavapura, Shrirangapattana, Mandya
and Maddur with IMR of 25. The Child Mortality Ratio
(CMR) is the number of children who die in the age
group of 0-5 years per 1000 live births. The CMR is 30 in
Mandya district. Highest CMR of 31 is found in Mandya
taluk followed by Krishnarajpet and Maddur with 29
apiece. On the other hand, the remaining four taluks
namely Nagamangala, Pandavapura, Shrirangapattana
and Malavalli recorded CMR of 28. The CMR for the
district and the taluk is much below CMR for India (55)
and Karnataka (54).Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is the
number of women who die during pregnancy and child
birth, per 1, 00,000 live births. MMR is highest for Mandya
with 124 followed by Pandavapura and Malavalli with 113
apiece. Lowest MMR of 104 is recorded for Krishnarajpet
taluk followed by Maddur (105) and Nagamangala
(107). The MMR of 111 for the district is below 144 for
Karnataka and 178 for India. In terms of the number
of children born under-weight (CUW ), Nagamangala
Taluk has the highest percentage (13.80%) followed by
Mandya with 13.04 percent. Shrirangapattana taluk has
the lowest CUW with 6.13 percent. Krishnarajpet Taluk
has the highest percentage (26.07 %) of malnourished
children (CMN) followed by Nagamangala (29.45%) and
Shrirangapattana (20.95%). Pandavapura Taluk has the
lowest CMN with 18.73 percent followed by Malavalli
taluk with 21.7 percent. The highest per capita health
expenditure (PCHE) of Rs. 2177.98 is incurred in Mandya
taluk followed by Rs. 2149.62 in Krishnarajpet taluk.
Pandavapura taluk has the least PCHE of Rs.1156.68. The
district records PCHE of Rs.1782.95.
The Standard of Living in a broad sense reflects the
quality of Life of the people. It includes basic needs as
well as other happiness-enhancing goods and services.
They are food, shelter/housing, clothing, personal
vehicle ownership, luxury goods at home, etc. Their
adequate quantity and good quality are very essential.
In Mandya district, 6.61% of the households are without

house sites. Out of 73,354 urban households, 10,331

urban households do not have own houses. About
56.46 percent of the households owned pucca houses
in Mandya district in 2011. Except Krishnarajpet taluk
the remaining 6 taluks of the district have more than 50
percent households with pucca houses.
About 80.24% households in Mandya district are having
access to potable drinking water supply by 2001; the
percentage has gone up to 85.09 by 2011.In 2001,
77.66% of the households in the district had electricity
connection; this has risen to 91.67% by 2011. Regarding
sanitation, only 14.31% of the households were having
toilets in 2001, the percentage went up to 37.47% by
2011. About 19.56% of the households have access
to modern cooking fuel like LPG/PNG, electricity and
biogas. There is more than doubling of the number of
households using modern cooking fuel (like LPG), from
9.31% to 19.56%, between 2001 and 2011.
With regard to status of SCs and SCs in the district the
data indicates that, about 54.93 percent of SC households
lived in pucca houses; 81.31 percent of their houses
were connected with drinking water; 85.06 percent of
the houses were provided with electricity; 25.90 percent
these households were built with toilets and only 10.41
percent were using modern cooking fuel. 53.24 percent
of ST households had pucca houses; drinking water
facilities was available for 78.75 percent of the houses
while only 34.51 percent of the houses had toilets. About
83.53 percent of the houses were provided with electricity
and 16.08 percent were using modern cooking fuel.
In respect of urban issues, about 17.49% of urban people
in the district live in slums. Malavalli town has the highest
percentage of the population living in slums while
Shrirangapattana town has the lowest percentage (9.13%)
of slum population. With regard to the percentage of
households having access to four basic services in Mandya
ULBs, the highest percentage (95.83%) had access to
electricity, followed by 86.06% of the households having
access to latrine facilities within the premises, 74.81%
having access to water supply within the premises and
44.94% having closed drainage. Combining the four
important basic services of availability of water within the
premises, electricity, latrine facilities and closed drainage,
only 75.41 per cent had access to all the four services.
The HDR also discusses on the growth of Mandya
Districts Economy. Between 2004-05 and 2008-09, the
Mandya district domestic product (DDP) grew at the
4

annual compound growth rate of 8.43% per annum.

However, this growth rate was less than state average of
9.81%. Among the different sectors, Primary Sector grew
at the rate of 11.41%, while the Secondary Sector grew at
the rate of 8.83%, Contrary to the general trend witnessed
during the growth process of a region, Mandya Districts
Service Sector growth rate was the lowest (5.69%) during
the period under reference. Obviously the Districts Per
Capita Income (PCI) for the year 2008-09 was about half
of the state Per Capita Income. The districts Per Capita
Income at 2004-05 prices was Rs.23, 635 as against the
state average of Rs.41, 751. The compound growth rate
of Mandya Districts PCI was 7.19% as against the States
PCI growth rate of 8.56%.The Primary Sector in Mandya
District still continues to contribute a high percentage of
DDP (36.75%) while this sector contributes hardly 17.8%
at the state level. The district is industrially backward
in relation to the States industrial situation because
the secondary sector of the district contributes hardly
22.89% as against the state average of 29.2%. The tertiary
sector contributes 43.36% of the DDP whereas the States
tertiary sector contributes 52.99% of the SDP.

In spite of being located on the Bengaluru -Mysuru

Highway and having over 50 percent its land under
irrigation, the per capita income of Mandya district is
quite lower than that of the State and India. Although
agricultural prosperous, the industrial development of
the district is below the state average. There are large intertaluk differences in the human development indicators.
Krishnarajpet, Malavalli and Nagamangala taluks are
less developed in respect of all three dimensions of
human development namely living standard, health
and education. Even Dr. Nanjundappa Committee
had classified these three taluks under more backward
taluks. Therefore, the development departments of the
government would do well to focus attention on these
backward taluks without of course neglecting future
development potential of the other taluks. Removal
of this human development gap among the taluks
requires not only allocation of more funds to the critical
factors influencing human development but also good
governance at all levels of administration.

10

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1. Concept and Methodolog y
The traditional concept of development focused on
the expansion of production of goods and services and
the consequent growth in per capita income was used
as an indicator of prosperity. As economic prosperity
measured in terms of per capita income does not always
ensure enrichment in quality of life reflected in broader
dimensions of well-being, it needs to be measured using
alternative indicators such as Human Development Index
(HDI) and the incidence of poverty, the indicators that are
more appropriate in reflecting changes in the attainment
levels during different periods of time.
Human Development is about much more than the rise
in national incomes. It is about creating an environment
in which people can develop their full potential and lead
productive, creative lives in accordance with their needs
and interests. People are the real wealth of a nation. Thus
development is about expanding the choices people have
to make to lead their lives the way they value. And it is
thus much more than economic growth which is only a
means, albeit a very important one, of enlarging peoples
choices.
Fundamental to enlarging these choices is building
human capabilities the range of things that people
can do in life. The most basic capabilities for human
development are to lead a long and healthy life, to be
knowledgeable to have access to the resources needed for
a decent standard of living and to be able to participate in
the life of the community. Without these, many choices
are simply not available and many opportunities in life
remain inaccessible.
Human Development as a Discourse
From an exclusive, income-centered paradigm for a very
long time, development thinking has slowly but surely
turned into an inclusive people-centered paradigm in
the 1990s (UNDP, 1997; UNDP, 2007). This shift has
ushered in a concern for inclusive human development,
from what had until then been a concern for exclusive
development. The architects of this shift are Amartya
Sen and Mahabub-Ul-Haq (UNDP, 1997; and also Paul
Streeten in a foreword to Haq. 1996).

The idea of human development had been evolving

continuously and, in the process, its nature and scope had
been widened in application as well as in understanding.
Sens and Haqs systematic exposition of the concept
of human development is manifest in various reports,
notably in the Human Development Reports (HDRs) of
the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),
the national HDRs of the Indian Planning Commission
and also the HDRs of the Government of Karnataka and
other States, in letter and spirit.
Since its launch in 1990, the Human Development
Report has defined human development as the process
of enlarging the choices of people. The most critical
of those choices are those of long and healthy life,
education and a decent standard of living. There are,
of course, other choices as well, viz., political freedom,
human rights and self respect. These are choices that are
essential and that bring further opportunities for people.
Hence, human development is a process of widening
peoples choices as well as raising the level of well-being.
In his reflections on human development, Prof. Sen
brings out the difference between growth-centered and
people-centered development as that focusing on the
choice of expanding income (growth-centered) and on
the enlarging of all human choices, whether economic,
social, cultural or political (people-centered).
The Rationale
The main purpose of the Human development Report for
Mandya District is to provide a benchmark against which
future attainments on the human development front can
be judged. Another major purpose is to sensitize the State
planners and policy makers to the significance of the
human development perspective for promoting social
well-being along with equitable and sustainable growth.
Thus, human development can be an ideal instrument for
increasing the pace of poverty reduction. This report also
spells out the challenges that the local government faces
in different areas of human development, and outlines
the policy initiatives for meeting these challenges.
This report provides a critical examination of certain
key components of human development in the district,
highlights the achievements to date and describes what
else needs to be done to consolidate and accelerate
11

the gains. In fact the 73rd and 74th Constitutional

Amendments mandate the preparation of district-level
plans. So, the District has been and will continue to be a
very important unit for planning and its implementation
for human development.
Among other things, the availability of district-level
human development indicators would facilitate planning
and resource mapping. Easy public access to current
information of this type could serve as a gauge to
measure the performance and progress of various
districts.
Objectives of the Report
The specific objectives of the Human Development
Report of Mandya District are:
1. To draw at a rich picture of Human development
in the district of Mandya by focusing specifically on

the dimensions and indicators of human
development as manifested in the district over
space and time.
2.
To critically examine human development of
the district by taking into account the temporal
and spatial variations in social, economic, cultural
and political aspects of peoples life with special
reference to demography, literacy and education,

sanitation, health and nutrition, employment,

income
and
poverty,
socio-economic

infrastructures such as housing, water supply,
irrigation, power, transport and communication,

gender issues and disparities in development
among the poor and rich and the local governance
with regard to panchayat raj institutions.


3. To bring out reasons for disparities in the

development levels in all aspects mentioned
above, and to develop strategies for bringing about
equitable, sustainable, productive and empowered

human development.
4. To identify the needs and priorities of backward
taluks and find solutions to reduce the development

gaps between them and the developed taluks
by making appropriate provisions in the resource

allocations.
Human Development Index Methodolog y
Being central to the concerns of human development, it
is this index which ranks the taluks in the order of their
progress, in the annual reports on human development.

HDI is valuable in bringing forth the correspondence

or lack of it between economic growth and human
development. The greater the gap in the two rankings,
greater is the absence of convergence between two vital
indicators of development. Either way, it is undesirable.
If human development lags behind economic growth, it
indicates flaws in the pattern of growth and existence of
significant distributive imbalances in incomes and assets.
The other way too, it is undesirable as long-term human
development cannot be sustained without a reasonable
rate of economic growth.
The concept of human development as propounded in
the UNDPs Human Development reports is multifaceted
and still evolving. The range and dimensions of the
choices have been expanding with successive Global
HDRs. Nevertheless, the three choices, viz., to lead a long
life, to acquire knowledge and to have resources needed
for a decent living which are central to the notion of
human development have remained constant.
The HDI is indeed a summary measure of human
development. It measures the average achievement in a
country in three basic dimensions of human development.
The Global Human Development Report-2010 prepared
by the UNDP has used an improved methodology for
computing HDI, GII and MPI. The measurement of human
development is now broad-based and it considers several
additional indicators. Accordingly, eleven indicators have
been used for measuring the three dimensions of HDI.
HDI is the geometric mean of the three-dimensional
indices. Besides HDI, additional indices have been
constructed by the India Human Development Report
2011 making the understanding of the levels of human
development even better through computing inequalityadjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), Gender
inequality Index (GII) and Multidimensional Poverty
Index (MPI). In this report only HDI and GII are covered
as the other index, MPI, has not been constructed owing
to certain data constraints.
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
GII measures the loss in the potential of human
development due to inequality between female and male
achievements. As it reflects an inequality situation, a
value of zero represents no gender inequality and a value
of one represents highest level of gender inequality in
the society. The UNDP Report for 2010 measures GII,
using three dimensions, namely reproductive health;
empowerment and labour market.
12

In addition to the HDI and GII, the DHDR presents

indices on various Human Development issues, namely:
Child Development Index (CDI), Food Security Index
(FSI), Urban Development Index (UDI) Composite
Taluk Development Index (CTDI) and Composite Dalit
Development Index (CDDI).

1.2. Factors contributing to Human Development

Human development is inextricably linked with human
freedom. Human development emphasizes enhancement
of human capabilities, which reflect the freedom to
achieve different things that people value. In this sense,
human development is freedom. However, this freedom,
the ability to achieve things that people value, cannot be
used if opportunities to exercise this freedom do not exist.
Such opportunities are ensured through the existence
of various key institutions namely the community, the
society, and the state. Human development and human
rights are common denominators in achieving human
freedom. Human development, by enhancing human
capabilities, creates the ability to exercise freedom, while
human rights, by providing the necessary framework,
creates the opportunities to exercise it. Freedom is both
the guarantor and the goal of both facets of human
development.
Poverty as well as tyranny, limited economic opportunities
as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public
facilities as well as intolerance or state repression are
major sources of human deprivation and thus diminution
of human development. Overcoming these deprivations
is central to the process of development. In the context
of this broader approach to well-being and for empirical
purposes, five distinct types of individual freedom
have been identified as being of special importance for
policy purposes on the grounds that they contribute
directly to the general capability of a person and that
they complement one another in achieving human
development as a whole. The important factors are:
Political freedom, which relates to the opportunities
that people have to determine who should govern
and on what principles, and also includes the
possibility to scrutinize and criticize authorities
and to have freedom of political expression and a

liberal press.
Economic facilities, which can be understood as
the ways in which economies function to create

income opportunities and promote equitable
distribution of wealth.

Social opportunities, which refer to the
arrangements that society makes for education
and health care, both of which influence the
individuals substantive self-determination to live

better.
Protective security, which deals with the provision
of the relevant social safety nets for vulnerable
groups in society.
Thus, human development, by encompassing all
these aspects, represents a more holistic approach to
development. It is for these reasons that the Human
Development has four pillars often referred to as
components, namely equity ( for example equitable
access to opportunities), sustainability (sustaining
development over generations and opportunities for
development), productivity (increasing human skills for
enabling their participation in income generation) and
empowerment (enabling people to participate in decision
making processes that shape their lives), without which
any chartering of human development will not come out
with productive results.

1.3. Data Collection, Data sources, Compilation

and Validation
The study has used the well-known and time-tested UNDP
methodology. The experience gained from the Human
Development reports prepared at the National, State
and district levels is brought to bear on the preparation
of Human Development Report for Mandya district.
The UNDP methods are not paraphrased here for they
are available in the appendices of the HDRs of several
Indian states and the districts and the modifications are
considered in the light of data sets and that become
available for use in the preparation of the present report.
It was necessary to mobilize logistic support from
the Local Governments in the compilation of data
for computing the HDI, GII and so on. It was equally
important to make organized efforts at collecting,
analyzing data and computing the indices using data on
various aspects for several years (temporal) and taluks
(spatial). The year-long effort at preparing the Human
Development report for the District actually started with
a series of three workshops organized at the district and
sub-district levels for preparing a work plan and creating
awareness among stakeholders. Deliberations were held
on various dimensions of human development with
the local government officials and people, NGOs and
Community Based Organisation (CBO) who were useful
13

in adding perspectives to the preparation of DHDR and

to gather reliable and accurate data for the construction
of human development indices.
Selection of Indicators
The assessment of human development in any study
is accomplished through certain indicators which are
measurable and quantifiable. But, often the direct
indicators reflecting human development are not
available at the sub-district level. Hence, it is important
to go for proxy indicators to understand the position of
human development.
For the preparation of DHDRs, a set of 126 indicators
affecting human development have been identified and
selected based on the availability and reliability of data
at the taluk level. These data are used in the relevant
chapters for understanding the position of the taluk in
the respective districts.
HDI is calculated by using three broad parameters related
to education, health, and standard of living. The set of
126 indicators influence the three broad parameters
of human development. These indicators are chosen
taking into account demographic factors, livelihood and
employment related factors, household assets, factors
empowering the community, health factors including
water supply and sanitation, and education factors.
The DHDR for Mandya has made use of several data
sources for constructing 126 indicators. Two broad
types of data sources were used namely government
sources and private sources. The government sources
included Census of India, 2001 & 2011, the data from
the departments of education, health, women and
child, agriculture, urban development, social welfare,
food & civil supplies, industries and commerce, public
administration, rural development and so on. Census
data were used particularly for demographic, health and
educational indicators. The data were also gathered from
other published and unpublished reports of Central &
State governments, Research reports, ZP, TPs and GPs.
The data published by DES, particularly on income
estimates were used.
For obtaining reliable data from several departments
at the district level, consultations were held with the
department officials. In the first stage we had supplied a
data format for all the line departments of ZP for filling
up the data in the formats individually and send the same
to the lead agency. Upon looking into the information

obtained on various indicators from the departments in

the first data format, we had observed that there were
some data discrepancies regarding IMR, MMR, and CMR
given by the Health Department and also Women and
Child Welfare Department. The Health department data
on these indicators did not match with the data given by
the Women and Child Welfare Department. Similarly the
data given by the other departments on several indicators
had shown discrepancies. After verifying these, we had
another meeting with all the line departments to discuss
the data differences on the same indicators between
the departments. We had asked them to rectify such
data by sitting together and finalizing a consistent data
to be forwarded to the lead agency. In the second step
we had prepared another data format which was being
circulated among all the departments for collection of
basic information from the line departments coming
under the ZP.
The Human Development Division, Planning Department,
Government of Karnataka had supplied a list of 126
indicators for the collection of data from concerned
departments for computing various indices and to
prepare the DHDR. The data format was prepared and
sent to the concerned departments to provide the data on
these 126 indicators for the years 2009-10, 2010-11 and
2011-12. A meeting was conducted inviting all the line
departments in the ZP under the chairmanship of Chief
Executive Officer to discuss the method of compiling
various data. In order to collect the data from several
departments, we had deputed our investigators. The
data given by them on 126 indicators were verified by the
lead agency which found that data were not reliable on a
good number of indicators relating to health, education,
agriculture, women and children etc. So, the lead agency
realised that without reliable data it would be difficult
to prepare a good quality Human Development Report.
Hence we decided to call upon all the line departments
of ZP to have a serious re- look into the quality of the
data.
Some of the 126 indicators given by the Human
Development Division are Census data and the remaining
is drawn from the line departments of ZP. The data
pertaining to the Census were verified by looking into
the Census of India 2001 and 2011 reports, and then
the data were validated. In order to get quality data on
non-census indicators given by the departments, the lead
agency called for the original absolute form of the data
given by the line departments in the form of numbers,
percentages, ratios etc. The line departments furnished
14

their original data (absolute data) and sat with the lead
agency again to verify the percentages, numbers, ratios,
etc. They found that there were still some mistakes in
computing these ratios, percentages etc. After looking
into the absolute data and thoroughly verifying the data
furnished on various indicators, some consistency of data
on these indicators was ensured. These data pertained to
years 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12.
The Human Development Division, Planning Department,
Government of Karnataka also looked into such data
given by lead agencies for all the 30 districts and found
that the data given on health indicators were not realistic.
The Human Development Division verified these data
from the concerned departments and validated the same
and supplied to concerned lead agencies with a caution
to use only these data on health indicators such as
MMR, IMR, CMR, malnourished children and pregnant
women with anemia while computing indicators for their
respective districts.
The other method used to overcome the problem of poor
and unreliable data was small area surveys. The small
area surveys were being identified by the lead agencies to
support/complement the data on important indicators/
issues of the district. The surveys could give some input
to the lead agency to complement the poor quality data
on the indicators with the help of which the lead agency
could verify such data given by line departments. For
this purpose, five such small area surveys were been
conducted in Mandya district on the following issues:
1) Female Drop-outs in Lower and Higher Primary
and Secondary education A study in three GPs of

Nagamangala Taluk
2) Socio-economic status of slum dwellers in Malavalli
Town of Mandya District
3) Construction and the Use of Rural Toilets A study
in Manikyanahalli GP of Pandavapura Taluk
4) Efficacy of Health Care Services for Pregnant
Women A study in K. Honnalagere GP of Maddur

Taluk.
5)
Community attitudes and social prejudices,

affecting women and girl children in
Shrirangapattana & Mandya taluks - A study in K.
Shettihalli and Tubinakere GPs.
6)
A Study on Dalit Development Index in

Chikkadiganahalli village, Vittalapura GP of

Krishnarajpet Taluk

Core committee and technical committee

Nine technical committees were formed on health,
livelihood opportunity, women and children, rural
development, agriculture, housing, water, sanitation
and gender issues. These committees comprised the
district officers and taluk level functionaries from various
government agencies, and met periodically to discuss
various human development issues, data discrepancies,
progress of the report etc. The matters discussed in the
technical committees used to be brought to the notice
of the core committee by the chairpersons of respective
technical committees. The chairpersons of the technical
committees were the members of the core committee
under the chairmanship of Chief Executive Officer of ZP.
The issues discussed in the core committee along with
the lead agencies were meant to sort out the data and
other constraints, and to find solutions for the same in
order to improve the quality of preparation of DHDR.
The final report of DHDR is the outcome of the efforts of
both the core committee and technical committees.
The issues raised by lead agencies used to be discussed
in the core committee, which used to meet periodically
to discuss the various issues such as data collection, data
validation and other factors on human development.
The district officers of all the line departments had taken
initiatives in providing required information to lead
agency. They not only furnished data to the investigators,
but also voluntarily visited the office of lead agency to
clarify the latters doubts and validates the data from time
to time under the leadership of Chief Executive Officer,
ZP, Mandya. The Chief Planning Officer (CPO) also used
to respond positively and give instructions to the officers
of line departments from time to time for preparation of
DHDR Mandya. Not only the officials but also the elected
representatives contributed to the preparation of the
report by way of interactions with the District Planning
Committee (DPC).
District and Taluk level workshops
Two district-level and three Taluk-level workshops were
conducted to deliberate on all human development
issues and also to create awareness among Government
officials and elected representatives about the significance
of the DHDR. For the district level workshops all the
ZP and DPC members used to be invited along with
the district officers, NGOs and members mass media to
discuss the issues on education, health, drinking water
and sanitation, employment etc., The officials of the
Government departments and members of NGOs gave
suitable suggestions for including issue-based matters
15

on housing, quality of education, sanitation, health and

other aspects of development in the DHDR. Three Taluklevel workshops were conducted at three different taluks
to create awareness on human development inviting the
members of Taluk Panchayat and President and VicePresident of Gram Panchayat. The issues raised by these
participants included preparation of an exclusive human
development report.

1.4. Measurement of Indices

Method of Estimating HDI & other Indices
Following the broad procedure adopted by the UNDP in
the preparation of various indices in its HDRs, first step,
minimum and maximum values were set for each of the
indicators to transform them into indices lying between
zero and one. For this purpose, the observed minimum
and maximum figures for each of the indicators would be
taken. Since the Geometric Mean had to be calculated, in
the case of a positive indicator the minimum value would
be taken as 10 per cent less than the observed minimum
value in the Taluk. Similarly, in the case of a negative
indicator, the maximum value would be taken as 10 per
cent more than the observed maximum value.
The index value (in the case of a positive indicator) was
calculated using the formula
Index Value = (Actual Value Min. Value) / (Max.
Value Min.Value)
The index value (in the case of a negative indicator) was
calculated by using the formula
Index Value = (Max. Value Actual Value) / (Max.
Value Min.Value)
For computing sectoral indices (for health, education
and standard of living) geometric mean was used and
the method of calculation used for the purpose is given
below. Of the three indices constructed, one was for
standard of living, another for health and the last for
education.
Sectoral Index = If I1, I2.. In are the n indices for a
particular sector, then the Geometric mean for the sector
= (I1 I2 .. In)(1/n).
To compute HDI, the three sectoral indices were
aggregated using geometric means with the following
formula.
HDI= (SIlSIh SIe)(1/3); where SIl is the sectoral index
for living standard, SIh is the sectoral index for health and
SIe is the sectoral index for education.

The index values for each of the indicators
would range between 0 and 1, with 0 indicating
the lowest ranking and 1 indicating highest
ranking for the Taluk
GII: Computation of GII is done by comparing the equally
distributed gender index with the standard reference
index. The GII value ranges from zero (no gender
inequality across dimensions) to one (total inequality
across dimensions)
1. Aggregating across dimensions within each gender
group using geometric mean.
For females

For Males
2. Aggregating across gender group using a Harmonic
mean.

3. Calculate the geometric mean of the Arithmetic means

of the each indicator

4. Calculating the GII by comparing the equally

distributed gender index to the reference standard.
The GII value ranges from zero (no gender inequality
across dimensions) to one (total inequality across
dimensions)

Where HARM means harmonic mean, GF means female

gender and G GM means male gender.
16

CDI: Child Development Index (CDI) is an index

combining performance measures specific to children
education, health and nutrition. The CDI indicates how
children are faring. Three indicators have been used to
measure the CDI viz., Child Mortality Rate, percentage
of malnourished children and babies born under weight
and percentage of dropout children mainstreamed from
primary and secondary schools. Two indicators are
negative in nature and one indicator is positive. The
index values for each indicator calculated by using the
formula:

Min. value)
The index values for each indicator for CTDI also range
between 0 & 1.

Index value = (Max. value - Actual value) / (Max

value - Min. value)

Index value = (Actual value Min. value) / (Max.

value Min. value)

The values for all the indicators range between O and 1.

For negative indicator

FSI: Three indicators have been used for computing the

Food Security Index (FSI) viz., Food Availability, Food
Accessibility and Food Absorption. The Index value
is calculated using the formula for both negative and
positive indicators.

Index value = (Max. Value-Actual value) / (Max valueMin. value)

UDI: Urban Development Index (UDI). Broadly 11

indicators have been used for the Computation of UDI.
Some of the indicators are positive and some of these
are negative in nature. The formula used for computing
index value for these indicators are:
For positive indicator

The index values range between 0 & 1 and the ranks are
assigned to taluks in the district based on these values,
highest values being assigned highest ranking.

Formula for positive indicator

Index value = (Actual value Min. value) / (Max.
value Min. value)
Formula for negative indicator
Index value = (Max. Value-Actual value) / (Max. value
- Min. value)
The index values for each indicator range between 0 and
1. This value is used to assign the ranks for taluks in the
district.
CTDI: Composite Taluk Development Index (CTDI)
is computed using 68 indicators. The indicators have
been broadly categorised under three parameters related
to education, health and standard of living. The index
values are computed using the formula for positive and
negative indicators.
Formula for positive indicator
Index value = (Actual value Min. value) / (Max.
value Min. value)

CDDI: Composite Dalit Development Index (CDDI) is

computed using primary and secondary data keeping in
mind the special attention to Dalit to capture all the Dalit
specific factors and understand where exactly they stand
in the process of development. The details are provided
in chapter-9.

1.5. Concluding Remarks

These indices and the indicators of Human development
would understand the nuances and ethos of development
in a small district of mega development proportions
and prospects. The Human Development Report for
this district brings out a quantitative analysis of the HDI
values at inter-taluk levels thus facilitating identification
of the most backward taluks for higher investments both
by the government and private sectors for development,
thus bridging the inequalities among the taluks.
A Pre-view of the Report
The DHDR of Mandya is organized into twelve chapters.
The First chapter is the introductory and it brings out
the concept of human development, the objectives and
methodology.

Formula for negative indicators

Index value = (Max. Value-Actual value) / (Max value-

The Second chapter describes the comprehensive profile

of the district.
17

The Third chapter is on computation of indices.

It elaborates the methods of computing Human
Development Index, Gender Inequality Index, Child
Development Index, Food Security Index, Urban
Development Index, Composite Taluk Development
Index and Composite Dalit Development Index.

The Eighth chapter examines gender and development

issues comprising gender differentials in the district,
pattern of literacy and enrollment, community attitudes
and social prejudices effecting women and girl children
and crime against women. The chapter also focuses on
the role of womens groups in development.

The Fourth chapter brings out the literacy and education

profile of the district covering literacy ratio, educational
infrastructure school enrollment, school dropouts,
Teacher-Pupil ratio and educational programmes.

The Ninth chapter analyses the status of scheduled

castes and scheduled tribes covering demographic
profile, education profile, occupational pattern, housing,
sanitation and drinking water facilities for SCs and STs.

The Fifth chapter deals with health and nutrition and

also demographic features including IMR and MMR,
institutional delivery, performance of various health
schemes and inadequacies of health care system.

The Tenth chapter deals with governance and human

development, highlighting the role of good governance
and NGOs in human development programmes.

The Sixth chapter examines income, employment and

poverty in the district. This chapter also focuses on the
work-participation rate, occupation pattern and child
labour.
The Seventh chapter deals with the standard of living
comprising housing status, drinking water, electricity and
sanitation.

The Eleventh chapter focuses on urban issues in human

development in the district. This chapter discusses
service delivery issues, water supply, sanitation and solid
and liquid waste management.
The Twelfth chapter, the last one, covers The Way Forward
for human development in Mandya district. This chapter
discusses limitations relating to measurement of indices,
education, health, regional disparities and the way ahead
for overcoming them for preparation of future human
development reports.

NOTE 1: Since the number of tables in each chapter is quite large, they have been shifted to Annexure I except
chapter -3. For easy table identification with respect to each chapter, the tables serial number is digitalized, with
the first digit showing the chapter no. and the second showing the serial no. of the table in that chapter.

18

19

20

CHAPTER 2

DISTRICT OVERVIEW
2.1. Introduction
Mandya district is located at a distance of 100 km
from Bangalore, the Capital city of Karnataka State.
There are seven taluks in Mandya district, viz.,
Krishnarajpet, Maddur, Malavalli, Mandya, Nagamangala,
Shrirangapattana and Pandavapura. Mandya district,
like most of the districts of the erstwhile Mysuru State,
takes its name from its headquarters town. The district
comes under the group of districts known as the maidan
(plains) districts, and is situated in the southern part of
Karnataka state and lies to the north of Mysuru district of
which it was once a part. The district lies between 76o19
and 77o20 east longitude and 12o13 and 13o04 north
latitude (box 2.1). It is bounded on the north by Hassan
and Tumakuru districts, on the east by Tumakuru and
Ramanagara districts, on the south by Mysuru district,
and on the west by the districts of Hassan and Mysore
Late Sri Krishnaraja Wodeyar, Dr. Sir M Vishveshwaraiah,
Sri Mirza Mohammed Ismail, Sri Lenli C Kolman, K V
Shankare Gowda were prominent personalities directly
responsible for the development of the state.
Mandya district is known as one of the sugar and paddy
bowls of India. The district has 89,357 hectares under
paddy cultivation, 79.670 hectares under ragi 5,938
hectares under maize, 1,74,965 hectares under cereals
and minor millets, 22,257 hectares under sugarcane and
34,691 hectares under horticulture crops. Mandya district
ranks 3rd place in Karnataka State for its sericulture
produce. Sugar factories, milk processing units, paper
mills, rice mills, oil extraction and jaggery making are the
districts chief industrial-sector activities. Mandya has the
oldest sugar factory in Karnataka with a crushing capacity
of 5,000 tons of sugarcane per day.

The hydroelectric power project of Shivanasamudram

which was established in 1902 in this district has the
distinction of being the second oldest Electric Power
Station in Asia. All the seven taluks of the districts are
covered by the Command Area Development Authority,
Cauvery Basin. Sericulture being a profitable occupation
has resulted in wide spread mulberry cultivation
throughout this district. All the towns, villages and
hamlets of the district have been electrified. The district
has a good network of transport and communication. The
Bengaluru Mysuru rail line and highway passes through
the district. The educational progress of the district
has been impressive. Since the last two decades, many
educational centres including a Post Graduation centre
of the University of Mysuru and a College of Agriculture
under the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
have been established here.

2.2. Background and Brief Regional History

Mandya, as a district, came into being only in 1939 before
which it was a part of the Mysuru district. During the
reign of His Highness the Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar
III from 1811 to 1831, the entire kingdom was divided
into six Foujdaris and the present Mandya district
formed part of the Ashtagram Foujdari. When the British
Commission was formed in 1834, these six Foujdaris were
reconstituted into four divisions, namely, Bangalore,
Nugur, Chitradurga and Ashtagram, each under a
European Superintendent with revenue and judicial
powers. With this change, Mandya district formed a part
of Ashtagram Division, and when the state was divided
into eight districts, it was included in the Mysuru district.
In 1869, the Mysuru district was divided into 14 taluks or
amildaris, of which Mandya was one.

21

Box 2.1: Summary Statistics of Mandya District (2011)

1.

Height (MSL)

760 to 920 meters above MSL

2.

Latitude

76 19'77 07'

3.

Longitude

12 11' N 13 00'

4.

Population:
Male

905,085

Female

900,684

Total

1,805,769

5.

Population Growth rate (%)

2.38

6.

Sex Ratio

995

7.

0-6 Sex Ratio

939

8.

Density (Persons per sq.km)

364

9.

Literacy rate (%)

70.40

10.

Male (%)

78.27

11.

Female (%)

62.54

12.

SC Population to total Population (%)

14.69

13.

ST Population to total Population (%)

1.24

14.

Workforce Participation Rate (%)

48.36

15.

Main workers to total workers (%)

82.04

16.

Cultivators to total workers (%)

44.64

17.

Urban Population to Total population (%)

17.08

18.

Slum population to urban population (%)

17.49

Source: Census of India, 2011

2.3. Physiographic features of the District

Most of the land is flat, interspersed with hilly regions
and sparsely vegetated by thorns and boshes. The district
is situated at a height of 762 to 914 meters from the sea
level. The district has fertile land with red soil mixed with
sand, red clay-soil and red soil mixed with stones. Mandya,
Maddur, Nagamangala blocks have red soil mixed stone
and iron content which has less water holding capacity.
Malavalli, Shrirangapattana and Pandavapura blocks have

clay-soil mixed red soil. Mandya district is popularly

known as the belt of sugar.
2.3.1. Rainfall
The average rainfall in the district is 691.2 mm. The
rainfall is generally uniform in the district except in the
western border where the rainfall is a little higher. The
rainfall varies from 742 mm at Krishnarajpet to 670.6 mm
at Shrirangapattana. The rainy season is mostly confined
22

to the period from April to November. The district

receives rainfall both in the south-west monsoon and the
retreating monsoon seasons. The heaviest rainfall is in
the post-monsoon month of October (Fig. 2.1 & Fig.2.2).
The rainfall in the summer, south-west monsoon and
the retreating monsoon seasons constitutes 25 per cent,
40 per cent and 33 percent respectively of the annual
rainfall. On an average, there are 45 rainy days (i.e. day
with rainfall of 2.5 mm or more) in a year. This number
varies from 41 at Nagamangala to 49 at Krishnarajpet. The
heaviest rainfall in 24 hours recorded at any station in the
district was 200.7mm at Nagamangala on 12th November
1925.
Fig. 2.1: Month wise actual and normal rainfall in
2012 (mms) in Mandya District

(GPs), 1479 villages of which 1369 are inhabited and

110 uninhabited. The district, as elsewhere in the state,
has three-tier panchayat raj system zilla panchayat, taluk
panchayat and gram panchayat. Women representatives
constitute more than 33 per cent of the total members in
all the three tiers.
For administrative convenience the district is divided
into two revenue subdivisions and seven blocks. Each
subdivision has a revenue officer of the rank of Assistant
commissioner. The taluks are administered by Tehsildars.
There are elected bodies at the village, taluk and district
levels. The local bodies take care of all developmental
activities in the district. Departmental officers assist the
elected bodies in implementing various programmes.
The district administration is headed by the Deputy
Commissioner who is a representative of the government
and he monitors all the activities in the district. The
Chief Executive officer heads the Zilla Panchayat and the
government machinery helps the people representative
of the local bodies at all levels.
2.3.3. Tourism
Mandya District has quite a few places of tourist
importance. The main places are:

Fig. 2.2: Actual annual rainfall from 2001-2012

(mms) in Mandya District

Shivanasamudram Island: In the tiny island town of

Shivanasamudram the River Cauvery meanders to fall
into cascading Shivanasamudram Falls. This sparkling
waterfalls flow through the abundant sylvan forest of
Karnataka in Deccan Plateau, plunges 320 feet into gorge
into a spate, breaking into a cloud of misty foam.
Shrirangapattana Island: Situated on the Cauvery
River, the island-fortress of Shrirangapattana is famous as
the former capital of the great kings, Hyder Ali, and his
son, Tippu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore. The ruin of the
magnificent fortress is the main tourism attraction.

2.3.2. Administrative Set-up

For the purpose of administration, the district is split into
two revenue sub-divisions, namely, Pandavapura and
Mandya. Of the seven taluks of the district, four taluks,
namely, Pandavapura, Krishnarajpet, Nagamangala and
Shrirangapattana come under the jurisdiction of the
former, and the remaining three taluks, namely, Mandya,
Maddur and Malavalli come under the jurisdiction of the
latter. There are seven urban local bodies, seven Taluk
Panchayats (TPs), 31 hoblies, 232 Grama Panchayats

Karighatta Temple is a hill situated a few kilometres

outside the island town of Shrirangapattana. It is
situated off the Bengaluru-Mysuru road just before
Shrirangapattana. The name translates to Black Hill in
Kannada.
Melukote Temple houses an ancient shrine to Vishnu,
worshipped as Tiru Narayana. This shrine is known for
its long standing association with the spiritual leader
Ramanujacharya.
23

Shrirangapattana is a city of historic, religious and

cultural importance, just about 13kms from Mysuru, a
place to see on Bengaluru - Mysuru Highway.
Hemagiri Falls: located 8 kms from Krishnarajpet enroutes to Kikkere town or Govindahalli.
Brindavan Gardens; Situated about 20 km from Mysuru
city, at the base of the Krishnaraja Sagar Dam built across
the river Cauvery. The terraced Brindavan Gardens, with
swirling fountains and illuminated by colorful lights,
looks like a fairy land at night. Boating facilities are also
available.

2.4.
Land, Soil
Endowments

and

Natural

Resource

The total geographical area of Mandya district is 4,962

sq.kms (4.98 lakh hectares), which is 2.62 percent
of geographical area of the state. Out of the total
geographical area of the district, Nagamangala taluk
ranks first with 20.85 per cent. Shrirangapattana taluk
occupies 7.18 per cent of the total geographical area of
the district. The districts forest area is just 4.77 percent
of the districts total geographical area and 0.78 per
cent of the states total area under forests. Malavalli and
Krishnarajpet taluks possess 71 per cent of the total area
under forests in the district (Table 2.1).The net sown area
of the district is about 2.47 lakh Ha and the gross sown
area is about 2.85 lakh Ha.
2.4.1. Land Holdings

As far as agricultural land holdings are concerned,
there are 4,25,131 marginal land holdings (below one
hectare) covering an area of 1,89,990 hectares, 70,631
small holdings (1-2 hectares) covering an area of 95,418
hectares, 24,231 semi-medium holdings (2-4 hectares)
covering an area of 63,232 hectares, 4291 medium
holdings (4-10 acres) covering an area of 22,572 hectares
and 187 large holdings covering an area of 2648 hectares.
In all there are 5,24,471 holdings covering a total area of
3,24,060 hectares.
2.4.2. Water Resources
There are three major catchment areas in the district: 1)
Cauvery 2) Shimsha and 3) Lokapavani. Many streams
join these rivers. Cauvery, Hemavathi, Lokapavani,
Shimsha and Veera Vaishnavi are the important rivers of
the district. Bindenahalli Tore, Amruthuru Tore, Nidasale

Tore, Handihalla, Hebballa and Bhima are some of

the important streams. A total of 1.43 lakh hectares of
cultivated land have been brought under irrigation by
making use of these sources. The district has a total of
14,735 hectares water spread area, out of which 12,924
hectares are covered by Krishnarajasagar (submerged
area). There are 224 large tanks with water spread area
of 9779 hectares. There are 596 small tanks with a water
spread area of 1733 hectares. The topography of the area
shows gradual slope towards east and the stream flowing
in this area mainly join the Bay of Bengal.

2.5. Demography
The total population of Mandya district was 18,05,769 as
per 2011 census. Population density is 363 per sq.km.
The sex ratio is 995. The sex ratio stood at 995 per 1000
males. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 as
per 2011 census. As per 2011 census, child sex ratio is
939 girls per 1000 boys.
Between 2001 and 2011 the population increased at
rate of 2.38%. In the previous census of India 2001, the
district had between 1991 and 2001 recorded an increase
of 7.26% to its population (Table 2.2).
Mandya Districts population is spread across 11 towns
and 1365 villages. Mandya Taluk has a population of
4,15,153 which is the highest among taluks in the
state. Maddur Taluk that has a population of 2,95,432
occupies the second position. Both these taluks together
account for 39.35 percent of the total population in the
district. Nagamangala Taluk, being a bigger taluk in area,
the district has only a population of 1,87,897 which
contributes only 10.41% of the total population in the
district. Shrirangapattana Taluk is the smallest taluk,
which has a population of 1,80,191 that accounts for
9.97% to the entire district population total. As per 2011
census, 82.92% population of Mandya district lives in
rural areas and the remaining 17.08% in urban areas.
The urban population is 17.08 percent of the total
population in the district, with the highest urban
population (33.09%) found in Mandya taluk. Least
percentage of urban population is in Nagamangala at 9.46
% followed by Krishnarajpet with 9.96%. Shrirangapattana
ranks 2nd with 18.94% followed by Malavalli taluk with
13.27%. Maddur and Pandavapura have urban population
of 11.90 and 11.13 respectively (Table 2.3).
The percentage of urban population is in the district
24

rather very low when compared to Karnataka (38.57%)

and India (31.16%). The percentage of rural population
is very high in Mandya district when compared with
Karnataka and India. There is a very slight decrease of
1.05% in rural population from 2001 to 2011 for Mandya
whereas the decreases are 4% and 5% for Karnataka and
India respectively (Table 2.4).
Sex ratio is 993 for rural areas and 995 for urban areas.
The child population comprises 9.69% of total rural
population of Mandya district (Table 2.5).

2.6. Literacy
The literacy rate in different communities of the district
is rising year after year. The districts average literacy rate
was 70.40 % in 2011 compared to 66.64% in 2001. Even
after 6 decades of the independence, the literacy rate
among SCs, STs, backward classes and Muslim community
is still low. Literacy is considered as an important facet of
human development.

2.7. Industry

Having one engineering college and three Polytechnics
with different disciplines, educational institutions
provide a good source of technical manpower for
industrialization. Mandya is located within 50 km
radius from various research organisations like CFTRI,
DFRL, CIPET, and STEP-SJCE which helps in better
industrialisation of the district.
The District has two KIADB industrial areas - one at
Tubinakere near Mandya and another at Somanahalli near
Maddur. There are KSSIDC industrial estates located at
Mandya town, Ganjam (Shrirangapattana), Somanahalli
(Maddur), Harohalli (Pandavapura), Nagamangala.
Recently a substation of 220 KVA was operationalised
at Tubinakere. However, in spite of being strategically
located, Mandya district is considered as one among the
industrially developing districts of Karnataka.
By the end of March 2002, the district had 14 large
and medium scale industries. Of these 3 belonged to
government, 2 belonged to the co-operative sector and
the remaining 9 were under the control of the private
sector. The total capital investment made in this sector
amounted to Rs. 28,272.20 lakh. It had created jobs for
5,653 workers. These industries manufactured sugar,
milk, dairy products; edible oils electrical generators,
fertilizers, paper, dry cells etc. Among them five have not

been functioning at present. There are 674 registered

small industry units in the district, with a total capital
investment of Rs 10,784 lakh. These provided jobs for
31,864 workers. Under the District Khadi and Gramodyog
Board there were 325 functional units and had created
jobs for 1,738 workers.
There is a handlooms cluster in Melkote taluk. Providing
a strong ecosystem for textiles with presence of large
organizations like Welpun Gokaldas, Shashi exports etc.
From 1995 to 1997 a census of Handlooms and power
looms was undertaken. As per this census 310 families
were engaged in handloom and 17 households were
operating power looms. In the district there were 238
handlooms which had created jobs for 472 workers. Out
of the 32 power looms in the district, 16 were defunct.
Sericulture industry is an agro-based activity in the
district. Out of the Kotis (grainages) 7 were government
and 100 private of the supplied disease free laying to the
farmers. Three government-owned mulberry growing
centres are engaged in cultivation, quality maintenance
and standards in mulberry production. Free mulberry
stems are being distributed among farmers by the
government which is also providing technical training for
raring silk firms.
There are very few large scale industries that have
Capital investment of Rs.100 crore and above as well as
those industries that have cent percent export-oriented
production. As the district is predominantly agricultureoriented, naturally it has the industries that are more
agro-based such as rice mills, Jaggery manufacturing,
furnaces, sugar factories, oil mills and such others. The
crushed cane sugar pulps generated from the Mysuru
Sugar Company and four other Sugar factories have been
used till recently in the manufacturing of paper by the
Mandya National Paper Mills at Belgola. This Paper Mills
has been closed recently, because it turned severely sick
for long. Similar was the fate of Mysuru Acetate Factory.
Distilleries industries operating in the district are using
the by-products obtained from the manufacture of sugar.
Minerals and other natural resources that are necessary
for the development of industries are not available in
the district. Internal infrastructure facilities such as
transport, communication, finance, electricity, industrial
area, industrial training, which are essential for industrial
development are not inadequate in the district.

25

2.8. Irrigation

Before the irrigation water was made available, the
farmers in Mandya District used to grow crops only
under rain fed conditions. During those days, the major
crops being grown were Ragi, Paddy and Horse gram.
The district started glowing with greenery only after
the Krishnarajasagar Dams water was made available to
farmers for irrigation purpose. The district comes under
the river Cauvery basin. The gross irrigated area from
various sources is 1,67,002 hectares. Of the total, net
irrigated area from varies sources is 1,35,290 hectares.
2.8.1. Agriculture
With almost fifty percent of its area getting assured
irrigation water, Mandya district naturally was the focus
of agricultural development programmes in the State
during the post-independence period especially the
Green Revolution era. The prosperity of the district
is tied to the irrigated agriculture in general and two
irrigated crops namely paddy and sugarcane in particular.
However, there are dry land taluks in the district which
still continue to depend on rainfall, with the major
crop being ragi. For the development of these areas in
particular, the thrust programs in the agricultural sector
of the district are: expansion of area under vegetables,
composite orchards/dry land horticulture, micro and
conjunctive irrigation, crop intensification in coconut
gardens and organic farming.
The agricultural development plan of Mandya district
is formulated, by and large in accordance with the
panchasutra laid out in the New Agriculture Policy (2006)
of the Government of Karnataka, of course, keeping in
view the situation obtaining at the end of the Tenth Plan
period. The district intends to accord priority to the
following aspects which have direct or indirect bearing
on the development of agriculture.
1. Protection and improvement of soil health
2. Water management and micro irrigation
3. Supply of quality seeds
4.
Integrated approach to production, processing
and value addition
5. Reducing the gap between lab and land.

2.9. Infrastructure
Located between two major centers of Karnataka namely
Bengaluru and Mysuru, Mandya District enjoys a good
rail, road and communication network. Broad-gauge
railway line and four-line road with median connecting

Bengaluru and Mysuru ensures easy and speedy

transportation of people and goods. The district has
fairly good infrastructural facilities coming as it is within
the ambit of Bangalore-Mysuru Infrastructure Corridor
(BMIC).
The district also consists of Mysuru Bengaluru and
Mysuru Hassan broad gauge railway lines providing
rapid transport facilities. The national highway 48 passes
through Nagamangala in the district for a distance of
29 km and the National Highway 17 Bengaluru- Ooty
passes through the taluks of Maddur, Mandya and
Shrirangapattana. Yet another national highway (209)
BangaloreCoimbatore passes through Malavalli taluk
(44 kms) of the district. These national highways along
with state, district and taluk roads actively connect all
taluk centers and major towns and cities of the district.
The district comprises 8,309 km of roads. Among these
5,753 kms roads are high quality and the remaining
2,556 kms roads are termed as Kacha roads. From the
tourist point of view the road which runs between Bidar
and Shrirangapattana (SH-19) which is a state highway
connecting 19 districts of the state assumes crucial
importance. Of late the tourism department has taken up
the development of this road or war footing (Tables 2.6
and 2.7).
The first railway line passes through Maddur, Mandya,
Pandavapura, Shrirangapattana taluk, while the second
railway line passes through the taluks of Shrirangapattana
and Krishnarajpet. The total railway distance of 83kms
is available for fast transport. The Mandya taluk alone
consists of 25 km of railway line. The district does not
have airstrips; it depends on Bengaluru international
airport located 140 km away. The Mysuru airport is
nearer than Bengaluru but it cannot be depended as it is
not functioning.
Mandya district has fairly good number power stations.
The Shivanasamudram hydro electric power generates
about 42 mega watts of electric power. The Shimsha
hydro electric power project generates about 17.2
mega watts of electric power. The Keelara power private
limited which is located at Keelara village of Mandya
taluk is commissioned and functioning with 2 mega watt
capacity. The Malavalli power plant private limited which
is an agro-based project, has a generating capacity of 4.5
mega watts. Atria Power Corporation limited has obtained
clearances for many hydro-electric power projects at
Shimsha which has a power generating capacity of 12
mega watt.
26

Mandya district has a big land bank, 145 commercial bank

branches, 364 post offices and 65 telephone exchanges.

2.10. Regional Perspectives and Backwardness

Balanced development of infrastructure as well as
investment for development is not a matter that can be
achieved in one stroke. Development is a continuous
process. Imbalances may get reduced with planning but
can again surface due to changes in exogenous factors.
It is possible that even at a higher stage of development;
there can be imbalances in different areas in so far as
perfectly balanced development is elusive.
Thus, imbalances and backwardness can exist together.
Similarly, developed areas may have imbalances.
Reduction of imbalances in different regions or areas of
the State is one of the means for achieving the goal of
re-distributive justice in different parts of the State or the
country. Formulating plans and their implementation
in the public sector assumes greater importance at the
grassroots level. The State can also act as a facilitator for
private investment to go into a backward region which
has imbalances. Certain areas which are totally lacking in
access may have to depend entirely on public investment
directed towards such areas in which case the cost of
development and the burden to the State exchequer
would be higher. Further, imbalances of any form can
hold back the development process.
Generally, four types of imbalances are seen in the
development process. (1) Inter-sectoral imbalance, (2)
Inter-regional imbalances, (3) Intra-sectoral imbalance
and (4) Intra-regional imbalances. Though planning
one expects to bring about a co-ordinated and balanced
expansion of various sectors in such a way as to ensure
a balance between demand and supply, a task which is
better realized under market mechanism. Inter-sectoral
and intra-sectoral balance is crucial for achieving proper
utilization of capacities. It is expected that this balance
will ensure growth with stability.
Imbalances and Backwardness
Solutions to the problem of regional disparities and
backwardness cannot be found solely from resource
distribution and special schemes. What is important is
a systematic attempt to identify barriers to development
and concentrate on resources and efforts towards
breaking these barriers.
In the context of redressing regional disparities in

development in Karnataka, Prof. D.M. Nanjundappa

Committee had classified all the 175 Taluks of the
State into 3 broad categories based on what it called a
comprehensive composite development index (CCDI)
in 2011. As per this classification the 3 broad categories
of taluks were 1) Backward taluks (with CCDI value
ranging from 0-89 to 0.99) 2) More backward taluks (with
index CCDI value ranging from 0.80 to 0.88) and 3) Most
backward taluks (with CCDI value ranging from 0.53 TO
0.79).
As
per
Nanjundappa
Committees
criteria
Shrirangapattana, Maddur Pandavapura taluks were
classified as backward taluks (see Table 2.8) while
Malavalli, Nagamangala, and Krishnarajpet Taluks were
listed as more backward taluks. Interestingly, none of the
taluks in Mandya district figured in the most backward
taluks category. Further,Mandya Taluk does not figure
in any of the 3 categories of backward taluks as per
Nanjundappa Committees criteria.
However, as per the Composite Taluk Development
Index (CTDI) prepared in connection with the present
District Human Development Report classifies the taluks
rather differently and ranks of the taluks are based on
the value of CTDI. The average value for Mandya District
is 0.506 but there are wide inter-taluk differences in the
CTDI. Four taluks namely Malavalli, Pandavapura and
Krishnarajpet, Shrirangapattana Taluks have CTDI less
than the District average with CTDI values 0.425, 0.451,
0.473 and 0.491 respectively, while the other three taluks
namely Mandya, Maddur and Nagamangala have CTDI
greater than the district average their respective CTDI
being 0.611, 0.535 and 0.507. Apparently the criteria
used by the present DHDR and D. M. Nanjundappa
committees criteria differ from one another. Obviously
the policy imperatives emerging from these two sets of
criteria may also be different.

2.11. An overview
Mandya District is basically dependent on agriculture
and a few agro-based industries such as sugar for income
and employment of the people. The land use pattern
of the district indicates very small percentage of the
geographical area under forest. The district has about
half of the cultivated land under irrigation, thanks to the
Cauvery and Hemavathi rivers as also their tributaries
which provide yearlong assured irrigation for crops.
Paddy and sugarcane are dominant crops grown in almost
the entire canal-irrigated area, while ragi and horse gram
27

are the major crops in dry land agriculture. Sericulture is

an important commercial crop in virtually every taluk of
the district.
The district does not have many large scale industrial
units except the 5 sugar factories but it does have a large
number of small scale and tiny industrial units which
have come up during the last one-and-a-half decades with
state incentives. The district has not been sanctioned
either a special economic zone (SEZ) or an agricultural
export zone (AEZ). A unique feature of Mandya districts
economy is the dominance of agro-based rural industry,
namely jaggery making. The district has over 2000
jaggery making units none of which is registered with
the Industries Department and all of which are quite
flourishing in view of persistently higher price of jaggery
than that of sugar, which makes this units quiet profitable.
In spite of having about half of the cultivated area under
assured irrigation, the districts average income continues

to be far below the state average, with none of the taluks

getting closer to the state per capita income. The use of
irrigation water needs to be optimized by encouraging
conjunctive irrigation on the one hand and suitable
changing of the cropping pattern in the irrigated areas; so
that more and more high-value and low water-intensive
crops, especially horticultural crops, are grown in order
to maximize incomes from irrigated areas. As for the
dryland-agriculture taluks like Nagamangala, watershed
development needs to be taken up on war-footing not
only to tap rain water for irrigation and improve ground
water table but to check soil erosion.
The district has quite a few tourist spots visited by both
the local and overseas tourists who do contribute quite
a bit to the districts economy. Therefore, the Districts
administration would do well to provide good facilities
in many of these places to attract more number of Indian
and foreign tourists.

28

29

30

CHAPTER 3

COMPUTATION OF INDICES
3.1. Introduction
The first Human Development Report was published
in 1990 by the UNDP and the concept of human
development has now been accepted as a basic goal
of development throughout the world. Development
approach was earlier an income-centred approach
and now the focus has been shifted to people-centred
approach. The human development approach attempts
to measure the all-round achievement of a nation with
reference to development programmes and policies that
are implemented to fulfil the basic needs of the people
and enable them to lead quality life.
Gender inequality persists in every society and it is
especially more pronounced in developing and underdeveloped countries. Research evidences have revealed
that gender discrimination is a prominent factor on
influencing health and educational status of people.
Therefore, the 2010 Human Development Report of
the UNDP has started assessing the loss of human
development by computing Gender Inequality Index
(GII) which measures the loss in potential human
development due to inequality between female and male
achievements.
Children are the most valuable resource for a nation
and are recognized for their future roles in constructing
families, strengthening communities and building a
nation. Well-being of children is one of the significant
factors in a nations development. Child Development
Index measures the specific issues associated with
children such as education, health and nutrition that are
indicative of childs well-being.
Food Security situation of a country indicates the building
of emergency grain reserves and ensuring availability of

nutritious food in the society at an affordable price. It is

related to the ability to provide food for the people and
keeping them healthy all the time. Food security index is
computed based on three major parameters - Availability,
Accessibility and Absorption indicators.
In this chapter, an attempt is made to portray the status
of Human Development in Mandya district by computing
Human Development Index (HDI) while certain other
indices have been computed to understand the efficacy
of overall development of the district through different
dimensions. These indices are:
Human Development Index (HDI)
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
Child Development Index (CDI)
Food Security Index (FSI)
Composite Taluk Development Index (CTDI)
Urban Development Index (UDI) and
Composite Dalit Development Index (CDDI)
As many as 126 Indicators have been used for computing
the above mentioned indices. The Human Development
Index (HDI) is computed using 11 indicators, 15 indicators
have been used for computing Gender Inequality Index
(GII), Child Development Index (CDI) is computed using
3 indicators, 18 indicators for FSI, 11 indicators for UDI
and 68 indicators are used for computing CTDI.

3.2. Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI, for short) is used
to measure a countrys overall achievement especially in
relation to the social and economic dimensions of peoples
life. The social and economic dimensions comprise the
health of people, their level of educational attainment
and their standard of living. HDI is a composite index of
different dimensions of human life with a focus on three
facets namely living standard, Health and Education.

31

Chart 3.1: Indicators for three dimensions of HDI

3.2.1. Computation of HDI

The computation of HDI would help in understanding
the relative positions of different taluk within the district.
As a first step, a minimum and maximum value has to be
set for each of the above 11 indicators to transform them
into indices ranging between 0 (zero) and 1. For this
purpose, the observed minimum and maximum figures
for each of the indicators are taken. Since the Geometric
Mean has to be calculated, in the case of a positive
indicator, the minimum value is taken as 10 per cent less
than the observed minimum value in the Taluk. Similarly,
in the case of a negative indicator, the maximum value is
taken as 10 per cent more than the observed maximum
value. The following formula is used to calculate index
values.
1. Positive Indicators
Index Value = (Actual Value Min. Value) / (Max.
Value Min.Value)
2. Negative Indicators

However, for per capita income, the actual per capita

income, the minimum per capita income and maximum
per capita income were converted into natural log values
before converting into the index. Finally, calculations
were based on highest values being assigned highest
ranking in the HDI.
3.2.2. Taluk-wise HDI value and Rank in Mandya
District
The HDI for 2011 computed for seven taluks of Mandya
District is presented in Table 3.1 & Fig. 3.1. The HDI value
for Mandya district ranges between 0.493 and 0.758.
HDI values for Shrirangapattana, Mandya and Maddur
taluks are higher than the district average, while HDIs for
Malavalli, Pandavapura, Nagamangala and Krishnarajpet
taluks are lower than that of district. Shrirangapattana
taluk ranks number one in HDI ranking followed by
Mandya taluk in the 2nd rank and Maddur taluk in the
3rd rank. Krishnarajpet taluk ranks last i.e. 7th, with
a HDI of 0.491. Thus wide variation of HDI is noticed
within Mandya district and a gap of 0.265 is observed
between taluks.

Index Value = (Max. Value Actual Value) / (Max.

Value Min.Value)
32

Table 3.1: Human Development Index (HDI) Value and Rank

Fig. 3.1: Radar diagram for Taluk-wise HDI

Fig. 3.2: Comparison of HDI 2011

Table 3.1 and Fig 3.1 reveal that Shrirangapattana taluk

has highest HDI because of the better health index
(0.920), living standard index (0.696) and 0.682 for
education index. Though Mandya taluk ranks first in
education index (1.0) and living standard index (0.754),
it ranks seventh in health index (0.441). Due to poor
performance in health index, Mandya taluk moved to the
2nd rank in the district. Krishnarajpet taluk ranks 7th in
HDI in the district because of the low in living standard
index (0.204).

The HDI for the years 1991, 2001 and 2011 are shown
in the Fig. 3.3. In 1991, Mandya districts HDI was 0.511
and which increased to 0.609 in 2001. The value has
increased to 0.663 in the year 2011. Though the value
has increased from 0.511 in 1991 to 0.663 in 2011, this is
only a marginal increase in a span of 20 years. The district
administration has to device a better delivery mechanism
for the development programmes to improve the quality
life of the people in the district.

Fig. 3.3 HDI of Mandya District in
1991, 2001 & 2011

Fig. 3.2 presents the comparison of Mandya districts HDI

value with HDI values of Karnataka and India. The HDI
of Mandya district is 0.663 which is in the medium range
of human development and it is higher than the HDI of
Karnataka State (0.519) and India (0.547).

33

The relative positions of the taluks in human

development index and their comparative rankings in the
three dimensions of HDI are discussed in the following
paragraphs. This would facilitate understanding of the
disparities in the dimensions and indicators of Human
development in the district.
Living Standard Index (LSI)
The living standard index (LSI) is computed using seven
sub- indicators namely: access to cooking fuel, toilet,
water, electricity, pucca house, percentage of nonagricultural workers and per capita income. The LSI
for Mandya district and its taluks is presented in Table
3.1 & Fig. 3.4. Mandya district has a moderate an LSI of
0.588. The highest LSI (0.754) is found for Mandya taluk
which is in the 1st rank and the Lowest LSI (0.204) is
for Krishnarajpet taluk which is in the 7th rank. Mandya
and Shrirangapattana taluks have better LSI value than
the districts average of 0.588, while Krishnarajpet,
Nagamangala, Malavalli, Pandavapura and Maddur taluks
have lower LSI than the district average. Thus, there is a
significant gap in the LSI between the taluks of Mandya
district.

Mandya Taluk has the first rank in LSI since the values of the
sub-indicators such as percentage of households having
toilets is 52.52, access to pucca houses is 62.65 percent,
the percentage of houses connected with Electricity is
91.89 and the share of non-agriculture workers in the total
accounted has 42.41 percent are comparatively higher for
the district. In contrast, Krishnarajpet taluk the values for
LSI sub- indicators namely households with toilets being
21.67 percent, and access to pucca houses being hardly
43.69 percent are relatively lower compared to those for
taluks in the district and LSI value is obviously lesser for
this taluk. Households with modern cooking fuel (10.80)
percent and share of non-agricultural workers (20.17)
percent are the other contributing factors for low LSI
in Krishnarajpet taluk. The taluks such as Nagamangala,
Malavalli, Pandavapura and Maddur having LSI value
lesser than the district average had low LSI.
Fig 3.4: Radar Diagram for Living Standard Index

Health Index (HI)

The child mortality rate and maternal mortality rate are
used as sub-indicators to compute the HI. The HI for
Mandya district and its taluks is depicted in Fig. 3.5. HI
for Mandya district is 0.726 which shows that the overall
health service is good in the district. The HI of taluks
ranges from 0.441 to 0.953 and there is a noteworthy
gap between lowest and highest HI. Mandya taluk has
least (0.441) HI which is lesser than the district average,
of 0.726, while all other taluks have higher health index
than that of the district. Nagamangala taluk ranks number
one with highest HI of 0.953. While Mandya taluk is in the
7th rank with the lowest HI. This is really puzzling in view
of the fact that Mandya Town, being the district and taluk
headquarters, has quite a good number of public and
private hospitals and nursing homes. The main reasons
for low health index in Mandya taluk are high Child
Mortality Rate (31) and Maternal Mortality Rate (124).
It is fact that for the taluks which have lower CMR and
MMR apparently the HI value is higher. In Nagamangala
taluk CMR (28) and MMR (107) is lower compared to all
other taluks in the district and obviously its HI is higher
(0.953). The radar diagram (3.5) clearly indicates the
taluk wise position of HI in the district.

Fig. 3.5: Radar diagram for Taluk-wise Health Index

Education Index (EI)

Education index is computed using two sub- indicators
namely literacy rate and gross enrollment rate at primary
and secondary schools. Education index for Mandya
district and its taluks is presented in Fig. 3.6. Mandya
district has an average EI of 0.681 which shows the
moderate education development. EI for taluks ranges
from 0.428 to 1.000 showing significant gap between
taluks. Mandya taluk ranks first with an EI of 1.0, while
Malavalli taluk has least EI of 0.428.

34

Fig. 3.6: Radar diagram for Taluk-wise

Education Index

The Fig. 3.6 shows that the EI for Maddur, Krishnarajpet,

Pandavapura, Nagamangala and Malavalli taluks is lesser

than the district average. The main cause for the lower EI
is low literacy rate and lower gross enrollment in some
of the taluks. Mandya taluk has 74.75 percent literacy
and 107.48 percent of gross enrollment rate which
significantly contributed to higher EI.
Taluk-wise comparison of LSI, HI and EI in Mandya
District
Fig 3.7 presents the taluk-wise comparison of LSI, HI
and EI. Though Krishnarajpet taluk has lowest HDI value
(0.493) it performs better in HI (0.914) and EI (0.641),
but its LSI is low. The low values of LSI sub -indicators
such as households with toilets, access to pucca houses,
households with modern cooking fuel and share of nonagricultural workers are the other contributing factors for
the lower LSI for Krishnarajpet taluk.

Fig. 3.7: Taluk-wise comparison of LSI, HI and EI in Mandya District

35

Nagamangala taluk has highest HI (0.953) in the district

but is in the 6th place in both EI and LSI with values of
0.480 and 0.391 respectively. The main contributing
factors for low EI and LSI are lower gross enrolment
rate (88.35 percent), low percentage of households
having access to modern cooking fuel (12.94%) and toilet
(28.44%) facilities and smaller number of non-agricultural
workers (21.96%).
Pandavapura taluk has 4th place both in HDI and LSI with
the index value of 0.626 and 0.484 respectively. The taluk
ranks 5th both in HI (0.850) and EI (0.596). The taluk has
lower LSI, EI and HDI than the district.
Shrirangapattana taluk ranks 2nd in LSI, HI and EI with
the index values 0.696, 0.920 and 0.682 respectively.
Despite these modest sub-indices, the taluk ranks first in
HDI (0.758).
Mandya taluk ranks 1st both in LSI and EI with values of
0.754 and 1.000 respectively. The taluk has the least rank
in HI (0.441) because of the high CMR (31) and MMR
(124). The CMR and MMR were high for Mandya taluk
compared to all other taluks in the district. Because of
the low value of HI, the taluk moved to 2nd place in the
HDI (0.693) in the ranking.
The relative performance of Maddur taluk in all indices is
fairly good. The taluk has the 3rd place in HDI (0.688),
EI (0.674) and LSI (0.537). But, it slipped to the 4th
position in the HI (0.900) in the district. The major
tasks for the improvement in human development in the
taluk are raising the literacy rate and per-capita income,

improvement in the work participation rate in nonagricultural activities and increase in the percentage of
households with toilets.

3.3. Gender Inequality Index

Gender inequality is a socially constructed difference
between male and female individuals. It generally refers
to discrimination among individuals based on gender that
systematically empower one group to the detriment of the
other. Gender inequality is very complex and diversified
in nature because it is present in every corner of world.
It is manifested in many ways and in many fields. Gender
inequality is more pronounced in developing and underdeveloped countries than in developed countries. Gender
inequality encompasses unequal rights, responsibilities,
and opportunities for female and translates to poor
health status, low educational attainment, and poor
economic and political status compared to male. Gender
inequality is a major threat for a nations development.
Therefore the latest HDR of UNDP has started assessing
human development by computing Gender inequality
Index which measures the loss in potential of human
development due to inequality between female and male
achievements. Developing countries like India face huge
gender inequalities, which have a direct bearing on their
human development. According to the UNDPs Human
Development Report 2013, GII of India was 0.610 and it
ranks 132 out of 187 countries. According to the National
HDR 2001, Karnataka state had higher GDI (0.637) than
the Country (0.609) while Mandya district had lower GDI
(0.593) than the state.

36

Chart 3.2: Indicators for Gender Inequality Index

The gender inequality index 2011 is computed for Mandya

district. GII is computed based on three sub-indices
namely reproductive health index, empowerment index
and labour market index. Totally nine sub-indicators
have been used for computing GII, three sub-indicators
for reproductive health index, three sub-indicators for
empowerment index and three for labour market index.
GII helps to analyze the extent of gender disparity within
a region or between the regions. Zero value represents
no inequality and a value of one represents the highest
level of inequality.

The GII for Mandya district is 0.070 indicating that

gender inequality in Mandya district is very low. Talukwise GII indicate that Maddur taluk rank 1st with the
lowest value (0.046) followed by Krishnarajpet in the 2nd
Rank (0.052), Shrirangapattana in the 3rd Rank (0.053)
and Nagamangala in the 4th Rank (0.0.61). All these four
taluks have lower GII the district average. Mandya taluk
has GII of 0.75 which is nearly equal to that of GII of the
district. Malavalli and Pandavapura taluks have higher
GII (0.087 and 0.104 respectively) with 6th and 7th ranks
respectively (Table 3.2 & Fig.3.8).

Table 3.2: Gender Inequality Index (GII) Value and Rank

37

Fig. 3.8: Gender Inequality Index

services. In Maddur taluk, the percentage of pregnant

woman with anemia is least (24.70 percent) compared
to all other taluks in Mandya district. In addition to this,
better MMR (105) and 99.57 percent of institutional
delivery also contribute to the high value of RHI. The RHI
is also fairly good for Krishnarajpet and Shrirangapattana
taluks since these taluks also have better RHI. Mandya and
Pandavapura taluks have relatively lesser RHI because of
high MMR 124 and 113 in these taluks respectively. These
taluks have high percentage (50.90 percent) of pregnant
woman with anemia. This indicates that the higher the
MMR and percentage of pregnant woman with anemia,
higher will be the RHI.

3.3.1. Reproductive Health Index (RHI)

3.3.2. Empowerment Index (EMI)
According to UNDPs 2010 HDR, Reproductive Health
Index (RHI) is one of the three dimensions considered
for computing the Gender Inequality Index. Reproductive
health of women helps to understand the gender related
development of a country and it has emerged as an
absolute necessity for assessing Human Development
in recent times. RHI is computed based on maternal
mortality rate, percentage of institutional deliveries and
percentage of pregnant women with anaemia. A value of 0
on the RHI indicates that women have poor reproductive
health status while a value of 1 indicates that women have
better reproductive health status.
The RHI for Mandya district (Fig. 3.9) is 0.677. Maddur
taluk ranks number one with a value of 0.707 followed by
Krishnarajpet in the 2nd rank with 0.702, Shrirangapattana
in 3rd place with 0.698, Nagamangala in the 4th position
(0.683) and Malavalli in the 5th position (0.679). All these
taluks all have higher RHI than that of the district. Only
Mandya and Pandavapura taluks have lesser RHI value
than the district average.

Empowerment is the process through which women

have the opportunities to become self-reliant. Gender
empowerment is based on the idea that offering skills,
resources, authority, opportunity, motivation and
assuming responsible positions and being accountable
for outcomes would enhance their confidence,
competence and satisfaction. EMI is computed using
three indicators namely the shares of female and male
elected representatives in PRIs and ULBs, the shares of
female and male children in the age group of 0-6 years
and the relative female and male literacy rates. EMIs
for Mandya district are presented in Fig. 3.10. Mandya
district has an EMI of 0.560. The EMI for Taluks ranges
from 0.549 for Malavalli to 0.571 for Mandya Taluk. All
Taluks have almost uniform, EMI which is almost close
to district average. Mandya taluk is in the 1st rank while
Malavalli taluk is in the lowest rank. The EMI indicates
that women are more empowered in Mandya than in the
other taluks in the district.
Fig. 3.10: Empowerment Index

Fig. 3.9: Reproductive Health Index

RHI is very high for Maddur taluk because of better health

The taluk wise EMI indicates that Mandya taluk has

highest value of 0.571 followed by Shrirangapattana
38

taluk (0.566). The least value in EMI is for Malavalli

taluk (0.566). The least EMI is found for Malavalli taluk
(0.549). The literacy rate among female is high (68.08
percent) in Mandya taluk and Shrirangapattana taluks
(66.13 percent) thereby contributing to high EMI in these
taluks. The EMI is low for Malavalli taluk because of low
female literacy rate and low sex ratio for the children in
the age group 0-6.

Fig.3.11: Labour Market Index

3.3.3. Labour Market Index (LMI)

Labour Market Index (LMI) is computed based on the
relative female and male work participation rates, share
of female and male workers in the non-agricultural sector
and relative female and male agricultural wage rates.
These three indicators present the womens involvement
in labour markets. The LMI for Mandya district is given
in (Fig. 3.11). The LMI is 0.452. The LMI for the taluks
in Mandya district ranges from 0.346 for Pandavapura
to 0.487 for Malavalli. A noticeable difference of 0.141
is observed. Malavalli taluk is in the 1st rank while
Pandavapura taluk is in the 7th rank. The LMI values for
Maddur, Mandya and Malavalli taluks are slightly higher
than the district average and those for Krishnarajpet,
Shrirangapattana, Nagamangala and Pandavapura taluks
are slightly lower than the district average. Higher LMI
indicates the better women participation in the labour
market and vice versa.

The better EMI value for Malavalli taluk is due to relatively

high women wage rate and high percentage of female
work participation in non- agricultural sector compared
to other taluks in the district.
3.3.4. Comparison between three dimensions of
Gender Inequality Index
Fig. 3.12 shows comparison of the three dimensions of
gender inequality index between the taluks in Mandya
district. The RHI is high for all the taluks followed by EMI
and LMI. Higher RHI indicates that women receive fairly
good health services in the district. EMI is relatively better
than the LMI for the district but, the taluks have to perform
better in the related indicators. Gender inequality index
is low in all the taluks except Pandavapura taluk.

Fig 3.12: Taluk-wise Comparison of Gender Inequality Indices in Mandya District

39

The GII is low for Maddur taluk (0.046) as this taluk has
better RHI (first rank in the district) and fairly good in
LMI (0.455). Pandavapura taluk has high GII because
of low LMI (7th rank), RHI (6th rank) and EMI (6th
rank). Although Malavalli taluk has better value in LMI
(0.487), its EMI (7th rank) and RHI (5th rank) are not
significant. The GII indicates that lower the values lower
the inequality and high GII values show the greater
discrimination against women.

3.4. Child Development Index (CDI)

of a nation. In this section Child Development Index

(CDI) for Mandya district is computed by focusing on
childs mortality rate (Health Index),percentage of
mal-nourished children & babies born under weight
(Nutrition index) and percentage of drop-out children in
primary and secondary school main streamed (Education
index). CDI is a composite index computed on the basis
of childrens - education, health and nutrition it ranges
from 0 to 1. Higher CDI shows better child development
and vice-versa.
3.4.1 Indicators and Index values

Children are the most valuable resource for a nation

because they are recognized for their future roles in
constructing families, strengthening communities and
building a nation. From the beginning of life till reaching
adulthood, children face multitudinous challenges and
struggle a lot to grow up as healthy and strong person.
Protecting all children and providing all amenities for
their optimum growth as obligatory for every nation
to achieve UN Millennium Development Goals as well
as to achieve the better score on Child Development
Index (CDI). Childs health, nutrition and education are
the important indicators that reflect the development

The CDI is a measure that could be used to track the

childs well being over time and compare across countries.
It helps to understand the status of children based on
their health, nutrition and education. The lower score of
CDI indicates the poor status of the children. A high score
means that a large number of children survive beyond
their fifth birthday, all under-fives are well nourished, and
majority of primary and secondary school drop-outs are
brought back to school. Chart 3.3 Presents all the three
indicators of CDI.

Chart 3.3: Indicators for Child Development Index (CDI)

40

Table 3.3: Child Development Index (CDI) Value and Rank

The CDI computed for Mandya district (Table 3.3 &

Fig 3.13.) ranges from 0.208 to 0.978. The CDI for
Pandavapura taluk is the highest (0.978) followed by
Shrirangapattana taluk with CDI of 0.681. Malavalli
taluk is in the 3rd rank with 0.584, Maddur taluk ranks
4th with 0.533 and Nagamangala taluk ranks 5th with
0.448. All these taluks have higher CDI than the district.
Krishnarajpet (0.302) and Mandya taluk (0.208) are in
the 6th and 7th ranks and both taluks have lower CDI
than that of the district. Significant difference between
the taluks (0.208 to 0.978) indicates the imbalance in
taluks with respect to Childs well being. Higher the CDI,
higher would be the childs development and lower CDI
indicates the low child development.

Fig. 3.13: Radar diagram for Child Development

Index.

The taluk-wise indices show that Pandavapura taluk

ranks first in CDI because of the high HI (1.0), NI (1.0)
and EI (1.0). A Shrirangapattana taluk rank 2nd in CDI
with 0.681 since it has better HI (1.0) and NI (0.849).
Malavalli taluk also has fairly good HI (1.0); NI (0.580)
and EI (0.174) compared to other taluks and hence
moved to the 3rd place. Mandya taluk occupies last place
in CDI (0.208) because of the low HI (0.0) and EI (0.0).
For Mandya taluk CMR is high (31) and the percentage
of drop-out children mainstreamed is as low as 6.85
percent, obviously the CDI is low.

Health Index (HI)

The studies on children indicated that growth and
development of children aged less than five years is
crucial and it lays the foundation for their future adult
health. According to World Health Organization ( WHO)
health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well being and not merely the absence of diseases and
infirmity. Enjoyment of highest attainable standard of
health is one of the fundamental rights of every human
being. Childrens health is the extent to which individual
children or groups of children are able or enabled to
(a) develop and realize their potential, (b) satisfy their
needs, and (c) develop the capacities that allow them to
interact successfully with their biological, physical, and
social environments. Infant and child mortality rates are
sensitive indicators of childrens health as well as of the
41

effectiveness of public health policies and programmes.

The health index of children is computed based on the
under-five mortality rate which measures the probability
of a child dying between birth and five years of age.
The index value ranges between 0 and 1. The value
of 1 presents better health status while the value of
0 presents the high risk for childs health. Taluk-wise
health index for Mandya district is depicted in (Fig.3.14).
The HI for Mandya district is 0.338 which is rather low.
HI for Nagamangala, Pandavapura, Shrirangapattana
and Malavalli taluks is 1.000 each which indicates that
the childs mortality rate is low in these talulks and all
these four taluks are in the first rank. Krishnarajpet and
Maddur have a score of 0.667 each, which is at medium
level and the HI for these two taluks is higher than that
for the district. The HI for Mandya taluk is 0.000 which
indicates high CMR and the HI is lower than the district
score. There is significant divergence in the health index
between the taluks in Mandya district.
Fig. 3.14: Health Index

Nutrition Index (NI)

Malnutrition during early childhood years endangers
the childs survival, health and growth. Malnutrition,
especially underweight, among young children affects
their future health. The NI is computed based on the
percentage of mal-nourished children & babies born
under-weight. The NI for seven taluks in Mandya district
is presented in Fig.3.15. The NI for Mandya district is
0.431 which is very low. The NI for taluks ranges from
0.110 for Nagamangala to 0.955 for Pandavapura taluk.
The high NI for Pandavapura taluk indicates that less
percentage (6.13%) of babies is born under-weight and
low percentage of children are malnourished. In contrast,
Nagamangala taluk with a score of 0.110 takes the 7th
rank which indicates more percentage (13.8%) of babies
are born underweight and more percentage of children
are malnourished. The NI for Nagamangala, Krishnarajpet

and Mandya (0.416) taluks is lower than that of the district

and that for Pandavapura, Shrirangapattana, Maddur and
Malavalli taluks is higher than the district average. The
significant difference between taluks with regard to NI
indicates enormous nutritional imbalances across taluks
in Mandya district.
Fig. 3.15: Nutrition Index

Education Index (EI)

Education index is computed based on the percentage of
drop-out children in primary and secondary school mainstreamed. The taluk-wise Education Index (EI) for Mandya
district is depicted in Fig. 3.16. The average EI for Mandya
district is 0.174 which is very low. The EI ranges between
0.000 for Mandya taluk and 1.000 for Pandavapura taluk.
Education index for Mandya taluk, Shrirangapattana and
Maddur taluk is lower than that of the district while the
EI for Krishnarajpet, Nagamangala and Pandavapura taluk
is higher than the district index. The EI for Malavalli taluk
is similar to the EI of Mandya district. Pandavapura taluk
rank first followed by Nagamangala taluk in the 2nd rank
and Krishnarajpet in the 3rd rank. Malavalli taluk is in 4th
rank with 0.174 index value. Shrirangapattana, Maddur
and Mandya taluks are in the 5th, 6th and 7th ranks
respectively. The EI is based on the only indicator, i.e., the
drop-out children main-streamed, since Pandavapura has
82.35 percent of drop-out children main-streamed it has
better EI while Mandya taluk has least percent (6.85%)
of drop-out children main-streamed in the district which
resulted in poor EI value (0.0).

42

Fig. 3.16: Education Index

3.4.2. Taluk-wise Comparison of HI, NI and EI for

Mandya District
Fig. 3.17 depicts the comparative picture of the indices for
the taluks of Mandya District. All taluks except Mandya
and Maddur have higher HI. Mandya and Maddur taluks
have higher NI while Krishnarajpet and Nagamangala
taluks have lower NI. In Nagamangala, Pandavapura and
Krishnarajpet taluks the EI is placed in the 2nd and 3rd
positions respectively. In the remaining taluks of Mandya
district the EI is low. On the whole, for Mandya district NI
score is placed in first followed by HI and EI.

Fig. 3.17: Comparison between Child

Development Indices

3.5. Food Security Index (FSI)

Food security is linked not only to health through
malnutrition, but also to sustainable economic
development, environment, and trade. Food Security
refers to a situation where people of all ages, gender,
social and economic classes have access to (or secured
of ) adequate nutritious food at affordable prices. Food
Security index of a nation helps to ascertain whether a
nation is able to feed the people and keep them healthy
all the times. Food Security Index (FSI) is computed based
on three dimensions namely food availability (cropping
intensity, percentage change in the net sown area, per
capita food grain production, per capita forest cover,
percentage of area degraded to TGA and percentage of
leguminous crops in GCA); accessibility (percentage of
BPL families, level of per capita income, percentage of
nonagricultural workers to total workers, average size
of holdings, percentage of agricultural labourers to
total workers, percentage of villages having PDS outlets
within the village) and; absorption (Child mortality rate,
percentage of households with access to safe drinking
water, percentage of pregnant women with anemia,
percentage of malnourished children and Female literacy
rate). The composite index of these three dimensions
ranges between 0 and 1. The higher index values indicate
the better food security and lower values show low food
security. Food Security indicesavailability, accessibility
and absorption-are calculated to assess the magnitude of
food security in the district.
3.5.1. Indicators and Index values
The taluk-wise FSI for Mandya district is depicted in
Table 3.4 and Fig. 3.18. The FSI for the district ranges
from 0.365 in the case of Malavalli (7th rank) to 0.605 in
the case of Shrirangapattana taluk (1st rank). The average
FSI for Mandya district is 0.398. The FSI for all taluks
of Mandya district except Malavalli taluk are higher the
district average. This considerable gap in FSI indicates
wide variation with regard to food security, between
taluks. Chart 3.4 Presents all the eighteen indicators of
the three dimensions of FSI.

43

Chart 3.4: Indicators for Food Security Index (FSI)

Table 3.4: Food Security Index (FSI) Value and Rank

The detailed positions of the taluks in respect of the three dimensions of FSI namely food availability, accessibility and
absorption are discussed in the following paragraphs.

44

Fig. 3.18: Food Security Index (FSI)

indicators (Fig.3.20). Nagamangala taluk has the highest

FAcI (0.659) and ranks first. Malavalli taluk has lowest FAcI
(0.171) and ranks 7th.Thus a significant gap in the FAcI
(0.171 to 0.659) between the taluks is observed. FAcI for
the district is 0.395 which reflects rather lower. All taluks
except Malavalli, Maddur and Pandavapura taluks have
higher FAcI than the district.
Fig. 3.20: Food Accessibility Index (FAcI)

Food Availability Index (FAI)

Food availability index is computed using seven
indicators. The Food availability index for Mandya district
is 0.428 (Fig.3.19.). Pandavapura taluk ranks first with FAI
of 0.586 followed by Krishnarajpet taluk in the 2nd rank
with 0.563, Shrirangapattana taluk in the 3rd rank with
0.515 and Nagamangala taluk ranks 4th place with 0.494.
All these four taluks have higher FAI than the district
average. Mandya, Malavalli and Maddur taluks have lower
FAI than that of the district and they are in the 5th, 6th
and 7th ranks respectively.

Fig. 3.19: Food Availability Index (FAI)

Pandavapura taluk has better food availability index

(0.586) as it has higher percentage change in net area
sown (44.84%), large percentage of area under pulses
crops (27.50%) and per-capita food grain production of
210 kgs. Krishnarajpet taluk also has better performance
in per-capita food grain production (236 kgs), area under
pulses (22.00%) and irrigation intensity (127.58). Maddur
taluk ranks last in FAI because of low percentage change
in net area sown (-20.18%) low percentage area under
pulses (80%) and low irrigation intensity (110.47%).

The table 3.4 reveals that Nagamangala taluk stand first

in FAcI (0.659) as it has better values for indicators used
for computing this index such as lower percentage of
agricultural labourers to total workers (12.92%) high
per capita income (Rs. 35,473) and more number of
village having PDS outlets (85.80%). On the contrary, in
Malavalli taluk the per capita income is low (Rs.25,316)
compared to other taluks in the district, high percentage
of agricultural labourers (34.84%) to total workers and
low average size of land holdings (0.68 ha) all of which
depress FAcI (0.171).
Food Absorption Index (FAbI)
Six indicators have been used for calculating FAbI index.
The FAbI for the district is 0.365 which is rather low
(Fig.3.21). The FAbI for taluks of Mandya district ranges
from 0.264 in the case of Nagamangala taluk to 0.854 in
the case of Shrirangapattana taluk. Shrirangapattana is
in 1st rank followed by Maddur taluk in the 2nd place,
Malavalli taluk in the 3rd rank, Pandavapura in the 4th rank
and Mandya taluk is in the 5th rank. All these five taluks
have higher FAbI than district average. Krishnarajpet and
Nagamangala taluks have lower FAbI than the districts
index and they are in the 6th and 7th ranks. The large
FAbI gap between the taluks indicates great difference
between taluks with regard to food absorption.

Food Accessibility Index (FAcI)

Food accessibility index (FAcI) is computed using six
45

Fig. 3.21: Food Absorption Index (FAbI)

The Fig. 3.21 indicates that the FAI is high for

Shrirangapattana taluk (0.854) as the taluk has better
values of its determinants like high percentage of
households having access to water (87.15%), low percent
of pregnant women with anemia (31.70%), low percentage
of children suffering from malnutrition (20.95%) and
low CMR (28). Nagamangala taluk has lowest FAbI

(0.264) since it has high percentage of pregnant women

with anemia (47.00%), high percentage of suffering
from malnutrition children (24.45%), and 13.8 percent
of children born under-weight. Krishnarajpet and
Nagamangala taluks need to perform better in respect of
food absorption.
Taluk-wise Comparison of food security indices
With respect to food security indices (Fig.3.22), all taluks
of Mandya district except Krishnarajpet, Nagamangala
and Pandavapura taluks have high food absorption index
followed by food availability index and food accessibility
index. Krishnarajpet taluk has high food availability index
followed by food accessibility index and food absorption
index. Nagamangala taluk has high food accessibility
index while Pandavapura has high food availability index.
With respect to Mandya taluk, food availability index is
higher than food accessibility and absorption indices.
From these it can be inferred that there are difference
among food security indices within taluks as well as
between taluks of Mandya district.

Fig. 3.22: Taluk-wise Comparison of Food Security Indices in Mandya district

Shrirangapattana taluks FSI is better compared to all

other taluks in the district as it has better values for
Absorption index (1st rank), Accessibility index (2nd
rank) and Availability index (3rd rank). Pandavapura
taluk is placed 2nd in FSI since it performed better in
availability index (1st rank), Absorption index (4th rank)
and accessibility index (5th rank) in the district. The poor

accessibility index (7th place), availability index (6th

place) and absorption index (3rd place) are the reasons
for Malavalli taluk is low FSI (7th position) in the district.

46

3.6. Composite Taluk Development Index (CTDI)

CTDI is comprehensive index covering a wide range of
critical development indicators in a taluk. It helps not
only to assess the over-all development of a taluk but
also to compare taluks in terms of overall development.
CTDI is computed by using the three broad parameters
related to education, health and standard of living.
These indicators are related to demographic factors,
livelihood and employment factors, household assets,
empowerment of the community, health factors including
drinking water supply, sanitation, and education factors.
In all 68 indicators have been used for calculating CTDI.
These indictors help to understand the position of taluks
and district from the human development perspective.
The value for each of these indicators ranges between 0
and 1, zero value indicating the lowest ranking for the
taluk and 1 indicating the highest ranking of the taluk.
3.6.1. Living Standard Index (LSI):
The Living Standard Index(LSI) is a composite index
computed by taking into account four dimensions
namely i) Demography, ii) Livelihood and Employment,
iii) Housing and Assets and iv) Participation Indices. The
LSI for the taluks of Mandya district is portrayed in Radar
diagram 3.23. The average LSI for Mandya district is 0.420
which is rather low. Mandya taluk has the highest living
standard index (0.535) in the district while Pandavapura
taluk has the lowest (0.416). Mandya, Nagamangala,
Maddur, Shrirangapattana, and Krishnarajpet taluks have
higher LSI than the district average. Pandavapura taluk
has lower score than the district average.

percentage of Households with two wheelers (23.39%)

and high percentage of women elected representatives
to local bodies (45.36%). In contrast, Pandavapura
taluk ranks last since it has lowest decadal growth
of employment (1.08%), high percentage of siteless
households (9.6%) low percentage of BPL households
provided with employment under MGNREGS and low
percentage of active SHGs (66.19%).
3.6.2. Health Index (HI):
The HI for the taluks of Mandya district is presented in
Fig. 3.24. The HI for Mandya district is 0.474. The HI
for the taluks of Mandya district ranges from 0.439 to
0.743 and there is a noticeable gap between taluks. The
highest gap of 0.304 is observed between Mandya and
Nagamangala taluks. The HI of Mandya taluk is 0.743
and it is in the 1st rank followed by Maddur taluk in the
2nd rank with an HI of 0.599, Shrirangapattana taluk is
in the 3rd rank 0.549 and Krishnarajpet taluk is in the
4thrank with 0.478. All these four taluks have higher HI
than the district. The HI for Malavalli taluk is identical to
the district average. The average HI for Pandavapura and
Nagamangala taluks is 0.454 and 0.439 respectively, they
are in the last two ranks. On the whole, the health care
in the taluks as well as in Mandya district requires greater
attention by the Health Department and Zilla Panchayath
to improve the health situation.
Fig. 3.24: Health Index

Fig. 3.23: Living Standard/Livelihood Index

Mandya taluk has the highest rank in LSI (0.535) because

of the high decadal growth of employment (9.51%), high

The factors contributing to high HI for Mandya taluk are

100 percent pregnant women receiving full ANC, less
percentage of people affected by communicable diseases
(0.34%), a good number of people (9260) were served
by PHCs, availability of doctors and nurses per 1000
population is fairly good, and fairly high per-capita health
expenditure (Rs. 2178). On the other hand, Nagamangala
47

taluk has the least HI because of the high percentage of

children born under-weight (13.80%), low percentage of
households provided with safe drinking water (81.03%),
low percentage of population served by Anganwadi
centers (81.00%) etc.
3.6.3. Education Index
Education index is a composite index computed
by considering 14 indicators namely: percentage of
literacy, gross enrolment rate at elementary school,
net enrolment rate-at elementary school, dropout rate
at elementary education level, percentage of drop-out
children mainstreamed: (primary& secondary), Student
Teacher ratio for elementary education, secondary
school gross enrolment rate (15-16 years), drop-out rate
in secondary education level, SSLC pass percentage,
student - teacher ratio for secondary education, PUC
pass percentage, school infrastructure index, per capita
education expenditure ; and percentage of villages having
primary school within 1 km. distance.
The EI for the taluks of Mandya district is presented in
radar graph (Fig. 3.25). The EI for Mandya district is 0.372
which shows the low education development. The EI for
the taluks of Mandya district ranges between 0.372 for
Malavalli taluk (lowest rank) and 0.624 for Mandya taluk
(1st rank). Except Malavalli (0.372) and Shrirangapattana
(0.384) taluks, all other taluks have the EI more than that
of the district average.
Fig. 3.25: Education Index

are high literacy rate (74.75%), high gross enrolment

rate in elementary school (107.34%), high net enrolment
rate in elementary school (97%), high secondary school
gross enrolment rate (107.8%), high per-capita education
expenditure (Rs. 1423), etc. In contrast, Malavalli
taluk has least EI, because of low values of education
indicators. The low performing indicators are low literacy
rate (66.5%), low net enrolment rate in elementary
school (76.85%), high drop-outs in elementary schools
(5.22%) and secondary school (24.89%), etc. Similar
situation was noticed in Shrirangapattana taluk also. The
taluks in Mandya district need to improve educational
performance to a great extent.
3.6.4. Index Value and Rank
The Composite Taluk Development Index is a composite
index computed by using altogether 68 indicators for
its three dimensions namely living standard, health and
education. The Composite Taluk Development Index
(CTDI) for the taluks of Mandya district is depicted in radar
graph (Fig.3.26). The average Composite Development
Index for Mandya district is 0.506 which show modest
development. Mandya taluk with a CTDI value of 0.611
ranks first. The CTDI for Maddur taluk is 0.535 which
is slightly higher than the district CTDI. Nagamangala
taluk is in the 3rd place with a CTDI of 0.507. The CTDI
of Shrirangapattana (0.491), Krishnarajpet (0.473) and
Malavalli (0.425) taluks are below the district CTDI. They
are in the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th positions respectively in
the district.
Fig. 3.26: Composite Taluk Development Index

The indicators contributing to high EI for Mandya taluk

48

Table 3.5: Composite Taluk Development Index (CTDI)- Value and Rank

The high CTDI for Mandya taluk is because of better

its performance in living standard (1st rank). Malavalli
taluk ranks least in CTDI since the taluk had 7th rank
in education, 6th rank in living standard and 5th rank
in health indices. To improve the CTDI for district as a
whole, concerned departments need to improve the
performances in all the three dimensions of CTDI namely
living standard, health and education.

3.7. Urban Development Index (UDI)

The UDI is also one of the important indices for assessing
human development of a region. The UDI is computed
using the indicators which are important for urban
development. Indicators such as the percentage of urban
population to total population, number of households
without own houses, percentage of slum population
to the total urban population, water supply, sewerage/
drainage, number of hospital beds per 1000 population in
the urban area, growth rate of own resource mobilization,
per capita expenditure on development works, length of
roads per sq. km. crime rate per 10,000 population, and

number of road accidents per 10,000 population have

been used to compute Urban Development Index. Some
indicators are positive while some indicators are negative.
Urban development in India has occurred at a slower
rate but urban population has shown an increasing
trend. According to 2011 census, people living urban
areas constitute 31.16% of the total. Karnataka state is
the fifth most urbanized state in India, with 38.63% of
total population being urban. Four districts of the state
namely Bengaluru Urban, Dharwad, Dakshina Kannada
and Mysuru, have higher percentage of urban population.
As urban population increases, the demand for all basic
services increases many fold. Therefore it is important to
compute UDI at the taluk and district levels.
3.7.1. Indicators and Index values
The UDI is also one of the important indices for assessing
human development of an urban area. The UDI is
computed using the indicators which are important for
urban development. Altogether 11 indicators have been
used to compute the UDI. The UDI for urban local bodies
ranges from 0.383 to 0.756. Mandya CMC has highest
UDI of 0.756 followed by Krishnarajpet TMC with UDI
of 0.648 and Shrirangapattana TMC with UDI of 0.629.
The UDI for Malavalli TMC is 0.497, for Nagamangala TP

49

0.467, for Pandavapura TP 0.442 and for Maddur TMC 0.383 (Table 3.6 and Fig. 3.27). Chart 3.5: Presents all the eleven
indicators of UDI.
Chart 3.5: Indicators for Urban Development Index (UDI)

Table 3.6: Urban Development Index (UDI) Value and Rank

50

Fig. 3.27: Urban Development Index

Mandya CMC has the first rank in UDI because of high

percentage in urban population in the taluk (33.09%)
low percentage of households without own houses, more
number (8.1) of hospital beds for 1000 population and
high percentage of own-resource mobilization (42.3%)
by ULBs. On the other hand Maddur TMC has last rank
(7th). The factors contributing to the low UDI per-capita
expenditure on development works (Rs 148) and low
number of (2.85) hospital beds per 1000 population.

3.8. Concluding Remarks

Human Development Index is a result of several
indicators namely, living standard, health and education.
It is very essential to measure these indices to recognize

the factors which are important to make required

policy interventions to enhance the quality life of the
people. The district and taluk level analysis of human
development has been attempted in this chapter using
UNDPs 2010 methodology. The inter-taluk variations
in human development have been analyzed using 2011
data for eleven indicators for the three dimensions of
Human Development Index. Shrirangapattana taluk
stands first in Human Development Index followed by
Mandya, Maddur, Pandavapura, Nagamangala, Malavalli
and Krishnarajpet taluks. In addition to Human
Development Index, other indices namely Gender
Inequality Index, Child Development Index, Food
Security Index, Composite Taluk Development Index
and Urban Development Index have been computed to
assess the overall development of the district using as
many as of 126 development indicators. The talukwise
indices are used to construct several radar graphs for the
district. The HDI for the taluks of Mandya district ranges
between 0.493 and 0.758. As per the UNDP classification,
Krishnarajpet (0.493) and Malavalli (0.539) taluks are
low human development taluks as the HDI for these
taluks is less than 0.55. Mandya (0.693), Maddur (0.688),
Pandavapura (0.626), Nagamangala (0.563) taluks are
medium human-development taluks, as the HDI for these
taluks is between 0.55 and 0.70 as per the classification.
Shrirangapattana taluk (0.758) is the only taluk with
high human development as its HDI is between 0.7
and 0.9. Effective utilization of resources and proper
implementation of development programmes are crucial
for improving the levels of all development indicators to

51

52

53

54

CHAPTER 4

LITERACY AND EDUCATION

4.1. Introduction
The research work and other writings of Amartya Sen,
Mahbub-Ul-Haq, Jean Drze, Nussbaum and others, and
the efforts and publications of institutions like UNDP
have emphasized that Literacy and Education are
both the means and end of development. They are
considered as an integral part of development, a peopleinclusive process; prominent variables in the process of
transforming income generation into people-inclusive
development. Literacy and Education are recognized as
the determinants of peoples capability or human capital,
which is referred to as the sum of skills, knowledge,
health,
Literacy has an instrumental role as well as intrinsic
significance in the process of development. Economic
development and human development can be
accomplished together only when people are literate.
It empowers people, plays a principal role in achieving
gender equality, and ensures social, economic and
political empowerment.
Education is the most important element of growth
and prosperity of a nation. Education gives people the
freedom and ability to choose what is necessary from
among the opportunities available in the society. In their
well known work on India, Jean Drze and Amartya Sen
have identified five roles of education in the process of
development.

4) Education is necessary for putting an end to certain

social evils, facilitates social relations, and enlarges
the scope of peoples awareness and knowledge.
5) Education provides inspiration to the deprived
and marginalised sections to fight against
exploitation, inequality and discrimination.

4.2. Literacy Profile of the District

Literacy Rate is the common indicator used for educational
development in any district and it is calculated by
considering the population above seven years. The total
population above seven years of the district is 16.33
lakh and the literacy rate is 70.40 per cent (Table 4.1).
But it is less than the average literacy rate of the state
(75.60%) and the district is placed in the 20th position
in the literacy rate. The district in total has made some
improvement in Literacy rate in the last decade from
2001 (61.05%) to 2011 (70.40%).
Successful completion of the Total Literacy Campaign
and proper implementation of DPEP has resulted in an
increase in the literacy rate by 9.35% in the last decade.
Good schooling facilities, attractive incentive schemes
adopted in primary education and increased awareness
among community are some of the factors, which have
contributed to this increase in literacy rate.
Fig. 4.1: Literacy Rate in Mandya
district -2001 and 2011

1) Education quenches peoples thirst for knowledge;

enables people to secure better and higher
positions in the society. Education is necessary for
people to become full human beings.
2) Education expands the employment opportunities
for people, provides the ability to know about the
happenings in the world.
3) Education provides the ability and opportunity to

people to think and discuss social issues. It
develops in people the practice of questioning
which is necessary for governance.
55

All the seven taluks of the district have literacy rates

above 65% in 2011, a vast improvement from 55% in
200. However, considerable difference is noticed among
the taluks in the literacy rate in both the census. Mandya
taluk placed on the top (74.75% & 65.95%) and Malavalli
taluk comes at the bottom (66.52% & 55.66%) in the
literacy rate scale in both the census indicating almost
the same relative status with regard to literacy rate even
after a decade.
Gender-wise literacy rate in the district is revealed
in the Table 4.2 Male literacy rate is higher than the
female literacy rate in the district as a whole and in all
the seven Taluks. Four Taluks Mandya, Nagamangala,
Krishnarajpet and Shrirangapattana have higher male
literacy rate than that of the district whereas only two
Taluks Mandya and Shrirangapattana have higher female
literacy rate than the district.
Fig. 4.2: Taluk-wise Male and Female literacy rates in
Mandya District-2011

in four TaluksNagamangala, Krishnarajpet, Pandavapura

and Maddur in both the periods. Decrease in the gap
between male and female literacy rate from 2001 to 2011
in the district as a whole and in all the taluks is very
meager. As women form almost 50% of the population,
it is very important they should become literate. As such,
planned attempts should be made to reduce this gender
gap in literacy.

4.3. Enrolment - Elementary School

School education in Mandya comprises class I to X
standard. Classes XI and XII are managed by a separate
PUC Board. The structure and pattern of school
education in Mandya district as well as in a few other
districts in the state is different from the all India pattern.
The main difference is that in the district education
system at the elementary level covers class I to VII and
the secondary level covers class VIII to X. However on
the recommendation of an advisory group, the structure
and pattern of school education is getting realigned with
the National level pattern wherein class VIII is being
brought into elementary education system. Much has
been done in recent years to achieve universalization of
elementary education in Karnataka, so also in Mandya
district. Enrolment is one of the aspects covered under
universalization of education. The Gross Enrolment Rate
at elementary level in Mandya district is almost close to
100 percent (i.e. 98.51%) whereas the Net Enrolment Rate
is 82.97%. It is a promising improvement in the direction
of achieving universalization of elementary education.
4.3.1. Gross Enrolment Rate (GER)

The gap in literacy rate within the gender and between the
genders in this decade is presented in Table 4.3. Increase
in female literacy rate from 2001 to 2011 was slightly
greater than the increase in male literacy in the district
as a whole and in all the taluks individually. The increase
in female literacy in this decade seems to be considerable
and this could be attributed to the concerted attempts
by the Government through SSA, Continuing Education
through SRC and many NGOs to promote women literacy
and education.

The GER at elementary level in all the seven taluks

is fairly high and it ranges between the lowest 85.76%
(Nagamangala taluk) and the highest 107.34% (Mandya
taluk). Three taluks -Mandya, Pandavapura and Maddur
- have recorded a GER of greater than 100 per cent,
whereas the other four taluks have recorded less than
100% (Table 4.4 & Fig.4.3).

As depicted in Table 4.3, even though there is improvement

in female literacy it is surprising that the gap between
male and female literacy in 2011 (15.73%) still remains
significant. This gap is higher than that for the district
56

Fig. 4.3: Gross Enrolment Rate (Elementary School)

in Mandya District by Taluks -2011

during the last 3 years. It was found lowest in Pandavapura

Taluk in all the 3 years (2009-10: 2.48%, 2010-11: 1.85%,
2011-12: 0.91%); highest in Malavalli Taluk (5.22%)
during 2011-12, Krishnarajpet taluk (4.82%) in 2010-11,
Maddur taluk (5.72%) in 2009-10 and higher than the
district rate in 3 to 4 taluks for all the 3 years (Table 4.6
& Fig. 4.5).

Fig. 4.5: Dropout Rate (Elementary School) in

Mandya District by Taluks 2009-10,
2010-11, 2011-12

4.3.2: Net Enrolment Rate

Table 4.5 shows the NER of elementary schools in the age
group of 6-14 children population. The NER in all the
seven taluks is above 75% ranging from lowest 76.85%
(Malavalli taluk) to highest 96.99% (Mandya taluk). It is
above the district rate (82.97%) in four taluks Mandya,
Shrirangapattana, Pandavapura and Krishnarajpet taluks.
The NER of the district has declined to 2.42% when
compared to, 2010-11 (Table 4.5 & Fig. 4.4). Decrease in
the NER is an issue to be deliberated at length and to plan
new strategies to improve enrolment rate.

Fig. 4.4: Net Enrolment Rate (Elementary School)

in Mandya District by Taluk 2010-11 and 2011-12

The special promotional and motivational efforts made

by the Government in the last few years did help reduce
the dropout rate in the district. This improvement can
serve as significant indicators / criteria for designing
better educational strategies in future also. Absence of
teachers in schools, poverty, and lack of proper facilities
in the schools which are considered as the significant
factors causing dropouts may still be given attention in
the respective taluks and attempt should be intensified to
further reduce percentage of the dropouts.
4.4.2. Dropout Children Mainstreamed (Primary and
Secondary Schools)

4.4. Attendance, Dropout and Dropout Children

Mainstreamed
4.4.1: Dropout Rate
The dropout rate in the district is very low, i.e., 3.45% in
2011-12 and it was almost the same in 2009-10 (3.64%)
and 2010-11 (3.44%) as well. There is no difference in the
dropout rate, but inter-taluk differences are significant

Only 18.62 % of dropout children have been mainstreamed

in the whole district (Table 4.7 & Fig. 4.6) during 201112. The percentage of dropout children mainstreamed
varies between 6.85% and 82.35% among the seven
taluks of the district. However, this percentage may not
depict the actual picture as it is calculated with reference
to a very small number. There are more number of
dropout children in Malavalli taluk (140) and very less
number in Nagamangala taluk (10) whereas the highest
number were mainstreamed in Pandavapura taluk (14
out of 17) while the lowest number was mainstreamed
in Maddur taluk (4 out of 49). It is surprising to see
57

that Mandya taluk which has recorded the highest GER

at both Elementary and Secondary levels has a very low
percentage of mainstreamed children.

Fig. 4.6: Taluk wise Dropout Children mainstreamed

(Primary and Secondary Schools) in Mandya
District-2011

Comparison with 2009-10 and 2010-11 data reveals that

the mainstreaming of dropout children is substantially
high in both the periods wherein 746 children were
identified and 380 (51%) were mainstreamed during
2009-10, 559 children were identified and 359 (64%)
were mainstreamed during 2010-11. Mainstreaming was
highest in Nagamangala taluk and lowest in Krishnarajpet
taluk in 2009-10. It was highest in Shrirangapattana taluk
and lowest in Nagamangala taluk in 2010-11, it is evident
that there is significant decline in the percentage of
dropout children mainstreamed in 2011-12.
It is disheartening to find that in spite of considerable
efforts of SSA and other organizations to identify outof-school children and enroll them in regular schools,
only 376 were identified and 70 were mainstreamed
whereas 6-14 year old children (eligible for schooling)
numbered about 41,000 (Table 4.7) in the district. It is
high time to ponder over this issue, find reasons for this
low performance and formulate strategies to increase the
number of children mainstreamed.

58

4.5. Transition Rate for Children enrolled at 6th

class as compared to children enrolled at
5th class as well as 7th and 8th classes in
2010-11 and 2011-12
Transition Rate indicates the percentage of children
moving from lower class to higher class and the details
are presented in Table 4.8 & Fig. 4.7. The Total Transition
rate at Elementary school level for the district is 103.29%
in 2011-12, 97.21% in 2009-10. It is considerably

higher in 20011-12 compared to 2009-10. This implies

significant improvement in the transition rate and also
promising trend towards universalization of elementary
education in the district. Shrirangapattana taluk has the
highest transition rate (103.29%) whereas Pandavapura
stands lowest in the transition rate (82.09%). There is
considerable gender disparity in the transition rate in
both the years (2009-10 and 2011-12). The transition
rate is higher for girls than for boys in 2011-12 and is
lower than for boys in 2009-10.

Fig.4.7: Transition Rate at Elementary School level in Mandya District: 2009-10, 2011-12 (%)

59

4.6. Secondary School Enrolment and Dropout

Rate
4.6.1. Gross Enrolment Rate (Secondary Schools)
The demand for secondary education is bound to
increase as Karnataka is moving steadily towards
universal elementary and secondary education. The
demand is getting increased in the Twelfth Plan period.
The education sector will have to address the challenges
of universal secondary education by ensuring budgetary
support for putting in place the infrastructure required
to meet the needs of the most underdeveloped districts
of the state and to maintain the quality of education so
that quality does not become a casualty as the system
expands its outreach. Universal school access is emerging
as a critical concern since denial of quality education to
children on account of gender, economic class and caste
and geographical location raises serious equity issues.
The overall GER at secondary level in the 15-16 years
age group for the district in 2011-12 is 96.09 %, which
is a promising trend in secondary education, but slightly
lesser than GER at the elementary level (98.51%.).Talukwise comparison of GER indicates that all the seven
taluks in Mandya district have GER of 80% and above.
The highest GER is recorded in Mandya taluk (107.83%)
followed by Maddur (101.35%) while the lowest is found
in Shrirangapattana taluk (80.57%) followed by Malavalli
taluk (81.12 %). Further, GER is lower than that of the
district in three taluks Shrirangapattana, Malavalli and
Pandavapura.
The GER of the district decreased by 4.47% from 2009-10
to 2010-11 and decreased further by 6.58% in 2011-12
(Table 4.9). In 2009-10, it was more than 100% in all the
seven taluks and the district ranging between 100.50%
and 116.37%; significantly lower than that at elementary
level. The GER increased in Mandya taluk but decreased
in all other taluks. The GER in Shrirangapattana taluk
stands lowest in all the 3 years. The steady decrease in the
GER at secondary level and inter-taluk differences need
to be addressed.

Fig.4.8: Secondary School Gross Enrolment Rate

(15-16 years)

4.6.2. Drop-out rate in Secondary School

The dropout rate at secondary level in Mandya district as a
whole is 8.22%, which is considerably high, compared to
that at elementary level (3.45%). Taluk-wise dropout rate
ranges between the lowest 1.08% in Maddur taluk and the
highest 24.89% in Malavalli taluk and it is higher than the
district rate in three taluks Malavalli, Nagamangala and
Shrirangapattana; inter- taluk differences are significant.
Dropout rate in 2011-12 is considerably higher than
that in 2009-10 (4.65%) and lower than that in 2010-11
(10.53%) with significant differences among taluks in
both the periods (Table 4.10 & Fig.4.9). The increase
in the dropout rate is significantly high and needs to be
addressed effectively.
Although certain factors causing dropouts like poor
access to schools, lack of transportation to reach schools,
absence of teachers in schools, lack of infrastructure
and other basic amenities have been addressed to a
considerable extent in the last few years, even now,
efforts are needed to reduce the dropout rate further.
RUSA initiatives in this regard are commendable.

60

Fig.4.9: Drop-out rate in Secondary School

4.7.1. Pupil -Teacher Ratio (Elementary School)

Pupil-Teacher Ratio at the elementary level in the district
is 20:1 (Table 4.13), which means there are 20 pupils
attached to one teacher. It is surprising, this ratio is
higher, when compared to that of in 2010-11 (19:1) and
in 2009-10 (12:1 vide Table 4.13). Considerable variation
in Pupil-Teacher Ratio is noticed across the seven taluks,
ranging between 13:1in Nagamangala taluk and 37:1 in
Shrirangapattana taluk in 2011-12; while little variation
is found across the taluks in 2009-10 and some variation
in 2010-11.

4.7. Pupil -Teacher Ratio

Teachers are the pivot of any education system as any
change or improvement in the quality of education
depends on the availability and quality of teachers.
Hence it is imperative to analyse the strength of teachers
in school education. The details of sanctioned posts and
working teachers in elementary and secondary schools
are presented in Table 4.11.
Totally 92.5% and 88% of sanctioned teachers were
working at elementary and secondary schools respectively
in 2011-12. It is evident that the number of teachers posts
sanctioned and working is not proportionately adequate
to the number of students enrolled. Attention should be
given to recruit teachers against all the sanctioned posts
and more number of teachers post need to be increased
in accordance with the enrolment of students.
The percentage of female teachers is low in lower primary
and secondary schools compared to higher primary
schools. In order to encourage girls education, it is
recommended to have more number of female teachers
at the school level in general and at elementary level in
particular. But, this is not fulfilled even after considerably
a long period. This needs immediate attention.
One of the important indicators which add to the quality
of education and literacy is the Pupil-Teacher Ratio. This
ratio indicates the number of pupils enrolled per teacher
and is calculated considering the total number of pupils
enrolled to the 7th class in Government schools and the
number of teachers working in those schools separately
for elementary and secondary education level.

It is commonly admitted that if a teacher is responsible

for less number of pupils, it is possible to give individual
attention to pupils and promote effective learning.
Hence, it is recommended to have a lower pupil-teacher
ratio. But it is painful to observe that a ratio of less than
10 is not found in any of the taluks in Mandya district.
Further, it is disheartening to find pupil-teacher ratio of
37:1 in one of the seven taluks (Shrirangapattana). This
ratio is calculated only for Government schools. But, it
is commonly observed that Pupil-Teacher ratio is much
higher in private schools. Thus, it is very imperative to
address this problem very seriously and bring down the
Pupil-Teacher Ratio, which goes a long way in ensuring
quality education.
4.7.2. Pupil -Teacher Ratio (Secondary School)
As per Table 4.14, Pupil-Teacher Ratio at the secondary
education level is 23:1 and is slightly higher than the
P-T ratio at elementary education level (20:1). Variation
in Pupil-Teacher Ratio across the taluks of the district
is considerable. This Ratio is more than 20:1 in all the
taluks except in Malavalli taluk where it is less than
20:1 (14:1). However, highest ratio (43:1) is found in
Shrirangapattana, where nearly 43 pupils are attached to
one teacher. Further, Teacher-Pupil Ratio for the district
is 26:1 in 2009-10 and 24:1 in 2010-11 with significant
variation among taluks (lowest in Malavalli taluk and
highest in Shrirangapattana taluk) in both the periods.
As there is inadequate number of teachers in secondary
schools, quality has emerged as a great concern to be
addressed seriously. More number of qualified teachers
needs to be recruited to bring down the Pupil - Teacher
Ratio appropriately.

61

4.8. Infrastructure and Access

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan accorded special significance and
weightage for the provision of infrastructure facilities
in schools. School buildings, additional classrooms,
maintenance and repairs of school buildings are included
in the programme. The details of the building status and
conditions of classrooms are presented in Table 4.15.
Out of 1801 Elementary schools of Education Department
in the district, 99% (1788) of the schools possess own
buildings, rent need not be paid to 7 schools owned by
the Department, 2 schools are in rented buildings and 4
schools are in private buildings. There are 213 Secondary
schools in the district, about 90% (187) of schools
have own buildings, 21 are in rent-free buildings, 1 in
private building and 4 are in the buildings which are in a
dilapidated condition.
At elementary level, 61% of the classrooms are in good
condition, 15% of classrooms need major repairs and
24% of classrooms need minor repairs. At secondary
level, 62% of classrooms are in good condition, 8% of
classrooms need major repairs and 30% of classrooms
need minor repairs.
However, Mandya district is placed in the 7th place
regarding the building status, 30th regarding the
condition of classrooms at Elementary level; placed 14th
regarding the building status and 29th regarding the
condition of classrooms at secondary level in the state .

Regarding school facilities, the Government has identified

the following 9 facilities, which include most of the basic
facilities identified by MHRD , required for a school as per
RTE Drinking water, Boys toilet, Girls toilet, Compound
wall, Library, Play ground, Ramps, Teachers and Rooms. In
Mandya district, 36.26% of elementary schools have all the
9 facilities and 97.83% of elementary schools have only 7
facilities.
There are 1045 LPS, 1107 HPS and 632 HS in the district.
Out of which 978 LPS, 850 HPS and 232 HS are run by the
Government and 67 LPS, 256 HPS and 199 HS are private
aided /unaided schools. There is only one Central Govt.
HPS and HS each, 21 HPS with class 8 out of which 20 are
Government and one is unaided ( Source: DISE 2011-12
as on 30th September 2011).
Table 4.16 shows the distribution of primary schools
among the villages of the seven taluks of Mandya district
having the primary schools within one km distance.
The data indicates that 98.47% of the villages in Mandya
district have the Primary School within 1 km distance
which is the clear indicator for the assurance of education
to all the children and for the easy access to the Primary
Education which is also a promising note for the increase
in the enrolment in Primary Education. In general, there is
a very good access for education. In almost all habitations
there are primary schools and there is an easy access to
schooling facilities for all the children within their reach.

62

4.9. Eight Basic Facilities Infrastructure Index

(SSA Method)

Fig.4.10 School Infrastructure Index

As per MHRD specifications, SSA has given importance

to the following 8 facilities as basic facilities to be insisted
upon for improvement in school education - common
toilets, girls toilets, electricity, play ground, ramps,
library, compound and drinking water. The details of the
School Infrastructure Index for different taluks are given
in Table 4.17. The details of basic facilities for the year
2011-12 are presented in Table 4.18.

63

The School Infrastructure Index for Mandya district as a

whole is 0.89 and it remains almost same in all the seven
taluks, ranging between 0.88 and 0.92, which shows
uniform distribution of school infrastructure facilities in
all the schools of Mandya district (Table 4.17 & Fig.4.10).
This indicated that majority of schools in the district have
the required facilities listed by SSA. There is considerable
improvement in the index from 2009-10 (0.70) and
2010-11 (0.77) to 2011-12 (0.89) and it is inferred that
attempts have been made to improve the basic facilities
in the schools from time to time, thus moving towards
quality education.
Nagamangala taluk has the highest number of schools
(361) followed closely by Krishnarajpet taluk with the
next highest number of schools (341). Shrirangapattana
taluk has the lowest number of schools (125). As far as the
facilities in all the schools in the seven taluks of Mandya
district are concerned, toilets for both boys and girls
are available in almost all the schools, except 3 schools
without boys toilet and 8 schools without girls toilet,
where as Malavalli and Mandya taluks have 100 % toilet
facility for both boys and girls.
Electricity is available in 99.80% of the schools in the
district (1798 out of 1801 schools Malavalli, Pandavapura
and Shrirangapattana taluks have electricity facility in all
the schools (100%) followed by Mandya and Nagamangala
taluks with electricity facility in 99.60% of the schools.
Play ground in the school premises is a very important
component of school plan as play activities provide
physical, mental, social and emotional wellbeing of
children. But unfortunately in all the seven taluks of
Mandya district (Table 4.18) more than 50% of the
schools do not have the play ground facility. In the whole
district, playground facility is available only in 895 out of
1801 schools.
Ramps are a necessary requirement in all the schools as
many of the schools do have the special and disabled
children. But only 12.60% of the schools in the district
have these ramps facility. Shrirangapattana and Maddur
taluks have very less number of schools without ramps
whereas the number of schools without ramps is more in
Mandya and Nagamangala taluks.
Library facility is very important to develop reading habit
among the students and also to enrich their knowledge
about different subjects. As far as Mandya district is
concerned, the library facility is available in almost all

the schools, except in 6 schools. Krishnarajpet, Mandya

and Shrirangapattana taluks have library facility in 100
percent of the schools and all the other taluks have the
library facility in 99 percent of the schools which is a very
good sign of the improvement in the field of education in
Mandya district.
About 80.80% of the schools have compound and almost
all the taluks have certain number of schools without
compounds. Drinking water is available in all the schools
in the district. This shows that Government has taken
measures to provide all the schools with basic facilities
like drinking water.
There is remarkable improvement in the provision of
basic facilities from 2009-10 to 2011-12, 19.65% in the
case of the elementary schools and 12.93% in the case
of secondary schools in the district and correspondingly
the district is placed in the 13th and 19th positions in
the State regarding basic facilities for elementary and
secondary schools respectively . A review of progress of
schooling in the light of infrastructural facilities to schools
reveals that there have been notable improvements,
enrolment ratios, retention ratios, student-classroom
ratios, pupil teacher ratios, transition rates and gender
parity in enrolment.

4.10. School Completion Ratio, Percentage of

children passing S.S.L.C and PUC
Examinations
Mandya district is on a higher side in comparison with
Karnataka state regarding 3 aspects of education: i)
Standard 1-2 children who can read letters, words or
more; ii).Standard 1-2 children who can recognize Nos.
1-9 or more; iii) Standard 3-5 children who can read
level-1 text or more and on lower side in one aspect
Standard 3-5 children who can do subtraction or more.
It is evident that there is considerable improvement in
the educational performance of children at elementary
level from 2006 to 2010 in 3 aspects of performance:
i). Standard 1-2 Children who can read letters, words
or more, ii). Standard 1-2 Children who can recognize
numbers 1-9 or more, and iii). Standard 3-5 Children who
can read level 1 text or more decline in the performance
of Standard 3-5 Children who can do subtraction or more
is very remarkable. The reasons for this decline are to be
explored and addressed immediately. This implies that
achievement in the quantitative aspects like the number of
schools and classrooms, other infrastructural facilities is
remarkable, but achievement in the qualitative aspects of
64

education, i.e., educational performance at 3-5 Standards

in terms of ability to read and do basic arithmetical
operations is not substantial, and not commensurate
with quantitative improvement. Hence, more effective
and workable strategies to boost the quality of learning
/ education in the district need to be thought of and
implemented at the earliest.

The observation that the quality of learning is poor and

must be improved has gathered momentum over the
last five years and achieved marked improvement in this
direction. Contribution of ASER and Pratham also in the
direction of quality improvement is to be complemented.

65

66

Tables 4.21 and 4.22 show the pass percentage of the

students in SSLC and PUC examinations respectively in
Mandya district. As it is evident from the tables, the pass
percentage in SSLC examination is 84.09 in 2011-12, but
it is only 54.51 in PUC examination.
Taluk-wise comparison with regard to SSLC pass
percentage indicates that all the taluks have achieved
more than 85% pass except in one taluk Malavalli which
achieved 79.96%. Moderate differences across the
taluks are noticed with highest pass percentage (92.76)
in Maddur taluk followed by next highest percentage
(90.81) in Krishnarajpet taluk. It is evident that Mandya
taluk has reported highest GER (107.83), but SSLC pass
percentage (84.09) is not that encouraging compared to
GER.
When the results of 2010-11 are compared with the
results of 2011-12, about 2% decline is found in 201112. This decline from 2010-11 to 2011-12 is a serious
matter. This matter needs to be considered on priority
and address immediately. Taluk-wise comparison also
indicates decline in S.S.L.C results in all the taluks except
in Malavalli taluk As such sincere efforts need to be made
to improve SSLC results in different taluks of Mandya
district.
Earnest efforts to achieve 100% result in SSLC
examination by certain schools in the district are
laudable. Govt. High School in Hariyellamma Temple,
Chittanahalli, Pandavapura Taluk has achieved 100%
result in SSLC in all the three years 2009-10, 2010-11,
and 2011-12 with 9, 12 and 17 students respectively. The
action plan of the school for this achievement included
the following regular special classes, group activities,
teachers and parents meeting, use of TV and Radio, home
visit by teachers, varied activities to encourage student
participation, and maintenance of separate individual
files for students etc. Another Govt. High School in
Alisandra in Nagamangala taluk got 100% result in 201112 and continued to get this result in coming years also
i.e., 2012-13 and 2013-14. In addition to this, 6 more
schools i.e., Govt. High Schools in Malavalli taluk, Kittur
Rani Chennamma Residential School, Shrirangapattana,
Chikkanayakanahally, Maddur taluk, Maduvina Kodi in
Krishnarajpet taluk, Yelechakanahally and Shivapura
in Mandya taluk have obtained 100% result in SSLC
Examination 2013-14.
The district has reported very low pass percentage
(54.51%) in PUC and this percentage in all the taluks is

still lower than that of the district except in Nagamangala

and Pandavapura taluks. The low pass percentage
in PUC emphasises the need for proper attention to
+2 level education in the district. It also indicates the
needs for adequate training to teachers to impart quality
education. It is very interesting to note that the teachers
of +2 levels with CBSE and other Central Government
schemes are compulsorily trained and this has resulted
in achieving better results at this level. It is high time that
the significance of proper training for teachers of +2
level is recognized and the State Government has taken
initiatives to make teacher training (B.Ed.) mandatory for
them along with Master degree in the respective subjects.

4.11.Post-Secondary
Education
including
Professional, General, ITIs and Polytechnics
There are different types of institutions at higher education
level catering to varied interests and requirements of
students. But, the types of institutions considered for this
report are Medical Colleges, Govt. Engineering Colleges,
Post-Graduate Colleges, Degree Colleges, ITI s and Govt.
Polytechnics only.
Degree colleges and ITIs are found in all the seven
taluks while Government Poly-techniques and Teacher
Education Colleges in are found five taluks, Engineering
Colleges in three taluks, PG Colleges in two taluks while
Medical College is in only one Taluk i.e. Mandya. It is
surprising that there are no Polytechnics in Mandya, the
most urbanised Taluk in the district. But there is a PG
centre of University of Mysuru where many PG courses
have been started.
4.11.1 Enrolment in different higher educational
Institutions: 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12
Enrolment at higher education in the district is low.
However, there is continuous enrolment improvement
from 2009-10 to 2011-12 in all types of institutions
mentioned above, except in ITIs where it is constant
during these three years. It is interesting to note that, there
is decline in the enrolment of boys in Medical College.
As usual, the enrolment of girls at higher education level
is less than that of boys. This demands more effective
and workable strategies to improve enrolment at higher
education level.

4.12. Schemes for Promotion of Literacy Level

In order to promote literacy level in schools, the
67

government has introduced a number of programmes. These include: Chinnara Angala, Dhanathmaka Chintane, Nali-kali,
Evaluation Training programme, Nali-kali Satellite Programme, Chukki chinna, chinnarachukki, edusat, Out-of-School
Children Mainstreamed, and Home Based Education.

District level Activities

As per the initiatives of SSA Karnataka, the following
District Level activities are being taken up
Prathibha Karanji -Programme to exhibit talents of

students
Publication of Magazine Shikshana Kowstuba
Promotion of Children- managed Magazine (Kai

Baraha Patrike)

Publication of research studies/Action research

studies
RMSA Initiatives comprise the following programmes
Akshara Dasoha Programme
Free Text Books

Free uniforms
Free Notes Books and School

Free Bicycles
Suvarna Arogya Chaitanya

Scholarship

Remedial Teaching

in Shrirangapattana Taluk (Rs.1305.74), highest in

Nagamangala Taluk (Rs. 1761.28) (Table 4.25(a))
The total expenditure on education for 2011-12 in
Mandya district was Rs. 25, 625.87 lakh. As revealed
by Table 4.25(b), Non-Zilla Panchayath expenditure
constitutes the highest percentage (80.12%) followed
by Panchayat planning and the State plan expenditure
on Education. Item-wise expenditure indicates that
the highest expenditure was on SSA, followed by
expenditure on bicycles and uniform respectively. The
lowest expenditure was on text books.

4.14. Radar Analysis for Education

The Education Index for the district is 0.681 (Fig.4.11).
Among taluks, Mandya stands highest (1.000) followed
by Shrirangapattana and Maddur, whereas it is least in
Malavalli taluk (0.428).

4.13. Per - Capita Expenditure Analysis

Per capita expenditure on education for 2011-12
in the district was Rs. 1419.11 only. It was lowest
68

Fig. 4.11: Radar diagram of Education Index

4.15. Small Area Study

Title: Female Drop-outs in Lower and Higher Primary
and Secondary education A study in three GPs of
Nagamangala Taluk.
Female literacy and education is a prominently
recognized issue in the process of development. Female
literacy is very low; gender disparity and female dropout
are on the higher side. Hence a study on female dropouts
in Nagamangala taluk where female dropout rate was
high was conduct. The objectives of the study were to
find out the prevalence of dropout at different levels of
schooling as well as among different social categories and
the factors responsible for dropout. 37 female dropouts
were interviewed from lower primary, higher primary
and secondary schools in three Grama Panchayats Honnakere (3) Mannahalli (12) and Nelligere (22).
The structured questionnaire was used to elicit the
information targeted to female dropout respondents.
The social composition and the level of schooling as well
as class-wise distribution of the sample are given in Tables
4.26 and 4.27. It is found that most of the dropouts
belong to OBC and SC categories, whereas only one
dropout is from ST category. Dropouts are more in 7th
and 4th standards followed by 2nd and 3rd standards in
that order.
Further, the study revealed that the dropout rate is highest
(86.45%) at elementary education level (including both
Lower Primary and Higher Primary) and only 13.52%
dropouts are at secondary level (Table 4.27). It is evident
from many studies that education level of parents (both
father and mother) also influences the dropout of
children. The present study found that the parents (both
father and mother) of almost all dropouts are illiterates
whereas only in 3 out of 37 cases (8.11%) are literates and
they are educated up to elementary level (Table 4.28).

A probe into the reasons for the dropouts revealed that

migration from one place to another is the main reason
for the drop-out, followed by lack of interest in the pupil
to learn. It is also found that the school authorities did
make individual counseling to bring the dropouts back
to the school and almost all the dropouts who received
individual counseling got back to the school (Table 4.29).
Further, the present study threw light on the following
points based on the opinion of teachers
There was no student/teacher conflict among the

dropouts
No dropouts have been suspended from school
for any reason
Mid-day meal facility is extended to all the students
There was no absenteeism on the part of dropouts
or last 3 years

Most of the dropouts (number; 30, 81.08%)
participated in school sponsored co-curricular

activities
86.5% of the teachers (32) opined that providing
education at least up to SSLC for both boys and
girls is good.
From this, it is clear that the student (individual) factor
has influenced the phenomenon of dropout and school
factor has not influenced it.

4.16. An Overview and Persisting Educational

gaps in the District
Persistent efforts by both the state and the central
governments through many schemes and promising
programmes like DPEP, OBB, Total Literacy Campaign,
Continuing Education Schemes and SSA initiatives
have brought a tremendous change in the literacy and
education scenario in Mandya district. The district in total
has made a considerable improvement in the Literacy
rate in the last decade from 61.05% in 2001 to 70.40% in
2011. Taluk-wise disparity and gender disparity are very
significant and need to be given utmost attention to bring
them down.
Male literacy rate is higher than the female literacy rate in
the district. Decrease in the gap between male and female
literacy rate from 2001 to 2011 in the district as a whole
and in all the taluks is very meager. As women form
almost 50% of the population, it is very important that
they should become literate. As such, concerted efforts
should be made to reduce this gender gap.
69

ASER 2006 has highlighted the relationship between

the education of mothers and the children. The survey
results indicated that many children of mothers with
no schooling are not enrolled or have dropped out and
more importantly the gender gap in families where the
mother never went to school is wider. Researchers have
long known that educated mothers are more likely to
send their children to school and to have healthier and
better educated children. UNICEFs State of the Worlds
Children Report 2007 also highlights the correlation
between educated mothers and their children. ASER
2006 confirms that children of mothers who have not
been to school are five times as likely to be out of school:
6-8 year olds of mothers who have not been to school are
three times not likely to be able to read the alphabet than
children of mothers who have at least completed grade 5.
This implies powerful arguments in favour of increasing
the coverage and quality of adult literacy programmes
(instead of closing them down as has been suggested
in some quarter), and targeting their efforts on women,
particularly young mothers, in recognition of the fact that
an educated mother serves as a multiplier when it comes
to educating her children. As we take steps to improve
the quality of education in schoolrooms, educating the
mothers of enrolled and out-of-school children could
lead to surprisingly valuable results in terms of the
enrolment and learning of our children.
This further implied that children from households with
no literate parents are in the greatest need of pre-school
education. Simple pre-school education material in the
hands of a dedicated pre-school teacher would make a
big difference for retention and learning in school.
ASER 2006 rightly turns the spotlight on two critical
elements in the learning continuum education status
of mothers (and fathers) and pre-school education
opportunities for children. It is time that the Govt.
reconsiders the policy of keeping all under 6 out of the
education system and introduces a pre-school / nursery
section in all primary schools with a full time teacher and
mid-day meal.
The fact that there are more number of children who
cannot either read or comprehend simple passages or
complete simple divisions at the upper end of primary
education implies that we need to be seriously
concerned about reaching these children. For them and
also for those who have not been to the school, it may
be suggested to have an accelerated learning programme
that allows them to complete the elementary level in

four years instead of the usual 8 years , with an emphasis

on reading, comprehension and simple arithmetic or a
short term (2 year) programme that enables acquisition
of higher primary competencies for children of 12 to 16
age group.
Although certain factors causing dropouts at secondary
level like poor access to schools, lack of transportation
to reach schools, absence of teachers in schools, lack
of infrastructures and other basic amenities have been
addressed to a considerable extent in the last few years,
still need to be addressed to reduce the dropout rate.
RUSA initiatives in this regard are commendable.
In the direction of achieving universalization of school
education, mainstreaming of children who are out of
school, drop outs, children with special needs are of
paramount importance. Attempts have been made to
identify OOS children and mainstream them. But the
percentage of children mainstreamed in the district is not
substantial. Thus, suitable measures need to be taken in
this regard.
The significance of teachers in the education system is
a very well established fact. Commendable efforts have
been and are being made to train and empower teachers
to promote quality education. It is evident from the survey
that required number of teachers posts are not there in
the district commensurate with students enrolment.
Many sanctioned posts have not been filled up and the
number of teachers working at present is not adequate
to meet the requirement of students. Pupil-Teacher
Ratio is not satisfactory. This ratio is calculated only for
Government schools. But, it is commonly observed that
Pupil-Teacher Ratio is much higher in private schools.
Thus, it is very imperative to address this problem
very seriously and bring down the Pupil-Teacher Ratio,
which goes a long way in ensuring quality education. As
there are no adequate number of teachers in secondary
schools, quality concern has emerged as a great issue to be
addressed seriously. More number of teacher posts need
to be created, qualified teachers need to be recruited to
bring down the Pupil-Teacher Ratio appropriately.
The pass percentage in SSLC examination is 86.76 and
the district has to go a long way to reach 100% result in
SSLC As such sincere efforts need to be made to improve
SSLC results in different taluks of Mandya district. The
district has reported very low pass percentage (54.70%)
in PUC and this point to the urgent need for proper
attention to +2 level educations in the district and it also
70

indicates the need for adequate training to teachers to impart quality education.

4.17. Recommendations
ased on the foregoing analysis, it is recommended to
B
address the following issues
Reduce Gender gap in literacy rate and promote
maximum female literacy and education as there
is relationship between the education of mothers

and children.
Identify and mainstream out-of-school children
including drop-outs so as to reach the goal of
100% enrolment and education for all.
Decrease in NER and increase in drop-out rate is to
be deliberated at length to plan for improving
enrolment and reducing drop-out rate.

Achievement in quantitative aspects like number

of schools, classrooms and other infrastructural
facilities need to be completed with improvements

in the qualitative aspects of education, i.e.,
educational performance in terms of ability to read
and do basic arithmetic operations.

Special attention should be given to education of
children with special needs
Immediate attention should be given to improve
S.S.L.C and PUC results
Address the problems of teachers and intensify
efforts for promoting quality teacher education
(both pre-service and in-service)
Create adequate number of teachers posts and
recruit quality teachers as teachers
Improvement in higher education and enhance its

quality.

71

72

73

74

CHAPTER 5

HEALTH AND NUTRITION

5.1. Introduction
Health is described as the state of complete physical,
mental and social well being ( WHO). According to
Dorlands Medical Dictionary: Health is an optimal state
of physical, mental and social wellbeing, not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
Health is significant from the point of view of individual
and also of society. Good health is important because
it makes our lives more productive, socially strong and
physically bearable. Poor health, in the form of injuries,
disabilities, chronic pain, mental illness or disease,
prevents millions of people from supporting, caring for or
expressing themselves effectively. Healthy population is a
predominant aspect of any economy. It is premised that
healthy person can contribute towards economic growth
and development by taking up economically productive
activities. It is about human population serving as human
capital or human resources. Thus, health is a public good
when health services are provided by government and
merit good when people avail health services by paying
for it in the society.
The overall health of an individual is a composite of
multiple variables to which he/ she is exposed, nutrition
being one of the important determinants of body size,
growth and development, functional capacity and
cognitive performance. The nutritional status of child is
influenced by the dietary intakes, the amount and type of
food eaten as well as the living environs.
Health and nutrition security are interrelated with health
services and food and nutrition security being the prime
determinants and education, income, gender equality and
social environment being the secondary determinants.
While the key elements of health security can be
described by three As and U, availability, approachability,
affordability and utilization, the motivational factors in
the context of Indian population emerge as equally
important causes of insecurities. Access to quality foods
in adequate quantities at affordable prices determine the
nutritional status while living environs subscribe to the
extent of exposure to various morbidities, specifically to
infectious diseases.

India is experiencing unique, demographic, epidemiologic

and nutritional transitions which necessitate policy makers,
health care providers and researchers to visualize and
interpret the challenges pertaining to these areas in a most
insightful way and design the strategies to overcome them.
Health indicator is one of the key components of human
development index which was first used in UNDPs human
development report of 1990 along with education and
income. The importance of health is reflected in MDGs of
UNO where out of the 8 goals, 18 targets and 48 indicators,
six goals, 8 targets and 18 indicators are directly related to
health.
Various demographic and health indicators indicate
the health status of the population in any given region.
Important demographic indicators are growth rates of
population, population density, sex ratio, child sex ratio
etc. Important health indicators are life expectancy at
birth, infant mortality ratio, child mortality ratio, maternal
mortality ratio, prevalence of communicable diseases
and; indicators relating to nutrition like percentage of
malnourished children, BMI ratio, children born underweight and so on. The present chapter provides an indepth scenario of the health sector and health status in
Mandya district.
As per the data released by WHO on the eve of Mothers Day
on May 10th 2014, India tops the global list of countries
for maternal death with an estimated 50,000 deaths of
pregnant women every year. One-third of global maternal
deaths are accounted for by India (17 percent), followed
by Nigeria (14 percent). Though the MMR has declined in
India to 178 from 560 in 1990, an improvement of 65%, still
it is above the stipulated levels. Kerala has the lowest MMR
at 66 and Assam the highest at 328. Kerala, Tamil Nadu (90),
Maharashtra (87) have MMR below 100. Karnatakas MMR is
144, highest among south Indian states though a slight fall
was observed from 2010 to 2012. The sex ratio in India as
per 2011 census is 940 with much worse number of 914 for
0-6 years population. The sex ratio and child sex ratio in
the state are 968 and 943 respectively.

5.2. Demography
Table 5.1 gives information on the status of various
demographic and health indicators for Mandya district
75

and its respective taluks. The highest decadal population

growth rate (DPGR) is reported for Shrirangapattana
with 10.56 percent followed by Krishnarajpet with 4.93
percent and Pandavapura with 4.77, whereas the lowest
DPGR rate was found in Malavalli (0.52 percent) followed
by Maddur (1.60). The Nagamangala taluk reported
a negative growth rate of -1.51 percent. This is due to
migration, where people are moving out to other places
seeking gainful employment. The DPGR for Mandya
district is very low when compared to growth rates for
Karnataka (15.67) and India (17.64) which is a positive
sign for population control.
The highest density of population, i.e., people living
in per square kilometer is found in Mandya with 594
followed by Shrirangapattana with 527 and Maddur with
482. Least density is in Nagamangala and Krishnarajpet
with 180 and 288 respectively. The density of 364 for
Mandya district is lower than 319 density for India and
higher than Karnatakas 382.
Indias sex ratio has shown a secular decline since the
beginning of the twentieth century excepting some
reverse trend of improvement during 1951, 1981 and
2001. Along with rise in population size, there is evidence
of masculinity in the sex ratio in general as well as in the
child sex ratio in particular. Even though, the masculinity
of sex ratio is a reality from the very beginning, it is more
so in the case of child population in India. The lowestever child sex ratio of 914 overshadowed an increase
in the overall sex ratio, which is now 940the highest
nationwide since Census 1971 and a shade lower than
1961as it reflects a continued preference for a male
child. Several reasons are attributed to the decline in the
number of girls neglect of the girl child, high maternal
mortality, female infanticide and now, female foeticide.
Sex-selective abortions have been greatly facilitated by the
misuse of diagnostic procedures such as amniocentesis
that can determine the sex of the foetus. Karnataka is one
of the states which is consistently fighting against female
foeticide since decades, has ended up in a paradoxical
decline in child sex ratio as per 2011 census. There was a
three-point drop in child sex ratio in the state compared
to the 2001 census ending up at 943.
The child sex ratio, i.e., the number of female children
for one thousand boys in the age group of 0-6 years in
Mandya district is 939. Highest Child sex ratio of 960 is
in Krishnarajpet taluk followed by Shrirangapattana with
948 and Nagamangala with 945. Least child sex ratio is
recorded for Maddur taluk with 923 followed by 928 in

Malavalli and 932 in Pandavapura taluk. The child sex

ratio of 939 for the district is greater than CSR of 914 for
India and lower than 943 of Karnataka.
The sex ratio for Mandya district is 995. Malavalli taluk
recorded the least sex ratio with 985 for 1000 males.
Nagamangala taluk ranks first in Mandya district with a
sex ratio of 1006 for 1000 males. The Sex Ratio in the
district and in all its taluks are above Karnatakas and
Indias Sex Ratio of 965 and 940 respectively.
The share of female children in the age group 0-6
years (CHLDf ) shows that the highest CHLDf is in
Krishnarajpet with 48.98 percent followed by the lowest
CHLDf in Maddur with 48.0 percent. Hence the share of
male children in the age group of 0-6 years (CHLDm) was
found highest in Maddur with 52 percent and the lowest
in Krishnarajpet with 51.02 percent.
Table 5.2 and Fig. 5.1 indicate the sex ratio and child
sex ratio in Mandya District. Both ratios have gradually
declined between 2001 and 2011 in the taluks namely,
Krishnarajpet (from 1010 to 1000), Nagamangala (from
1025 to 1006) and Pandavapura (from 1001 to 992),
whereas in other taluks namely Shrirangapattana,
Mandya, and Maddur a steady increase is observed in
both ratios. Interestingly Malavalli taluk has reported an
increase in the sex ratio on the one hand, and a decline in
the child sex ratio which is a matter of concern.
Fig. 5.1: Changes in Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratio
between 2001 and 2011

5.3. IMR, CMR and MMR

The number of infant deaths in less than a year of birth
per 1000 live births is referred to as Infant Mortality
Rate (IMR). IMR has two components neonatal mortality
(deaths in first month of life) and post-neonatal mortality
(deaths between 1-12 months of life). The level of
76

neonatal mortality is greatly affected by biological and

maternal factors including nutritional status of mother
while socioeconomic development and programmatic
efforts are reported to have strong effects on post
neonatal mortality than neonatal mortality. A high IMR
is an indicator of risk of death during first year of life
and is indicative of unmet health needs and unfavorable
environmental factors.

5.2). The MMR of 111 for the district is below 144 for
Karnataka and 178 for India.
Fig. 5.2: Status of Major Health Indicators in taluks
of Mandya District

There has been a steady decline in infant mortality rate in

India from 130 in 1968-70 to less than 60 during 1993-98
and 58 in 2005.
The IMR for Mandya District is 26 which is much below
the Karnataka and Indias IMR of 35 and 42 respectively.
Krishnarajpet has highest rate of IMR with (27) is
followed by Nagamangala and Malavalli with 26 each. The
least IMR is found in four taluks namely Pandavapura,
Shrirangapattana, Mandya and Maddur with IMR of 25
(Table 5.3 & Fig. 5.2).
The Child Mortality Rate (CMR) is the number of children
who die in the age group of 0-5 years per 1000 live births.
From Table 5.3 it is clear that CMR is 30 in Mandya district.
Highest CMR of 31 is found in Mandya taluk followed by
Krishnarajpet and Maddur with 29 apiece. On the other
hand, the remaining four taluks namely Nagamangala,
Pandavapura, Shrirangapattana and Malavalli recorded
CMR of 28. The CMR for the district and the taluk is much
below CMR for India (55) and Karnataka (54).
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is the number of women
who die during pregnancy and child birth, per 1, 00,000
live births or it is the number of women who die from
any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its
management (excluding accidental or incidental causes)
during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of
termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration
and site of the pregnancy, per 100,000 live births.
Although the national MMR dropped from 327 in 19992001 to 178 in 2010-12 which amounted to about 46
percent decline, India is still behind the target of 109 to
be achieved by 2015 under the United Nations-mandated
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). At the historical
pace of decrease, India tends to reach MMR of 139 per
100,000 live births by 2015, against the target of 109.
MMR is highest for Mandya with 124 followed by
Pandavapura and Malavalli with 113 apiece. Lowest MMR
of 104 is recorded for Krishnarajpet taluk followed by
Maddur (105) and Nagamangala (107) (Table 5.3 & Fig.

The higher MMR is startling as the share of institutional

deliveries is above 98% in all the taluks of the district.
This calls for increasing awareness among pregnant
women about nutrition, importance of timely care, and
vaccination at all levels. Institutional deliveries and MMR
do not seem to bear significant relationship if one goes
by the data for Mandya district and its taluks. Therefore,
the government should focus on improving the health
status of pregnant women during all stages including 1st
trimester, 2nd trimester and 3rd trimester. Better health
status of pregnant women like better Hb levels would
help in reducing MMR. Another important requirement
is providing timely care and necessary facilities like
ambulance services in case of difficulties that arise during
clinical birth. Most of the maternal deaths are because of
delays in reaching tertiary-level care by district hospitals
during difficulties at the time of delivery. Women should
be made aware of the problems that can arise at the time
of delivery, so that they approach delivery institutions
well before last minute arrives.

5.4. Couple Protection Issues and Family Welfare

India was the first country in the world to launch
the National Family Welfare Programme in 1951 with
the objective of reducing the birth rate to the extent
necessary to stabilize the population, consistent with the
requirements of the national economy. Since its inception,
the programme has experienced significant growth in
terms of financial outlay, service delivery points, type of
services, and the range of contraceptive methods offered.
Since October 1997, the services and interventions under
77

the family welfare programme and the child survival and

safe motherhood programme have been integrated with
the reproductive and child health programme. From 2005
onwards the programme is under the wider umbrella
of National Rural Health Mission. There has been
tremendous improvement in contraceptive methods
and technologies over a period of time leading to better
option for couples towards utilization of these methods
through cafeteria approach. One of the best indicators
for assessing the use of contraceptive services is current
use of any type of contraceptive methods by eligible
couple which is labeled as contraceptive prevalence rate
(CPR). One of the targets set by national population
policy is to achieve total fertility rate (TFR) of 2.1% and
Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) of 1 in order to achieve
replacement level of population.
As per observations by NFHS 3, the CPR was 56% meaning
that hardly 56% of couples were currently using any type
of contraceptive method (Table 5.4, Fig.5.3). Modern
methods (pills, IUCDs and condoms) were the most
preferred methods compared to traditional sterilization
techniques.

5.5. Health Infrastructure and Health Personnel

Facilities
The World Health Statistics say that India ranks among
the lowest in this regard globally, with 9 beds per
10,000 populations - far below the global average of
29 beds. Indias National Health Profile 2010 says India
has one bed per 2012 persons available in 12,760
government hospitals around 5 beds per 10,000
populations. Under the National Rural Health Mission,
the central government provides financial support to
states to strengthen their health systems including new
constructions and up gradation of public health facilities
based on the requirement. The number of hospital beds
per 1000 population is one of the sensitive indicators of
the availability and accessibility of curative health services
in the country. Mere availability of hospital beds without
the specialist/health care providers cannot serve the
purpose. Thus quality health services at an affordable
cost with better infrastructural facilities can help in
better utilization of health services. Indian Public Health
Standards (IPHS) is an attempt to improve the quality and
uniformity in health care services in the country.

Fig. 5.3: Eligible couples protected by contraceptive

methods in Mandya District by Taluks

In the public sector, a Sub-Health Center (Sub-center)

is the most peripheral and first contact point between
the primary health care system and the community.
As per the population norms, one Sub-heath center is
established for every 5000 population in plain areas and
for every 3000 population in hilly/tribal/desert areas.
However, as the population density in the country is not
uniform, it shall also depend upon the case load of the
facility and distance of the villages/habitations served by
the sub-centers. A Sub-center provides interface with
the community at the grass-root level, providing all the
primary health care services. As sub- centers are the first
contact point with the community, the success of any
nationwide programme would depend largely on the well
functioning sub-centers providing services of acceptable
standard to the people. The current level of functioning
of the Sub-centers is much below the expectations.

It is clear that Malavalli has the highest CPR (88.14

percent) followed by Maddur, Mandya, Pandavapura and
Shrirangapattana. Lowest coverage is in Krishnarajpet
taluk (56.86 percent) which is below the recommended
levels to achieve the replacement level of population
(Table 5.4 & Fig.5.3).

The number of Sub-Centers in the country increased

from 14,6,026 in March 2005 to 1,48,366 in 2012. There
is significant increase in the number of Sub-Centers in
the States of Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir,
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu, Tripura and Uttarakhand.

78

Sub-center is staffed with a junior health assistant (female

previously designated as ANM) and a junior health
assistant (male). They will provide a blend of preventive,
promotive, curative and rehabilitative services to the
community. The basic thrust is on maternal and child
health services, implementation of relevant national
health programme, awareness programmes pertaining to
health in the area they serve. They will also coordinate
with the local-level health functionaries like Anganwadi
workers and ASHAs to ensure adequate utilization of
health services in the community.
Table 5.5 presents taluk-wise sub-health centers in
Mandya District. It is clear that Mandya taluk has the
maximum number of Sub-Centers with 81 followed by
Maddur with 66, Krishnarajpet with 63 and Malavalli
taluk with 58. Pandavapura and Shrirangapattana taluk
have the least number of Sub-Centers with 43 each.
Primary Health Center is the cornerstone of rural health
services - the first port of call to a qualified doctor of the
public sector health services in rural areas for the sick
and those who directly report or are referred from SubCenters for curative, preventive and promotive health
care. A typical Primary Health Center covers a population
of 20,000 in hilly, tribal, or difficult areas and 30,000
populations in plain areas with 6 indoor/observation
beds. It acts as a referral unit for 6 Sub-Centers and
refer out-cases to the Community Health Center (CHC)
(30-bedded hospital) and higher order public hospitals
located at sub-district and district level. However, as the
population density in the country is not uniform, the
number of PHCs would depend upon the case load. The
basic functions of primary health center are to provide
medical care, ensuring nutritional and safe water supply,
health education, maternal and child health services
including childhood immunization, health education,
implementation of relevant national health programmes,
supply of essential drugs, maintenance of vital statistics
in the area, basic laboratory facilities and training and
supervision of health care workers.
In Mandya district, Mandya taluk has the highest number
of PHCs with 30 followed by Malavalli and Krishnarajpet
taluks with 21 and 20 PHCs respectively. Shrirangapattana
has the lowest number of PHCs with just 8 PHCs (Table
5.6).
At the time of independence, the total number of
physicians in India was 47,524, with doctor - population
ratio of 1 to 6300. Today, the number of registered medical
practitioners is 8,40,130 (a 17-fold increase). Despite the

population explosion (population has tripled) the overall

doctor population ratio is now 1:1700 which reflects a
3.5 fold improvement. Although India remained a major
supplier of doctors and nurses to the developed countries
over the years, the domestic scenario looked bleak with
the country ranking 67th among the developing nations
in the case of doctor-population ratio. Doctor population
ratio is crucial for improving availability, accessibility,
affordability and utilization of health services. In India
doctors from both the Government and private sectors
serve the health needs and problems of the community.
This doctor-population ratio gives a composite figure of
health care delivered by both these sectors.
As Table 5.7 shows, Shrirangapattana taluk has the lowest
number of doctors (20) with 0.12 of the doctors per 1000
population. On the other hand, Mandya taluk has the
highest number of doctors (128) with 0.31 doctors per
1000 population.
Nurses constitute a larger group of health care providers
in almost all the countries. Their services are essential to
provide safe and effective care to the community. Their
proportion to number of doctors and population are vital
in achieving health-related goals. Thus nurse- population
ratio is considered as one of the important health-service
related indicators in a country. Heath workers are the
major channels for providing primary health care to the
general population. They generally cater to a population
of 5000 in plains and 3000 in hilly and tribal areas. They
provide curative services at the sub-center by treating
minor ailments, preventive services through house-tohouse visits, ensuring environmental sanitation, assist
Anganwadi worker in supplementary nutrition, antenatal
care, post natal care, childhood immunization, health
education activities etc. Apart from this they maintain
vital statistics, conduct community- need assessment
surveys, implement national health programmes in the
community, collect, compile and analyze health-related
data. Thus they act as the backbone in Indian health
care delivery system. A cadre of health workers named
staff nurses will concentrate only on curative and MCH
services. They act as skilled birth attendants in conducting
deliveries, immunization and family planning services.
With regard to nurse availability per 1000 population
among the taluks, Mandya taluk has the highest number
of nurses with 0.36 and Krishnarajpet has lowest number
of nurses with 0.11 (Table 5.8). All the taluks of the
Mandya District have 100 percent Anganawadi facilities in
all villages. Highest numbers of Anganawadis are found
in Mandya taluk (500) and the least in Shrirangapattana
taluk (197).
79

From Table 5.9, it is clear that the number of health

institutions were same in 2009-10 and 2011-12 in all
the taluks of Mandya district. There is no increase in the
number of SCs, PHCs and doctors in the district as well as
in its taluks between 2009-10 and 2011-12.

5.6. ANC Coverage and Anaemia among Pregnant

Women
Care provided to women during pregnancy is called as
antenatal care. This includes preventive, promotive and
curative health services blended together. Many health
problems in pregnant women can be prevented, detected
and treated during antenatal care visits with trained health
workers. Antenatal care (ANC) services are considered to
be the key element in the primary health care delivery
system of a country, which aims for a healthy society.
Minimum three antenatal visits are recommended for
achieving healthy mother and healthy child as outcome
of pregnancy. Antenatal care visits by pregnant women
provides an opportunity to identify and manage risk
cases, provide awareness on breast and infant feeding,
motivating towards acceptance of family planning
services and also to mentally prepare an expectant
women for delivery. Various studies conducted across the
globe have shown clear cut inverse relationship between
antenatal care visits on the one hand and IMR, CMR and
MMR on the other. That means, greater the number of
ANC visits, lesser IMR, CMR and MMR, and vice versa.
Thus in order to achieve the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), it is recommended that each pregnant
woman should receive at least three ANC visits and
hundred percent institutional deliveries. Greater human
resource and institutional arrangements are made under
Reproductive and Child Health Programme and National
Rural Health Mission in the form of creating a new cadre
of workers called Accredited Social Health Activists
(ASHAs), who ensure registration of pregnancy in the
first trimester, minimum three antenatal visits and 100
percent institutional deliveries.
As per NFHS III, overall 77% pregnant women had
paid at least one antenatal visit. However, there is huge
disparity between urban and rural pregnant women in
that 91% of the urban women make at least one ANC visit
while only 72% of rural women do so.
Mandya taluk has highest number of ANC coverage with
100 percent and Shrirangapattana has lowest number of
ANC with 56.31 percent. In case of Pregnant Women with
Anaemia (PANE), Pandavapura and Mandya taluk have

highest percentage of 50.90 percent while Maddur taluk

has lowest percentage of PANE with 24.70 percent (Table
5.10).

5.7. Institutional Delivery

Institutional deliveries or facility-based births are often
promoted for reducing maternal and neo-natal mortality.
About half of all births in India in 2007-2008 occurred
at home without skilled attendance (District Level
Household Survey (DLHS-3)). Institutional deliveries
in India range from about 35% in Chhattisgarh to 76%
in Madhya Pradesh. Of the 284 districts in nine highfocus states which account for 62% of maternal deaths
in the country, institutional delivery is less than 60% in
170 districts (Annual Health Survey AHS 2011). Besides
reducing maternal and neo-natal mortality, institutional
deliveries are also believed to improve health-seeking
behavior and practices in the period following childbirth.
Children born at a health facility are more likely to be
vaccinated and breastfed, which are the predominant
factors contributing to the adequate growth and
development of children in physical, mental, social and
academic domains. Therefore, institutional delivery can
also be deemed as an investment in human capital and can
play an important contributory role in the development
process of the economy.
Realizing the fact that promotion of institutional
deliveries can act as a stepping stone towards achieving
Millennium development goals for both mother and child
health, Government of India has brought about Janani
Suraksha Yojana ( JSY ) under National Rural Health
Mission (NRHM). Various studies across the country
have documented significant positive impact of JSY on
the percentage of institutional deliveries and has acted
as one of the most important factors in bringing down
maternal and infant mortality.
Krishnarajpet taluk accounted for the highest percentage
of institutional deliveries among the taluks with 99.90
percent followed by Mandya and Shrirangapattana taluks
with 99.88 and 99.79 percent respectively. The least rate
of institutional delivery was recorded in Malavalli with
99.44 percent (Table 5.11). Deliveries at home have
declined from 10.3 percent in 2006-07 to 0.06% in 201314 (DHO, Mandya). Although the rate of institutional
delivery is above 99 percent in all the taluks of Mandya,
the high IMR rates are surprising. This means that either
there is poor pre-natal care of the pregnant women or the
records/reports showing the percentages of institutional
80

deliveries by Health Department are not reliable, since

most rural pregnant women are taken to the maternity
hospitals just before delivery.
As per the data presented in Table 5.12, all the taluks have
recorded marginal increase in institutional deliveries
from 2009-10 to 2011-12 moving towards 100 percent
coverage.
In Krishnarajpet, Malavalli and Mandya taluks the
increase is greater than 1 percent, whereas in Maddur
and Shrirangapattana it is an increase of 0.93% and 0.77%
respectively. Least percentage increase is noticed in the
case of Nagamangala and Pandavapura taluks with 0.42%
and 0.43%.

5.8. Immunization of Children

Immunization is one of the most cost-effective public
health interventions since it provides direct and effective
protection against preventable morbidity and mortality.
It has been a major contributor in the decline of under-5
mortality in last five decades in India. However, vaccine
preventable diseases ( VPDs) are still responsible for
over 5 lakh deaths annually in India. This underlines
the need for further improvement. As a modification of
Extended Programme for Immunization (EPI) of WHO,
India implemented Universal Immunization Programme
in the year 1985. Under this programme six major VPDs
viz. childhood tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria,
pertussis, tetanus and measles were addressed. Later on
vaccines against Hepatitis B and H Influenza were also
added. In spite of this, India along with many developing
countries is lagging behind in sufficient coverage of
Routine Immunization.
According to the most recent Coverage Evaluation Survey
(CES), a nationwide survey covering all States and Union
Territories of India, conducted during November 2009 to
January 2010 by UNICEF, the national fully immunized
(FI) coverage against the six vaccines included in UIP
in the age-group of 12-23 month old children is 61%
whereas it was 54.1% and 47.3% as reported by District
Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3) (2007-08)
and NFHS-III (2005-06), respectively.
The main reasons for poor coverage of routine
immunization are, lack of awareness about immunization
and its benefits, lack/poor supply of vaccines, untrained
health workers, fear of adverse events, lack of access to
health centers, loopholes in monitoring and evaluation
services etc.

Maddur Taluk has highest coverage of child immunization

with 289.84 percent followed by Shrirangapattana and
Malavalli with 240.16 percent and 237.54 percent. The
least coverage in child immunization is recorded in
Mandya Taluk with 58.82 percent (Table 5.13). This is
very puzzling because Mandya taluk with Mandya town
has the best immunization facility among all the taluks in
the district. Perhaps this may be due to large number of
pregnant women coming from other taluks for delivery
in Mandya but getting their babies immunized in their
respective taluks.

5.9. Under-weight Children and BMI Ratio

Low birth weight is associated with high neonatal and
infant mortality, lower trajectory of growth during
childhood and adolescence, and increased risk of noncommunicable diseases during adult life. Birth weight
is influenced by the nutritional and health status of
the mother. Numerous studies have clearly established
that there is a strong correlation between birth weights
and maternal weight; poor pregnancy weight gain and
maternal under-nutrition are also associated with low
birth weight. There has not been any substantial decline
in LBW deliveries over the last three decades.
Low birth-weight can be a sequential outcome of
compromised food and nutrition security. The lifecycle
approach to nutrition demonstrates the relationship
between the nutritional status of women prior to
pregnancy, during pregnancy and after child birth
to that of offspring affecting the whole lifespan of
next generation thereon. It is imperative to prevent
foetal and early childhood under-nutrition. Nutrition
interventions in pregnancy and early childhood can
result in improvements in body size and composition in
adolescents and in young adults.
The National Rural Health Mission attempts to improve
the coverage, content and quality of antenatal care and
bring about a convergence with the efforts of the ICDS
system to provide food supplements to improve maternal
nutrition. Effective implementation of these interventions
could result in some reduction in low birth-weight rates.
The prevalence of low birth-weight babies (less than
2.5 kg at birth) is 22.5% as estimated by NFHS- III, but
In NFHS - III birth weight was reported only in 34.1%
of cases of live births (60% of urban and 25% of rural).
There is the wide range of variation in the prevalence of
LBW amongst Indian states; where 7.6% was reported in
Mizoram and 32.7 % in Haryana. Proportion of the LBW
81

in Karnataka (18.7%) was lower than the national average

(21.5%).
In terms of the number of children born under-weight,
Nagamangala Taluk has the highest percentage with 13.80
followed by Mandya with 13.04 percent. Shrirangapattana
taluk has the lowest CUW with 6.13 percent (Table 5.14).
Krishnarajpet Taluk has the highest number of
malnourished children with 26.07 percent followed by
Nagamangala (29.45) and Shrirangapattana (20.95).
Pandavapura Taluk has the lowest CMN with 18.73
percent followed by Malavalli with 21.7 percent (Table
5.15). Considering the national average of prevalence
of malnutrition among children (48% stunted and 43%
underweight as per the NFHS III report), this figure is
low.

5.10. Communicable Diseases

India is experiencing a double burden of communicable
and non-communicable diseases. Even though much
progress has been achieved in reducing the burden
of various communicable diseases including vaccine
preventable diseases, there is still a lot to achieve.
Major communicable diseases in our country include,
tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, leprosy, malaria, dengue,
chikungunya, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis
etc. These diseases lead to higher level of morbidity and
mortality in the country. Even though various national
programmes like revised national tuberculosis control
programme (RNTCP), national leprosy eradication
programme (NLEP), National AIDS control programme
(NACP), National vector borne disease control
programme (NVBDCP), there is still considerable burden
of communicable diseases in the country.
Table 5.17 indicates percentage of communicable diseases
in Mandya District and its taluks. In Pandavapura highest
percentage (0.87 percent) of population are suffering from
communicable diseases followed by Shrirangapattana
(0.86) and Nagamangala (0.80). Krishnarajpet taluk has
the least percentage of population with communicable
diseases (0.54 percent).
The data for the period from 2009-10 to 2011-12 on
selected communicable diseases such as dengue, chicken
gunya and H1N1are presented in Table 5.18. It shows
that the communicable diseases such as dengue and
H1N1 in all the taluks have declined between 2009 and
2012. In case of chicken gunya except Krishnarajpet
and Nagamangala taluks, all other taluks have recorded
declines.

5.11. Performance of various Health Schemes

Table 5.19 provides taluk-wise number of beneficiaries of
JSY in Mandya District. Mandya taluk has the maximum
number of JSY beneficiaries among taluks with 4559
followed by Malavalli and Krishnarajpet with 2637 and
2172 respectively. The lowest numbers of JSY (1236)
beneficiaries are found in Shrirangapattana.

5.12. Per-Capita Expenditure on Health Sector

The public health expenditure as a percentage of Gross
State Domestic Product (GSDP) is an important indicator
of the State Governments commitment to the health
sector. The public health expenditure in Karnataka
decreased to 0.78% of GSDP in 2012-13 from 1.43% in
2004-05. Since 2005 it is less than 1% ranging between
0.5% and 0.78%.
In 2007, according to WHOs World Health Statistics,
India ranked 184 among 191 countries in terms of public
expenditure on health as a percent of GDP. In per capita
terms, India ranked 164 in the same sample of 191
countries, spending just about $29 (PPP). This level of
per capita public expenditure on health was around a
third of Sri Lankas, less than 30 percent of Chinas, and
14 percent of Thailands ( WHO, 2010). What is more,
public spending on health as a percent of GDP in India
has stagnated in the past two decades, from 199091 to
200910, varying from 0.9 to 1.2 percent of GDP.
Table 5.20 presents taluk-wise per capita health
expenditure and per capita income in Mandya District.
It is clear that the highest PCHE of Rs. 2177.98 is found
in Mandya taluk followed by Rs. 2149.62 in Krishnarajpet
taluk. Pandavapura taluk has the least PCHE of Rs.1156.68.
The district has PCHE of Rs.1782.95 which is low when
compared with Karnatakas and Indias PCHE. The per
capita health expenditure as percentage of per capita
income is 6.15 for the district. It is highest in Mandya
taluk with 8.23 and least in Pandavapura with 3.11
The figures in Table 5.21 and Fig. 5.4 show an increase
in the per capita health expenditure between 2009 and
2012. The growth rate was just 1 percent for the whole
district for three years. Intra-district figures reported
increase in the per capita health expenditure in all the
taluks of Mandya district except in Pandavapura. The
highest percentage of increase in the per capita health
expenditure was in Shrirangapattana followed by Mandya
82

and Malavalli with 8.8%, 7.6% and 5.8% respectively. Shockingly, Pandavapura taluk with the highest PCI reported a
decline in per capita health expenditure by 68 percent.
Fig. 5.4: Per - capita Health Expenditure from 2009-2012

5.13. Radar Analysis for Health

Fig. 5.5. Radar Diagram of Health

Health Index (HI) of Mandya district is 0.726 which

is fairly high. Mandya taluk has least (0.441) health
index value which is lesser than the district average.
Nagamangala taluk ranks number one with highest
HI of 0.953 followed by Shrirangapattana (0.920) and
Krishnarajpet (0.914). Maddur taluk is in 4th place while
Malavalli and Pandavapura are in the 5th and 6th ranks
respectively.

83

5.14. Small area study

Title: Efficacy of Health Care Services for
Pregnant Women A study in K. Honnalagere GP
of Maddur Taluk.

A case study was conducted in K. Honnalagere Grama

Panchayath of Maddur Taluk in Mandya District to
examine the efficacy of public health care services to
pregnant women and children. 67 female respondents
were randomly selected from five villages i.e. K.
Honnalagere, Thoppanahalli, Rajegowdanadoddi,
Chandahalli and Badarahalli in K. Honnalagere GP. The
structured questionnaire used to elicit the information on
their education, age, marriage age, immunization during
pregnancy, vaccination for children, opinion about ANC
services, place of delivery, Haemoglobin levels during
pregnancy, registering for ANC care, antenatal checkups,
child mortality, assistance of ASHA workers etc.
The age of the respondents ranged between 19 years 32
years; with highest number of respondents belonging to
the age of 20 years (14), 24 years (12) and 25 years (13)
covering more than 50% of sample (39). The educational
status of respondents includes illiterates, and women
who have attended the college. Majority of respondents
i.e. 46% of them said to have attended the high school,
followed by 30% having attended college. About 12%
of the respondents (8) reported to be illiterates; 2.99%
(2) and 7.46% (5) said to have attended primary and
secondary school respectively.
Marriage Age: The age of girls at the time of marriage
plays an important role in determining their health
status during pregnancy and motherhood. It is for this
reason that the government has stipulated that legal age
at the time of marriage for girls as 18 years. The age of
respondents ranged from 15 years to 24 years. Most of
the respondents were married at the age of 18, 19, and
20 years accounting for 34.33%, 20.90% and 17.91% of
the sample respectively. A shocking aspect is that 5 of the
respondents reported that they were married when they
were less than 18 years of age, which are cases of child
marriage.

Regarding the sex ratio of the current child, boys (33)

almost equaled girls (34), their percentages being 49.25%
and 50.75% respectively. 70.63% of respondents had
normal delivery whereas 25.37% went through caesarean
section. For 44.78% of the sample respondents it was the
second child; for 43.28% it was the first child while for
the remaining 11.94% it was the third child.
The respondents reported 100% institutional delivery.
Highest percentage of deliveries happened at PHCs
and District hospital with 38.81% under each category
accounting for 77.62% of total deliveries. Taluk hospitals
accounted for the least number of deliveries with 8.96%
(6) followed by private hospitals with 13.43%.
Birth weight of children: If the weight of the kid is
less than 2.5 kg at the time of birth, it is considered as
underweight. About 9% of the respondents reported birth
weight of the kid less than 2.5 kg, which reflects a need
for more effective ANC. About 91% of the respondents
had birth weight of kids 2.5 kg and above. An important
aspect is that all the 67 respondents (100%) reported
to have received immunization vaccination during
pregnancy.
Pregnant women with haemoglobin (Hb) level less than
11 gm /dl are considered to be anaemic. Anaemia in
pregnancy is associated with pre-term birth and low birth
weight apart from other problems like fatigue, affecting
mental performance etc. Going by the norms of 11.0g/dl,
only about 12% of the sample respondents were found
to be non-anaemic. The remaining 88% had Hb levels
less than 11.0g/dl. The Hb level ranged from 7.4gm to
10.9 gm/dl with only 1 respondent having Hb level of
just 3.11g/dl. A lot needs to be done in the direction of
improving the Hb level of pregnant woman, as this has
direct bearing on MMR and IMR.
Fig. 5.6: Incidence of Anaemia among sample
respondents

ANC Registration: When enquired about the registration

for ANC, 66 (98.5%) respondents reported to have
registered within 12 weeks of the start of pregnancy i.e.,
during first trimester itself. Only one respondent informed
of having registered after 12 weeks. This information
clearly reflects the awareness about availability of ANC
services among women.
84

The services of ANM and ASHA workers were found to be

satisfactory in the sample survey. All the 67 respondents
reported that ANM visited them regularly. 91.04% of the
respondents have received assistance of ASHA during
delivery while 7. 46% of the respondents mentioned that
they were not informed. For 1 respondent there was no
ASHA assistance. The gap of 9% in receiving assistance
of ASHA emphasizes the need for increasing awareness
about public health care services available and also
accessibility to ASHA.
About 71.64% of the respondents have gone through
antenatal checkups 4 times and above, and the remaining
28.36% respondents reported to have had antenatal
checkups less than 3 times. As this has a direct bearing on
IMR and MMR, ASHA workers have to be more effective in
reaching out to pregnant women in first trimester itself.
Child / Infant Health
Regarding child mortality and infant mortality, one child
death of 3 years of age was reported by the sample.
The, sex of deceased child was not mentioned. No
infant (below 1 year) death has been reported by the
sample. About 94.03% respondents reported to have
had baby vaccinated and 5.97% of the respondents have
not administered any vaccinations which is a matter of
concern.
Even though the state and central governments have
implemented many programmes to improve the health
status of pregnant women especially in rural areas, there
are still many gaps. The efficacy in health care can be

improved by increasing awareness about nutrition,

immunization of pregnant women, timely care, going
for antenatal checkups, approaching delivery institutions
before time at the time of delivery, importance of iron
and folic acid intake and so on.

5.15. An Overview and Performance inadequacies

of health care system

Considering the MDG targets for 2015 Mandya districts

achievement in the health sector is fairly good except for
the maternal mortality rate. Institutional Deliveries are
about to reach 100%. Nevertheless, the district needs
strive to achieve better health status in the near future
moving well ahead of the MDG targets.
The 2015 Millennium Development Goal for CMR is 42
and Mandya District has moved ahead with a CMR of 30.
Even the highest CMR of 31 in Mandya taluk, which is well
below the MDG target of 42 is a matter of achievement
in the health scenario of the district. The IMR target of
27 set in MDGs is achieved in the district. The district
IMR is 26 and highest IMR of 27 which is the target rate
is found in Krishnarajpet taluk. As mentioned earlier the
only matter of concern is the MMR rate of 111 which is
marginally above the MDG target of 109. The highest
MMR of 127 in Mandya taluk is of serious concern. The
district administration has to focus on issues of child
marriage which is still existent as indicated by the small
area study and reach out to beneficiaries of projects
relating to maternal and child health.

85

86

87

88

CHAPTER 6

INCOME, EMPLOYMENT AND POVERT Y

6.1. Introduction
This Chapter deals basically with the economy of Mandya
District since income, employment, standard of living
and poverty are all integral aspects of the economy of
any Region. The levels of income and standard of living
in a region depend upon several factors, the important
of them being land and other natural resources, the
quantity and quality of work force and, employment
opportunities. The availability of entrepreneurial talent
and financial resources in the region determines the
extent which the natural and human resources are put
to use in production. The following sections give a brief
account of the natural and human resource situation of
Mandya District.
Economy of Mandya District An Overview
The land of sugar and rice, Mandya is a prominent
agricultural district, blessed with the irrigation waters
of rivers Cauvery and Hemavathi. About half of the
agricultural land in the district receives assured irrigation
from the Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) and the Hemavathi
reservoirs.
The other half is dependent on the South-West Monsoons.
Paddy and Sugarcane are the main crops of the irrigated
region. Ragi and Horse gram are the major crops of dry
land agriculture. Agriculture is the main occupation of
people in the district. Most of the industries in the district
agro-processing depending on agriculture produce as
their raw material. Sugar Mills, Jaggery making units, Rice
Mills are the prominent industries of this district.

6.2. District and Taluk Income

Evolution of Income as an Indicator of
Development

Income is the remuneration earned in cash or kind by an

individual or household for turning out certain production.
Income represents production in the economy and hence
it confers on the individual the command or purchasing
power over goods and services. It was Prof. Arthur Cecil
Pigou, a famous British Economist who first used the
concept of income to measure the economic welfare of
people. Accordingly the concepts such as GNP, GDP and
per capita income came into use. Income continues to

be an important conventional indicator of development

although development specialists of late find flaws in it as
an indicator of human prosperity.
Differences in the concepts and techniques used in
the measurement of income add to the problems in
using income as the sole indicator of development.
Several refinements were attempted to purge the flaws.
Accordingly, from time to time, economists have come up
with new concepts such as MEW (Measure of Economic
Welfare) coined by Prof. P.A. Samuelson and NEW (Net
Economic Welfare) coined by Prof. James Tobin and Philip
Nordhous. Basically MEW and NEW are similar in that
they take income net of demerit goods (like narcotics,
etc.) harmful to human health but to add the income
generated in the form of (or rather the expenditure saved
from) housewives unpaid household jobs, etc, to the
total income.
A further attempt is made by the UN Organizations such
as the UNEP (UN Environment Program) to purge out the
flaws in the conventional measurement of income which
does not deduct the depreciation of natural resources that
takes place every year while producing the GNP. In this
context, the concept green GNP has come into vogue. So,
green GNP is the conventionally computed GNP minus
the depletion of the natural capital stock occurring in
that year. Since the depletion of the natural capital stock
every year jeopardizes the prospects for future growth,
the green GNP concept marks the emergence of what is
called green accounting in the national income analysis.
The Scandinavian countries have already started green
GNP accounting as part of their regular national income
accounting exercise.
The World Bank introduced the concept of purchasing
power parity (PPP) to take into account the differences
in the prices of goods and services across the countries.
Income adjusted for PPP is a better indicator of the
development differences among countries. An altogether
new approach to measuring the quality of human life
was first made by Morris D. Morrisof the Overseas
Development Council (ODC), a private non-profit
organization in the USA. Morris introduced the concept
of physical quality of life index (PQLI), which became
a precursor to the now famous concept of human
89

development index (HDI) developed by the UNDP. The

differences between the PQLI and HDI are that the former
had used only three indicators namely the life expectancy
at birth, adult literacy ratio and infant mortality ratio,
entirely disregarding income as a requirement for
improving the quality of human life. But the HDI concept
has incorporated income adjusted for purchasing power
parity (PPP) as a component.
Thus, irrespective of the way it is computed and the
components included, income continues to be reckoned
with as an important indicator of human development.
Income can be regarded as a catch-all variable in that
it provides the purchasing power to an individual or
household. Since human development is conventionally
defined as nothing but enlarging human choices and
capabilities, income is the means to enhance these
choices and capabilities. And hence income continues to
be a crucial parameter in computing human development
indices.
Poverty is measured in two ways. The first one uses
income as the sole indicator, and hence is called the
income poverty measure (IPM). This is the conventional
measure of poverty, according to which a person
becomes poor if he/she fails to earn an income required
to buy the essential things in life. In India the Planning
Commissions concept of poverty line is based on income
as the sole criterion for measuring poverty.
The other measure is the capability poverty measure
(CPM) popularized by the UNDP. It takes into account
the human capabilities- capability to live longer and
with good health, capability to be knowledgeable and
the capability to buy goods and services including food,
shelter and clothing. But all these capabilities (or lack of
them, which is otherwise called deprivation) are directly
or indirectly determined by the income of the person in
question. So, the so-called capability measure of poverty
is just the other side of the same coin, the income
measure. Rich people have great capabilities while poor
do not have. Hence, the need to study income.
Significance, Scope and Coverage of Income Estimates:
Income estimates help: in measuring the growth in the
economy, building the Human Development Indices, in
assessing the relative contribution of different sectors of
the economy to the income of the State/District/Taluk,
and in understanding the nature and extent of intersectoral and inter-regional imbalances in the economy.
SDP / DDP excludes: Defence personnel and other Para-

military forces, Govt. offices abroad, Foreign offices of LIC

& GIC, Bombay Offshore activities and Deep sea fishing.
Estimation of Income
In India the Central Statistical Organization (CSO) is the
chief government agency that estimates and publishes
the national income data every year. Its national income
estimates cover all the conventional concepts of income
such as the GNP, NNP, GDP, GNP at market prices, GNP
at factor cost, GNP at current prices, GNP at constant
prices, per capita income, etc., and also the other related
aspects such as consumption, saving, capital formation,
sector-wise distribution of income, etc. Late Prof. V.K.R.V.
Rao did a monumental work in improving the national
income accounting methods for India, which enabled
the CSO to refine its techniques in estimating national
income and its components in the country.
However, all these estimates of the CSO are available
only at the National and State levels. The CSOs estimates
do not get down to the district and taluka levels. In this
regard Karnataka has been a pioneer State in starting
district-level estimates of income as early as in 1960-61.
Since then, the district estimates used to be made at an
interval of ten years till 1990-91, but thereafter estimates
are being made every year. The district domestic product
(DDP) estimates are, however, derived from the Statelevel GDP estimates. The State Directorate of Economics
and Statistics which collects and publishes these data, has
so far not made systematic attempts to estimate the GDP
at the grassroots levels. The present study has attempted
to estimate the GDP for Mandya district at the talukalevel using the data gathered from the official records
of the Mandya District Office of the State Directorate of
Economics and Statistics. Continuous time series data on
GDP at the taluk-level are not available for longer periods
to examine the trends in taluk-level income. However,
the annual compound growth rates were computed by
using the data available for four years 2004-05 and 200809.
For estimating the taluk-level GDP (called TDP), identical
conventional classifications are adopted by the CSO
and the State Directorate of Economics and Statistics.
Accordingly the taluk economy is classified into three
sectors namely 1) primary, 2) secondary and 3) tertiary
sectors. The primary sector covers agriculture, animal
husbandry, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying.
The secondary sector includes both registered and
unregistered manufacturing, construction, electricity, gas
and water supply. The tertiary or service sector comprises
90

transport; communication; trade, hotels and restaurants;

banking and insurance; real estates, ownership of
dwellings and business services, public administrations
and other services.

between 2004-05 and 2008-09 (Table 6.3). The TDP of

Shrirangapattana taluk grew at the lowest rate of 2.13%
followed by Maddur taluk, which experienced a TDP
growth rate hardly 3.88%.

A serious lacuna in respect of the tertiary-sector data at

the district and taluk levels is lack of separate data on
income generated from the service sub-sectors namely
education and health. The income from these sub-sectors
is clubbed perhaps with either Business Services subsector or Other Services sub-sector. Separate data on
education and health sub-sectors are of vital importance
for the purpose of meaningful planning for human
development.

The Districts PCI at current prices in 2008-09, was just Rs

28,987 as against the state PCI of Rs.53,101 (Table 6.4).
Taluk-wise, Pandavapura taluss PCI (Rs. 37,182) was the
highest, followed by Nagamangala (Rupees 35,473).

Growth of Mandya Districts Economy

Just as the growth of the Indian economy is measured
in terms of the GDP at constant prices, the growth of
Karnatakas economy is measured in terms of the States
Domestic Product (SDP) at constant prices. Accordingly,
we can measure the growth of the economy of Mandya
district and the taluks thereof, in terms of the District
Domestic Product (DDP) and Taluk Domestic Product
(TDP) respectively at constant prices. Comparable taluklevel data were available only for a short period of four
recent years, i.e., from 2004-05 to 2008-09. The growth
of the DDP in Mandya district during the period 2004-05
to 2008-09 is depicted in Table 6.1.
Between 2004-05 and 2008-09, the Mandya district DDP
grew at the annual compound growth rate of 8.43% per
annum. However, this growth rate was less than state
average of 9.81%. (Table 6.1) Among the different sectors,
Primary Sector grew at the rate of 11.41%, while the
Secondary Sector grew at the rate of 8.83%, Contrary to
the general trend witnessed during the growth process of
a region, Mandya Districts Service Sector growth rate was
the lowest (5.69%) during the period under reference.
Obviously the Districts per capita income (PCI) for the
year 2008-09 was about half of the states per capita
income. The districts per capita income at 2004-05 prices
was Rs.23635 as against the state average of Rs.41751.
The compound growth rate of Mandya Districts PCI was
7.19% as against the States PCI growth rate of 8.56%
(Table 6.2).
There were considerable inter-taluk differences with
regard to the growth rates of TDP. Nagamangala taluk,
although a dry region depending entirely on rainfall,
has registered the highest rate of growth of TDP

Sectoral Distribution of Income

The Primary Sector in Mandya District still continues to
contribute a high percentage of DDP (36.75%) while this
sector contributes hardly 17.8% at the state level. The
district is industrially backward in relation to the States
industrial situation because the Secondary Sector of the
district contributes hardly 22.89% as against the state
average of 29.2%. The Tertiary Sector contributes 43.36%
of the DDP whereas the States Tertiary Sector contributes
52.99% of the SDP (Table 6.5 & Fig. 6.1).
Taluk-wise, Nagamangala taluk, although one of the
rich taluks in the District in terms of PCI, interestingly
continues to depend heavily on the Primary Sector
including agriculture. This talukas Primary Sector
contributes as high as 49.32% of the TDP, followed by
Krishnarajpet taluk (42.30%). Industrially speaking,
the Secondary Sector contribution to TDP is highest in
Maddur (32.5%) while it is lowest in Nagamangala taluk
(11.61%). The Tertiary Sector of Shrirangapattana taluk
contributes as high as 51.79% of the TDP and the lowest
Tertiary sector contribution to TDP is found in K R Pet
taluk (Table 6.5 & Fig. 6.1).
Sub Sector-wise distribution of DDP and TDP presents
some interesting features in Mandya District. Agriculture
and animal husbandry contribute 81.2% of the Primary
Sector DDP in the District, with Mandya taluk topping the
list in which agriculture and animal husbandry contribute
as high as 87.82% of the Primary Sector DDP (Table 6.6
& Fig. 6.2). The Mining Sub-sector is negligible in the
district, accounting for hardly 6.61% of the districts
DDP. Construction industry contributes more than half
(55.35%) of the Secondary Sector DDP in the district,
whereas Manufacturing (both registered & unregistered)
contributes roughly one-third (33.85%, vide Table 6.7
& Fig. 6.3). The construction sub-sector accounts for
over 70% of the respective Secondary Sector TDPs of
Krishnarajpet, Malavalli and Pandavapura taluks. The
Manufacturing sub-sector (Registered & Unregistered) is
dominant only in Maddur taluk, accounting for 68.87%,
91

of the Secondary Sector DDP of the taluk (Table 6.7 &

Fig. 6.3).

Fig. 6.2: Percentage of Taluk-wise Sectoral

Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09
at Current Prices Primary Sector

Among the sub-sectors of the Tertiary Sector three subsectors namely Trade and hotels, Banking & Insurance,
Real estate and Business services account for over 60%
of the Tertiary Sector DPP of the District. The similar
situation obtains among different taluks in the district
(Table 6.8 and Fig. 6.4).
Fig. 6.1: Percentage of Taluk-wise Sectoral
Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09
at Current Prices Aggregates for all sectors

Fig. 6.3: Percentage of Taluk-wise Sectoral

Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09
at Current Prices Secondary Sector

92

Fig. 6.4: Percentage of Taluk-wise Sectoral Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09
at Current Prices Tertiary Sector

6.3. Agriculture: Cropping Pattern, Irrigation

and Livestock
This Section presents the various features of Mandya
Districts agricultural sector. Since the river Cauvery
flows across Mandya district, agriculture has been
the prominent occupation and is the single largest
contributor to its economy. Mandya District is one of the
most agriculturally prosperous districts in Karnataka. With
the advent of irrigation from the Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS)
reservoir there was substantially marked transformation

in the cropping pattern, with better yield levels,

ultimately leading to better economic conditions of the
people. The major crops of the district are ragi (85,467
ha.), rice (79,892 ha.), sugarcane (30,630 ha.), pulses
(predominantly horse gram). Sericulture is a rural cottage
industry; it has given employment to 41393 sericulturists
in Mandya District. Mulberry is grown on 10349 hectares,
out of which 9560 hectares are irrigated land and the rest
dependent on rains. For the development of sericulture
in the district there are 22 Technical Service Centers, one
District Unit and one grain age at Belakawadi.

93

6.3.1. Land Use Pattern

About 36 % of the total geographical area (TGA) of
the district is under cultivation. Mandya is one the few
districts in Karnataka where the percentage area under
irrigation to the total cultivated area is pretty large. Fallow
land forms almost a quarter (23.9%) of the TGA. The
uncultivable land including land used for non-agricultural
purposes also forms a fairly big chunk (20.46%), while
other uncultivated land like pastures and groves form
14.81 %. Forest land is quite negligible percentage
(4.74%) of the TGA of the district. Taluk-wise analysis of
land use pattern reveals that Pandavapura taluk has the
highest percentage (53.65%) of TGA as Net Sown Area,
followed by Maddur taluk (44.68). Malavalli taluk has
lowest percentage of TGA under Net Sown Area, followed
by Nagamangala taluk (27.44%). Nagamangala taluk has
the considerably high percentages of TGA under fallow
land and other uncultivated land (like cultivable waste,
pastures etc.), their respective percentage being 26.31 %
& 26.86% (Table 6.9(a)).
The net sown area in the district has increased slightly
between the last two agricultural censuses (Table 6.9(b).
The increase was most pronounced in Pandavapura taluk
(44.84). But some taluks witnessed decline the net sown
area, the decline being most pronounced in Maddur
and Shrirangapattana taluks(-20.81% and -19.03%,
respectively), (Table 6.9(b)).

A disturbing feature of the land use pattern in Mandya

district is that the degraded area forms a sizeable portion
(8.42%) of the Total Geographical Area (TGA) of the
district in 2011-12(Table 6.9(c). In Nagamangala taluk the
area degraded formed an alarming percentage (25.20%).
The average size of agricultural holdings in Mandya
district in 2011-12 is shown in Table 6.9(d). As the table
shows clearly, the average size of holdings is much less
than a hectare, 0.78 ha to be precise. Of course there are
inter-taluk differences in the average holding size. In dry
land taluks of Krishnarajpet and Nagamangala it is close
to one hectare (0.99 ha and 0.98 ha respectively), while
in Pandavapura, Mandya and Maddur taluks it is less than
0.7 ha.
6.3.2. Cropping Intensity
Cropping Intensity is the percentage of Gross Cropped
Area (GCA) to the Net Sown Area (NSA). Gross cropped
area is computed by reckoning the area in which more
than one crop is grown in a year. The Cropping Intensity
for Mandya district during the year 2011-12 was % against
the state average 118%. Cropping Intensity in Mandya
district for the year 2011-12 was 116.22% which is lower
than the state average of 118%. This is a paradoxical
phenomenon in view of the fact that Mandya district has
pretty high percentage of area under irrigation. Much of
the irrigated area, particularly canal area in the district
94

is for sugar cane production which spans over a year.

Hence, long duration crops such as sugar cane, tend to
reduce cropping intensity. Taluk-wise analysis reveals
that, in Shrirangapattana taluk cropping intensity is the
highest (144.49%), while in other taluks it hovers around
the district average (Table 6.10(a)). Table 6.10(b) shows
that there was a slight improvement in the cropping
intensity in 2012-13.

in Mandya district comes under canal command. Canals

accounted for Bulk of the irrigated area (74.32%),
followed by tanks (15.84%). The area irrigated by wells
and tube wells forms a negligible portion of the irrigated
area (9.52%). Canals account for high percentage of
irrigated area in all the taluks except Nagamangala where
tanks, wells & tube wells together irrigate more than half
(53.21%) of the irrigated area (Table 6.14).

6.3.3. Cropping Pattern

Irrigation intensity
Irrigation intensity is the percentage of gross irrigated are
to the net irrigated area. Irrigation intensity in Mandya
district for the year 2011-12 was 123.44% which is slightly
higher than cropping intensity (116.22%). This means that
the irrigated area is more intensively cultivated than the
un-irrigated area in Mandya district (Table. 6.15). Talukwise analysis interestingly reveals that in the taluks where
well irrigation tapping the ground water is dominant, for
example Nagamangala, Krishnarajpet Taluk, the irrigation
intensity is higher (136.75% and 127.78%, respectively).
Since well irrigation happens to be private investment by
farmers, they tend to utilize the available land to grow
as many crops as possible in a year, thereby leading to
higher irrigation intensity (Table. 6.15).

Mandya districts cropping pattern is depicted in Table

6.11.The cropping pattern of the district as a whole is
dominated by food grain crops, especially paddy and
ragi. Cereals and minor millets occupy over half of the
total crop area. Commercial crops occupy a quarter of
the total cropped area and sugarcane accounts for bulk of
the commercial crops. Fruits and vegetables and oil seeds
together account for hardly 8.32 % of the cropped area.
Taluk wise analysis of the cropping pattern reveals
dominance of the irrigation intensive crops namely
paddy and sugarcane in the irrigated taluks expect
Nagamangala and Krishnarajpet. Cereals and millets are
the prominent items of food crops in Shrirangapattana,
Mandya, & Malavalli (with 63.12 %, 52.23% and 63.88%%
respectively of the total cropped area). Nagamangala,
Krishnarajpet and Pandavapura taluks have about a
quarter of their respective total cropped areas under
pulses. There are no major inter-taluks differences
regarding the percentage area under fruit and vegetables
as also under oil seeds. Sugarcane area occupies over
80 percent of the commercial crops areas in three taluks
namely Pandavapura, Mandya and Shrirangapattana
(with 89.36 %, 82.4% and 81.55% respectively). On the
contrary, sericulture is a prominent commercial crop in
two taluks namely Malavalli and Maddur, respective shares
of this crop in the two taluks being 49.39 % and 34.79
% of the total commercial crops area. Leguminous crops
like pulses and groundnut in Mandya district account for
a small percentage of the GCA (13.6%, vide Table 6.12).
The per capita food grain production in the district in
2011-12 was 181 kegs with wide inter-taluk variations;
Krishnarajpettaluk having the least production (236 kgs)
and Malavalli taluk having the lowest production (166
kgs, vide Table 6.13).

6.3.5. Livestock Economy

Table 6.16 depicts the Livestock situation in Mandya
district based on 2007 Livestock census. Barring a
few taluks, livestock activity is relative less significant
in the rural economy of Mandya district compared to
many other districts in the state. Table 6.16 shows the
composition and number of livestock in the district
as per 2007 live stock census. Generally speaking, in
the canal-irrigated areas producing paddy, sugarcane,
and other commercial crops, there is dearth of grazing
lands on the one hand and lack of adequate fodder for
animals, thanks to dominance of commercial crops in
the cropping pattern, on the other. Therefore, livestock
enterprises fail to develop as a supplementary activity
in irrigated areas. However, the taluks of Krishnarajpet
and Malavalli are an exception to this trend. They have
a high percentage of cattle and buffaloes of the district.
On the contrary, Pandavapura and Shrirangapattana have
very low percentage of all types of livestock in the district
(Table 6.16).

6.3.4. Irrigation
Nearly, 65.37% of cultivated area is irrigated by different
sources. Almost three quarters of the area under irrigation
95

6.4. Poverty: BPL Households and MGNREGS

6.4.1. Poverty Conceptual and methodological
constraints
A Household below poverty line is one which is unable
to satisfy even the basic needs of life including food,
shelter, clothing, transport, health, and education &
transport. However the Government of India and the
State Governments had for long stuck to the minimum
daily food calorie requirement to compute the poverty
line. In recent years, however monthly per capita
consumption expenditure (MPCE) is being used by the
erstwhile Planning Commission to calculate the poverty
line. Even this method came in for wide criticism in
view of the reworking of the poverty head count ration
by Suresh Tendulkar Committee. Since the Tendulkar
Committees re-calculation of the Poverty line was also
questioned, the erstwhile Planning Commission had
appointed another committee under the Chairmanship
of Prof. C. Rangarajan in May 2013 to come up with a
more realistic conceptualization and methodology for
the poverty line. This Committee which submitted its
report on July 1, 2014, has hiked the poverty limit to Rs.
47 per day in urban areas, stating that people spending
below that would be considered poor. The Tendulkar
committee report had fixed the poverty line at Rs 33 per
day for urban areas. The Rangarajan report also states
that those spending less than Rs 32 per day in rural areas
would be considered poor. The Tendulkar committee
had estimated the poverty line at Rs 27 a day for rural
India. As per the report the poverty head count ratio
stood at 38.2 per cent in 2009-10 and declined to 29.5
per cent in 2011-12.
Notwithstanding the anomalies in the currently used
concepts and methodology for poverty estimation, data
on current estimates on poverty are available only at
the State and National levels. There are no regular and
comparable poverty estimates at the taluk and district
levels. As far as Karnataka State is concerned, taluk-level
percentages of the population below poverty line were
estimated by Household survey conducted by GOI,
(2002) (Table 6.17). Otherwise, the only source of data
for identifying for the BPL households is the number of
BPL Cards issued at the grassroots level. The number
of Ration Cards issued under two categories of BPL
households namely Anthyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY ),
and BPL households which are together treated as BPL
households by the State Government are presented.

The Table 6.17 shows an interesting fact that the

poverty head count ratio in agriculturally rich taluks
like Pandavapura and Mandya is higher than the district
average of 30 %, while relatively poorer districts of
Nagamangala and Krishnarajpet have lower than districtaverage poverty head count ratios. It is pertinent to
mention here that in Nagamangala and Krishnarajpet
taluks, widespread poverty in the yester years forced
poorer households tended to move out, some people
even to Gulf countries, in search of better employment
and income opportunities. Such migrated persons from
these taluks continue to transfer part of the income they
have been earning outside to their kin left behind at
home. This also partly explains why the PCI, especially
in Nagamangala taluk, is the highest in the district.
In view of the massive increase in the number applicants
for BPL cards, recentlythe State Government, which
launched the Anna Bhagya scheme to provide rice at Re. 1
per kg to BPL families, has now decided to put a stringent
cap on eligibility. A recent circular directs Food and Civil
Supplies officers to ensure that no more than 70 per cent
households in rural areas and 50 per cent in urban areas
are brought under the food security umbrella.
This revision drive is being termed as an exercise to
weed out ineligible beneficiaries. As per the guidelines
issued by the Department, the first phase of revision of
fresh applications should end by October 31, 2013. The
verification has to be done as per the Government Order
issued in August, 2013, which lists 14 criteria to identify
those ineligible under the scheme. However, attempts to
fix a cap on the number of cards has in the past been
controversial, with many arguing that it often results in
errors of exclusion.
At present, over 75 per cent of families in the State have
BPL cards, with some districts above the average. For
instance, in Hassan district, 80 per cent of families have
ration cards. As per the number of BPL cards issued,
about 95 per cent of rural families and 64 per cent of
urban families in this district fall below the poverty line!
6.4.2. Poverty alleviation programms
Both the central and state Governments have
operationalized several programmes to uplift poor
people and also effect development in the rural areas. The
State Government in effect expects the Zilla Panchayats
to implement the programmes in the decentralised
system. The programmes are Indira Awas Yojana (IAY ),
96

Ambedkar Housing Scheme, Nava Gram Yojana, National

Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), Western
Ghats Development Programme, Nirmala Grama
Yojana, Swatcha Grama Yojana, Suvarna Grama Yojana,
Yashaswini, Akshara Dasoha, are some of the important
State Government rural development programmes
implemented in the district.
The Governments Policy and Programmes have
laid emphasis on poverty alleviation, generation of
employment and income opportunities, provision of
infrastructure and basic facilities to meet the needs of
the rural poor. The major employment generation-cumpoverty alleviation programs briefly presented as under.
MGNREG Scheme
During the lien period of agricultural operations the
agricultural labourers are left without any employment.
Hence the programme provides minimum 100 days work
at Rs 100 per day and women below poverty line who are
above 18 years of age and below 60 years. Out of Rs 363.38
lakh allocation, Rs 100 lakh have been spent during 200809, creating 74,217 man-hours in the district; and 91434
job cards are issued during 2010-11 and created 59956
man-hour employments in the district. Table 6.19 depicts
the summary picture on NREGS in the district.

6.5. Employment and Unemployment

Trends in workforce growth
Table 6.20 depicts the decadal growth rate of workforce
in Mandya District between 2001 and 2011.Over the last
census decade, the workforce of Mandya District has
increased by 4.05.%. The rate of increase was highest in
Nagamangala taluk (7.86%) followed by Krishnarajpet
Taluk (7.34 %) and least in Pandavapura taluk (1.08
%). Interestingly Maddur and Shrirangapattana taluks
recorded negative growth rates (1.79 % and 1.26 %
respectively).

6.6. Main and Marginal Workers

Table 6.21 presents the percentage of main workers
to total workers at the taluk level in Mandya District.
Main workers (those who work for 183 days or more
in a year) form 82.04 percent of the total work force in
the district. At the taluk level, main workers represent
the highest percentage (87.75%) of the workforce in
Pandavapura taluk, and their percentage is least (76.46
%) in Nagamangala taluk.

6.7. Work Participation Rate

Table 6.22 shows Work Participation Rate ( WPR) in
Mandya District by Taluks according to 2011 census. It
shows that the WPR for the district as a whole is 53.36
as against the national average of 36%. Interestingly
Nagamangala taluk recorded the highest WPR (61.31%),
while the WPR for other taluks except Krishnarajpet and
Pandavapura taluks is below the district average.
Table 6.23 shows the Male WPR in the district. The WPR
among male workers was 70.49% and there was virtually
little difference in the WPR across the taluks. Table 6.24
shows female WPR in the district. The district average
female WPR was 36.25%. Interestingly Nagamangala
taluk recorded the highest female WPR (52.08%), while
Mandya taluk recorded the lowest WPR (31.45%).
As regards the occupational composition of the labour
force, cultivators form fairly high percentage (44.64 %)
of the total number of workers (Table 6.25). Agricultural
labourers form slightly less than a quarter (24.81 %) of
the total labour force, with very vides differences across
the taluks (Table 6.26). In Nagamangala taluk agricultural
labourers account for hardly 12.92 % of the workforce
while it is highest for Malavalli taluk (3.84 %)
Table 6.27 reveals that according to 2011 census, workers
in Household Industries form a negligible percentage
(2.05 %) of the total workforce in Mandya District. The
share of female workers in the non-agricultural sector in
the district is 26.44 % (Table 6.28), while it is highest in
Mandya taluk (37.52 %), followed by Shrirangapattana
taluk (36.08 %).
The average daily wage rate for female agricultural
workers in the district is Rs 130, the wage rate being higher
(Rs 145) in Krishnarajpet and Maddur taluks and lowest
(Rs 125) in Shrirangapattana taluk (Table 6.29). The
average daily wage rate for male agricultural workers in
the district is Rs 240, the wage rate being highest (Rs 275)
in Malavalli taluk and lowest (Rs.225) in Shrirangapattana
and Nagamangala taluks (Table 6.30).
It is interesting to note that while the minimum daily
wage rate under NREGS in the district is uniformly fixed
at Rs. 155 uniformly in the all the taluks of Mandya
district, the daily wage rates for agricultural labourers
(average for male and female) prevailing in all taluks in
Mandya district are much above the NREGS wage rate
97

(Table 6.31), although there are inter-taluk differences in

agricultural wage rate.

non-agricultural activities, located along the BengaluruMysuru infrastructure corridor (Table 6.32).

6.8. Occupational Pattern

6. 9. Child Labour

The occupational pattern in Mandya District is given

in Table 6.32. Over two-fifths (44.64%) of the districts
total work force consists of cultivators while agricultural
labourers account for about a quarter (24.81%). Thus, in
the district as a whole 69.45% of the workforce depends
on agriculture, while hardly 30.55% of the districts
workforce depends on non-agricultural occupations.
Taluk-wise analysis reveals inter-taluk differences in the
occupational pattern. In Nagamangala taluk, cultivators
form the largest percentage (65.13%) of the total
workforce of the taluk and agricultural labourers form the
lowest percentage (12.92%) among all the taluks in the
district. This is perhaps a testimony to the phenomenon
of extensive migration of illiterate or poorly educated
persons from this taluk to other places for better
employment and income. Non-agricultural workers
account for the highest percentage (42.41%) of the total
workforce in Mandya taluk, followed by Shrirangapattana
(40.36%). This is obviously due to the respective taluk
headquarters having large urban population engaged in

Child labour continues to be an ugly social evil in India.

In spite of laws prohibiting child labour, children are still
being put to work overtly or covertly in all sorts of jobs.
These jobs include beedi making, construction work,
domestic work, brick kilns, tile making, dhabas, hotels,
restaurants, auto repair shops and detergent making,
etc. There are no authentic data on child labour. But the
provisional estimates by 2011 census indicate that there
are at least 2.5 lakh child labourers Karnataka in the age
group of 5 to 14, out of the national total of 43.5 lakh.
There are no district/taluk level estimates of child labour.
Among the measures taken to eradicate child labour
is the Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act
1986 to prohibit the engagement of children in certain
employments and to regulate the conditions of work
of children in certain other employments. Government
of India is implementing National Child Labour Project
(NCLP) scheme in 266 child labour endemic districts in
20 states.

98

6.10. Radar analysis for Living Standard

Fig 6.5: Radar Diagram for Living Standard Index in

Mandya District

The highest LSI (0.754) is found for Mandya taluk

which is in the 1st rank and the Lowest LSI (0.204) is
for Krishnarajpet taluk which is in the 7th rank. Mandya
and Shrirangapattana taluks have better LSI value than
the districts average of 0.588, while Krishnarajpet,
Nagamangala, Malavalli, Pandavapura and Maddur taluks
have lower LSI than the district average (Fig. 6.5).
99

6.11. Concluding Remarks

Income continues to be an important conventional
indicator of development although development
specialists of late find flaws in it as a reflection of
human development. Since human development is
conventionally defined as nothing but enlarging human
choices and capabilities, income is the means to enhance
these choices and capabilities. Thus income continues to
be a crucial parameter in computing human development
indices.
Economic growth of a nation or a region therein is
usually measured in terms of the GDP at constant prices.
Accordingly, the growth of Karnatakas economy is
measured in terms of the States Gross Domestic Product
(SDP, for short). while the growth of the economies of
districts and the taluks thereof is measured in terms of
the Gross District Domestic Product (DDP, for short)
and Gross Taluk Domestic Product (TDP, for short),
respectively at constant prices.

The overall rate of economic growth Mandya district has

been lower than that of the State in recent years, although
the primary sector including agriculture in the district
has registered quite higher growth rate than in the state.
The district depends heavily on agriculture with over
half the cultivated area under irrigation, mostly by canal.
There is need to hasten the development of secondary
sector, particularly the manufacturing sub-sector not only
to generate non-farm employment opportunities but also
to exploit the available industrial resources to eradicate
poverty.
The district-level development agencies such as
agriculture and industry departments and also
institutional credit agencies need to serve as proactive agents in hastening the rate of growth of the
districts economy. Through effective implementation
of various development programmes, they can enhance
employment opportunities in the district and through
them, try and eradicate both unemployment and poverty.

100

101

102

CHAPTER 7

STANDARD OF LIVING
7.1. Introduction
The Standard of Living in a broad sense reflects the
quality of Life of the people. It includes basic needs as
well as other happiness enhancing goods and services.
They are food, shelter/housing, clothing, personal vehicle
ownership, luxury goods at home, etc. Their adequate
quantity and good quality are very essential. These
different kinds of life-sustaining goods shall be available
to all people in a country.
Housing is an important indicator of the standard of
living of the people. Housing provides safety, essential
conveniences/comforts and privacy for an individuals
life. Thus, housing provides physical, social, mental/
psychological base for a happy human life. Thus, housing
is basic as well as essential good for leading a good
healthy and hygienic life.
A good house contributes to maximise the following:
It improves in the quality of life of the members of
the household and help fulfil their aspirations;
Helps total development of the personality and

the family;

Facilitates provision of all basic amenities, which
have a direct impact on the family health, vigour
and efficiency;
Women and Children in particular would be able
to maintain good health and well being and be
inspired to pursue economic and social activities.
The following trends and policy initiatives are found in
the National Housing and Housing Finance Market in
India since 1985:
(a)
A National Housing policy was announced in
1985 by the Government of India. Accordingly
the State Governments were advised to devise and
incorporate housing schemes into their five year
plans. This paved the way for State participation in
Housing and Housing Finance Market in India.

(b) Private sector participation in urban housing was

encouraged in view of increasing demand for
housing in urban areas. This was further facilitated
by the emergence of housing finance markets.
(c) Housing subsidies are provided by the Central and
State Governments to the poor to support and
promote the peoples initiatives in house building

activity.
The factors like (a) and (c) have affected widely the rural
housing schemes in India. This trend has affected housing
schemes at the district level.

7.2. Housing Status

The concept of Housing status indicates the extent of
fairly pucca (good quality) houses the number houseless
and site-less households as well as households without
basic social amenities in a region like a village city/district.
All these dimensions of the housing status of the Mandya
district are explained in detail elsewhere.

7.3. Site-less Households

Housing shortage is very acute in rural areas of Mandya
district. For instance Table 7.1 shows that out of 426,578
households, 28,188 (6.61%) households are without
house sites. Out of 73,354 urban households, 10,331
urban households do not have own houses. There is also
slum dwellers housing problem in the Mandya district.
On the whole 3.58 lakh BPL families are identified in
the Mandya district. These population groups being
vulnerable do normally represent the houseless category.
A large number of site-less households are concentrated
in Malavalli (8,848; 13.43%), Maddur (6246; 8.80%),
Shrirangapattana (4724; 10.92%), Pandavapura (4100;
9.60%) and Krishnarajpet (3452; 5.68%) taluks. In
Mandya taluk only 34 households and in Nagamangala
taluk 784 households are site-less. Investment in housing
and residential land by the people of Mandya district is
rather low.

7.4. Households with Pucca Houses

Pucca houses denote tiles roof/RCC houses of
103

varying size. The dimensions of buildup area may be,

modestly, 400-600 square feet. Nearly 56.46 percent
of the households (2,39,734) own pucca houses in
relation to a total number of 4,24,640 households in
Mandya district by 2011. Except Krishnarajpet taluk the
remaining 6 taluks of the Mandya district have more than
50 percent (up to 66%) households with pucca houses
(Table 7.2). The pucca houses are in more number in
Shrirangapattana, Mandya, Maddur and Malavalli taluks.
Except Malavalli taluk the remaining three taluks are
highly irrigated and thus, are agriculturally prosperous.

Therefore the peoples investment in housing is better

in Shrirangapattana, Mandya and Maddur taluks. In the
case of Malavalli taluk a good number of new generation
young people work in Bengaluru and Mysuru cities. This
has brought remittances to Malavalli taluk.
Still, however, 44% of the households in Mandya district
need Pucca houses. That means underdevelopment and
underinvestment in housing sector continues in Mandya
district.

104

7.5. Households without proper Houses

7.6. Households and Asset Status

The households without proper houses denote the

nature and extent of (a) the total house-lessness; and (b)
the poor quality of housing with or without basic housing
amenities like storage of drinking water, electricity and
lack of drainage and toilet facilities. This second aspect
of inadequate and improper housing is separately dealt
with in what follows.

Households are the ultimate owners of the resources\

assets under capitalism. The total market value and the
structure of the real as well as financial assets of the
households indicate their ability to finance their present
and future consumption, including housing. The asset
also reflects the standard of living of people.
7.6.1. Bicycle ownership

Table 7.3. Shows the extent of house-lessness among

urban households in Mandya district in 2011. Out of
73,354 households in the urban area of Mandya district,
10,331 urban households (14.08%) do not own houses.
The urban housing shortage is very acute in Maddur TMC
and Pandavapura TP, where 27.62% and 40% respectively
of the households do not have own houses. Interestingly
in Mandya TMC area hardly 4.47% of the households do
not have own houses.
Table 7.4 shows the town-wise distribution of slum
population in Mandya district in 2011. Out of 3,08,362
urban people in the district, about 53,938 (17.49%)
live in slum. These slum dwellers are houseless. They
are economically poor. Malavalli town has the highest
percentage of the population lives in slums while
Shrirangapattana town has the lowest percentage 9.13%
of slum population.
Table 7.5 shows the status of sewage\drainage facility in
the urban centres in the Mandya district by 2011. These
cover both closed drainage and open drainage. However,
the sewage\drainage facilities are very poorly maintained.
Only Mandya city has 19,500 households connected to
closed drainage system. This indicates that the ULBs in
Mandya district need to invest more funds in the sewage
system.

Table7.7 and Fig.7.1 show the extent of bicycle ownership

by the households in Mandya district in 2011. Bicycles
are simple pollution free transport means. Today a good
bicycle costs Rs 6000/-. Of the 4,26,578 households
1,92,330 (45.09%) households possess bicycle. The
Malavalli taluk has highest number of bicycles (51.98%)
followed by Maddur (49.39%), Mandya (48.86%). On the
other hand only 35.29% of the households own bicycles in
Krishnarajpet taluk followed by Nagamangala (37.38%),
Pandavapura (42.24%) and Shrirangapattana (43.49%).
There is modest increase in the bicycle ownership in
Mandya district between 2001 and 2011. The increase
in bicycles ownership is 39.57% to 45.09% for the whole
Mandya district. Bicycles are the main mode of the rural
transport. Each bicycle on an average represents Rs.1000
to 5000. There is a phenomenal increase in the total
number of bicycles in Mandya, Maddur, Malavalli and
Krishnarajpet taluks between 2001 & 2011. The bicycles
facilitate inter-village travel for social and marketing
purposes.
Fig. 7.1: Percentage of Households with Bicycles in
Mandya District in 2001 & 2011

The rural sanitation situation in Mandya district is dismal,

like in many other districts in the country. The crux of
the problem is that a large numbers of village households
have never constructed toilets. By recognizing the social
need for toilets the central and state governments have
introduced the rural sanitation scheme with subsidy.
Table 7.6 reveals that only 12.93% of the GPs have
obtained Nirmal Gram Puraskar Award in 2011. Thus the
rural sanitation scheme is not effectively and efficiently
implemented in Mandya district; peoples participation
and cooperation is very poor in the district. This issue
needs to be urgently resolved.

7.6.2. Two-wheelers ownership

Asset ownership is an important indicator of a households
economic strength. Household assets include durable
105

consumer goods (like sofa set, dining set, radio/TV,

motor vehicles (Two/Four wheelers), jewellery bank
deposits etc.
Two wheelers include scooters, motor cycles/mopeds
and bicycles. In 2001, only 10.75% of the households
owned two-wheelers; there were inter-taluk disparities
in the two-wheelers ownership in Mandya district. In
Mandya taluk there were 13802 two wheelers (16.17%)
followed by Shrirangapattana (10.27%) and Maddur
6832 two-wheelers (10.98%) whereas the other four
taluks of Mandya district own less than 10% of the

total two-wheelers existing in Mandya district in 2011.

Further, it may also be observed that during 2001-11,
the two-wheelers ownership has slightly more than
doubled in Mandya district. The number of two-wheelers
has increased from 40183 in 2001 to 96273 by 2011
(Table 7.9 and Fig.7.2). The increase in two-wheelers is
phenomenal in Mandya taluk which is more urbanized
than other taluks in Mandya district. About 22.57%
households in Mandya district own two-wheelers like
motorbike/scooter/mopeds. Malavalli taluk has the least
percentage of households with two-wheelers (17.99%)
while Mandya taluk has the highest percentage (28.39%).

Fig. 7.2: Percentage of Households having with two-wheelers during 2001 & 2011

7.6.3. Assets-less Households

Table 7.9 and Fig. 7.3 show that there is a decline in the
number of asset-less households in Mandya district during
2001-2011. There were 1,30,544 assets-less households
in 2001 which had declined to 68,369 by 2011 in Mandya
district. The decadal decline in the number of assetless households is by 47.63%. This is an encouraging

trend, since it reflects the assets accumulation by the

households in a given geographical area. About 16.03%
of the households in 2011 did not own any kind of assets
like telephone, mobiles, computers, T.V, two and fourwheelers. These are obviously BPL families. These assetless households are either houseless or poor quality
house owners.

106

Fig. 7.3: Percentage of households with no assets (Telephone, Computer, TV, 2 Wheelers and 4 Wheelers) in
Mandya District during 2001 & 2011

7.7. Schemes for Housing Facilities

The provision of shelter / housing is included under
the basket of basic needs/ minimum needs/ primary
goods. The concept of basic needs is viewed as a poverty
alleviation requirement by the World Bank in the early
1970s.
The Government of India has included the provision of
shelter / housing under the minimum needs approach
to alleviate poverty since 1969 (from the 4th Five-year
Plan onwards). It was also included for the economic
empowerment of the poor. This was the beginning of the
Central and State Government involvement in housing /
shelter programmes.
In Karnataka the following housing programmes are
being implemented at present:
Indira Awas Yojana
Rural Ashraya Yojana
Rural Ambedkar Housing Scheme, and
Basava Vasathi Yojana
The housing programmes are implemented through the
ZPs by involving Gram Panchayats.

The total number of site-less households has increased

from 2009-10 to 2001-12 by over 25% percent. It appears
that there are mistakes in the procedure adopted to
collect and document data on site-less poor households
in Mandya district. However, construction of houses
and their allotment to poorer households is better in
Mandya district. It may be observed that the government
constructed 2,222 new houses in 2009-10, 15062 in 201011 and 6263 new houses in 2011-12 and allotted them
to the rural poor. This is a good progress in the rural
housing sector under IAY, Rural Ambedkar and Basava
Housing Schemes in Mandya district.
The Indira Awas Yojana is a rural shelter scheme launched
for the benefit of rural poor implemented since mid-1990
in India. The IAY is a major rural housing scheme funded
by GOI.
a)
Both central and state Governments are
participating in planning, financing and
implementing the rural housing schemes ;
b) The likely beneficiaries are selected in the GP
meetings held for purpose openly once is six
months every year. The concerned officials of TP/
ZP are also present is such meetings at the ZP level.
107

 In Mandya district the task of beneficiary

selection is done democratically. There are no
reported favoritism and violence / group clashes in
the selection of beneficiaries for housing.
c) The norm of social justice is well incorporated
into selection and allotment of houses subsidised
by the State. Fair representation is given to SC

and ST, General population groups and also
religious minorities; allotment of houses for STs in
Mandya district is meager since ST population
itself is in small number.
d) Adequate representation is given for physically
challenged, male and female poor in the allotment
of subsidised houses.
It may be observed from Table 7.10(a) and (b) that
(i) more than 75% of the public houses constructed
were completed in the given financial year in Mandya
district; (ii) a good number of SC and general category
beneficiaries are identified under the IAY Scheme;
and (iii) there is no large time lag between beneficiary
selection, actual house completion and its allotment in
Mandya district under IAY during 2009-10 and 2011-12.
Some of the other vital features of the IAY Scheme include
the following:
During 2012-13, largest share in the new houses
constructed and allotted under IAY has gone in
favour of SC households as against the general
category households (Table 7.10(c)). This is a
welcome change. Highest number of IAY houses
was allotted to SC households in Mandya, Maddur
and Malavalli taluks.
The share of minorities (like Jains and Muslims)
in IAY houses during 2009-13 is very negligible.
The poor and houseless among the minorities
need to be considered in the future.
The rural Ambedkar Housing Scheme is essentially
meant for the SC and ST population. It may be
observed that (a) the rural Ambedkar Housing
Scheme has not benefitted ST population
in Mandya district. This is perhaps because the ST
population is very small. The progress of rural
Ambedkar Housing Scheme is very slow in Mandya
district (Table 7.10(d)). Rural Ambedkar Housing
Scheme is really yet to take-off in Mandya district.

The Basava Vasathi (Housing) scheme is a major pro

poor programme implemented by the government of
Karnataka through PRI network. Table 7.10(e) gives
details of Basava Housing Scheme for the two-year period
viz. 2010-11 and 2013-14 in Mandya district. Some of the
important features of Basava Housing Scheme include:
Basava Housing Scheme is meant for providing subsidised
houses for all the categories of the rural poor. About
36,471 beneficiaries were identified in Mandya district in
2010-11, the highest number being in Maddur, Mandya
and Nagamangala taluks. Adequate representation is
given for SCs and STs under Basava Vasathi Yojana
(2010-11).
The implementation of Basava Housing Scheme
is however not satisfactory in Mandya district. For
36,471 beneficiaries identified, only 11,696 houses are
completed. Construction of SC and ST houses was less
than 30%.In Mandya district the housing implementation
machinery at ZP and GP levels needs to be sensitized and
improved.
The Basava Housing Scheme for 2013-14 had modest
targets. That is the reason for a small number of
beneficiaries identified for the project.
Housing is an important social good to promote and raise
the level of human development in Mandya district. It is
necessary to increase the housing investment; increase
social awareness to construct toilets and to speed up the
process of implementation of State housing schemes.

7.8. Drinking Water

A good quality potable water supply is very essential for
promoting human health. Thus the supply of drinking
water for rural and urban population is considered to
be an important social sector programme under the five
years plans in India. The supply of drinking water is very
essential for ensuring and promoting standard of living of
the people. The households access to water for drinking
and other domestic use in Mandya district by 2011. The
drinking water is drawn from major rivers like Cauvery,
Hemavathi and Shimsha; village tanks, bore-wells and
open wells in Mandya district. About 80.24% households
in Mandya district were having access to potable drinking
water supply by 2001; this has gone up to 85.09% by 2011
(Table 7.11 and Fig.7.4). This is a fairly good coverage
of safe drinking water supply in an agricultural district
like Mandya. However, Krishnarajpet, Pandavapura and
Nagamangala taluks lag behind other taluks in regard to
108

drinking water supply. Krishnarajpet, Pandavapura, Nagamangala and Malavalli taluks lag behind in respect of quite a few
indicators of housing services. Thus more concerted efforts need to be made to implement the government sponsored
drinking water supply house/toilet construction, electricity supply, etc. This needs to take place at ZP and TP and GP
levels in Mandya district.
Fig. 7.4: Percentage of Households having access to drinking water during 2001 & 2011

7.9. Electricity
The households access to electricity for lighting and
cooking purposes is a good indicator of the modern
standard of living. Electricity connection to households
is essential for better and safe living. It can be used to
heat water for bathing, toilets cooking and lighting and
entertainment (TV/Radio) purposes. Table 7.12 and Fig.7.5
show the extent of households access to electricity in

Mandya district by 2011. About 91.67% of the households

in Mandya district have access to electricity. There are no
wide inter-taluk disparities in the availability of domestic
electricity. There is very impressive improvement in the
households, electrification in Mandya district. In 2001,
in the whole Mandya district 77.66% of the households
had electricity connection, which has risen to 91.67% by
2011.

109

Fig. 7.5: Percentage of Households in Mandya District having access to electricity in 2001 & 2011

7.10. Traditional Fuel and Modern Fuel

Kerosene and fuel woods were the traditional fuels in the
households. Cow dung, cakes were also used as fuel for
cooking purpose.
Since 1992 there has been a gradual switch over from
traditional fuels to modern fuels in many parts of rural
India, including Mandya district. About 19.56% of the
households have access to modern cooking fuel like
LPG/PNG, Electricity and Biogas (Table 7.13 and Fig
7.6). Highest numbers of modern fuel users are found in
Mandya taluk, followed by Shrirangapattana and Maddur
taluks. These three taluks are agriculturally prosperous
and educationally developed in Mandya district. There is
an increase in the percentage of households having access
to modern cooking fuel during the recent decade 20012011. The data reveal a few interesting trends in modern
cooking fuel use by the households: (a) There is more
than double increase in the number of households using

modern cooking fuel (like LPG) from 9.31% to 19.56%

between 2001 and 2011; Thus the decadal growth rate
of cooking fuel using households in Mandya district
is 139.99% during 2001-2011; (b) The agriculturally
prosperous taluks like Shrirangapattana, Pandavapura
and Mandya have achieved a higher number of gas
connections than the other four taluks in Mandya district.
Further, the greater access to cities like Mysuruand
participation in higher education prompt people
purchase modern housing services like gas connection,
water supply, electricity, etc. This is observed in
Shrirangapattana, Mandya and Pandavapura taluks. Still,
however, over 80% of the households in Mandya district
still have no access to modern cooking fuel. Electricity
and biogas are not popular household fuels in Mandya
district. Frequent power-cuts may be an important reason
for not using electric stoves by the households. Thus,
there is enormous scope for promoting biogas plants in
the rural areas of Mandya district.

110

Fig. 7.6: Percentage of Households having access to Modern Cooking fuel during 2001 & 2011

7.11. Sanitation
In the recent past the central and state governments are
trying to promote construction and use of toilets in the
rural areas. There is no socially enabling environment
in Mandya district to construct private toilets. It may
be observed from Table 7.14 and Fig.7.7. Only 37.47%
of the households in Mandya district have built toilets
within their premises. More than 52% of the households
in Shrirangapattana and Mandya taluks have built
latrines followed by Maddur (37.52%) and Malavalli
(30.95%). However the in K.R. Pet, Nagamangala and
Pandavapura taluks the rural sanitation is very poor. Thus
it is necessary to expedite the implementation of rural
sanitation schemes in Mandya district. Only 14.31% of the
households were having toilets in 2001, the percentage
went up to 37.47% by 2011. The decadal growth rate
in toilets in Mandya district was 198.83% during 20012011. Although, this is an encouraging achievement,
there is urgent need for 100% achievement. The toilet
construction scheme needs further attention especially in
taluks like Krishnarajpet, Nagamangala, Pandavapura and
Malavalli in Mandya district.

Fig. 7.7: Percentage of Households having access to

latrine facility within the premises during
2001 & 2011

7.12. Small Area Study

Title: Construction and the Use of Rural Toilets A
study in Manikyanahalli GP of Pandavapura Taluk
Manikyanahalli GP in Pandavapura taluk of Mandya
district was selected for an empirical study. This study
had two purposes, viz., (a) to analyse the individual
households preferences and opinions about building
toilets within their houses in villages; and (b) to study the
involvement of elected GP representatives and NGOs in
the implementation of rural sanitation scheme.
111

The rural sanitation scheme brings with it a few

vital individual and social benefits. Privacy, dignity,
convenience comfort, hygiene and clean environment,
etc. are some of these benefits which are very unique
and particularly essential for woman and girl children.
The selection of sample rural households across various
villages which are included under the Manikyanahalli
GP in Pandavapura taluk, Mandya district. There are
9 villages within the Manikyanahalli GP area. About 94
village households were selected randomly based on
caste, proportion of population in the village etc. from
the Manikyanahalli GP jurisdiction (Table 7.15).
Some of the vital features / aspects of the use of toilets
by the rural households in the case study are as follows.

There are no community (public) toilets in
Manikyanahalli GP area.
Out of 94 persons, 22 have said the females of
the households who have built use the toilets
regularly. A large number of people are irrational A
sample of 94 households was selected for the
field study. One person from each household (i.e.,

male/female) was selected. The sex-wise
distribution of sample individuals was 57 males
and 37 females.
Of the 94 rural sample households, 20(21.28%),
were SCs 26 (27.66%) were OBCs and others 48
(51.06%). The minority population is negligible.
All these rural households are farmers or landless

agricultural labourers.
Out of 94 sample rural households, only 22 were

found having toilets and the remaining 72
(76.60%) did not construct the toilets either within
the premises or at a distance from their houses.
Most of the rural households in the Manikyanahalli
GP area have been resorting to open defecation for

centuries.
Of the 22 households, only 14 rural households in
Manikyanahalli GP are using the toilets regularly.
Only 15 of the sample rural households are aware
of the health environment and personal benefits of
using the toilets.

Indifferent towards the social and individual
benefits and costs of the toilets; a good number
of them have also said that open defection has

become a habit, thus they are not able to give up

the open defecation habit.
The children are also taken to open spaces and
public drainage for defecation. The same habit
is found in Anganawadis and schools in the village.
The toilets are not well maintained or hygienic in
the village Anganawadis and schools.
For the last two or three years Gram Panchayat
has tried to educate the rural people about the
utility and necessity of toilets and also about the
subsidy for construction of toilet by the households.
Efforts are also made to use NGOs like women
organisation/SHGs in Manikyanahalli GP area to
educate people about the social desirability and
utility of toilets.
School teachers are used to educate the children
and adolescents about the need for using toilets,
so that the children pressurise their parents to
construct the toilets within their premises.
Further efforts are made by Manikyanahalli GP to

widely publicise Rs 10,000 subsidy for the
construction of toilets and also the benefits of the

toilets.
The village people are also educated about the
diseases which people are afflicted with, on
account of the open defecation.

7.13. Concluding Remarks

The foregoing analysis of the standard of living in Mandya
district reveals the following policy implementations:

The standard of living in Mandya district on
an average is good. The site-less households are
predominantly rural and there are small numbers
of site-less and houseless households in the urban
areas of the district. To solve the problem of house lessness in Mandya district there is need for more
funds for construction of houses.

The existing housing stock in rural areas of

the Mandya district is qualitatively very poor.

Heavy investment is required to resolve the
problem of poor quality housing, which is related

to households stability of work opportunities
112

 and income. Thus there is need for searching

for ways and means to promote and expand the
rate of economic growth in Mandya district.

The housing conditions in Krishnarajpet,
Pandavapura, Malavalli and Nagamangala taluks
are rather poor. These are backward taluks of
the Mandya district. Therefore more funds need

to be allocated for Government sponsored
subsidised housing schemes in Mandya district.

There are certain complex and critical challenges
for ZPs and GPs in Mandya. One such major
problem is convincing and motivating rural people
to accept the sanitation scheme. The people of

Mandya district fail to appreciate social and
individual benefits of constructing toilets within

their premises. A mass campaign about the
benefits of the toilets is essential. The services and

advice from the heads of the religions mutts
may also be availed. This would be more effective
in popularising the rural sanitation scheme.

In Mandya district more than 93% of the
households have access to drinking water supply
and domestic electrification. The only problem is
frequent power-cuts. This problem has to be

solved early.
Indira Awas Yojana, Rural Ambedkar Housing
scheme and Basava Vasathi Yojana are implemented
in Karnataka including the Mandya district. Of

these three housing schemes, the IAY and
Basava Vasathi Scheme are large-scale housing/
shelter programmes. The IAY is centrally sponsored

scheme which is the more systematically

implemented. But Rural Ambedkar Housing
Scheme meant for SCs and STs needs to be made

more effective.

The allotment of dwelling units under various
housing schemes for STs, SCs and minorities is
inadequate in Mandya district. In fact the housing

needs of these poor groups have not been
adequately met by the district administration/ZP in

Mandya.

113

114

115

116

CHAPTER 8

GENDER AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

8.1. Introduction
Development if not Engendered is Endangered says the Human Development Report (1995).

and emphasises the need to integrate them into the

development process. It was a reaction to women being
seen as passive beneficiaries of development.

There is considerable evidence that

Womens education and literacy
tend to reduce
the mortality rates of children
-Amartya Sen
Development as Freedom, 2000, pg. 195
Triggered by the phenomenal increase in the attention
to gender disparities in development, in recent years
there has been a significant change in the approach to
human development in general and gender development
in particular. The declaration of the International Decade
for Women (1975 to 1985) signified the new visibility of
Women in Development ( WID) in international forums.
WID approach is rooted in modernisation theory and
liberal feminist ideas of equality. WID approach is based
on the fact that womens contribution to development
is not recognised by the policy makers and women are
treated as beneficiaries of development, not as the active
agents of development. WID approach calls for gender
attention to women in development policy and practice

Contrary to this WID assertion, Women and Development

( WAD) notion is rooted in the dependency theory and
advocated no real policy change about involving women
in the development process. WAD assumes that women
are already integrated in development process and it also
demanded affirmative action by the state since laissez
fair worsened the already existing inequalities. The
proponents of WAD approach are mainly activists and
theorists who saw the limitations of WID and argued that
women would never get their equal share of development
unless patriarchy and global inequality problems are
addressed.
Similarly the emerging approach, that is Gender and
Development (GAD), is a way of determining how best
to structure development projects and programs based
on an analysis of gender relationships. It was developed
in the 80s as an alternative to the women in development
approach that was common until then. Unlike WID, GAD
approach is not concerned specifically with woman,
but with the way in which a society assigns roles and
responsibilities and expectations to both women and
men. GAD applies gender analysis to uncover the
way in which men and women work together. GAD
emerged from a frustration with the lack of progress of
WID policy in changing womens lives. It also does not
consider women as a uniform group. It maintains that
women should be seen in the context of socio- economic,
117

racial and other factors that shape a particular society.

It is in this background that gender mainstreaming in
development, gender budget and gender auditing has
emerged as the most feasible approaches for ensuring
gender-sensitised development. Gender bias affects not
only womens access to and control over resources, her
active and productive participation in society and her
ability to exercise her rights but also reduces the tempo
of economic development. The gender differentials and
gender gaps would distort the development process and
would also denote under utilisation of the most potential
human factor of production. Gender concerns and
issues, therefore need to be mainstreamed in the human
development approach and through policy interventions.
It is in this background that UNDP has made GDI and
GEM as permanent features of its annual reports on
Human Development Since 1995. Further in 2010 Gender
Inequalities Index was introduced based on reproductive
health (MMR and adolescent fertility), empowerment
(parliamentary seats and high educational attainments)
and labour market participation (women in work force).
Gender related Development Index refers to a
distribution-sensitive measure that accounts for human
development impact of the existing gender gaps in three
components of Human development namely longevity,
literacy and level of income. It is a gender sensitive
extension of HDI and, on its own, is not an independent
measure of gender gap.
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is the United
Nations Development Programmes (UNDP) attempt
to measure the extent of gender inequality across the
globes countries, based on estimates of womens
relative economic income, participations in highpaying positions with economic power, and access to
professional and parliamentary positions. It is designed
to measure whether both men and women are able
to actively participate in economic and political life
and take part in decision making. It is logically agency
focused, that is, what people are actually able to do.
The Gender Empowerment Index for Mandya district is
0.560 and Malavalli taluk ranks first in GEM, followed by
Shrirangapattana and Maddur. Mandya taluk stands least
among 7 taluks of Mandya district.

which captures the loss of achievement within a country

due to gender inequality and uses three dimensions
mentioned earlier.
Recognising its importance at the smaller regional level,
the Karnataka HDRs in 1999 and 2005 have made an
attempt to constitute gender development indices at the
district and at taluk levels. The focus is on highlighting the
status of gender development and also to showcase the
gender differentials across the taluks to understand the
grass-root realities and formulate micro policies to ensure
gender equality. The GII for Mandya district is (0.070)
within the district, Maddur taluk has the highest gender
inequality followed by Krishnarajpet & Shrirangapattana
respectively.
Mandya district comprising of seven taluks has a HDI
score of 0.663 & Shrirangapattana taluk stands first in
HDI, followed by Mandya & Maddur respectively. The
least HDI taluk is Krishnarajpet in the district.
8.1.1. Demographic Features of Women Population
The distribution of female and male population by taluks
reveals the sex ratio and the gap in the gender composition
of the population across the district. According to 2011
Census, at the district level the sex ratio is 995 which is
higher than the state and national average of 973 and 943
respectively. Nagamangala taluk with 1006 females per
male stands highest in sex ratio and Malavalli taluk with
985 females per 1000 males stands lowest in the district
as per Table 8.1 and Fig. 8.1. The variations among the
taluks are quite discernible from the table. However, it
needs to be noted that the sex ratio across the taluks are
higher than the sex ratio at the State level. In comparison
with the Census 2001 sex ratio has seen an improvement;
however at individual taluk levels ups and downs are
evident from the Table 8.1 and Fig.8.1.
Fig. 8.1: Taluk-wise Sex ratio in Mandya District

Gender Inequality Index (GII)/ Gender Gap it is

a new index to measure gender disparity discussed in
2010 Human Development Report in its 20th anniversary
edition. According to UNDP, GII is the composite measure
118

As per the 2011 census, the taluk-wise distribution of

childrens population (0-6 age group) reveals that at the
Maddur taluk with 923 Female Children per 1000 male
children has the lowest Child Sex ratio and Krishnarajpet
taluk has the highest Child sex ratio with 960 female
children per 1000 male children (Table 8.2 and Fig.8.2)
which is much higher than the district average of 939 and
also the State average of 943. In relation to the adult sex
ratio across taluks there is a notable change in the pattern
of distribution of child sex ratio across the district. The
child sex ratio across the taluks is much lesser than the
adult sex ratios. Also in comparison with 2001 census
it can be noted that there has not been any notable
improvement in the child sex ratio over years even with
some improvements in respect of certain individual
taluks like Maddur or Shrirangapattana. Nevertheless,
this is a disturbing trend in the demographic profile of
the district.
Fig. 8.2: Distribution of Child Sex ratio in Mandya
district by taluk

Fig.8.3: Taluk-wise health indicators among women

in Mandya District

vulnerable to health risks and health directly affects the

productive capacity and quality of life of women. In
this regard maternal mortality rate is one of the major
indicators and it represents the number of mothers deaths
per 1,00,000 live births. This indicates poverty as well as
poor quality of health care services provided. As per Table
8.3 (a) and Fig. 8.3, Mandya taluk reports the highest
MMR with 124 deaths and KR Pet taluk reports the lowest
rates of death of mothers with at 104 cases of death per
1,00,000 live births. An almost cent percent institutional
delivery has been achieved across the districts. The share
of pregnant women with anaemia is quite high across
taluks in the district and pregnant women receiving ANC
is more than cent percent, that is 163.99%, in Mandya
taluk whereas the percentage of women receiving the
care is least in Shrirangapattana taluk. The percentage of
couples using contraceptives gives a picture of the extent
of awareness of family planning and control of sexually
transmitted diseases, especially AIDS. Across the district,
Malavalli taluk has the highest percentage (88.62%) of
couples using contraceptives and Krishnarajpet taluk
reports the least proportion (56.87%) of couples using
contraceptives.
As shown in Table 8.3 (b), the child mortality rates show a
huge variation in relation to maternal mortality rates, that
is, child mortality rates are much lesser than the maternal
mortality rates. Mandya taluk reports the highest Child
mortality rate across taluks and all other taluks report
more or less the same rates of child mortality. The
share of malnourished children is highest 26.07% in
Krishnarajpet taluk where as it is least in Pandavapura
taluk at 18.73%. But when it comes to the number of
new-born children weighing less than 2.5 Kgs Mandya
taluk has highest number of cases (1527) and it is lowest
in Shrirangapattana with only 62 cases.
Fig.8.4: Population Served by Anganwadi Centers in
Mandya District by Taluks

Tables 8.3a, 8.3b and 8.3c depict several indicators which

reflect the health status of women and children in Mandya
district. Health indicators form the vital component in
arriving at the quality of life of people. Women are more
119

Anganwadi centres play a crucial role in the life of rural

women and children; in fact they serve as a via media to
ensure that all the State-sponsored schemes for women
are rightfully delivered if not all the vast majority of
schemes. Popularly known as Asha workers, they serve
the rural women. In Mandya district the details of
population served by these Asha workers are depicted
in Table 8.3(c) and Fig.8.4. Mandya taluk receives the
highest number of services from these workers for all the
groups, be it for nursing mothers or for adolescent girls
or for pregnant women. Whereas the number of nursing
mothers and adolescent girls was being served by Asha
workers is lowest in Shrirangapattana taluks. The number
of pregnant women population receiving the service of
Asha workers in Nagamangala taluk is lowest in relation
to other taluks in the district.

8.2. Gender Differentials in the District

8.2.1. Sex and Gender

Sex is biological and gender is cultural. Although quite

often sex and gender are used interchangeably they
are two different concepts for gender economists
and feminists. sex refers to the biological make up of
an individuals productive anatomy which is natural,
gender refers to the social and cultural roles assigned to
women by the society.
According to WHO Sex refers to the biological and
psychological change that defines men and women.
Similarly gender refers to the socially constructed roles,

behaviors and attributes that a given society considers

appropriate for men and women and that masculine and
feminine are gender categories.
Gender issues focus on women and on the relationship
between men and women, their roles, access to control
over resources, division of labour, interests and needs.
Gender relations affect household security, family and well
being, planning of production and many other aspects of
life. Gender differences are social constructs, inculcated
on the basis of a specific societys particular perceptions
of the physical differences and the assumed tastes,
tendencies and capabilities of men and women. Gender
differences, unlike the immutable characteristics of sex,
are universally conceded in historical and comparative
social analyses to be variants that are transformed over
time and from one culture to the next, as societies
change and evolve. Gender relations are accordingly
defined as the specific mechanisms whereby different
cultures determine the functions and responsibilities
of each sex. They also determine the access to material
resources, such as land, credit and training, and more
ephemeral resources, such as power. The implications
for everyday life are many, and include division of labour,
responsibilities of family members inside and outside
the home, education and opportunities for professional
advancement and a voice in policy-making. So the various
fields or areas of life where Gender differentials are quite
visible are discussed in the subsequent separate sections
in the chapter.

8.3. Patterns of Literacy and Enrollment

Literacy rate is one of the important indicators of human development. The female literacy rate across taluks of the
Mandya district as per census 2011 provides a dismal picture in this regard (Table 8.4). All the taluks except for Mandya
with 68.08% and Shrirangapattana with 66.13% percent stand lesser than the State average of 66.1%. Pandavapura taluk
reports the lowest rates of female literacy at 58.93%. Female literacy levels in relation to the male literacy levels are much
lesser and the actual difference in terms of absolute numbers may be even more steep. However in relation to 2001
census there has been a significant increase in literacy levels of both female and male population.

120

121

8.4. Work Participation Trends

Women have the capability to act as catalyst of economic
change, be it their own economic status, or that of
the communities and countries in which they live. Yet
more often than not, womens economic contributions
go unrecognized, their work under-valued, underreported and often under-remunerated. So analysing the

employment related indicators in this light will open up

newer nuances and dimensions of human development.
Employment status is a major indicator in terms of
gender equality and economic empowerment of women.
Work participation rate is one of measures to understand
the employment status of women. Work participation
rates represent the section of population who are either
employed or actively looking for work.

Fig. 8.5: Taluk-wise female and male work participation rates in Mandya District

122

The number of people who are no longer actively

searching for work would not be included in the work
participation rate. This is one of the important measures
of the active portion of a labour force. Taluk-wise work
participation rates of females in Mandya district reveal
that female work participation rates are only about half of
male work participation rates among all the taluks. This
gender gap is note worthy for policy framing. Further
Nagamangala taluk with 52.08 stands top amidst the
other taluks in terms of female work participation and
Mandya taluk has the lowest female work participation
rate at 31.45. It is to be noted that Nagamangala taluk
stands highest in terms of adult sex ratio also. However
the WPR for female population has seen a decline of
nearly 2 percent in 2011 in comparison to the 2001
Census (Table 8.5 and Fig. 8.5).

is the participation in non agricultural activities and

vice versa, as evidenced by several research works on
the determinants of participation in non-agricultural
activities.

Fig 8.6: Female workers in non-agricultural sector

(NAGF) to Total female workers (Numbers)

Fig.8.7: Taluk-wise female and male wage rates

The Employment Standards Act, 2000 (ESA), which has

provisions that ensure women and men receive equal
pay for performing substantially the same job appears
to be far from implementation in the practical world.
The instance of the gender gap in pay or wages shown in
Table 8.7 and Fig. 8.7 provides a living example. Gender
gap in wages appears to be the highest in Malavalli taluk
whereas it is relatively lowest in Maddur taluk of Mandya
district. But it is crystal clear that there exists gender gap
in wages across the district and the average gap at the
district level stands at Rs.110.

8.5. Marginalisation of Womens Work

Feminisation of agricultural work and payment of lesser

wages are most common features of women employment
issues both at the aggregate and the disaggregate levels.
However the participation of women in non-agricultural
activities is one more indicator to understand the
dynamics of womens participation in non-traditional
activities which in turn highlight the various contours of
womens participation in the modern globalised world.
Table 8.6 and Fig.8.6 reveals the percentage of female
workers in the non-agricultural sector (NAGF) to the
total female workers in the district. Mandya taluk stands
highest with 22058 workers in non agricultural sector
whereas Pandavapura taluk has lowest number of females
workers in non agricultural sector with 6219 members. It
is to be noted here that both the taluks have reported
the highest and lowest levels of female literacy levels in
the district (Table 8.4). So here a direct correlation can
be established in that, higher the literacy levels higher

A significant proportion of womens work remains

unvalued or undervalued on account of the invisible
nature of the work they perform. To that extent their work
or contribution to GDP is undervalued. A limited scope
of the definition of economic activity used in the national
income accounting discourages the consideration of
womens contribution to GDP.
For the purpose of calculating national income, market
value of only the goods and services which are sold in
the market are taken into consideration. Much of the
household and community work which is not marketed
and thus has no market value attached to it remains
unvalued. Hence a significant portion of the invisible
work being done in the society remains unaccounted
and a large number of people especially women who
are engaged in this work are deprived of recognition
or monetary benefit. Even if the values are imputed to
womens work, such values have an economic significance
different from monetary values. The imputed incomes
123

generated by the imputed production would be difficult

to tax in practice. This is how the concept marginalization
of womens work has come to the fore. Marginalization
of womens work denies the economic empowerment of
women, which is an important determinant of womens
empowerment. This has already affected the entitlement
of women and their movement against exploitation.

Fig.8.8: Percentage of Elected Women

Representatives in Urban Local Bodies

Recommendations of SNA - System of National

Accounts 1993
The SNA 1993 has recommended the household satellite
accounts with the SNA as the central framework for various
types of analysis related to assets and resources. The
household satellite accounts are designed as an extension
of the household integrated economy. According to this
integrated approach, the value of the households ownaccount production of services and the value of unpaid
work of household members as volunteers in the nonprofit earning households are considered. The satellite
accounts will provide a useful tool in linking economic
flaws with human resource development. Valuation of
unpaid work in the households own-account services
requires special account on the time spent in unpaid
work and the wage rates depending upon the type of
valuation applied. Value of unpaid work = average time
spent for activity * wage rate * number of persons or Value
of unpaid work = total time spent for activity * wage
rate per unit of time. This type of time-use of accounting
enables to overcome the problem of marginalization of
womens work.

Table 8.8 and Fig. 8.8 reveal the percentage of elected

women representatives in urban local bodies. It is clear
from the table that out of total elected representatives,
women constitute only 39.75% which may be the result
of roster system as per the statutory mandate of 33%
reservation for women. But yet efforts must be made
to bring this up to 50% and above. However, care must
be taken to pre-empt the influence of male members on
these elected women representatives decisions which
is a major threat to the freedom of women from the
traditional male dominated society.
Fig.8.9: Percentage of elected women
representatives in rural local bodies

8.6. Trends in Political Participation of Women in

Panchayat Raj Institutions
Political empowerment is one such indicator of human
development which shows the participation of women in
the decision making process which was earlier a dream
for womanhood in the history of India. Culturally women
were meant to manage household work and were denied
of equal participation in the decision making process as
to how a household can function or a society functions.
But thanks to the feminist movements and the efforts of
gender-sensitized modern thinking of several groups,
efforts have been made to bring about equality between
sexes.

Panchayat raj institutions have their own importance

in the development of rural India as well as the
empowerment of rural women. Table 8.9 and Fig.8.9
depicts the percentage of women participation in Grama,
taluk and district Zilla Panchayats in the Mandya district.
Nearly 44.03% out of total elected representatives in rural
local bodies in Mandya district are women. Nagamangala
Taluk has the lowest percentage (42.71%) of women
representatives in rural local bodies.

124

With regard to the role of women in decision making in

rural local bodies, similar to the general trend, the field
study also has supported the fact that, the decisions are
male dominated. Thus, elected women representatives
are just dummy in nature, which questions the very
nature of women participation in RLBs. This is a serious
concern which needs to be taken care of in the strategies
of women empowerment.
Fig. 8.10: Percentage of Women-headed
Households in Mandya District

and initiates which influence the development of women

and girl children.
What is attitude?
Attitude refers to a predisposition or a tendency to
respond positively or negatively towards a certain idea,
object, person or situation community attitude are those
held by people live in a society or a community and
family is an integral part of the community system. The
community attitude influences and rewards which are
known as Stimuli.
Attitudes and behaviors are correlated but they are not
the same in the sense that a person can feel and think in
one way but act in another way. Changing community
attitude is rather slow and also a very challenging task. In
this context, positive community attitude is a motivation
for women to do well and achieve the best in life, negative
attitude on the other hand reduce their efficiency. The
achievements, failures and suffering of women are
primarily a product of community attitude.

Table 8.10 and Fig.8.10 shows the percentage of womenheaded households and this data is a new addition in the
recent round of Census 2011. This time, data on womenheaded households have been exclusively captured
to depict the position of those households which are
maintained solely by women. It is only 18.94% out of the
total households in the district that are headed by female.
Maddur taluk has the highest number of female-headed
households whereas KR pet taluk has the lowest number
of female-headed households. However this kind of
data may not provide us a clear picture as to why female
folk have taken up the risk and burden of managing a
household. They may be widows or separated women
who have no other choice but to take-up the task of
running the family. This kind of disaggregated data may
prove beneficial in identifying the section of women
who are deprived and who are in need of better policy
attention.

8.7. Community Attitudes and Social Prejudices

Affecting Women and Girl Children
The role and status of women in society is determined
quite significantly by the nature of community attitude
and social prejudices that prevail in a society. In fact,
social structure affects womens development and their
empowerment. Economic, political and legal measures
can only be supplementary to positive social attitudes

What is prejudice?
Prejudice refers to an unjustified or incorrect attitude
(usually negative) towards an individual based solely on
individuals membership of a social group or gender.
Thus, prejudices are an attitude of mind and belief. A
person or community may hold prejudiced views towards
an individual or group of people, especially on the basis
of sex/ race/ social class etc. Social norms influence
prejudice and discrimination.
The word prejudice comes from Latin word Pare (in
advance) and Judicum (judgment) which essentially
means to judge before. In other words, prejudice reflects
a stigmatized attitude of individuals or community. When
we prejudice someone we make up our minds about who
they are before we actually get to know them. These prejudgments are not based upon actual real life interaction
with a person or group. From this emerges the stereo type
role assigned to women or girl child by the community
or society. This has led to various discriminations against
women, which has placed men in more advantageous
position. In this context, an attempt is made to capture
the community attitudes and social prejudices that effect
women and girl children in the district.

8.8. Crimes against women: Crime data at taluk

and district levels

The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence

against Women (1993) defines violence against women as
125

any act of gender-based violence that results in or is likely

to result in physical, sexual or mental harm and suffering
to women whether occurring in public or private life.
This definition covers a wide range of offences ranging
from dowry deaths or harassment, spousal abuse, rape,
trafficking in women, sexual harassment etc. Violence
against women has its roots in mens economic and social
domination. Human development cannot occur in an
environment that is vitiated by violence against women.
Fig. 8.11: Crime against Women in Mandya
District 2009-12

Table 8.11 and Fig.8.11 reports the data on crimes against

women across the taluks in Mandya district for the period
2009 to 2012. The data over a period of time showcase the
violence against women in total crimes against women at
the district numbered 2107 cases and the total number
of dowry deaths stands at 39 while female suicides in
the district were 227 cases. At the disaggregate level,
Krishnarajpet taluk witnessed highest number of cases
of crime against women (434) as well as female suicides
(64). Mandya taluk reported the lowest rates of crime
against women at 167 cases and also lowest number
of dowry deaths which is just 1 case during the years
under reference. However, Malavalli and Maddur taluks
together rank least in the female suicide cases reported
across district, with 7 cases each.

8.9. Role of Womens Groups and SHGs

One motivation for womens empowerment is basic
fairness and decency. Young
girls should have the exact same opportunities that boys
do to lead full and
Productive lives the empowerment of women are
smart economics.
---President Robert Zoellick, World Bank Spring
Meetings, April 2008

Women empowerment is the process of enabling women

to realize their full identity and power in all walks of life.
It is a fundamental requirement for realizing Equality
Development and Peace. Economic empowerment is
the foundation of women empowerment, which implies
access to and control over production process. It is in this
context SHGs; micro credit variants of Streeshakti groups
occupy a very prominent position.
Achieving inclusive development is one of the major goals
of the recent five-year plans. Poor women are encouraged
to enroll themselves in Self-help groups in order to reap
the benefits from the states several development initiatives.
Under direction from the Central and State government,
the public-sector banks including NABARD have initiated
micro finance activities to empower women and thereby
enrich their quality of life. In the district 91.49% of SHGs
are actively involved in micro savings and thrift activities.
Nagamangala taluk has cent percent active SHGs whereas
Pandavapura taluk has the lowest percentage (66.19%) of
active SHGs. Taluk-wise active SHGs are provided in Table
8.12 and Fig.8.12.
Fig. 8.12: Active SHGs (Numbers)

8.10. Small area study

Title: Community attitudes and social prejudices,
affecting women and girl children in Shrirangapattana
& Mandya taluks - A study in K. Shettihalli and
Tubinakere GPs.
Methodology: As part of the study undertaken to prepare
HDR of Mandya district a small area study relating to the
Community attitudes and social prejudices, affecting
women and girl children was conducted in K. Shettihalli
GPs and Tubinakere GPs in Shrirangapattana & Mandya
taluks respectively. There are 5 villages in Tubinakere
GP i.e. KK. Shettihalli, Shreenivasa Agrahara, Karigatta,
Chinnanayakana Halli and Kalli Kopalu. A sample of 69
126

respondents was chosen randomly to elicit responses

from them. Structured questionnaire was used for the
study. The data collected from the sample respondents
were processed using SPSS software. The results of the
data analysis are presented as under.
An attempt was made to get a snap-shot of the
community attitudes and social prejudices in the district
by administering a questionnaire on the issue to a sample
of 69 respondents (both men and women) across the two
GPs from all age groups from 10 to 70 years. The sample
covered both married and unmarried individuals covering
all major communities and castes of which nearly 57.97%
could read and write. About 94.2% of the respondents
have mentioned that there is no discrimination against
girl child, yet only 37.68% of them have expressed
preference for girl child. According to the respondents
utmost equal attention is given to both male and female
children with regard to nutritional and health status. All
the sample respondents opined that women are getting
quality health care services in Primary health care centres;
however 3% of the respondents stand out when it comes
to the timeliness of the delivery of these services. Majority
of the respondents express that girl child should get equal
education including higher education; however women
are not participating in the adult education centres.
About 81.16% of the respondents prefer women to work
in the organised sector and 94.2% of them admitted
that there is wage discrimination in the agricultural
sector. Political participation of women according to the
respondents is 94.20% and all of them asserted that there
are no religious practices like Devadasi, Jogathi, etc;
however 3% of the respondents reported the prevalence
of child marriage and 73.91% of the respondents have
reported of practice of dowry system. Also, nearly 60%
of the respondents have stated that widow and divorcee
remarriage is not socially permitted. In addition to these,
domestic violence is prevalent according to 48% of the
respondents. However, on the positive side, 86.96% of
respondents view that girls get equal share in fathers
property and also majority of the family disputes are
settled within family. The respondents appeared to be
progressive in their outlook regarding the role and status
of women in the society and they have strongly advocated
for higher education, job reservation, liberal financial
assistance for women along with the abolition of dowry
and provision of security for women.

8.11. Concluding Remarks

Imperatives
Sex ratio that prevails in any society reflects the

nature and status that women enjoy in that
particular society or family. It is quite satisfactory
to find that compared to 2001 Census, the adult
sex ratio in 2011 has improved in Mandya district.
However, the most disturbing trend is that in all the
other taluks, except Shrirangapattana and Mandya

taluks, the Child sex ratio has declined in

2011compared to 2001 Census. Therefore the
causes for this kind of a disturbing trend needs to

be examined or researched seriously so that
appropriate policy measures are introduced.
Despite almost 100% institutional deliveries MMR
still Continues to be very high (111 per 1,00,000
live births) and pregnant women with anaemia
account for 50.70% of the total and still around 6%
of pregnant women are not receiving full ANC. Also

just around 78% of the couples are using
contraceptives. So, greater awareness needs to
be created and health care delivery services need
to be strengthened.
Similarly, although Child mortality rate is less than

maternal mortality rate, the percentage of

malnourished children is around 22% in the
district. This demands specific policy measure to
reduce malnutrition among newly-born babies.
Asha workers need to reach out to all adolescent
girls and pregnant women in both Shrirangapattana

and Nagamangala.
Although female literacy increased from 54.63% to
66.13%, between 2001 and 2011 still the task
of bringing the remaining illiterates within the
literate category needs to be made more serious.
A slight decline in female work participation in the
district with a big wage gap of Rs.110 is a serious

concern. While statutes could be of little use
in this respect, the rural local bodies could make a
big difference, in bridging this gap.
With regard to the participation of women in local

governance, although it is above 33% (almost
40% now) the effectiveness passive participation
127

 and domination by the male members is still a big

problem. Educating women members seems to be
the best alternative.
Nearly 19% of the households in Mandya district

are women-headed households. A serious
research into the pros and cons of such system

should be undertaken to suggest provision
of certain special facilities and concessions to such

households.
Communitys attitude towards women and girl
child has changed for better over the years, now
it is very progressive and hence policy interventions
are needed to capture the positive environment
for promoting the development of women. But
dowry system is still very wide-speed and child

marriage persists. Why not effectively implement

the minimum marriage Act?
Crimes rate against women do not show a declining
trend. Social and moral policing in this context
would be more effective. Besides, the existing
legal support needs to be implemented without
delay and procedural hassles.
Since SHGs have created a new wave of economic
freedom and independence among women, there
is a need for reinforcing the spread effects of

women SHGs through various supportive
measures by the State. To make development more

inclusive in nature, the best approach is to
strengthen the SHGs movement at grass root level.

128

129

130

CHAPTER 9

STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES

9.1. Introduction
The Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)
socially marginalized groups in the society and they
are looked at from the point of view of deprivation,
oppression and suppression. SCs & STs are two groups
of historically disadvantaged people recognised in the
Constitution of India. Since the 1850s these communities
were loosely referred to as Depressed Classes. These
groups had traditionally been subjected to the most
menial labour with no scope for upward mobility
and subjected to extensive social disadvantages and
exclusion, in comparison to the other communities.
The scheduled castes were unable to participate in the
community life of the Indian Society and they were thus
deprived of any opportunity for integration with the rest
of the society and corresponding opportunities for social
and economic development.
In 1935, the British Rule passed the Government of
India Act 1935, designed to give the Indian provinces
greater self-rule and set up a federal structure for the
country. Reservation of seats for the depressed classes
was incorporated into the Act, which went into force in
1937. The Act brought the term scheduled castes into
use, and defined the group as including such castes,
races or tribes or parts of groups within castes, races or
tribes, which appeared to His Majesty in the Council to
correspond to the classes of persons formerly known as
the depressed classes, as His Majesty in the Council may
prefer. This, the vague definition was clarified in The
Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1936
which contained a list, or schedule of castes, throughout
the British provinces.
After Independence, the Constituent Assembly accepted
the extant definition of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, and
gave (via Articles 341, 342) the President and Governors
the responsibility to compile a full listing of castes and
tribes, and also the power to edit it later as required. The
actual / complete listing of castes and tribes was made via
two orders The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order,
1950, and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order,
1950 respectively. Since Independence, the SCs and STs
are being given reservation in various fields.

The Governments have taken initiatives to improve the

conditions of SCs & STs such as protective measures
required to enforce equality, preferential treatment
in allotment of jobs and access to higher education as
a means to accelerate the integration of the SCs and
STs with the mainstream Society and also to provide
resources and benefits to bridge the socio-economic gap
between the SCs & STs and other communities.
The Schedule Caste Sub-plan (SCSP) of 1979 mandated a
planning process for the social, economic and educational
development of SCs and improvement in their working
and living conditions.
In India, the SCs and STs together comprise over 24
per cent of Indias Population, with SCs over 16 per
cent and ST over 8 per cent as per the 2001 Census; this
proportion has remained fairly stable in the 2011 Census
according to which SC and ST population constitutes
16.6 and 8.6 percent respectively. In view of the fact that
the SC-ST Population forms comparatively large share of
the total, the overall human development in the country
or in a region/ state would depend upon the nature of
development policies implemented for these marginalised
sections. It is very important to throw focused light on
the major components of human development in respect
of these groups.

9.2. Demographic Profile of SCs and STs in

Mandya District
According to the Census of India 2011, the total
Population of Mandya district was 18.06 lakh, out of
which 9.05 lakh were males and 9.0 lakh were females. In
2001, the total Population of Mandya district was 17.64
lakh out of which 8.88 were males and 8.75 females.
Of the total population of 18.06 lakh in 2011, rural and
urban Population was 14.97lakh (82.92%) and 3.08
lakh (17.08%), respectively. The percentage of female
Population in the rural and urban areas was 49.83 per
cent and 50.1 per cent, respectively.
Population of SCs and STs
The total SC population in Mandya district was 2,
26,626 in 1991 constituting 13.78 percent of the total
population. Between 1991 and 2001, the SC population
131

was increased by 8.33 percent and 6.81 percent between

2001 and 2011. As per the 2011 census, the districts SC
population was 2, 65,294 constituting 14.69 percent to
the total population. The decadal growth of Population
decreased by 1.52 percent between 2001 and 2011(Table
9.1).

In Mandya district, the total ST Population was 11,936 in

1991 constituting 0.73 percent of the total population of
the district. The population has increased by 30.58 percent
between 1991 and 2001 and it by 23.25 percent between
2001 and 2011. The total ST population was 22,402 in
2011 constituting 1.24 Percent of the total population of
the district. The decadal growth rate between 2001 and
2011 was declined by 7.33 percent

Fig. 9.1: Taluk-wise Growth of SC and ST Population in the District 1991-2011

132

The SC-ST Population distribution in Mandya district

varies from one taluk to another. Malavalli taluk had
highest percentage of SC population in the district (23.42
percent) followed by Mandya taluk (22.38%), Maddur
taluk (16.27%) and the least SC Population was recorded
in Pandavapura taluk with 8.45 percent. The similar trend
was revealed in 2001 and 2011 census.
In respect of ST Population in 1991, Krishnarajpet taluk
was recorded highest percentage with 22.42 percent
followed by Mandya (16.98%), Shrirangapattana (13.68%)
and the least percentage was observed in Nagamangala
with 8.38 percent. Krishnarajpet taluk showed the similar
trend in 2001 and 2011, it had highest percentage (30.13
and 27.01%) of ST Population in the district. Mandya,
Shrirangapattana also had second and third places in
2001 and 2011. In 2001, Maddur taluk has lowest share
of Population whereas Malavalli taluk had 6.89 Percent
of the total ST Population in the district in 2011. This
small variation between the taluks may be attributed to
continued migration from one taluk to another and also
from one district to another for employment purpose.
In Mandya district, the SC-ST Population showed an
increasing trend in the decadal growth from 1991 census
to 2011 census.
The SC Population in Mandya district has increased from
2.47 lakh in 2001 to 2.65 lakh in 2011 presenting a decadal
increase of 6.81 percent. The share of SC Population in
the total Population in 1991 was 13.78 percent which
has marginally increased to 14.02 percent in 2001 and
to 14.69 percent in 2011.The taluk-wise percentage of
SC Population in the district show that Malavalli taluk

had highest share of SC Population with 20.10 percent

in 1991 followed by Shrirangapattana (14.26%), and
Mandya (13.24%) taluks. The least percentage (10.72%)
of Population was recorded in Nagamangala taluk. The
similar distribution of Population was observed in the
census years 2001 and 2011 also.
According to census 1991, the ST Population in Mandya
district was 11,936 which increased to 17,193 in 2001
to 2,402 in 2011 with a decadal percentage growth
of 23.25%. The share of ST Population in the total
Population of the district was 0.73 percent in 1991
and increased to 0.97 percent and 1.24 percent in
2001 and 2011 censuses respectively. Regarding ratio
of ST Population among Taluks to the total Population
of the district, Shrirangapattana taluk had highest
percentage ST Population with 1.23 percent followed by
Krishnarajpet (1.21%), and Pandavapura (0.73%). The
least percentage of Population of ST was recorded in
Mandya taluk (0.53%). But, in 2001 census, Krishnarajpet
recorded highest percentage of ST Population with
2.09 percent followed by Shrirangapattana (1.56%) and
Pandavapura taluk with 1.04 percent. The least percent
of ST population was in Maddur taluk with 0.51 percent.
In 2011, Shrirangapattana had highest percentage of ST
Population to the total Population with 2.41 percent
followed by Krishnarajpet taluk with a value of 2.32
percent, Pandavapura (1.14%) and least percentage was
in Malavalli taluk (0.54%).
The SC and ST Population in the district are more or less
evenly distributed. The SC Population is a little higher
in Malavalli taluk and ST Population a little higher in
Krishnarajpet taluk.

133

Fig. 9.2: SC-ST Population in Rural & Urban Areas 2001 & 2011

134

About 83 percent of the SC Population in Mandya district

was in rural area and 17 percent in urban area, in 200.
In 2011 the rural SC population was 83.66 percent
and urban Population recorded 16.34 percent. The ST
Population in rural area was 80.62 percent and in urban
area it was 19.38 percent. As per 2011 census the rural
population was 77.50 percent and urban population was
22.50 percent.
The taluk wise distribution of SC population among
the taluks shows that in Mandya taluk the urban SC
population was more with 45.33 percent followed by
Malavalli (21.44%), Maddur taluk (9.37%) Krishnarajpet
(8.79%) and least share of urban SC Population was in
Nagamangala taluk with 3.92 percent. Similar situation
in rural SC population distribution was observed in
2011. Malavalli taluk had highest rural SC population
with 23.90 percent followed by Mandya (17.46%), and
Maddur (16.22%), the least percentage share of SC
population in rural area was in Pandavapura (8.86%) in
2001 census. The urban population of ST was highest in
Shrirangapattana taluk with 36.73 percent followed by
Mandya taluk (35.93%), Krishnarajpet (8.32%) and the
least in the district was in Nagamangala taluk with 1.48
percent. Similar situation was observed in 2011 census.
As per 2001 census, the sex ratio (number of females
per 1000 males) of the SC population was highest in
Pandavapura Taluk with 1028 followed by Nagamangala
Taluk with 1025 and, Shrirangapattana Taluk with 1006.
The least sex ratio was reported in Malavalli taluk
with 985. In 2011 census, Shrirangapattana showed the
highest sex ratio with 1033, Nagamangala taluk (1024),
Pandavapura (1023) while Malavalli has the lowest sex
ratio of 1003.
Regarding the sex ratio among ST population,
Shrirangapattana had highest sex ratio of 1022 in 2001
followed by Maddur with 1011, and Pandavapura taluk
with 1000 while the least sex ratio was in Nagamangala
taluk with 903. But, the general population sex ratio in
Nagamangala was 1027 in 2001 census; there was a huge
difference of 124 between the taluks. As per the 2011
census, this sex ratio was high in Pandavapura taluk with
1017, followed by Shrirangapattana taluk (1013).The
lowest sex ratio for ST population in the district was in
Nagamangala with 885, whereas the general population
sex ratio in the taluk was 1005 which was the highest for
the entire district.

Fig 9.3: Sex Ratio among SC, ST and

Other Groups - 2011

9.3. Education Profile and Levels of Enrollment

and Education and Dropout Rate
The literacy rate in Karnataka as per 2011 census is 75.36
percent. The urban literacy rate is more than rural literacy
rate. Female literacy is still on lower side compared to
male literacy. This is also factual in respect of SC and ST
Population, the literacy rate among SC and ST in 2001
was 56 percent and it has marginally increased in 2011.
Literacy plays an important role in improving the socioeconomic status of people. Education improves peoples
productive efficiency by strengthening their knowledge,
and skills which in turn increase their income. The literacy
rate among SCs and STs is quite low compared to other
social groups in the state. In order to increase the literacy
levels and to educate the socially marginalized groups
the Government of Karnataka was implemented several
education schemes such as Nursery-cum-woman welfare
schemes, residential schools, Navodaya and Morarji Desai
residential schools etc. In order to extend good facilities to
the students and to discourage dropouts and to empower
SC-ST boys and girls, the government is running several
pre-metric and post-metric hostels throughout the state.
Several incentives such as scholarship, cash price , Book
Bank schemes, financial assistance, extra study tour are
provided by the state government to improve the level of
education and literacy among SCs and STs in the state.
A number of schemes are also introduced by the state to
bring the school dropout children back to school. Such
schemes directly address the constraints faced by the
students particularly girl students and their parents. The
initiatives are chinnara angala, Coolienda shalege, Flexi
School, mobile schools; beediyinda shalege, baa bale
shalege etc. are some of the programs which are really
encouraging children particularly SCs and STs.
135

Levels of Enrollment
Table. 9.6 and Fig.9.4 presents the Gross Enrollment Rate
(GER) in primary schools in Mandya district in the year
2011-12. The district data show that highest GER among
ST Students with 103.00 percent followed by SC students
(99.14%) and it was 97.57 percent for all other social
group students. The GER among ST girl students was
more (105.00%) than that of boys and the same situation
was observed in all other social groups (97.58%). The
taluk- wise GER for SCs show that Maddur taluk had

highest value of 106.28 percent followed by Pandavapura

103.82 percent, Mandya 101.11 percent and lowest
GER was in Nagamangala taluk with the value of 89.74
percent. Among STs the GER was highest in Maddur taluk
(107.90%) followed by Nagamangala (104.42%) while the
lowest GER was observed in Malavalli taluk (95.77%). It is
imperative to note that all the taluks had more than 100
percent GER among STs in the district. The GER among
SCs & STs in primary schools was more compared to all
other social groups put together in Mandya district.

Fig.9.4: Gross Enrollment in Primary School among SC and ST in Mandya District in 2011-12

The GER in upper primary school in the district for the

year 2011-12 reveals that highest among STs (102.50%)
followed by all other social groups with 100.07 percent
and the lowest among SCs with 99.07 percent (Table
9.7 and Fig. 9.5). The better GER for girl students
was observed among SCs and all social groups in the
district. The taluk wise data on GER for STs Show that

Shrirangapattana taluk had highest with 105.00 percent

followed by Krishnarajpet (104.00%), Maddur (103.68%)
and the lowest GER was in Nagamangala taluk with 98.39
percent. The GER among SCs reveal that Mandya taluk
had highest with 108.48 percent followed by Maddur
(104.41%), Pandavapura (100.95%) and the lowest
GER was observed in Nagamangala taluk with 82.01
136

percent. Among all categories the GER was highest in Mandya taluk (108.89%) followed by Pandavapura (103.77%),
Shrirangapattana (102.33%) and the lowest GER was found in Nagamangala taluk (86.41%), as such the situation in the
district was quite satisfactory
Fig.9.5: Gross Enrollment in Upper Primary School among SC and ST in Mandya District 2011-12

The Table 9.8 and Fig. 9.6 depict the GER in Elementary
schools for Mandya district in the year 2011-12. The GER
was highest among ST students with 100.55 present
followed by all other social group students (99.20%) and
the least GER was observed among SCs with 99.10 percent.
The taluk-wise GER for ST students in elementary schools
show that Pandavapura taluk had highest of 104.88
percent followed by Maddur (104.06%), Krishnarajpet
taluk (103.92%). In case of SCs, the GER was highest in

Maddur taluk with 105.54 percent followed by Mandya

(104.10%), Pandavapura taluk (102.78%) and the lowest
GER was in Nagamangala taluk with 86.51 percent. The
GER for all other social groups reveal that Mandya taluk
had highest of 106.38 percent followed by Pandavapura
(102.49%), Shrirangapattana (100.90%) and lowest GER
was observed in Nagamangala taluk with 88.90 percent.
The GER for girl students was higher than that of boys
among SCs and all other social groups in the district.

137

Fig. 9.6: Gross Enrollment in Elementary School among SC and ST in Mandya District in 2011-12

The Table 9.9 and Fig. 9.7 present the Educational

Transition Rate (ETR) from 5th standard to 6th standard
in the district. The data on ETR in the district show that
highest among all other social group students with 98.89
percent followed by SCs with 96.44 percent and lowest
ETR was observed among STs with a value of 84.65 percent.
The taluk wise ETR from 5th standard to 6thstandard
reveal high variations between the groups, between taluks
and also among boys and girls. The ETR for ST students
Show that Shrirangapattana taluk had very high value
of 98.88 percent followed by Pandavapura (92.05%),
Nagamangala (91.38%) and the lowest ETR value of
38.94 percent in Maddur taluk. The ETR for ST boys was

highest in Krishnarajpet (98.00%) and lowest in Maddur

(33.93%) taluk. while for girl students, the ETR was
highest in Shrirangapattana (105.26%) taluk and lowest
in (43.86%) in Maddur taluk. In case of SCs, Maddur taluk
had highest ETR of 100.54 percent followed by Mandya
(98.00%), and Malavalli (98.68%) while Krishnarajpet
taluk had lowest value of 92.69 percent. In respect of all
other social group students Shrirangapattana taluk had
highest ETR of 107.50% percent followed by Pandavapura
(102.79%) and Nagamangala taluk with a value of 100.42
percent. The ETR was better among SC and other social
group students in the district.

138

Fig. 9.7: Transition Rate from 5th Standard to 6th Standard among SC and ST in Mandya District 2011-12

Table 9.10 and Fig. 9.8 indicate the ETR from 8th standard
to 9th standard. The ETR was high among all social group
students (96.77%) followed by 93.95 percent for SCs and
only 81.64 percent for ST students in the district. The
ETR for girl students was high compared with that of
boys for SC, ST and all other social group students in
most of the taluks in the district. This is evident that girls
education is becoming more significant and the ETR of
girls was as high as that of boys in the district. The talukwise data reveals that the ETR for ST students was high

in Krishnarajpet taluk (98%) followed by Nagamangala

(96.15%), Shrirangapattana (87.72%) while Malavalli
taluk had least ETR of 46.43 percent. But, Malavalli taluk
had better ETR for SC students (103.1%) and for all
other social group students (100.32%). The department
of education require to give more attention towards
achieving 100 percent ETR in elementary as well as in
secondary schools.

139

Fig. 9.8. Transition Rate from 8th Standard to 9th Standard among SC and ST in Mandya District 2011-12

Fig. 9.9: Drop-out rate in Primary Schools for SCs and STs 2011-12

140

Table 9.11 and Fig. 9.9 demonstrate the dropout rates for
boys and girls of all social groups in the district. The SCs
and STs are the two scheduled communities, depressed
and oppressed for very long. The parents of the children,
irrespective of gender, were withdrawing their children
from schools for social and economical reasons. In this
context, the school dropouts assume greater importance,
and the government has to come out with appropriate
programmes to bring back the out of school children to
the main stream.
The dropout rates are relatively high for boys in the
district. Overall, for all other social group students, the
dropout rate for boys was 4.08 percent against that of the
girls at 3.69 percent. Among SC students the dropout rate
for girls was high (3.58%) compared to boys (2.74%) in
the district. With regard to ST students, the dropout rate
was low among girl students at 3.76 percent against that of
the boys at 3.98 percent. The taluk wise data show that
the dropout rates among SC boys and girls, the highest
rates were recorded in Krishnarajpet (4.75%), Malavalli
(4.59%) and Maddur (3.74%) taluks. The least dropout
among SC boys and girls was observed in Pandavapura
taluk at 1.07 percent. Similarly, the highest dropout rates
for ST boys and girls were found in Pandavapura taluk
(8.28%), Krishnarajpet (4.74%) and Nagamangala taluk
(4.14%). The least dropout among ST boys and girls was
observed in Shrirangapattana at 0.95 percent. There is a
huge variation in school dropouts between the taluks as
well as between the genders in the district. The dropout
rate in the lower primary school was more than 4 percent
in the district. The education department has to take up
this issue seriously and chalk out programmes to reduce
the dropout.
Fig. 9.10.Drop-out rate in Upper Primary Schools
for SCs and STs 2011-12

Table 9.12 and Fig.9.10 depict the dropout rates for SC, ST
and all other social group students in the district. Overall,
for all other social groups the dropout rate among boys
and girls was low at 2.87 percent compared with that of
SC boys and girls (4.13 percent) and for ST boys and girls
(6.40 percent). Thus, it is evident from these figures that
a large number of boys and girls among SCs and STs were
discontinued their education at higher primary schools
in the district. The data on dropouts among STs show
that the dropout rates ranging between 4.13 percent and
8.49 percent. In respect of SCs, the dropout rate was
high in Nagamangala taluk (6.27%), Shrirangapattana
(5.73%), Krishnarajpet (5.33%) and in Mandya taluk at
4.61 percent. The least dropout was observed in Malavalli
taluk at 1.23 percent. The department concerned with
elementary education should probe the reasons for high
dropouts among SCs and STs in the district and suitable
measures have to be initiated to bring down the dropout
rates.

Fig.9.11.SSLC Results for SC and ST in Mandya

district 2011-12&12-13

Table 9.13 and Fig. 9.11 indicate the SSLC pass percentage
for the year 2011-12 in Mandya district. The results in
the year 2011-12 show that 89.22 percent of SC students
had passed while the pass percent for ST was 77.12
percent. In the same year the pass percentage for general
categories in the district was 84.09 percent. There was a
big gap in SSLC pass percentage between the students of
SCs and STs. The SC students fared well as compared to
ST and general group students.
The taluk-wise SSLC pass percentage among SC students
show that Nagamangala taluk had higher percentage
of 92.18 percent followed by Krishnarajpet (90.49%),
Malavalli (90.30%) and the least pass percentage for
Pandavapura taluk (87.80%). The SSLC pass percentage
in respect of STs, Pandavapura taluk had highest
(87.80%) percentage followed by Krishnarajpet (86.57%),
Shrirangapattana (78.18%) and the least pass percentage
was observed in Maddur taluk (66.67%).
141

The SSLC pass percentage in the year 2012-13, reveals

that 86.21 percent of SC students had passed which was
lower than the previous year results. The pass percentage
for ST was 81.27 percent which was increased by about
4 percent from the previous year results. In respect of
general students, the pass percentage was 89.10 percent
which was better than the year 2011-12.
The taluk-wise SSLC results among SC students show
that Maddur taluk had higher pass (92.07%) percentage
followed by Shrirangapattana (90.03%), Krishnarajpet
(88.62%) taluk and the lowest pass percentage was
observed in Mandya taluk(79.49%). The pass percentage
in respect of STs, Krishnarajpet had highest pass
percentage (89.87%) followed by Pandavapura (89.19%)
while the least pass percentage observed in Mandya
(67.80%) taluk. Though the SSLC pass percentage in
all the groups is higher than that of the state average of
81.05 percent, still the primary and secondary education
department can do well to achieve cent percent results
in the district.

9.4. Health Awareness and Institutional Delivery

Rate

Janani Suraksha Yojana Helping the poor pregnant

women after delivery under this scheme pregnant
women belonging to BPL families and SC-ST families will
get an amount of Rs. 500 for delivery at home, Rs 600 for
urban institutional delivery, Rs 700 for delivery in health
center in rural areas and Rs 1500 for caesarian delivery.
The payment is made to the government hospitals and
recognized private hospitals for conducting delivery.
The SCs and STs are aware about this scheme and are
benefiting from the programme. This has led to high
percentage of institutional deliveries among SCs and STs.
9.5. Occupational Pattern - Income and EmploymentLivelihood opportunities and Development Programmes
Income and employment are the two important indicators
of the living standard of people. Disaggregated data
on work participation ratio, occupational pattern and
per capital income are not available for SCs and STs.
Since the data on these indicators were not available, it
is not possible to analyse the livelihood opportunities for
these marginalised groups in the district. However an
attempt was made to compare the SC and ST households
owning cultivable agricultural land with other groups of
population who owned agriculture land. Access to basic
facilities such as pucca house, drinking water, sanitation,
electricity, modern cooking fuel etc by the SCs and STs
was also analysed. The schemes providing houses for
these are also discussed in this section.

Fig. 9.12: Land Holdings among SC and ST

(In numbers)

The data on land holdings in the district for the agricultural

census 2011 show that, out of the total land holdings of
3,93,412 (by all groups), 36,365 (9.24%) land holdings
belonged to SCs, 2,383 (0.61%) to STs and 3,54,664
(90.15%) to other groups of people. The taluk-wise
distribution of land holders indicates taluk the highest
percentage for SCs in Malavalli taluk with 28.31 percent,
followed by Krishnarajpet taluk(17.94%), Nagamangala
taluk (17.15%) while the lowest percentage was found
in Shrirangapattana taluk (7.09%). Regarding the ST
population, the highest percentage was in Nagamangala
taluk with 24.63 percent followed by Maddur (23.29%)
Pandavapura (22.03%) while the lowest percentage
was in Shrirangapattana (1.88%). The land holdings
data for general population show uniform distribution
between the Taluks except for Pandavapura (8.48%) and
Shrirangapattana (8.12%) taluks.
Fig. 9.13: Land Owned by SC, ST and General
Groups (In hectares)

142

Table 9.15 & Fig.9.13 presents the details of land owned

(in hectares) by different groups of people in the district.
Out of the total land of 3, 05,515 hectares used for
cultivation in the district 2, 83,993 hectares (92.95%)
were owned by general population, 19,586 hectares
(6.54%) were owned by land holders and only 1,539
hectares (0.50%) were owned by ST population.
The foregoing paragraph indicates that the income
generated from agricultural lands held by SCs and STs
was very meager compared to that in the case of general
category households as these marginal groups owned
very small pieces of cultivable land most of which are
economically not quite viable. The study in the district
reveals that majority of the SC and ST population
worked either as agricultural laborers in others lands or
in government sponsored programs such as MGNREGS
which were the important source of income for SCs and
STs in the district.

9.6. Housing, Sanitation and Drinking Water

facilities
Adequacy and, quality of houses, as also the provision of
physical infrastructure like the water supply, electricity
and sanitary facilities for SCs and STs are examined
in this section. Housing, water supply, sanitation and
electricity are important indicators for measuring physical
quality of life and the status of settlements where humans
congregate and live. These aspects are easy to measure
and are also the key parameters to establish Human
Development Index (HDI). These indicators have intimate
relationships with quality of health, education and with
primary aspects of human development. The provision
of adequate housing and other physical infrastructure
has been a persistent problem that must be addressed
here. Though there is an attempt by the Central and State
Governments to fulfill the huge demands of the urban
and rural areas, housing and other infrastructure facilities
still remain paltry especially for socially marginalised
groups. Providing better living conditions for people
is now a global concern. Hence, the programmes and
schemes for attaining the planned goals towards positive
development are required to be understood through the
implications of the National and State programmes for
development under relevant scenarios.

Fig. 9.14: Houses Constructed Under Ashraya

Scheme Year: 2011-12

Regarding the house built under Ashraya scheme in

Mandya district in the year 2011-12, 35.03 percent of the
houses were constructed for SCs 2.69 percent for STs
and the major portion (62.27 percent) for other groups.
The taluk-wise distribution of houses constructed under
this scheme shows that of the total 8878 (35.03%)
houses constructed for SCs, a large percentage (24.49
percent) were constructed in Malavalli taluk followed by
Maddur (21.90%), Krishnarajpet (14.92%) while the least
percentage was in Shrirangapattana taluk (7.76%). In the
case of STs 682 houses were constructed in the district, 30
percent of houses constructed in Krishnarajpet followed
by Maddur (18.33%), Nagamangala (12.61%) and the
lowest percentage in Shrirangapattana taluk (8.21%).
This housing scheme is for all social groups in the district
(Table 9.16 & Fig 9.14).
Fig. 9.15: Houses Constructed Under Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar Scheme Year: 2011-12

143

The Dr. B.R. Ambedkar housing scheme is meant only

for SCs and STs. In Mandya district, 1614 houses were
constructed in the year 2011-12. Of the total, 1444 houses
(89.47%) were constructed for SCs and 170 houses
(10.53%) for STs under the scheme. The taluk-wise data
show that the highest number of houses were built in
Malavalli taluk (40.72%) followed by Krishnarajpet taluk
(19.74%), Nagamangala taluk (14.89%). In the other
Taluks a meager number of houses were constructed.
The data for STs reveal that a large percent (28.82%) of
houses were built in Malavalli followed by Krishnarajpet
taluk (19.89%) while the least percent (5.88 percent) was
in Nagamangala taluk (Table. 9.17 & Fig 9.15).
Fig. 9.16: Indira Awas Houses Year: 2011-12

Indira Awas housing scheme is meant for all social

groups in the district (Table 9.18 & Fig 9.16). It is one
of the National Housing Schemes initiated by the central
government under its housing policy. The Mandya district
data show that a total of 12,367 houses were constructed
under the scheme in the year 2011-12. Of the total, 5,974
(48.31%) were constructed for other social groups and
5,957 (48.17%) houses for scheduled castes. Only 436
(3.53%) houses were constructed for STs.

2009-10 only108 (54.55%) houses were completed. For

the year 2010-11, the target was 167 houses but only
87(52%) houses were completed. For the year 201112 the target was 64 but only 16(25%) houses were
constructed. This indicates the poor performance of the
Zilla Panchayat to implement the government housing
schemes.
Table 9.20 show details of the sanitation facilities created
for SCs and STs in the district during the year from 20092011. The table reveals that out of the total of 51686
houses (both SC and ST), only 13.9 percent houses had
toilets in the year 2009-10. Thus has been increased to
19.05 percent in 2010-11 and to 26.17 percent in 201112. A very large number of households do not have
toilets in the district in spite of the fact that the central
government has initiated a total sanitation programmed
by providing publicity for construction of toilets in the
country.
The data on scheduled caste households access to basic
services in Mandya district in the year 2011-12 indicate
that 54.93 percent of households were with Pucca
house, 81.31 percent of houses were connected with
drinking water, 85.06 percent houses were provided
with electricity, 25.90 percent households were built
with toilets and only 10.41 percent were usage modern
cooking fuel. In case of Pucca houses and drinking water
facilities, the district has more than the state average.
The houses with electricity in the district exactly match
with the state average, whereas the number of toilets
and modern cooking fuel in the district was less than
state average. The zilla Panchayat needs to take up these
services on top priority (Table 9.21 &Fig 9.17).
Fig. 9.17: Percentage of Scheduled Caste
Households with access to basic services

The taluk-wise data show that a large number of houses

were constructed in Malavalli taluk (17.66%), Mandya
(17.91%) and Maddur taluk (15.4%) while a small
number (8.38%) in Pandavapura taluk. Almost onethird of the (30.28 percent) of the houses were built
in Krishnarajpet for ST, followed by Shrirangapattana
(16.97%), Nagamangala (12.39%) while the least number
of houses (6.19%) were built in Pandavapura taluk.
Table 9.19 show the target and achievement under
Ambedkar Housing Scheme for SCs and STs for 3 years
from 2009 to 2012. Of the total target of 198 in the Year
144

Total 9.22 & Fig 9.18 depict the access to basic services
by scheduled tribe households in Mandya district in the
year 2011-12. The table reveals that 53.24 percent of
households had Pucca houses; Access to drinking water
facilities was available for 78.75 percent of the houses
while only 34.51 percent, of the houses had toilets.
About 83.53 percent of the houses were provided with
electricity and 16.08 percent were using modern cooking
fuel. All these figures were more than the state average;
the access to basic facilities by the STs being better than
that by the SCs in the district.
Fig. 9.18: Percentage of Scheduled Tribes
Households with access to basic services

9.7. Composite Dalit Development Index (CDDI)

Title: Dalit Development Index - Chikkadiganahalli
village, Vittalapur Gram Panchayat, Krishnarajpet
Taluk
(Note: This case study pertaining to a Gram Panchayat
in a district having minimum 50 dalit houses. The
purpose of this study is to understand the difference
between perception and reality in a limited manner
without any generalization. Therefore, outcome of the
study may not applicable for any other similar, smaller or
bigger geographical units. Report on this study shall be
discussed under Chapter 9 on Status of Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes, as per Chapter plan of DHDR)
Methodolog y - As part of the study undertaken to
prepare HDR of Mandya district a small area study
relating to the conditions of Dalit Households was
conducted in Chikkadiganahalli Village. Vittalapur Gram
Panchayat, Krishnarajpet Taluk. The village is situated 12
km away from the Krishnarajpet Town. A sample of 56 SC
Households of the village was chosen randomly to elicit
responses from them for the structured questionnaire

used for the study. The questionnaire consisted of a

series of questions regarding not only socio-economic
profile of the Households but also their perceptions
about different aspects of disadvantages the community
is facing in terms of social exclusion, discrimination, lack
of freedom to move around in the main stream society,
standard of living, lack of basic facilities including water,
toilets, education, health etc. The data collected from the
sample Households were processed using SPSS software.
The results of the data analysis are presented as under.
Socio-economic profile of the sample Households
- Almost two-thirds of the respondents were in the age
group of 40-60 years. Male respondents numbered 50 out
of the total 56, the remaining 6 being female respondents.
Over half of the respondents (53.37%) were literates,
but illiterates also formed also most half the sample.
Lack of education may at times lend bias to the opinions
expressed by the respondents.
Regarding the occupational structure of the respondents,
46 out of the 56 sample (82%) were cultivators. About
16% of the respondents were labour Households, only
1 HH being in business. The household income of the
almost half of the sample respondents was less than
Rs.10000 per annum. About 32% of the Households
were in the income range of Rs. 10000-20000, thus
over, three quarters of the sample Households belonged
to the low-income category of less than Rs. 20000 per
annum. Households with more than Rs. 50000 incomes
formed less than 9% of the sample. Majority of the sample
Households (87.5%) lived in pucca houses, while a small
percentage (12.5%) lived in semi-pucca houses.
Institutional Inclusion - According to government
norms six institutional committees would be formed in
the Gram Panchayats. In fact, Chikkadiganahalli village
was constituted only two committees viz, Panchayats
members and SDMC members. The institutional inclusion
index is 0.333.
Social Inclusion - Opinions of the sample Households
regarding free entry into non-dalits, homes were divided
with roughly half of the sample respondents opining
affirmatively (saying Yes) and the other half opining
negatively (saying No). Fifty-four out of the fifty-six
sample respondents (96.43%) opined that dalits were
being addressed respectfully by non-dalits. Only two
respondents denied it. Regarding the equal and levelplaying participation in the festivals of the village, 92.86%
(52 out of 56) said there was no discrimination.
145

Relating to entry into village temples there were divided

opinions. Thirty respondents out of fifty six (53.57%)
reported that they were allowed into the temples, but
46.43% said no.
Perception of discrimination - Fifty-three out of fifty-six
respondents perceived that they had access to all sources
of drinking water in the village to which non-dalits also
have access; just 3 respondents (5.36%) said they had no
access.
Regarding the treatment to be meted out to the Dalit
children on par with non-dalits children in matters such
as class room seating, plates for mid-day meals and
participation in curricular and extracurricular activities
in the school, 75% of the respondents reported that
there was no discrimination and 25% said there was
discrimination.
Pertaining to the delivery of health services by the health
personnel in matters such as frequency of visits, paying
proper attention, disbursement of drugs, provision
of emergency services and prompt passing on cash
benefits, fifty-five out of fifty-six respondents there was
no discrimination.
Concerning the treatment meted out to dalits in
respect of entry and food supplies in hotels, the seating
arrangements, disposal of the used plates and glasses etc.
and also participation in religious functions, the opinions
were starkly divided, with fifty percent saying yes and the
other fifty percent saying no.
In matters such as partaking temple and festival works,
community cooking, renting-in and renting-out houses,
about two-thirds of the respondents (64.29%) reported
there was no discrimination but 35.71% opined there was
discrimination.
Protest against discrimination - Forty-one out of the fiftysix respondents affirmed that they have protested against
water discrimination in the village while 26.79% said they
did not protest. About 73.21% of the respondents reported
that they protested against educational discrimination,
health discrimination and social discrimination. About
75% of the respondents reported that they protested
against economic discrimination.
Conflict resolution - Fifty-three out of the fifty-six
respondents (94.64%) reported that water discrimination
in the village had been satisfactorily resolved. All the

100% respondents opined that discrimination regarding

health, water, social and economic discrimination have
been satisfactorily resolved.
Perception of freedom - Seventy-five percent of the
respondents think that they can question the various
injustices meted out them, about 82% of the respondents
think they can protest against any sort of discrimination
meted out them. Regarding freedom to move around in
any part of the village where non-dalits also move around,
fifty-five out of the fifty-six sample respondents said yes,
they can and do move around. Regarding freedom of
employment opportunities, fifty out of the fifty-six dalits
opined that they can get any job opportunity which nondalits also get. Regarding participation in all cultural
activities taking place in the village, fifty-four out of the
fifty-six opined that they have freedom to participate like
non-dalits do.
Gender dimensions of dalits development - Regarding
the number of days of rest taken by pregnant Dalit women
prior to delivery, 21.43% of the respondents indicated
that their women less than three months rest, 33.93%
indicated more than three months rest and remaining
44.64% reported that the Dalit pregnant women would
take precisely three months rest. Regarding number of
visits to the dalits, homes by health visitors in a month,
there were widely different opinions. However majority
of them (55.36%) opined that health visitors would
visit four times in a month, while another 35.71% of
the respondents opined that the health visitors would
visit twice in a month. As regards the place of delivery
by Dalit women, 73.21% of the dalit respondents
opined that delivery would take place in the hospital,
while remaining 26.79% said that delivery would take
place at home. About whether Dalit women would get
reproductive health support, fifty-five out of the fiftysix said yes. Regarding the frequency of drinking water
supplied by the local body in the dalits locality, 75% of
the respondents said that water would be supplied twice
a week, while remaining 25% reported thrice a week.
Composite Dalit Development Index - Assigning
specific scores for the opinions in respect of all the
above mentioned items of Dalit Development Indicators
and aggregating all these scores, a Composite Dalit
Development Index (CDDI) with a minimum value of
0 and maximum value of 1 was computed. In the case
of the study under reference the total CDDI worked out
to be 0.573 which indicates average dalit development
in the scale range specified for the purpose. The Dalit
146

Deprivation Index (DDI) is 1- (CDDI), thus in the present case the DDI is 0.427 (Table 9.27 & Radar Chart 9.19).

Fig. 9.19: Radar Diagram of Composite Dalit Development Index

There are no previously available benchmark data on any

of the above mentioned criteria of Dalit Development
as to compare the present situation with the benchmark.
However, going by the absolute value of the CDDI a
value of 0.587 may be deemed as indicative of modest
improvement in the conditions of the dalits. Nevertheless,
science the opinions expressed by the respondents
particularly the illiterates are rather subjective, there
is likelihood of some degree of bias in the opinions,
especially the negative ones, which results in CDDI being
underestimated.
Further, the inferences drawn from very tiny samples that
too drawn from a single village, may not necessarily be
indicative of the situation prevailing elsewhere.

9.8. Concluding Remarks

The Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)
are the socially marginalised groups in the district. They
are the one who are economically poor and socially

disadvantaged with the other groups of people in

the society. The Human Development status of these
marginalised groups is relatively low compared with that
of all other social groups in the society. Their low level
of development owing to low access to education, health
facilities, low access to pucca houses, low income earning
opportunities. It is imperative to note that unless these
marginalised groups are mainstreamed with other social
groups of the society, the higher Human Development
cannot be achieved. As per the 2011 census, the SCs
and STs Population in Mandya district is 2, 87,696 which
constitutes about 16 percent to the total population. The
literacy rate among these marginalised groups is 66.62
percent compared with that of other social groups at
70.4 percent. The land owned by SC & ST households is
very less at 7.44 percent and 0.20 percent respectively.
The Scheduled caste households access to basic services
reveals that 10.14 percent households access to modern
cooking fuel, only 25 percent access to toilets and 55
percent had pucca houses. In respect of STs 53 percent
have pucca houses, 16 percent access to modern cooking
147

fuel and only 34 percent of house-holds access to toilets.

Most of these families work as agricultural labourers. The
government should encourage the socially marginalised
groups through special programmes for education,
health, housing and sanitation, more opportunities
for generating income through adequate guarantee of
employment etc., to enhance their quality of life which
ultimately led to high level of Human Development in
the district.

148

149

150

CHAPTER 10

GOVERNANCE ISSUES GOVERNANCE AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

10.1. Introduction
Equality, Sustainability, Productivity and Empowerment
are the four pillars of human development. Achieving
all of this and in good measure encapsulates the
essence of human development. Achievement of all the
four elements of human development is ideal for the
holistic development of a nation. Effective governance,
particularly effective rural governance, is critical for the
strengthening of the four pillars of human development.
Enlarging peoples choices is at the core of human
development; Human choices are infinite and they
are bound to change over time and context. However,
most critical of these choices are long and healthy life,
education and a decent standard of living. Self-respect,
human rights and political freedom are indeed some of
the other desired choices. In the words of Mahabub-ulHaq human development is widening of peoples choices
as well as raising their well-being. Effective governance
plays a significant role in the understanding these core
concerns of human development, more so in rural
regions of developing countries like India.
Among the many challenges facing rural India in the fastpaced era of liberalization, privatization and globalization,
especially at the grassroots of rural India, is the quest for
effective governance. Effective governance also presents
one of the most promising opportunities for sculpting
an effervescent future for rural India. Rural governance
concerns itself pro-actively with questions of importance
to human development like who makes the decisions?,
how are the decisions made? and how do these decisions
impact the lives of the people or the stakeholders?
Good governance engages further and deeper with the
concern of how decisions affect not just the public at

large but more importantly the marginalized, vulnerable

and voiceless sections of the society? Therefore, good
governance lies at the heart of a healthy democracy.
Governance -One of the important challenges faced by the
modern societies is the task of conceptualizing, creating
and sustaining a dynamic system of good governance that
can promote, protect and promulgate sustainable human
development. The challenge level magnifies multifold
when it comes to rural governance more so in developing
countries like India.
Conceptualising Governance: Some Approaches
Governance is defined as the manner in which power
is exercised in the management of a countrys economic
and social resources (The World Bank).
Governance is viewed as the exercise of political,
economic and administrative authority in the
management of a countrys affairs at all levels. It comprises
mechanisms, processes and in situations, through which
citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercises
their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate
their differences(UNDP) Governance is the sum of
the many ways individuals and institutions, public and
private, manage their common affairs. It is a continuing
process through which conflicting or diverse interests
may be accommodated and cooperative action many be
taken (Commission on Global Governance). A useful
approach to analyze the issue of governance, whether it is
restricted to political or economic or civil governance or
looks at the system in its entirety, is to view the process
of intermediation as involving a continuous intensity
of three elements. They include: Institutions, Delivery
mechanism and Supportive and subordinate framework
of rules, procedures and legislation (NHDR-2001).

151

152

Broad conceptualization of governance, as identified

by the UNDP, presents a cascade of four main types of
governance, which to varying degrees are all influenced by
State, civil society, private sector: Economic Governance,
Political Governance, Administrative Governance and
Systemic Governance.
In common expression, governance is the process
of making and carrying out decisions. In its most
common use, governance refers to the management
practices of governments. Governance is not about mere
symbolism or tokenism; nor is it a fanciful synonym for
community development. Effective rural governance
is an amalgamation of precise planned practices that
make the difference between languishing and flourishing
rural communities; because good rural governance is an
inevitable pre-requisite for rural progress and prosperity.
10.2. Local Governance Structure
Historically, traditional village Panchayats has long been
a part and parcel of rural India. It represented a system
of governance prevalent in ancient India. In the 19th
century, the village Panchayats received great admiration
from the British Governor in India Charles Metcalfe, who
even called Panchayats as little republics. Gandhiji had
recognized the inherent potentials of rural India when
he heralded that India lives in her villages. His dream
of Grama Swaraj envisaged vibrant village Panchayats
as the nerve centers of rural governance and he aptly
remarked that independence must begin at the bottom.
He believed that every village ought to be a republic or
Panchayat with the authority and resources to realize
the potential for economic and social development of
the village. The Article 40 of the Indian constitution is
an articulation of such views of Gandhiji. The Article
mandates that `the States shall take steps to organise
village Panchayats with such powers and authority as may
be necessary to enable them to function as units of self
government.
In independent India, rural development continued to be
of central concern in nation-building. Rural communities
like the villages had limited technical, material and
financial resources. This needed the establishment of an
extension organization which would give developmental
support to the villagers. The initiatives of village people
had to be supported by the State. Therefore the two
key elements of the Panchayati Raj system are peoples
initiative and participation encouraged and aided by a
self-governing bodies like the Gram Panchayats at village

level, Taluk Panchayats at Taluk level and Zilla Panchayats

at District level. Thus, it was felt; PRIs would enable the
mobilization of local resources, including manpower,
and promote the percolation of modem technology and
resources though the self-governments.
Decentralization
Decentralization has a strong potential for enhancing and
institutionalizing popular participation in civic processes.
Participation of the poor and marginalized sections of
the population stands a better chance in decentralized
institutions and processes. Decentralization, when
effectively implemented, has the potential not only to
improve the immediate development outcomes but also
trigger broader institutional changes, which benefit and
empower the poor and vulnerable sections of the society.
Decentralization, in its true sense, ensures bottom-up
approach in goal-setting, planning, implementation
and monitoring. It mandates the need to give highest
priority to local needs, lending legitimacy to the voices
and needs at the grassroots. This, in turn, can result
in the formulation of people-centered development
programmes that are well-informed and well-rooted in
the realities at the grassroots which can be more effective
in meeting local needs since they can draw on the
advantages of local information, local accountability, and
local monitoring.
Decentralization cannot be effective and sustainable
unless the forces of democracy are deepened and
strengthened. Hence, the success of decentralization lies
in strengthening democracy for which good governance
must be a norm. Efforts are to be made in the direction
of reforming grassroots level administration, especially at
the frontlines of the democratic setup.
The constitution of India directs the state governments
to bestow Panchayats with the powers and authority
necessary for their effective functioning as entities of selfgovernance with the central responsibility of preparing
and implementing plans for social justice and economic
development. Local bodies of governance have been
given direct responsibility for decentralized development
planning in the Constitution. Thus, decentralized
governance has emerged into a constitutionally
recognized function of the Panchayats. Several state
Governments having taken steps to enable and empower
the elected PRIs to fulfill their responsibilities in rural
governance, thereby deepening and widening Indian
democracy.
153

For the first time in 1959, Karnataka passed the Grama

Panchayat and local Governments Act (Panchayat
and Local Board Act). Thereafter, in 1960, laws were
passed for Grama and Taluk Panchayats, and outlined
membership in Zilla Panchayats. This situation was in
force till 1983; during which time, elections were not
held regularly and resulting in a scenario where Gram
Panchayats were predominantly under the control of
appointed administrators.
Strengthening Panchayati Raj System, in Karnataka, was
the dream child of late Abdul Nazir Sab, the then Rural
Development Minister and Sri. Ramakrishna Hegde, the
then Chief Minister of Karnataka, shared this vision and
enacted the first independent legislation on PRIs in 1983
and was brought into effect from 1987.
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment bill came into
force in 1993. It exclusively deals with rural governance
through Panchayat Raj Institutions and clearly mandated
that states with a population of 20 Lakhs and above
should introduce a three-tier system of Panchayat Raj.
The Karnataka Panchayati Raj Act of 1993 incorporates
the decentralized institutional structure set out by the
73rd Amendment. It has established the Gram Panchayat
at the village level, Taluka Panchayat at the intermediate
level and Zilla Panchayat at the district level.
10.3. Panchayat Raj Institutions: Structure and

Process
A new wind of change was ushered in at the frontlines
of democracy through the rural local bodies by the 73rd
Amendment to the Constitution. Some of the important
characteristics brought about by the 73rd Amendment to
the Constitution and the Karnataka Panchayats Act 1993
are listed below.
Establishment of three-tier system namely, Gram
Panchayat at Village level, Taluk Panchayat at Taluk
level and Zilla Panchayat at district level.

Constitution of State Election Commission as an

independent body to conduct elections to both
rural and urban local bodies periodically.
Establishment of State Finance Commission to

recommend devolution of resources from the
State Government to the rural and urban local

bodies.
Constitution of a District Planning Committee to

consolidate the plans prepared by the rural
local bodies in the district with a view to preparing
a comprehensive development plan for the district.

Introduction of the concept of Grama Sabha

comprising all registered voters in a Grama

Panchayat.
As part of the decentralization process, wideranging development activities have been assigned
to PRIs through the Eleventh Schedule affixed to the
Constitution of India. These development activities
include:

Productive activities like agriculture, irrigation,
animal husbandry, poultry, fishery, fuel and

fodder, cottage industries and small-scale
industries including food processing and;

Land development programmes namely, soil
conservation, land reforms, water management

and watershed development, minor irrigation,

social forestry and grazing lands, wasteland

development;
Education and Cultural activities namely primary
schools, adult education, technical education and

libraries;
Social welfare activities like family welfare, women

and child development, care of people with
physical and mental disabilities;

Mandatory local body election every five years.

Reservation of seats and offices for SCs/STs in
proportion to their population in every local body
with provision for rotation of the reserved seats
and offices.
Reservation of seats and offices for women.

Social and economic advancement of the
weaker sections through poverty alleviation and

allied programmes;
Provisions for civic amenities namely rural housing
and health, drinking water, rural electrification,
rural roads, non-conventional sources of energy,
bridges, culverts, waterways, sanitation;
154

 Public distribution system and maintenance of

community assets and;

Ensuring universal enrolment of children in

primary school;

Organization of rural markets, village fairs and its

control.

Achieving universal immunization of children;

Devolution
At the three tiers of the Panchayat Raj Institutions,
various committees have been constituted for devolution
of functions in their respective spheres of development
work. The process of decentralization and delegation of
powers and functions in Panchayats is planned to be a
continuous and dynamic process. The present system has
been formulated in such a way that delegating even more
powers and functions to the rural local bodies especially
the Grama Panchayats is possible.
Pyramidal Structure of PRIs
Panchayat Raj Institutions have a pyramidal structure. The
Grama Panchayat at the lower level, the Taluk Panchayat
at the intermediate level and Zilla Panchayat at the district
level.

Ensuring prompt registration and reporting of

births and deaths;
Providing sanitation and proper drainage;
Construction, repair and maintenance of public

streets;

Removing encroachments on public streets or

public places;
Providing adequate number of street lights and
paying electricity charges regularly;
Filling-up insanitary depressions and reclaiming

unhealthy localities;
Destruction of rabid and ownerless dogs;

Gram Panchayat
Section 4 of the PRI Act provides for constituting
Panchayat for the area comprising of a village or group
of villages having a population of 5,000 and not more
than 7,000. The functions of the Gram Panchayat are
mentioned in Section 58 and comprise 32 functions with
three Standing Committees:
1.
Production Committee,
2. Social Justice Committee, and
3.
Amenities Committee.

Functions of Gram Panchayat

Being the basic unit of the democratic set up in India,
Gram Panchayats is entrusted with several important
functions of rural governance. They are:
Providing sanitary latrines to the households and

constructing adequate number of community

latrines for the use of men and women and

maintaining them;
Maintaining water supply works either on its own

or by annual contract by generating adequate

resources;

Revising and collecting taxes, rates and fees
periodically as per the Act;

Maintenance of all community assets vested in it;

Maintenance of records relating to population

census crop census, cattle census, census of
unemployed persons and persons below poverty

line;
Earmarking places away from the dwelling houses
for dumping refuse and manure.
Taluk Panchayats
The next higher tier is the Taluk Panchayat (TP),
constituted for each taluk and consists of members
directly elected through election by all the residents in the
non-urban areas of the taluk. The strength of the TP varies
depending on the population; taluks with population
of less than one lakh can have 15 members and those
having more than one lakh, can elect 19 members. Seats
are reserved for scheduled castes on the basis of their
population and for women, the number being not more
than two. Members of Legislative Assembly (MLA) whose
constituencies lie within the taluk and members of the
Legislative Council (MLCs) are entitled to take part in the
proceedings and also vote in the meetings. The presidents
and vice-presidents of TPs would be elected from among
members only. The term of all directly elected members
is five years. The MLAs and MLCs hold office till the end
155

of their tenure in the state legislature. Section 145 of the

Act lists four main functions with 28 detailed functions to
be performed by the Panchayat. The functions are mainly
supervisory and to monitor the progress of the schemes.
There are three Standing Committees like, the General
Standing Committee, Finance, Auditing and Planning
Committee and Social Justice Committee.
Functions
Taluk Panchayat is at the intermediate level of PRI. It
predominantly has a supervisory role with specific
responsibilities of monitoring the progress of various
development schemes. Some of its major functions are:
Construction and augmentation of water supply

works;
Filing half-yearly report regarding the activities of
Grama Panchayats within the taluk regarding:

- Holding of Grama Sabha;

- Maintenance of water supply works;
- Construction of individual and community latrines
- Collection and revision of taxes, rates and fees;
- Payment of electricity charges;
- Enrolment in schools; and
- Progress of immunization.

Providing adequate number of classrooms

and maintaining primary school buildings in

proper condition, including water supply and

sanitation;
Acquiring land for locating the manure pits away
from the dwelling houses in the villages.
Standing Committees: Standing Committees under the
Taluk Panchayat are as follows:
General Standing Committee;

Finance, Audit and Planning Committee;

Social Justice Committee
Zilla Panchayat
Zilla Panchayat (ZP) is a body constituted under the
Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act, 1993.Section 184 of the Act
lists four main functions and 29 detailed functions are
given in Schedule III. There are 5 Standing Committees:
General Standing Committee, Finance, Audit and Planning
Committee, Social Justice Committee, Education & Health
Committee and Agriculture & Industries Committee.
Functions
Zilla Panchayat is entrusted with several major functions
as follows:
Establishment of health centers including maternity
centers so as to cover the entire population within
five years, as per the norms laid down by the

Government;

Construction of underground water recharge
structures to ensure availability of water in the
drinking water wells;
Prevention of drilling of irrigation bore wells in
the vicinity of drinking water wells to ensure
adequate drinking water, especially in lean season;

and
Drawing up a plan for social forestry development
in each taluk and spending not less than such
percentage of the District Plan allocation every
year as may be specified by the Government from
time to time.
The organizational structure of the three Institutions is
given in the following Charts 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.

156

Chart 10.1:District Level Zilla Panchayat

Chart 10.2: Intermediate Level Taluk Panchayat

Chart 10.3: Lower Level Grama Panchayat

157

District Planning Committee (DPC)

Section 309 of the PRI Act provides for the preparation of
Development Plans. Every Gram Panchayat shall prepare
plans called annual plans and submit them to the Taluk
Panchayat. Taluk Panchayat consolidates the plans at
the taluk level and taluk plans are submitted to the Zilla
Panchayat which prepares its plans based on the feedback
obtained from Gram and Taluk Panchayats. This plan
has to be submitted to the District Planning Committee
(DPC).
Section 310 provides for the constitution of a District
Planning Committee (DPC) which is a novel feature of the
73rd CAA to consolidate the plans of the Rural and Urban
Local level Institutions. The DPC consists of Members of

House of people representing the district, Members of

the Council of States, Four-fifths of the members of the
Committee from amongst the members of the Zilla, Taluk
and Gram Panchayats.
The Chairperson of the DPC is the Adhyaksha of the Zilla
Panchayat. The DPC has to prepare a Draft Development
Plan for matters of common interest of the Zilla, Taluk and
Gram Panchayats. The DPC also has to consolidate the
plans including spatial plans, sharing physical and natural
resources, integrated development of infrastructure and
environmental conservation.
The existing Planning Process of three-tier PRI system in
Karnataka is given below:

158

The District Plan has to concentrate on the following:

1. Document and analyze district economy based on

the detailed resources inventory and establish
levels of development of sub-districts/Taluks
2. Formulate District Sector schemes
3. Prepare Integrated Spatial Development Plans to
direct investment on infrastructure and district
service networks system for social and economic

development.
4. Prepare employment budgeting and plans
5. Prepare urban and rural sectoral development

plans
6. Identify overall finances available for annual and
five year plans and disaggregate finances under
national, State and district sector schemes and
prepare perspective five year and annual integrated
development plan for the district.
7. Monitor and evaluate projects implemented at the

district level.
8. Building a District Vision.
The Planning Commission is also of the view that the
local self Governments should also undertake a stocktaking exercise to assess the human conditions and also
the availability of natural, social and financial resources,
and infrastructures. This requires a good data base at
all three levels to be consolidated at the Zilla level. The
Planning Commission is insisting all the States to prepare
Human Development Report at the State and the district
levels and to use these reports as Development Radars.
Development Radars are a pictorial depiction of the
performance of a unit of planning in respect of various
sectors such as health, education, poverty alleviation,
drinking water and housing. Development Radars could
also be used as a report card that can measure progress
on the development parameters that comprise it.
10.4. Urban Local Bodies: Structure, Issues and

Processes
The 74th Amendment has given a constitutional
recognition to a third-tier local government. Structurally,
the Amendment has provided for an elected body, with
1/3rd of seats reserved for women, formation of ward
committees, setting up of a State Finance Commission,
Election Commission and a Planning Body. The
Amendment was passed by Parliament in the year 1992
and received the Presidents assent on June 3 1993.
By June 1994, the Act became operational in all the
States. The Constitution provides that the legislature of

any State may, by law, endow the Panchayats and the

Municipalities, with such powers and authority as may
be necessary to enable them to function as institutions
of self-government and such law may contain provisions
for the devolution of powers and responsibilities upon
Panchayat and Municipalities at the appropriate level.
The structure
Municipal areas are specified based on the Population,
density of Population, revenue generated, economic
importance and such other viability. There are five
categories of ULBs in Karnataka:
1. The Municipal Corporation
2. The City Municipal Councils
3. Town Municipal Councils
4.
Town Panchayats
5. Notified Area Committees
The Corporations cover a Population of 3 lakh and above
with more than 30 and less than one hundred councilors,
23 to 35 councilors from a Population range of 20,000
to 3 lakhs comprise the Municipal Councils, the Town
Panchayats comprises of a Population ranging from 10 to
25 thousand, with not less than 50 % of the Population
being in non-agricultural activities. Also for specified
areas like industrial areas where municipal services are
required to be provided, the government has created
Notified Area Committees . About 1/3rd seats are reserved
for SCs/STs depending on their Population.1/3rd of the
seats are reserved for the OBCs and half of the seats
reserved for women. Ward Committees and Ward Sabhas
are also urban governance mechanisms introduced by the
Corporation and the Municipality Act. Ward Committee
are constituted in cities with more than three Lakhs or
more Population, with the Councilors of the Corporation
as members and five knowledgeable persons of the area
as nominated members. Ward Committees and Sabhas
form important forums which seek citizens participation.
The State has devolved 16 out of the 18 functions
specified by the 12th Schedule of the Indian Constitution
to the ULBs (excluding Urban Planning and Fire services).
The ULBs are expected to perform discretionary and
obligatory functions as per KMC Act such as sanitation
and public health, establishment, maintenance and
regulation of public amenities, education, water supply
and drainage, and regulation of building activities etc.
Under the jurisdiction of Mandya District, seven elected
ULBs including City Municipal Council of Mandya are
functioning. All the Urban Local Bodies have elected and
159

executive wings. In the case of City Municipal Council

and Town Municipal Councils, the Elected wing the
President and Vice-President are elected by the members
of councilors and followed by the Standing Committees
Chairmen constituted as per the Karnataka Municipalities
Act, 1964 (Chart 10.5)
Chart 10.5: Elected wing in City Municipal Council
and Town Municipal Councils

The Executive wing is headed by the Municipal

Commissioner as the Chief Executive Officer of the CMCs.
The Chief Officers, Environmental Engineers, Health
Officers, Accounts and Establishment staff and Poura
Karmikas are the main functionaries of the Municipalities.
The Government of Karnataka through the Directorate
of Municipal Administration supervises the functioning
of the municipalities . The Municipal Commissioner
has responsibilities for the administration of the city
and implementation of policies and programmes
decided by the Council. The State Government appoints
the Commissioner. Normally, he is a junior officer
belonging to the Karnataka Administrative Services.
The Commissioner performs wide ranging functions in
administrative and financial areas. He participates in the
meetings of the Councils and Committees and answers
the questions raised by the Councillors. He acts as a
link between the Government and Municipal Councils.
He has wide powers of appointment and discipline as
also supervision and control over the personnel. He also
exercises financial discretionary and emergency powers
(Chart 10.6 & 10.7).

160

Issues and Processes

The mechanism of Wards Committee as provided for in
the 74th Constitution Amendment Act and the mechanism
of Wards Committee in every local electoral Ward in the
state of West Bengal provide the enabling structures
for participation of citizens in the local government
budgetary process. In the case of Karnataka there is no
provision for this process. There is no evidence as yet for
the citizens at large to participate in resource rising in the
ULBs in the form of paying property tax or complaining
for paying taxes and basic services charges on time.
Institutions of local self-government are said to be highly
communitarian as it is the only form of government
closest to the people. What local governments do
pervasively affect the life and well being of the
citizenry. Conceptually, therefore, the local government
institutions are supposed to be much more participatory
and the local citizens more participative. Recently, Bruhat
Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike has introduced Community
Participation Bill approved by the Government of
Karnataka. There are serious issues of manpower and
capacity building in the ULBs in Karnataka for execution
and implementation large scale infrastructure projects.
The 74th CAA requires the state governments to amend
their municipal laws in order to empower ULBs with
such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable
them to function as institutions of self governance.

With increased urbanization, the need for integrated

planning is becoming ever more important. Articles
243ZD and 243ZE specify the creation of a Committee
for District Planning in each district, and a Committee
for Metropolitan Planning in every metropolitan area or
region. In some states a conflict of jurisdiction between
MPCs and DPC has arisen.

10.5. Improving Service Delivery Mechanisms:

e-Initiatives, Capacity Building, Good

Governance Practices
10.5.1. E-initiatives
E-initiative/e-government is the use of information and
communication technology (ICTs) to improve the activity
of a public organisation. E-government initiative within
domain deals particularly with improving the internal
workings of the organisation such as cutting the process
cost, managing processing performance, develop and
implement the strategy and policy that guide government
process, creating employment etc.
Keeping in view the increasing importance of using
electronic media, the Government of India initiated for
e-governance by launching of NICNET fully funded by
UNDP in 1987 the national satellite based computer
network for sharing the information/ data between the
government departments and the civil society. The on161

going computerization, teleconnectivity and internet

connectivity have come as a large number of e- governance
initiatives at the national level as well as the state level.
This e-initiative is also introduced at the district level,
sub-district and Grama Panchayat levels. Some of the
e-initiatives of the Zilla Panchayat are discussed in the
following paragraph.
10.5.2. Computer facility
In Mandya district, there are 232 Grama Panchayats
serving the villages. All GPs have computer facility with
a computer operator for the maintenance of data and
make available such data to the general public, and other
line departments. Some of the GPs do not have internet
facility to supply the data through online, but these GPs
furnish important data utilizing the internet facility of the
nearby GPs or Taluk Panchayats.
10.5.3. Panchatantra
The unique e-governance initiative for Grama Panchayats
by Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Dept,
Government of Karnataka. Panchatantra is one of the
Citizen-centric e-initiatives for Gram Panchayats online
system of citizen interface GP portal. This system
addresses the shortcomings of the manual system of
data maintenance such as weak accounting, poor record
keeping, low recovery of taxes, delay in funds allocation
etc. This facility is used by all the 232 Grama Panchayats
and updates Bank Reconciliation Statement (BRS) on
Daily or monthly basis. However, there are fairly a large
number of GPs facing Internet Problem for updating data
online. The advantages of these e-initiates are greater
transparency, resource mobilization, details of works and
expenditure, data made available to the line department,
interface with line departments, direct benefit to rural
mass and networking among PRIs.
10.5.4. Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA)
It is one of the centrally sponsored schemes which was
introduced by the Government to ensure sanitation
facilities in rural areas with the broader goal to eradicate
the present practice of open defecation through a
programme called Total Sanitation Campaign. This
Campaign aims at providing all households with water
and Sanitation facilities to promote hygiene for overall
improvement of health and sanitation in rural area.
For the construction of toilets a normal subsidy in the
form of incentives is given to the rural poor households.

The scheme has now been renamed as Nirmal Bharat

Abhiyan (NBA) to implement this programme through
village Panchayats as the base unit.
The Gram Panchayats are encouraging the poor
households in the rural area to construct latrines by
providing financial assistance given by the Central and
State Government funds. The progress made in this
programme such as identification of the beneficiaries,
funds released, funds utilized for the purpose, physical
progress of the construction of toilets, are uploaded
online. This provides information to all the Stakeholders.
In Mandya district, as many as 17,033 toilets were
constructed in the Year 2013-14. The data for all the 232
GPs show that 2932 toilets were constructed in the rural
area ending July 2014. These data are readily available
through Panchatantra Web-site for all the GPs in the State.
10.5.5. Housing Scheme
The details of the housing schemes and beneficiaries
selected for the allotment house sites and houses under
different housing schemes are provided to general public
as well as to other Stakeholders through Panchatantra
website. The GPs update the amount sanctioned, release
of funds and amount to be released for the completion
of houses under Basava Housing Schemes, Ambedkar,
and Indira Awas Yojana (IAY ). The recent data on these
housing schemes in Mandya district reveals that 32
houses were completed against 4464 target under Basava
Housing Scheme and 4 houses were completed against
2140 target under IAY by the end of June 2014.
10.5.6. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Scheme (MGNREGS)
Under this scheme, the Grama Panchayats provide all
data on Job cards issued, labour Man-days available,
work to be under taken, Funds received from State and
Central Governments, amount spent, amounts to be paid
to the workers etc. The GPs in the district have spent Rs.
4689.51 lakh for employment under this Scheme in the
year 2013-14 and further spent Rs 2161.2 lakh till the end
of June 2014.

10.6. Role of NGOs and Voluntary Groups

10.6.1. NGOs in Mandya district
The Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
and voluntary groups are playing a pivotal role in
empowering rural poor and taking initiatives in various
human development endeavors. These organizations are
162

engaged in a good number of socio-economic activities

in the rural area. The main programmes initiated by
these organizations include poverty alleviations, women
empowerment, housing sanitation, health, education,
employment generation etc. These organizations are
providing data on agriculture, animal husbandry,
horticulture, organic farming etc. A few of them are
under taking Government training programmes on
capacity building, self-employment, health and sanitation
and successfully conducting such programmes. NGOs
and voluntary agencies play a significant role in providing
development services, expanding opportunities for
development and creating awareness among rural mass
on government policies and programmes in Mandya
district.
Fairly large of NGOs are functioning in Mandya district.
Some of the known NGOs of the district include;
Vikasana, Santhom, EASE, Myrada, ODP, MOB rural
health centre, Ashraya Niketana Trust etc are functioning
in Mandya Taluk, NGOs like Nisarga, River valley & Mythri
in Shrirangapattana taluk, Savithri Trust in Krishnarajpet
taluk, Nisarga and Siri Samsthe in Maddur taluk, Vikasana
and Jyothi Rural Development Society in Malavalli taluk,
Ashraya Trust in Pandavapura and Nagamangala taluk.
Some of these NGOs are playing a greater role in the field
of education, employment, rural health and Sanitation,
Children and women health care, agriculture and allied
activities and other Socio-economic activities in the rural
area.
10.6.2. Voluntary Groups
Voluntary groups/institutions such as Rotary Clubs, Lions
Clubs, Youth Clubs and Mahila Mandals are also
extending their voluntary services to rural poor on
health, education, empowerment, self employment etc,
in the district. The services rendered by these agencies
are acclaimed by the rural people and they too seek their
guidance on the services provided by them individually
and by groups.
Self-help groups (SHGs) are also one of the voluntary
groups formed on taking up socio-economic activities
collectively in the rural villages. There are two types
of SHGs, the first type is formed by men for mainly
agriculture and allied purpose and the second type is
formed by women volunteers to empower them socially
and economically. In Mandya district, as many as 6638
SHGs were registered by the end of 2011-12, but only
6073 were actively engaged in their activities. The taluk-

wise distribution of SHGs is given in Table 10.1 & Fig.

10.1- below.
Fig. 10.1: Details of SHGs in Mandya
District - 2011-12

In Mandya district, there were 6638 registered Selfhelp groups (SHGs) in the year 2011-12, but only 6073
SHGs were functioning. The taluk-wise distribution of
active SHGs shows that all the 772 (100%) were active
in Nagamangala taluk followed by 1169 SHGs (98.98%)
in Maddur, 1176 in Mandya taluk. The least number of
SHGs 513 (66.19%) were functioning in Pandavapura. A
majority (91.49%) of SHGs were functioning in Mandya
district.

10.7. Representation of Women and Marginalized

Sections of Society in Governance
Table 10.2 reveals that, of the total elected representatives
of 4009, 1765 were women with a share of 44.03 percent
in Mandya district. The data show that 52.5 percent were
female in the Zilla Panchayat, 55.92 percent in Taluk
Panchayat and 43.46 were female elected representatives
in all PRIs in the district. The taluk-wise distribution
of female elected representatives indicates that 45.36
percent were in Mandya taluk, 44.46 percent in Maddur
and least number (42.71 percent) of female elected
representatives were in Nagamangala. More or less equal
distributions of female elected representatives were
observed in all the taluks.
The total number of elected members in ZP, TPs and GPs
was 4009; of this total 813 (20.28 percent) were elected
members from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The taluk-wise distribution of elected representatives
from SC and ST Category shows that they constituted
highest percentage (26.70%) in Malavalli taluk followed
by 20.75 percent in Shrirangapattana while the least
163

percentage of SC and ST elected members were in

Pandavapura (with 17.37 percent). About 20.28 percent
of the total PRI members were from socially marginalized
groups at the district level as against the mandatory 18
percent reservation in the local bodies (Table 10.3 & Fig.
10.2).

Fig. 10.3: SCs/STs elected representatives

in urban local bodies

Fig. 10.2: SCs/STs elected representatives

in rural local bodies

The elected women representatives in the urban local

bodies in Mandya district accounted for 39.75 percent
of the total members in the year 2011-12. The talukwise distribution of elected women representatives
reveals that they formed 44.44 percent in Pandavapura
taluk, 43.75 percent in Nagamangala taluk and the least
percentage (37.14 percent) in Mandya taluk. A large
number of women (about 40%) were involved in the
decision making process in urban local bodies in Mandya
district (Table 10.4).
The SC-ST representatives in Mandya Districts urban local
bodies constituted 18.01 percent of the total in 2011-12.
The taluk-wise distribution shows that the percentage of
SC & ST representatives was highest (26.09%) in Malavalli
and 18.75 percent in Nagamangala. It is very important
to note that in the other Taluk Municipal Councils of the
District the representatives from socially marginalized
group formed less than the mandatory 18 percent (Table
10.5 & Fig. 10.3).

Table 10.4 and Fig. 10.4 reveals that, of the total of 30

GPs selected for Nirmal Gram Puraskar awards in the
district, Mandya taluk has won highest number of 10
awards (22.22%) followed by Krishnarajpet with 7 awards
(20.59%). Nagamangala and Shrirangapattana taluks has
won each such award.

Fig. 10.4: Gram Panchayats Selected for Nirmal

Gram Puraskar Awards in the District

10.8. Concluding Remarks

No doubt good governance is crucial for human
development. The development thinkers and
administrators maintain that human development
is not possible without good governance. The full
benefits of government policies and programmes reach
targeted groups of people only when the delivery
system is transparent, smooth, effective and efficient.
Lack of accountability and transparency, delay in
implementation of various development schemes,
corruption and red tapism in the functioning of rural
governments are deterrents to human development.
However the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments
to the constitution regarding rural and urban governance
brought a revolutionary change in the functioning of
164

these governments. With the introduction of these

two Amendments, the citizens both in rural and urban
areas can expect good governance from their elected
representatives and officers of the government. However,
there is much more to achieve by these governments to
attain a true human development in rural as well as in
urban areas. Some of the key issues to be taken up by
the rural and urban governments for effective delivery of
services are:
Plans prepared by the Panchayat raj institutions
should be need-based.

The governments e-initiatives should be used
properly and effectively to serve all the stakeholders
in a better manner. All GPs should be provided
computers with internet facility and with a skilled

computer operator.
Committed NGOs and voluntary agencies should

be recognized and involved by PRIs for
implementing certain government programmes.

Co-ordination between NGOs and PRIs would
yield better results in improving the quality of life
in rural areas.

More funds to be provided to the backward taluks

to bring them on par with developed taluks.
Accurate data should be collected and maintained
on all aspects of development indicators.
Proper training should be given to both elected
representatives and government officials on
development activities at the grass root level, taluk
level and at the district level.

Peoples participation is crucial
improvement of governance.

for

the

Periodic Gramasabha and Ward Sabha at GP level is

crucial to address the grievances of the rural

people.
Grama nairmalya is the key for good health of

people, particularly children and women. GPs
should take necessary measures in this regard.
GPs should create awareness about the use of
toilets and help to construct them.
State should allocate larger amount of funds to
Panchayats for undertaking development activities.

Periodic awareness programme on human

development for general public, elected
representatives and officials is vital.

There should be good co-ordination between
the Govt. departments and the Panchayats for
smooth functioning and effective implementation
of the development programmes.

165

166

167

168

CHAPTER 11

URBAN ISSUES IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

11.1. Introduction
Human development, as an approach, is concerned with
what I take to be the basic development idea: namely,
advancing the richness of human life, rather than the
richness of the economy in which human beings live,
which is only a part of it.Amartya Sen .
The Urban Development Indicators and the index thereof
indicate impart report analysis the issues regarding the
status of human development in Mandya district. Urban
Local Bodies (ULBs) are looked at two perspectives:
first, the objective facts on the ground based data/
information provided by the concerned departments;
and second, peoples perceptions about the services
in slums. The latter is based on the findings of a small
area study conducted in Malavalli town slum areas, with
a representative sample of around 51 households. This
study probes how people rate various developmental
issues as well as what their own aspirations are as the
citizens of Malavalli Town.
The Karnataka State has a population of 61.13 million
(Census of India, 2011), and ranks by ninth among states
in respect of total population. Karnataka is one of the
fastest growing and urbanizing states of the country, with
more than 1/3rd of its inhabitants or 33.98 per cent of
its population residing in urban areas, well above the
National average . In terms of urbanization, the State has
witnessed an increase of 4.68 per cent in the proportion
of urban population in the last decade. Karnatakas urban
population has grown by 31.27% between 2001 and 2011,
compared with 28.85% in the previous decade. Karnataka
has emerged as a key state with knowledge-based
industries such as IT, Biotechnology and Engineering.
The Mandya district has seven Urban Local Bodies (ULBs),
out of which one is City Municipal Council (CMC) viz,
Mandya, four are Town Municipal Councils (TMCs) such
as Krishnarajpet, Shrirangapattana, Maddur, Malavalli
and two are Town Panchayats (TPs) of Nagamangala and
Pandavapura. The Mandya City is connected by National
Highways 48 and National Highway 209 with a railway
route, the city is situated 98 Km from Bengaluru city, the
Capital of Karnataka. Mandya city has good connectivity
having the proximity of 130 km to KempeGowda

International Airport at Bengaluru and 36 Km to Mysuru

Airport. The nearest sea port is at Mangalore which is at a
distance of 220 kms (Box 1).

11.2. Service Delivery Issues

One of the duties of the State Government is to provide

all its citizens with adequate access to basic services such
as water, sanitation, electricity and transport etc. Water,
for instance, is an extremely precious natural resource,
which must be used judiciously for there to be enough
to go around, not just for the present generation, but
also for those to come. However, as the 2006 Global HDR
points out, access to this resource is also controlled by
other factors such as poverty, inequality and government
failures, due to which the poor and vulnerable segments
of society can be locked out .
The 74th Constitutional amendment enacted in 1992
envisioned creation of local self-governments for the
urban population wherein municipalities were provided
with the constitutional status for governance. The
amendment empowered Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to
function efficiently and effectively as autonomous entities
to deliver services for economic development and social
justice with regard to 18 subjects listed in XII Schedule
of the Constitution. The amendment introduced certain
uniformity in the fundamental structure of the ULBs
at the national level. However since ULBs are a State
subject, State Legislative Acts govern these bodies and
set out their powers, responsibilities, service delivery
mandates and obligations with regard to accounting,
audit and supervision. The Municipalities have been
entrusted with the implementation of schemes for
economic development and social justice including those
in relation to the matters listed in the Twelfth schedule.
These, responsibilities among others are:
- Urban planning and town planning
-Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings
-Planning for social and economic development
-Slum improvement and up gradation
-Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as
parks, gardens, playgrounds
-Public amenities including street lighting, parking
lots, bus stops and public conveniences etc.
169

The City Corporations are governed by the Karnataka

Municipal Corporations Act (KMC Act), 1976 and the
other ULBs are governed by the Karnataka Municipalities
Act (KM Act), 1964. Each corporation/municipal area is
divided into a number of wards, which is determined
and notified by the State Government considering the
population, dwelling pattern, geographical condition and
economic status of the respective area. Service delivery is
the cornerstone of city governance and includes access to
water, trash collection, solid waste disposal, wastewater
collection and treatment, and electricity connection. The
reliability, quality and cost efficiency of equitable services
to all areas of the city or a town wealthy and poor
is the primary responsibility of local government, and is
the most tangible result for which the community will
hold their elected officials accountable. The Karnataka
Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWS & DB)
is implementing water supply and underground drainage

schemes in 213 urban local bodies of the state except

Bengaluru city. It has the responsibility for formulation
and implementation of water supply and drainage system
in these areas.
11.2.1. Basic Services in ULBs
With regard to the percentage of households having
access to four basic services in Mandya ULBs, the highest
percentage (95.83%) had access to electricity, followed
by 86.06% of the households having access to latrine
facilities within the premises, 74.81% having access to
water supply within the premises and 44.94% having
closed drainage. Combining the four important basic
services of availability of water within the premises,
electricity, latrine facilities and closed drainage, only
75.41 per cent had access to all the four services (Fig.
11.1).

Fig. 11.1: Percentage of Households having access to four basic services provided by Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs), Mandya district -2011

170

Deficiency in the quantity and quality of urban services Imbalances exist both the quantity and quality of urban
basic services such as access to piped water supply,
sanitation, drainage, electricity, roads etc.

launched a number of initiatives to improve governance

in the Urban Local Bodies(ULBs) in Mandya, and these
have been taken up while keeping the citizens interests
at the forefront of policy-making (Boxes 11.2 & 11.3).

11.2.2. Reforms in Service Delivery

The Government of Karnataka has envisaged and also

171

11.2.3. Composition of ULBs

All the ULBs have a body comprising Corporators/
Councillors elected by the people under their jurisdiction.
The Mayor/President who is elected on majority by the
Corporators/Councillors presides over the meetings
of the Council and is responsible for governance of
the body. While the ULBs other than BBMP have four
Standing Committees, BBMP has additional four Standing
Committees to deal with their respective functions. Table
shows category wise ULBs in Mandya district.
11.2.4. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Mandya
11.2.4.1. Mandya CMC
Mandya City Municipal Council (CMC) is the taluk
headquarter of Mandya District. Mandy city is bounded
by Mysuru district on its west, Pandavapura town on
its north, Shrirangapattana town on its south west and
Maddur town on its east. Mandya city is spatially divided
into four parts, namely the old town, the new town
of southern extension, Guthalu and Kallahally area. The
Town Municipal Council Mandya came into existence in
1910 and was converted into City Municipal Council in

the year 1972. The CMC jurisdiction extends up to 17.03

Sq Km, with a population of 1, 37,358 (2011 census). The
CMC has 35 Wards and equal number of Councilors.
11.2.4.2. Malavalli TMC
Malavalli Town Municipal Council (TMC) is a small town
in Mandya District. The TMC jurisdiction extends up to
3.62 sq. km, with a population of 37, 601 (2011 Census)
with 23 wards. Malavalli town is well connected by road
network from Kanakapura to Kollegal town through
the NH-209. Malavalli is connected to the divisional
headquarters at Mysuru through the SH-86. Malavalli
town is connected to Maddur town through SH-33.
11.2.4.3. Maddur TMC
Maddur Town Municipal Council (TMC) is a small town
in Mandya District. The TMCs Jurisdiction extends up to
6.32 sq. km, with a population of 35, 147 (2011 Census)
with 23 wards. Maddur town is well connected by road
network to Bengaluru city and the divisional headquarter
Mysuru through the SH-17. The Bengaluru-Mysuru board
gauge railway line runs through Maddur town.
172

11.2.4.4. Shrirangapattana TMC

Shrirangapattana Town Municipal Council (TMC) is a
small town in Mandya District. The unique feature of this
town is the island created by river Cauvery on its eastern
and western (Paschima Vaahini) side. Shrirangapattana
town is well connected by road network to Bengaluru
and Mysuru cities through SH-17. The Bangalore-Mysuru
board gauge railway line runs through Shrirangapattana
town. Shrirangapattana (10 km from Mysuru city, 128 km
from Bengaluru city) is a place of pilgrimage. The TMC
jurisdiction extends up to 8.6 sq km, with a population
of 34, 153 (2011 Census) within 23 wards.
11.2.4.5. Krishnarajpet TMC
Krishnarajpet Town Municipal Council (TMC) is a
small town and taluk headquarters in Mandya District.
Krishnarajpet town is well connected by road network
through SH-16. The TMC jurisdiction extends up to 4.26
sq km, with a population of 25, 946 (2011 Census). The
TMC has 18 Wards and equal number of Councilors.
11.2.4.6. Pandavapura TP
Pandavapura Town Panchayat (TP) is small town in
Mandya District. The Visweswarayya Canal ( VC Canal)
flows through the heart of the town, dividing the town
into two parts. Pandavapura town is well connected by
road network from through Shrirangapattana town and
Mysuru city on SH-19. Pandavapura town is connected
to Krishnarajpet and Mandya town through major roads.
Pandavapura railway station is located at a distance of 4
km from the towns. The TP jurisdiction extends up to 2.5
sq. km, with a population of 20399 (2011 Census) within
17 wards.
11.2.4.7. Nagamangala TP

temple architecture and manufacturing of temple jewels

and other ornaments. The TP jurisdiction extends up to
2.5 sq. km, with a population of 17, 776 (2011 Census)
within 16 wards.
11.2.5. Demographic Profile of Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs)
11.2.5.1. General population and growth rate
The percentage of urban population to total population
is highest in Mandya CMC jurisdiction it comprises about
33.09 of the total population of Mandya Taluk. This is less
than the Karnataka State average of (38%). Percentage
of urban population is formed in Nagamangala TP. As
the consequence of the percent of rapid urbanization,
the total population in urban areas has grown rapidly
from 2001 to 2011 censuses. Shrirangapattana TMC has
registered highest growth rate (43.85 percent), followed
by Maddur TMC (32.53 percent), Krishnarajpet TMC
(14.91 percent) and rest of the ULBs having moderate
growth rate (Table 2 & Figure 2). The main reason for high
growth rate of population in Shrirangapattana TMC is
due to its proximity to Mysore; the town is situated along
the Mysuru-Bengaluru corridor and it is a focal point for
Mandya and Mysore. In the same time the growth rate of
slum population has doubled during 2001-2011 Census.
In the case of Maddur town since it is located along the
MysuruBengaluru Corridor, the phenomenal growth
of industrial sector in and around the town has directly
contributed to heavy influx population to the town (Table
11.2 & Fig. 11.2). Regarding the level of urbanization,
Bengaluru is the most urbanised district with 90.94 per
cent of its population residing in urban areas followed by
Mysuru district (41.50 per cent) and Mandya district itself
is (17.08 per cent), Chamarajanagar district (17.14 per
cent) etc. Mandya, Chamarajanagar and Koppal being the
least urbanized districts in Karnataka (Census of India,
2011).

Nagamangala Town Panchayat (TP) is small town in

Mandya District. Nagamangala was also known as base for

173

Fig. 11.2: Trends in Urbanisation in Mandya District

11.2.5.2. Trends in urban slum population

As per 2011 census, the ratio of slum population to the
total population was highest in Malavalli TMC (29.13%),
followed by Maddur (20.21%), Mandya CMC (17.49%),
Nagamangala TP (16.53%), Krishnarajpet TP (13,94%)
rest of the ULBs having less than 10%. The decadal
growth rates of slum population between 2001 and 2011
censuses reveal highest growth rate in Malavalli TMC

(198.53%) followed by Shrirangapattana TMC (135.25%),

Maddur TMC (62.89%), Pandavapura TP (61.15%) and
Mandya CMC (31.09%) respectively and rest of ULBs
having negative growth rates. The reason for highest
growth rate in Malavalli TMC is a large influx of rural
population into town in searching of jobs. Majority of
the population is concentrated in socially marginalized
groups (Table 11.3 & Fig.11.3)

174

Fig. 11.3: Trends in urban slum population in Mandya District

11.3. Water Supply and Sanitation

11.3.1. Source of Water Supply
The sources of water for Mandya CMC are canal, river and
tanks. Along with these sources bore wells are also used
as additional water source for drinking. The main water
supply is from the Cauvery River with a design capacity of
17.5 MLD, tank source with a design capacity of 11.5 MLD
and canal sources with a design capacity of 6 MLD. In the
case of Pandavapura TP, water supply in stage I is drawn
from Vishveshwaraiah Canal with a design capacity of
2.27 MLD while stage II is drawn from Lokapavani River
(Tributary of Cauvery) near Pandavapura with a design
capacity of 5 MLD. The water source to Malavalli TMC is
Cauvery River which flows 20 km away from Malavalli.
The design capacity of the Water Treatment Plant ( WTP)
is 9.1 MLD. The water SOURCE to Maddur TMC is also
Cauvery flowing being at a distance of 12 Km from
Maddur. The design capacity of this scheme is 17 MLD,
the present utilization being 3.6MLD. The water source
to K.R Pet TMC is Hemavathi River flowing at a distance
of 3 km from K.R Pet. The design capacity of stage I is
2.27 MLD and Stage II is 3 MLD. The combined design

capacities of the WTP are 5.27 MLD. Although the design

capacities of these schemes are 5.27 MLD the present
operational capacity is only 3MLD.
According to Census data, the percentage of Households
having access to drinking water is highest in Krishnarajpet
TMC (98.43%), followed by Maddur TMC (95.83%),
Mandya CMC (94.29%) and Malavalli TMC (92.34%)
and rest of the ULBs having above 89% in 2011. In the
percentage of Households having access to drinking
water in Nagamangala TP, Mandya CMC and Maddur
TMC slightly decreased during the period 2001-2011. It
indicates that the population in these ULBs is increasing
creating scarcity of water sources and loading to poor
quality of water. Over 80 per cent of the households
receive drinking water within their premises in Mandya
CMC which has performed well compared to other Urban
Local Bodies. Comparing the situation between 2001 and
2011 Censuses, the growth trend line shows that access
to water near the premises is declining whereas access
within the premises is increasing. This implies that, the
ULBs are making efforts to provide drinking water supply
within the households (Table 11.4 and Fig. 11.4).

175

Fig. 11.4: Percentage of urban households having access to water supply in Mandya District ULBs (2001-2011)

11.3.2. Sanitation
The state of sanitation remains a powerful indicator of
the state of human development in any community.
Access to sanitation bestows benefits at many levels . As
2011 census data reveals, the percentage of Households
having access to toilet facilities within the premises was
highest in Mandya CMC (91.57%), while the access was

lowest (74.24%) in Malavalli TMC Table 11.5 & Fig. 11.5).

About 2.62 per cent of the total Households use public
toilet facilities and 1802 households (11.32 per cent) still
use open spaces for defecation. This practice has serious
implications not only for the health and the environment,
but also for the security of women and children, making
them more vulnerable to exploitation.

176

Fig. 11.5: Percentage of urban households in Mandya District ULBs having access to toilet
facility within the premises (2001 2011)

11.4. Solid and Liquid Waste Management

Figure 11.6: Per capita waste generated (gm/day)

11.4.1. Solid Waste generated

The data on waste generated and the per capita waste
generated (gm/day) in ULBs are presented in Table 11.6
and Fig. 11.6 shows that Mandya CMC generated highest
(408 gm/day), followed by Malavalli TMC (319 gm/day),
Krishnarajpet TMC (308 gm/day), Shrirangapattana TMC
(264 gm/day), Pandavapura TP (260 gm/day), Maddur
TMC (256 gm/day) and least waste generated ULB is
Nagamangala (253 gm/day) respectively. The per capita
waste generation has a positive correlation with the size
of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), i.e. the larger the urban
centre the greater the waste generated. However the
per capita solid waste generated by the ULBs in Mandya
district is below normative standard of 360 gm/capita/day
of waste generated in Indian cities .

177

11.4.2. Collection, disposal and treatment of solid

waste
As per the current practice, solid waste is not segregated.
Door to door collection is done only in a few wards.
People lack awareness about the hazard of waste
and dump their waste on to open vacant sites. The
management of solid waste activities (including sweeping
the wards, drain cleaning, uprooting of weeds and
collecting of garbage from different wards) is done by the
ULBs and is partly outsourced. Disposal and treatment of
municipal solid waste in ULBs in Mandya CMC is done by
using pit method, while in the case of Maddur TMC pit
method is used with HDPE liners. The ratio of sweeping
staff including permanent and contract workers to ULB
population in Mandya district is 1:591 persons, which
is above prescribed norms of 1:500 (CPHEEO) (Table
11.8). The ULBs incur considerable expenditure in
transporting the waste to the landfill sites. Tackling the
problem of availability of sufficient land for garbage
disposal by augmenting the capacity of landfill sites also
poses challenges.

11.4.3. Liquid Waste - Sewerage /Drainage

As per Census of India 2011 data, the percentage of
Households having access to sewerage / drainage system
in Shrirangapattana TMC (97.50%) was the highest,
followed by Mandya TMC (95.06%), Maddur TMC
(95.05%), Krishnarajpet TMC (94.25%), Malavalli TMC
(91.80%), Nagamangala TP (85.11%) and Pandavapura
TP (84.60%) respectively. The percentage of Households
having access to closed drainage (as per 2011 census)
was highest in Shrirangapattana TMC (63.55%), followed
by Mandya CMC (63.00%), Maddur TMC (53.84%),
Nagamangala TP (41.19%), Malavalli TMC (17.06%) and
the least was in Pandavapura TP (13.41%). The percentage
of Households having access to closed drainage system
increased considerably between 2001 and 2011 Censuses,
while using open drainage declined drastically in all ULBs
except Malavalli TMC. (Table 11.8 & Fig.11.7)

Fig.11.7: Percentage of Households having access to Sewerage /Drainage in Mandya District ULBs

178

11.4.4. Traffic and Transport

Fig. 11.8: Percentage of own resources to total

receipts of ULBs during 2011-12

Nagamangala TP has the highest length of roads (19.31

km) per sq.km of geographical area, followed by Malavalli
TMC (17.40 km), Pandavapura TP (16.80 km), Mandya
CMC (16.80 km), Krishnarajpet TMC (15.03 km), Maddur
TMC (8.86 km) and Shrirangapattana TMC (6.63 km)
respectively (Table 11.9). Roads are maintained by
the PWD and rests are maintained by other parastatal
agencies. The major issues regarding roads are undivided
carriageways, narrowed carriageways due to parking
and other informal activities and Right of Way (ROW )
violations found to be common across the town. The
town roads lack signals, signage and footpaths. Two
-wheelers form major part of traffic on all the roads in
ULBs.
11.4.5. Resource Mobilisation
The receipts of ULBs are broadly classified as (a) Tax
and Non-Tax Revenues (NTR) and (b) Grants and Loans.
The State laws empower the ULBs, being local selfgovernments, to impose taxes and collect fees for various
services rendered by them, but the powers pertaining to
the rates and revision thereof, procedure of collection,
ceilings, method of assessment, exemptions and
concessions etc., are vested with the State Government.
As Fig. 11. 8 depicts, the highest percentage of ULBs own
resources during 2011-12 was found in Mandya CMC
(42.34%), followed by Shrirangapattana TMC (28.88%),
Krishnarajpet TMC (20.49%), Maddur TMC (20.05%),
Pandavapura TP (17.64%), Nagamangala TP (14.88%)
and Malavalli TMC (11.16%) respectively. The reason
for Mandya CMC getting percentage of own revenues
highest is that property tax is the most important source
of revenue constituting more than 40% of the total own
resources. Recently, Mandya CMC has approves Rs. 2.97
crore surplus budgets . Malavalli TMC owns resources
are least due to collection of property tax being minimal.
The percentage of own resources to the total receipts is
marginally increasing in Mandya CMC, while as declining
in other. The reasons for the decline are collection of
property tax is minimal and revenue from other sources
is also very meager (Table 11.10 & Fig. 11.9).

Fig. 11.9: Trends in percentage of own

resources to total receipts of ULBs

11.4.6. Expenditure on Development works

With the physical infrastructure and services failing to
keep pace with the needs of the rapidly growing urban
population, the quality of urban life would be jeopardized
especially for the urban poor who are particularly affected
by inadequate infrastructure and other basic services. The
data on per capita expenditure made on development
works of ULBs in Mandya districts during 2011-12 reveal
that, Krishnarajpet TMC spent the highest, followed by
Pandavapura TP, Malavalli TMC, Shrirangapattana TMC,
Mandya CMC, Nagamangala TMC and least is Maddur
TMC (Table 11.11 & Fig. 11.10). The least per capita
expenditure on development was made in Maddur TMC,
due to lowest allocation of grants from the government
for development works in the ULB.

179

Fig. 11.10: Per -capita expenditure on

development works in ULBs

Fig. 11.12: Crime rate per 10, 000

populations in ULBs

11.4.9. Road Accident

11.4.7. Households without own house in ULBs
The data on the percentage of households without own
house during the year 2011-12 reveal that, Pandavapura
TP had highest percentage (40.74%), followed by Maddur
TMC (34.63%), Nagamangala TP (22.32%), Krishnarajpet
TMC (21.02%), Shrirangapattana TMC (16.85%), Malavalli
TMC (16.03%) and Mandya CMC (4.51%) respectively
(Table 11.12 & Fig. 11.11). The reasons for lower
percentage households without own houses in Mandya
CMC and Malavalli TMC is various schemes for housing
implemented in these ULBs.

Fig. 11.11: Percentage of Households without own

house in ULBs in 2011-12

The data indicate that, the number road accidents per 10,
000 populations highest in Pandavapura TMC (48.04),
followed by Maddur TMC (28.74), Nagamangala TP
(20.81), Malavalli TMC (10.11), Mandya CMC (9.54),
Krishnarajpet YMC (7.71) and lowest is Shrirangapattana
TMC (4.69) respectively. Reasons for high incidence road
accidents TP area including narrow and curved roads
with poor traffic signals.
Fig. 11.13: Roads accidents per 10000
populations in ULBs

11.4.10. Health Facilities

11.4.8. Crime rate in ULBs
The data indicate that, the crime rate per 10000
population was highest in Maddur TMC (6.80), followed
by Nagamangala TP (5.23), Mandya CMC (5.12), Malavalli
TMC (4.63), Pandavapura TP (4.61), Krishnarajpet TMC
(4.20) and Shrirangapattana TMC (3.93) respectively
(Table 11.13 & Fig. 11.12).

The number of hospital beds per 1000 population in the

urban areas of Mandya district was highest in Mandya
CMC (8.19), followed by Nagamangala TP (5.63),
Pandavapura TP (4.90), Krishnarajpet TMC (3.85),
Shrirangapattana TMC (2.93), Maddur TMC (2.85) and
Malavalli TMC (2.66) respectively (table 11.15). The
National Urban Renewal Mission norm is one urban
primary health centre for every 50,000 population . The
central government provides financial support to states to
180

strengthen their health systems including constructions

of new and up gradation of public health facilities based
on the requirement. The number of hospital beds per
1000 population is one of the crucial indicators of the
availability and accessibility of curative health services in
the country. Mere availability of hospital beds without
the specialist / health care providers cannot serve the
purpose. Providing quality health services at affordable
cost with better infrastructural facilities is an urgent need.

11.5. Radar Analysis

The diagram relating to radar analysis shows that, Mandya
CMC (0.756) has highest Urban Development Index (UDI)
and rank first among the ULBs in the District, followed
by Krishnarajpet TMC (0.648), Shrirangapattana TMC
(0.629), Malavalli TMC (0.497), Nagamangala TP (0.467),
Pandavapura TP (0.442), and Maddur TMC has the lowest
rank (Table 16 & Fig. 11.14). The contributors to highest
urban development index in respect of Mandya CMC are
high percentage of own resource mobilization to total
receipts, no. of hospital beds per 1000 population and
concentration of urban population to total population.
On the contrary, the contributing factors for lowest
UDI for Maddur TMC are low Per capita expenditure on
Development Works and poor length of roads (in Km)
per Sq. Km of urban geographical area.

of 10, 953 as per 2011 Census, and constituting 29.13%

of the total urban population. There are 6 declared slums
and 2 undeclared slums as per KSCB data. A sample of 51
Households from declared slums of the town was chosen
randomly to elicit responses from them. Structured
questionnaire was used for the study. The questionnaire
consisted of a series of questions regarding not only
socio-economic profile of the slum Households but also
their perceptions about different aspects such as access to
basic services including drinking water, toilets, drainage,
education and health etc. The data collected from the
sample slum Households were processed using SPSS
software. The results of the data analysis are presented
as under.
Socio-Economic Profile of the Sample Households:
Nineteen out of fifty one (37.25%) respondents were in
the age-group of 40-50 years and twelve out of fifty one
(23.53%) respondents were in the age group of 30-40
years and rests of the respondents were having different
age group. Male respondents numbered 48 out of the
total 51, the remaining 3 being female respondents.
Less than half of the sample respondents (45.10%) were
literates, but illiterates also formed more than half the
sample (54.90%). Lack of education may at times lend
bias to the opinions expressed by the respondents.
Figure 11.15: Age group of the respondents

Fig. 11.14: Radar Diagram of

Urban Development Index

11.6. Small area study

Title: Socio -Economic Status of Slum Dwellers in
Malavalli Town
Methodology: As part of the study undertaken to prepare
HDR of Mandya district a small area study relating to the
socio-economic status of slum Households was conducted
in Malavalli Town. Malavalli town has a slum population

Regarding the occupational structure of the respondents,

38 out of the 51 (74.51%) sample respondents had
temporary occupation and 25.49% of the respondents
had permanent occupation. Out of 38 Households having
temporary occupation, 54.90% worked as daily labourers
and rest had different occupation such as agriculture,
auto driving, own business, laundry, barber shop, beedi
works in the house, provision store and silk filatures etc.
Regarding the structure of the social groups of the
sample of slum Households, data for Malavalli town show
that, 45.10% of the respondents belonged to SCs, 7.84%
181

to STs, 25.49% to OBC and the rest were others. Forty

six out of Fifty one (90.20%) respondents were native
and the rest were migrants. About 88.24% of the sample
respondents residing in the slum area were BPL card
holders and 11.76% were not having the BPL cards.
Basic Services
Housing: Fourteen out of fifty one (27.45%) sample
respondents lived in pucca houses, 15.69% in somewhat
good houses, 43.14% dilapidated houses and 13.73% in
very poor condition tenements. More than one tenth
of the slum population lived in dilapidated tenements
houses due to low incomes and they were unaware of
various housing schemes available for poor (Table 11.25).
In the case of ownership of the houses, about 88.24% of
the sample respondents lived in own houses and 11.76%
lived in rented houses. About 47.06% of the sample
respondents lived in one room tenements, 27.45% lived
in two rooms, 25.49% Households lived in no separate
rooms in their houses. Hardly 15.69% of the sample
respondents houses were constructed under the different
schemes and 84.31% of the sample respondents houses
were constructed outside the schemes. The schemes
under which houses were constructed covers these
launched by Fishery Dept., Karnataka Slum Clearance
Board, other state government bodies etc. About 90.20%
of the sample respondents houses had electricity.
Access to Water Supply: Thirty six out of fifty one
(70.59%) sample respondents were having access to
drinking water through individual tap connections in
their houses, about 21.57% having access to public tap
and rest of the Households having access through bore
well hand pump. As regards the frequency of water
availability in their locality, 72.55% of the Households
said it was available daily, about 15.69% said it was
supplied on alternate days and rest of the Households
said they get it once in a week. Majority of the sample
Households opined that they got sufficient water. In the
case of water quality, majority of the sample Households
said it was poor and only a few respondents complained
about for smell in the water.
About 52.94% Households did not have access to toilet
facility in their house and 47.06% Households were
access to toilet facilities. Regarding the modes of sewerage
disposal having toilet facilities within their houses, about
43.14% connected the water closet to sewer line, 41.18%
connected to septic tank, 1.96% connected to pit latrine
and rest of the sample Households other modes of
disposal. About 45.10% of the sample Households still

use open spaces for defecation and 7.84% were using

public toilets. The open defecation practice has serious
implications not only for health and environment, but
also for the security of women and children.
Solid Waste Management: Thirty two out of fifty
one (62.75%) sample respondents were disposing of
household waste into garbage bin provided by the
Malavalli TMC, about 17.65% disposing in front of the
house, 11.76% disposing it in the open space and rest
of the Households had waste collected at door by the
Malavalli TMC. Regarding waste cleared/collected from
the TMC workers, 70.59% of the respondents opining
affirmatively (saying Yes) and other 29.41% opining
negatively (saying no). About 98.04% of the respondents
said that they are not paying money for waste clearance
to TMC and only one HH said Yes.
Education Facilities: Forty out of fifty one (78.43%)
sample respondents said that lower primary school is
located within the locality and rest of the respondents
said No. About 70.59% of the respondents said that they
are not spending money to their childrens education and
29.41% of slum Households reported they were spending
money for their children education.
These Households said that they were spending money
for books and fees. Twenty nine out of fifty one (56.86%)
sample respondents opined that they were not getting
financial assistance from the government for their
childrens education and rest of the Households said
Yes. About 41.18% of the respondents said that they
are getting government scholarship for their childrens
education, 1.96% said have got money for uniform and
rest of the Households said that No. Cent percent sample
respondents said that they had no problems in their
childrens school.
Health Facilities: Twenty six out of fifty one (50.98%)
sample respondents said that they are getting health care
facilities in the government hospital located within the
proximity of 1.5km and 1.96% of the Households said
they were getting healthcare in private hospitals and
rest of the Households said No. About 27.45% of the
respondents said affirmatively (saying Yes) for health
assistants to visit their locality and rest of the respondents
said No. Further, 1.96% Households opined that health
assistant visits once in a week, 3.92% said once in fifteen
days, 3.92% said once in a monthly, 21.57% said that health
assistant visits once more than one month once and rest
of the respondents did not specify. About 56.86% of the
182

sample respondents were satisfied with health facilities

available near their place and rest of the respondents
reported they were not satisfied. Twenty two out of fifty
one respondents specified the problems in the health
center, mentioning that doctors are demanding money
for treatment, treatment for the diseases no effective and
doctors are not attending the patients in time, etc.
Ownership of Assets: Thirty two out of fifty one (62.75%)
of the sample respondent said that, their present income
was sufficient to meet their household expenditure and
the rest of the respondents said not sufficient. Further,
Nineteen out of fifty one respondents manage their
household expenditure from other sources such as
business, loan from money lenders and petty shops etc.
Forty eight out of fifty one (94.12%) sample respondents
said that they were getting sufficient food grains from the
fair price shops and remaining 3 said that they were not
getting sufficient food grains. The reasons quoted area
are they were demanding high prices.
Regarding the assets owed by the sample Households in
the slum area 50.98% owned phone, two wheeler, TV,
Cycle, LPG etc, 23.53% owned phone, TV, grinder/mixer
and LPG and 7.84% Households is owned phone, TV,
Grinder/mixer, LPG, Cycle, Tape recorder, 13.73% owned
phone, TV, Grinder//mixer, LPG, Cycle, Auto rickshaw,
refrigerator and two-wheeler and rest of the sample
respondents said that they were not having any assets.
About 23.53% of the sample respondents reported
having problem of drainage and toilet facilities within
their locality, 37.25% reported about the problem of
drinking water, street lighting, road and electricity etc,
and remaining 39.22% said they had problem regarding
dwelling houses and ration cards.

11.7. Concluding Remarks

The Households access to basic service in Mandya ULBs
is comparatively good. However, there is a need for
improvement especially in the households access to
water supply and toilet facilities within the premises and
also in their access to closed drainage system. Another
interesting point is Shrirangapattana TMC registered
highest population growth rate (43.85%) and Malavalli
TMC registered highest slum population growth rate
(198.53%) during 2001- 2011 census. These are all
indications of faster urbanization. For addressing the
present and future problems in the Mandya ULBs there
is a need for more funds and manpower for execution
of developmental projects and providing efficient service
delivery to urban households.
In the case of solid waste management, except Mandya
CMC, all other ULBs are having above the normative
standard for manpower requirement to collect and
dispose of solid waste. Expenditure on developmental
works is very low in Maddur TMC. There is need for
strengthening its financial position. A time has come for
adopting a pragmatic strategy to dispose of solid waste
by recycling it rather than dumping it in land-fills. The
only long term and environment-friendly solution to
solid waste management is recycling it by using modern
methods. This not only saves precious land used for
dumping unprocessed waste but also prevents the
resultant environment pollution and health hazards.

183

184

185

186

CHAPTER 12

WAY FORWARD
12.1. Introduction
This chapter attempts to analyse the various issues
identified in the foregoing chapters and offer certain
significant policy guidelines and strategies essential for
sustainable human development in Mandya district. An
attempt is made to focus on the appropriate human
development determinants and parameters which would
enable the governments, general public, NGOs and other
stake holders to participate, co-ordinate and initiate
action at the district and sub-district levels to produce
better outcomes in the implementation of various
development programmes.
This chapter also provides a detailed account of
development indicators used for the measurement of
HDI. There are other measures of human development
apart from HDI, viz., GII, FSI, CDI, CTD, CDDI and UDI.
These indices help the policies makers to chalk-out an
appropriate plans and policies to address the low human
development regions and to bring them on par with high
human development regions.
Human development is a process of enlarging peoples
choices to improve the quality of human life. The most
important choices are good health, education and decent
standard of living. The human development approach
attempts to measure the overall development of the
district with regard to development programmes and
policies implemented by the government to fulfill the
requirements of the people to lead a quality of life. Before
we turn to the analysis of various human development
indices for Mandya district, let us take a quick look at
certain general features of this district.
Mandya is basically an agriculture-dependent District
with a few agro-based industries such as sugar and
jaggery for income and employment of the people. A
very small percentage of the geographical area of the
district is under forest. The district has about half of the
cultivated land under irrigation, thanks to the Cauvery
and Hemavathi rivers as also their tributaries which
provide yearlong assured irrigation for crops. Paddy
and sugarcane are dominant crops grown in almost the
entire canal-irrigated area, while ragi and horse gram are
the major crops in dry land agriculture. Sericulture is an

important commercial crop in virtually every taluk of the

district.In spite of having about half of the cultivated area
under assured irrigation, the districts average income
continues to be far below the state average, with none of
the taluks getting closer to the state per capita income.

12.2. Discussions and analysis on:

Outline of Human Development and its measurement
as indicated by different indicators
It is well accepted by the development thinkers that
human development is much more than income-centered
development. Thus, there has been a shift from incomecentered development paradigms to the people- centered
development paradigms which is popularly recognized
as Human Development (HD) paradigm. The major
difference between economic growth and human
development in that former focuses on the enlargement
of one option (income or product), while the focus of
the latter is on enlarging all human options. Human
development may be defined as a process of enlarging
peoples choices. At all levels of development, the three
essential choices for people are: to live a long and healthy
life, to acquire better knowledge and to have access
to resources needed for a decent standard of living.
If these essential choices are not available, many other
opportunities to improve the quality of life will remain
inaccessible.
(i) Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI is a composite index of different dimensions of
human life with a focus on three facets critical for human
development, viz., to lead long and healthy lives (health),
to be knowledgeable (education) and to have access
to the resources needed for a decent life (standard of
living). Altogether eleven indicators have been used for
measuring these three dimensions of HDI. In addition to
HDI, other indices namely Gender Inequality Index, Child
Development Index, Food Security Index, Composite
Taluk Development Index, Urban Development Index
and Composite Dalit Development Index have been
computed to assess the overall development of the district
using as many as of 126 development indicators.
The HDI for Mandya district is 0.663. For different
taluks in the district it ranges between 0.493 and
187

0.758. HDI for Shrirangapattana, Mandya and Maddur

taluks is higher than the district average, while HDI for
Malavalli, Pandavapura, Nagamangala and Krishnarajpet
taluks is lower than that of district. Shrirangapattana
taluk ranks number one in HDI ranking followed by
Mandya taluk in the 2nd rank and Maddur taluk in the
3rd rank. Krishnarajpet taluk ranks last, i.e.7th rank
with a HDI value of 0.493. Shrirangapattana taluk has
the highest HDI value because of the better values in
health index (0.920), living standard index (0.696) and
education index (0.682). Though Mandya taluk ranks
first in education index (1.000) and living standard index
(0.754), it ranks seventh in health index (0.441). Due to
poor performance in health index, Mandya taluk moved
to the 2nd rank in the district. Krishnarajpet taluk ranks
7th in HDI in the district because of the low in living
standard index (0.204).
As per the UNDP classification, Krishnarajpet (0.493)
and Malavalli (0.539) taluks are low human-development
taluks as the HDI for these taluks is less than 0.55.
Mandya (0.693), Maddur (0.688), Pandavapura (0.626),
Nagamangala (0.563) taluks are medium humandevelopment taluks, as the HDI for these taluks is between
0.55 and 0.70 as per the classification. Shrirangapattana
taluk (0.758) is the only taluk with high human
development as its HDI is between 0.7 and 0.9. Effective
utilization of resources and proper implementation of
development programmes are essential for improving
the levels of all development indicators to achieve higher
level of human development in all the taluks of the
district.
(ii) Living Standard Index (LSI)
The living standard index (LSI) is computed using seven
sub-indicators namely: access to cooking fuel, toilet, water,
electricity, pucca house, percentage of non-agricultural
workers and per capita income. Mandya district has a
moderate LSI of 0.588. The highest LSI (0.754) is found
for Mandya taluk which is in the 1st rank and the Lowest
LSI (0.204) is for Krishnarajpet taluk which is in the 7th
rank. Mandya and Shrirangapattana taluks have better LSI
than the districts average of 0.588, while Krishnarajpet,
Nagamangala, Malavalli, Pandavapura and Maddur taluks
have lower LSI than the district. Thus, there is a significant
gap in the LSI between the taluks of Mandya district.

The high LSI for Mandya Taluk is because of the high
values of sub-indicators such as high percentage of
households (52.52%) having toilets, high percentage
(62.65%) having pucca houses, high percentage of

houses (91.89%)connected with electricity and high

percentage share (42.41%)of non-agriculture workers in
the total accounted. In contrast, for Krishnarajpet taluk
the values for LSI sub-indicators namely households with
toilets is 21.67 percent, access to pucca houses is hardly
43.69 percent, low percentage (10.80%)of households
with modern cooking fuel and low percentage (20.17%)
of non-agricultural workers are the contributing factors
for low LSI in Krishnarajpet taluk.
(iii) Health Index (HI)
The child mortality rate and maternal mortality rate are
used as sub-indicators to compute the HI. HI of Mandya
district is 0.726 which shows that the overall health
service in the districtis fairly good. The HI of taluks
ranges from 0.441 to 0.953 and there is a noteworthy gap
between lowest and highest HI. Mandya taluk has least
HI (0.441) while all other taluks have higher health index
than that of the district. Nagamangala taluk ranks number
one with the highest HI of 0.953. This is really puzzling in
view of the fact that Mandya Town, being the district and
taluk headquarters, has quite a good number of public
and private hospitals. The main reasons for low health
index in Mandya taluk are high Child Mortality Rate (31)
and Maternal Mortality Rate (124). It is a fact that for the
taluks which have lowers CMR and MMR apparently the
HI value is higher. In Nagamangala taluk CMR (28) and
MMR (107) is lower compared to all other taluks in the
district and evidently its HI is high (0.953).
(iv) Education Index (EI)
Education index is worked out using two sub- indicators
namely literacy rate and gross enrollment rate at primary
and secondary schools. Mandya district has EI of 0.681
which shows the moderate education development. The
EI for taluks ranges from 0.428 to 1.000 showing significant
gap between taluks. Mandya taluk ranks first with an EI
of 1.000, while Malavalli taluk has least EI of 0.428. The
EI for Maddur, Krishnarajpet, Pandavapura, Nagamangala
and Malavalli taluks is lesser than the district average. The
main cause for the lower EI is low literacy rate and lower
gross enrollment in schools in some of the taluks. Mandya
taluk has 74.75 percent literacy and 107.48 percent of
gross enrollment rate which significantly contribute to
the higher education index.
(v) Gender Inequality Index
The GII for Mandya district is 0.070 indicating that gender
inequality in Mandya district is rather low. Taluk-wise
GII values indicate that Maddur taluk ranks 1st with the
lowest value (0.046) followed by Krishnarajpet in the 2nd
188

Rank (0.052), Shrirangapattana in the 3rd Rank (0.053)

and Nagamangala in the 4th Rank (0.061). All these four
taluks have lower GII the district average. Mandya taluk
has GII of 0.075 which is nearly equal to that of GII of the
district. Malavalli and Pandavapura taluks have higher
GII (0.087 and 0.104 respectively) with 6th and 7th ranks
respectively.
(vi) Child Development Index (CDI)
The CDI for Mandya district is computed by focusing
on childs mortality rate (Health Index), percentage of
mal-nourished children and babies born under- weight
(Nutrition index) and percentage of drop-out children
in primary and secondary schools main-streamed
(Education index). The CDI for taluks in Mandya district
ranges from 0.208 to 0.978. The CDI for Pandavapura
taluk is the highest (0.978) followed by Shrirangapattana
taluk with CDI of 0.681. Malavalli taluk is in the 3rd
rank with 0.584, Maddur taluk ranks 4th with 0.533 and
Nagamangala taluk ranks 5th with 0.448. All these taluks
have higher CDI than the district average. Krishnarajpet
(0.302) and Mandya taluk (0.208) are in the 6th and 7th
ranks and both taluks have lower CDI than that of the
district. Significant difference between the taluks (0.208
to 0.978) reflects imbalance between taluks with respect
to Childs well-being. Higher the CDI, higher would be
the childs development and lower CDI indicates the low
child development.
(vii) Food Security Index (FSI)
Food Security index of a region/district helps to ascertain
whether a region/district is able to feed the people and
keep them healthy all the times. Food Security Index (FSI)
is computed based on three dimensions namely food
availability, accessibility and absorption. The average
FSI for Mandya district is 0.398. The FSI for the taluks
ranges from 0.365 in the case of Malavalli (7th rank) to
0.605 in the case of Shrirangapattana taluk (1st rank).
The FSI for all taluks of Mandya district except Malavalli
taluk are higher than the district average. This substantial
gap in FSI indicates wide differences with regard to food
security, between taluks.
(viii) Composite Taluk Development Index (CTDI)
68 indicators have been used for calculating CTDI.
CTDI for Mandya district is 0.506 which shows modest
development. Mandya taluk with a CTDI value of 0.611
ranks first. The CTDI for Maddur taluk is 0.535 which
is slightly higher than the district CTDI. Nagamangala
taluk is in the 3rd place with a CTDI of 0.507. The CTDI
of Shrirangapattana (0.491), Krishnarajpet (0.473) and

Malavalli (0.425) taluks are below the district CTDI.

(ix) Urban Development Index (UDI)
The UDI is also one of the important indices for assessing
human development of a region. The UDI is computed
using 11 indicators which are important for urban
development. The UDI for urban local bodies (ULBs)
ranges from 0.383 to 0.756. Mandya TMC is in the 1st
rank with UDI of 0.756 followed by Krishnarajpet TP in
the 2nd Rank with UDI of 0.648 and Shrirangapattana
ULB in the 3rd Rank with a UDI of 0.629. The UDI for
Malavalli ULB is 0.497, 0.467 for Nagamangala TP, 0.442
for Pandavapura ULB and 0.383 for Maddur TMC.
(x) Composite Dalit Development Index
(CD DI)
As part of the study undertaken for analyzing the
human development of Mandya district, in addition to
constructing the above-mentioned indices, a Composite
Dalit Development Index (CDDI) was also computed
based on a small area (sample) study. The CDDI is a
composite index of 10 indicators relating the life of Dalits.
In the sample study conducted in a village of Mandya
district the CDDI worked out to be 0.573 which indicates
average Dalit development in the scale range specified
for the purpose. The Dalit Deprivation Index (DDI) is
1-CDDI. Thus in the present case the DDI is 0.427, which
means there is still a lot to be done to ameliorate the
conditions of Dalits.
Education component
The special promotional and motivational efforts made
by the Government in the last few years did help reduce
the school dropout rate in the district. This improvement
can serve as a significant indicator / criterion for designing
better educational strategies in future. Absence of
teachers in schools, poverty, and lack of proper facilities
in the schools which are considered as the significant
factors causing dropouts may still be given attention in
the respective taluks and efforts should be intensified to
further reduce percentage of the dropouts.
The percentage of female teachers is low in lower
primary and secondary schools compared to higher
primary schools. In order to encourage girls education,
it is necessary to recruit more number of female teachers
at the school level in general and at elementary level in
particular. But, this is not fulfilled even after considerably
a long period. This needs immediate attention.

189

One of the important indicators which add to the quality

of education and literacy is the Pupil-Teacher Ratio. This
ratio indicates the number of pupils enrolled per teacher
and is calculated considering the total number of pupils
enrolled to the 7th class in Government schools and the
number of teachers working in those schools separately
for elementary and secondary education level.
At the elementary level, 61% of the classrooms are in good
condition, 15% of classrooms need major repairs and 24%
of the classrooms need minor repairs. At the secondary
level, 62% of the classrooms are in good condition, 30%
need minor repairs and 8%need major repairs.
A state level analysis has placed Mandya district in the
7th place regarding the building status 30th regarding
the condition of classrooms at elementary level; 14th
regarding the building status and 29th regarding the
condition of classrooms at secondary level in the state.
Regarding school facilities, the Government has identified
the following 9 facilities, which include most of the basic
facilities identified by MHRD, required for a school as per
RTE Drinking water, boys toilet, girls toilet, compound
wall, library, playground, ramps, teachers and rooms. In
Mandya district, 36.26% of elementary schools have all the
9 facilities and 97.83% of elementary schools have only 7
facilities.
Health Component
The health indicators for Mandya district show some
positive trends. A redeeming feature of the health
situation is that the IMR for Mandya District is 26 which
is much below the Karnataka and Indias IMR of 35 and
42 respectively. Krishnarajpet has highest rate of IMR
with (27) is followed by Nagamangala and Malavalli with
26 each. The least IMR is found in four taluks namely
Pandavapura, Shrirangapattana, Mandya and Maddur
with IMR of 25.
Even the Child Mortality Ratio (CMR) is low (30) in
Mandya district. The highest CMR of 31 is found in
Mandya taluk followed by Krishnarajpet and Maddur with
29 apiece. On the other hand, the remaining four taluks
namely Nagamangala, Pandavapura, Shrirangapattana
and Malavalli recorded CMR of 28. Thus the CMR for the
district and the taluks is much below CMR for India (55)
and Karnataka (54).
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), which is the number
of women who die during pregnancy and child birth,
per 1, 00,000 live births, is 111 for Mandya district and

is below that for Karnataka (144) and also that for India
(178).MMR is highest for Mandya with 124 followed by
Pandavapura and Malavalli with 113 apiece. Lowest MMR
of 104 is recorded for Krishnarajpet taluk followed by
Maddur (105) and Nagamangala (107).
As per the findings of National Family Health Surway-3
(NFHS-3), the contraceptive prevalence ratio (CPR) was
56% meaning that hardly 56% of couples were currently
using any type of contraceptive method. Modern methods
(pills, IUCDs and condoms) were the most preferred
methods compared to traditional sterilization techniques.
Livelihood and Quality of Living indicators
Drinking water, housing and Sanitation are some of the
important indicators of the standard of living of the People.
A good quality of potable water supply is very essential for
promoting human health. The supply of drinking water
is very essential for ensuring and promoting standard of
living of the people. About 85 percent of the households
in Mandya district were having access to potable drinking
water in 2011. In Nagamangala taluk, 81 percent of
the households having access to drinking water and in
Maddur taluk as many as 88 percent of households having
access to potable drinking water. The data on potable
drinking water in the district indicates that more than 81
percent of households were having access to water in the
year 2011. This is a fairly good coverage of safe drinking
water supply in the district.
Housing is an important indicator of the standard of
living of the people. Housing provides physical, social,
mental base for human life. The Government of India has
introduced a National Housing Policy in 1985 to provide
houses for the poor through housing subsidies. About 56
percent of the households own pucca houses in Mandya
district in the year 2011. The pucca houses are more
in numbers in Shrirangapattana, Mandya, Maddur and
Malavalli taluks. However, 44 percent of the households
in the district require to be covered with pucca houses.
Sanitation is also one of the important indicators of
standard of living. The Government of India has initiated
a total sanitation programme to eradicate the present
practice of open defecation in rural areas. This programme
aims at providing all houses with water and sanitation
facilities to promote hygiene for overall improvement of
health and sanitation in rural areas. About 37 percent
of households in the districts have toilet facilities within
the premises. More than 52 percent of households have
toilets only in Mandya and Shrirangapattana taluks
190

remaining taluks lagging behind in construction of toilets

within the premises. There is an urgent need for cent
percent achievements in the construction of toilets in the
district to improve the living standard of the people.
Combined H.D analysis of the district
One of the objectives of the preparation of the Human
Development Report (HDR) for Mandya district is to
understand the HD positions of the taluks by focusing on
the three dimensions of human development. Human
Development Index (HDI) is the summary measure of
the human development which measures the average
achievement of human development in the district. As we
already discussed in the introductory chapter, HDI is the
average value of three dimensions of human development
namely living standard, health and education. HDI
provides the relative positions and achievements of the
taluks in the district in human development. The HDI
value for Mandya district is 0.663. Shrirangapattana taluk
ranks first with the value of 0.758 followed by Mandya
taluk (0.693), Maddur ranks third (0.688) and these
taluks HDI values are higher than the district average.
Pandavapura taluk ranks number 4th with the value of
0. 626 and Nagamangala (0.563), Malavalli (0.539) and
Krishnarajpet (0.493) ranks 5th, 6th and 7th respectively
wide variation of 0.265 is observed between this taluks.
Regional disparity of the Present HD Situation in the
district.

The Human Development Report - 2014 for Mandya

district attempts to bring out the differences in human
development through an analysis of data on various
development indicators through HDI values computed
for the purpose. This is meant to address imbalances
in the areas of concern in human development more
importantly the achievements in the three dimensions of
human development namely living standard, health and
education.
In order to identify the regional imbalances in
development and to suggest addressing the regional
imbalances, the Government of Karnataka constituted
a committee under the chairmanship of Dr. D. M.
Nanjundappa in 2000. The committee constructed a
Comprehensive Composite Development Index (CCDI),
Comprising of 35 indicators for each of the 175 taluks.
According to the CCDI Values, taluks whose values are
less than 1.0 are regarded as backward taluks. As per this
classification, the taluks in Mandya district also ranked
with other 175 taluks in the State. The following table
gives the ranking of the taluks based on the HDR-2014
for Mandya district and CCDI Values computed by Dr.
Nanjundappa committee.

Comparison of HDI & CCDI Values in Mandya District

Taluks

HDI Value

Rank

CCDI Value

Krishnarajpet

0.493

0.80

Nagamangala

0.563

0.83

Pandavapura

0. 626

0.94

Shrirangapattana

0.758

0.98

Mandya

0.693

1.00

Maddur

0.688

0.95

Malavalli

0.539

0.84

District

0.663

Source: DHDR 2014, Mandya and Dr. Nanjundappa Report 2002

191

The higher HDI Values Indicates the higher achievements

in human development indicators and lower values
show the lesser achievements. Thus, these values
show the disparity in development between the taluks.
Shrirangapattana has highest HDI value (0.758) which
indicates the higher average achievements in the three
dimensions of human development. On the other hand,
Krishnarajpet has 0.493 HDI value which is far behind
in the achievement level of human development.
The regional imbalances in human development in
Krishnarajpet, Malavalli and Nagamangala taluks have to
be addressed by the government not only by allocating
more funds but also effective utilization of funds allotted
for housing, sanitation, drinking water, and health and
education. Even in the Dr. Nanjundappa report these
taluks were identified as more backward (the taluks
whose CCDI value is between 0.8 and 0.88are more
backward) taluks of the district in respect of development.
As per the CCDI values, Shrirangapattana, Maddur and
Pandavapura taluks were considered as backward taluks
(the taluks whose CCDI value is between 0.89 & 0.99
were considered as back ward).
The local governments have to take note of these
regional imbalances and address properly by formulating
plans and implementing them effectively to reduce the
imbalances between the taluks/regions in the district.
The Way Ahead
Future HD strateg y for Education Sector
Literacy and education play a significant role in human
development. Economic development and human
development can be accomplished together only when
people are literate. It empowers people, plays a principal
role in achieving gender equality and ensures both social
empowerment and peoples empowerment. Therefore
it is very important to provide quality education to
empower people in the society. The following are the few
suggestions to improve the education system in Mandya
district.

Reduce gender gap in the literacy rate and
promote maximum female literacy as there is a
strong positive relationship between the education
of mothers and children.
Identify and mainstream out-of-school children
including drop-outs so as to reach the goal of
100% enrolment and education for all.

Decrease in NER and increase in drop-out rate is to

be probed at length to plan for improving
enrolment and reducing drop-out rate.

Quantitative aspects like number of schools,

classrooms and other infrastructural facilities
need to be looked into along with improvements

in the qualitative aspects of education, i.e.,
educational performance in terms of ability to read
and do basic arithmetic operations.
Basic facilities like toilets, drinking water, electricity
etc. are very essential and need to be provided by
the education department.
Special attention should be given to education of
children with special needs.
Immediate attention should be given to improve
SSLC and PUC results
There is urgent need for promoting quality teacher
education (both pre-service and in-service).
Adequate number of quality teachers need to be

recruited.
Improvement in the quality of higher education is

necessary.
More number of female teachers in lower primary
and upper primary schools to be appointed as
this would encourage female students to continue

their education
Future HD Strateg y for the Health Sector
Good health is necessary for the well-being of human
beings. Therefore, it is considered as one of the vital
dimensions of human development index. The most
important determinants of health status are IMR,
CMR, MMR, percentage of mal-nourished children,
percentage of pregnant women with anemia, percentage
of population served by health centers etc. The health
sector in Mandya district has to initiate the following
strategy/ policy measures to enhance the quality of health
services.
Though the IMR & CMR are fairly good in Mandya

district, it is very important to reduce the
present MMR of 124 to fulfill the target of
Millennium Development Goals of 109.
192

 Percentage of low birth weight babies in Mandya

district was lesser (11.5%) than both national

average (21.5%) and state average (18.7%)
In 2011-12, highest proportion of LBW babies was

reported in Nagamangala taluk (13.80%) and

least in Shrirangapattana Taluk (6.13%). The

health department still reduce the percentage
of babies born under weight by providing good
health services to the pregnant women.
The health department has to meet the inadequate
number of PHCs/ health centers. The vacant posts
of doctors and nurses to be filled up by the

Government immediately.
Private initiatives in health services need to be
encouraged by the government to provide good
health services in rural areas.

NGOs services in health sector should be

encouraged by the Zilla Panchayats. Health

awareness and Government programmes on
healthcare is vital in Mandya district.
Regular ANC visit to the rural areas in the district is

crucial.

The districts per-capita health expenditure
(PCHE) is Rs.1782.95 which is low when

compared with Karnatakas and Indias PCHE.
The highest PCHE of Rs. 2177.98 is incurred in

Mandya taluk followed by Rs. 2149.62 in
Krishnarajpet taluk. Pandavapura taluk has the
least PCHE of Rs.1156.68. There is need for
increasing the PCHE, and this has to come largely

in the form of public health expenditure to
enhance the quality of health service.
Future HD Strateg y for the Livelihood Sector
The districts economy is the basic source of livelihood
for the people. To what extent the poverty in the district is
alleviated and the standard of living is improved depends
primarily on the rate of growth of the districts economy.
The overall rate of economic growth Mandya district has
been lower than that of the State in recent years, although
the primary sector including agriculture in the district has
registered quite higher growth rate than in the state .The
district-level development agencies such as agriculture
and industry departments and also institutional credit
agencies need to serve as pro-active agents in hastening
the rate of growth of the districts economy.

The development of social sector is vital in the

district particularly the social indicators viz.
housing and sanitation, electricity and potable

drinking water.

More than 40 percent of the households
in the district do not have pucca house structure,
housing schemes/programmes of the State and

Central governments should be used by Zilla

Panchayats.
Marginal farmers (about 23 %) and agricultural

labourers (24%) in the district should be

encouraged to take up income generating
subsidiary occupations such as dairying, sheep

rearing, poultry farming etc. by providing
subsidised institutional credit.
Artificial recharge structures should be constructed
in feasible areas for augmenting ground water
resource and to improve ground water quality
especially in areas of Krishnarajpet, Nagamangala
and Malavalli taluks where fluoride problem exists
to a limited extent.

Through effective implementation of various
employment/income generating programmes like

MGNREGS, this can enhance employment
opportunities and improve the income level of the
poor in the district.

Total Sanitation programme should be
implemented effectively in schools, anganawadis
and in individual houses as there is close relation
between health and sanitation.

There is need to hasten the development of
secondary sector, particularly the manufacturing

sub-sector not only to generate non-farm
employment opportunities but also to exploit the
available industrial resources to eradicate poverty.
HD Strateg y for Dalits, Tribals and Minorities
The Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and
some minorities are the socially marginalised groups
in the district. They are economically poor and socially
disadvantaged compared to the other groups of people
in the society. The Human Development status of these
marginalised groups is relatively low compared with that
of all other social groups in the society. Their low level
of development owing to low access to education, health
193

facilities, low access to pucca houses, low income earning

opportunities. It is imperative to note that unless these
marginalised groups are mainstreamed with other social
groups of the society, the higher Human Development
cannot be achieved.
16 percent of the SCs & STs population constitute

the total population in Mandya district. It is
important to bring them par with other social
groups in the district.
The literacy rate among these marginalised groups
is less compared to other social groups in the
district. The education department has to initiate
special programmes to improve the literacy rate
among these marginalised groups.

The land owned by SC & ST households is
very less; most of these families work as agricultural
labourers. These families have to be encouraged by
the Zilla Panchayats to take up self-employment
activities to improve their living standard.
Only few SC & ST households access to modern
cooking fuel in the district, it is important to
provide cooking fuel to all the families as most of
them lives in remote areas in the district.
About 30 percent of the households have access
to toilets; this should be addressed immediately by
the district administration.
Nearly 50 percent of the marginalised groups do
not pucca houses, they should be provided pucca
houses under IAY, Ambedkar Awas Yojana, Basava
Vasathi Yojana etc. on priority basis.
The government should encourage the socially
marginalised groups through special programmes

for education, health, housing and sanitation,
more opportunities for generating income through

adequate guarantee of employment etc., to
enhance their quality of life which would ultimately
led to high level of Human Development in the

district.
Future HD strateg y for Gender Development
Although gender inequality in Mandya district is not
marked, as evidenced by fairly low Gender Inequality
Index of 0.070, there are still problems to be attended to
regarding gender development in the district.

The Child sex ratio has declined in 2011compared

to 2001 Census, hence the causes for this trend
needs to be examined and appropriate policy
measures need to be introduced on war footing.
Around 78% of the couples are using contraceptives,
better awareness needs to be created and health
care delivery services need to be strengthened.

Even though Child mortality rate is less than

maternal mortality rate, the percentage of

malnourished children is around 22% in the
district. This demands specific policy measure to
reduce malnutrition among newly-born babies.
ASHA workers need to reach out to all adolescent
girls and pregnant women in both Shrirangapattana

and Nagamangala.
A slight decline in female work participation in
the district coupled with a big wage gap of Rs.110
is a serious concern; the rural local bodies could
make a big difference, in bridging this gap.

SHGs have created a new wave of economic

freedom and independence among women in
the district, there is a need for strengthening the
SHGs movement at grass root level.
Future HD Strateg y for other sectors
Future HD Strateg y for tackling Urban Problems:
The households access to basic services in Mandya
CMC is comparatively better. However, there is

a need for improvement especially in the

households access to water supply and toilet
facilities within the premises and also in their

access to closed drainage system. The future
strategy is to provide basic services to rest of the

ULBs.
The ULBs are struggling to meet the basic urban
services like street lighting, water supply, drainage

system, clearance of garbage, health services,
housing and education especially to the poorer
sections. There is an urgent need for recruiting
anpower to execute the developmental projects.
Lack of adequate own sources of funds to establish
and maintain urban facilities, insufficient state
allocation to ULBs and poor management of the
194

 available funds. The ULBs should mobilize their

own resources to meet the expenditure on basic
services on priority.
Future HD strateg y for Good Governance: Good
governance is crucial for human development. The
development thinkers and administrators maintain
that human development is not possible without good
governance. The full benefits of government policies and
programmes reach targeted groups of people only when
the delivery system is transparent, smooth, effective
and efficient. There is much more to achieve by these
governments to attain a true human development in
rural as well as in urban areas. Some of the key issues
to be taken up by the rural and urban governments for
effective delivery of services are:
Plans prepared by the Panchayat raj institutions
should be need-based.
More funds to be allotted to the backward taluks
to bring them on par with developed taluks.
Accurate data should be collected and maintained
on all aspects of development indicators.
Proper training should be given to both elected
representatives and government officials on
development activities at the grass root level, taluk
level and at the district level.

Peoples participation is crucial
improvement of governance.

for

the

Periodic Gramasabha and Ward Sabha at GP level

are crucial to address the grievances of the rural

people.
Grama nairmalya is the key for good health of

people, particularly children and women. GPs
should take necessary measures in this regard.

Committed NGOs and voluntary agencies should

be recognized and involved by PRIs for
implementing certain government programmes.

Co-ordination between NGOs and PRIs would
yield better results in improving the quality of life
in rural areas.

There should be good co-ordination between
the Govt. departments and the Panchayats for
smooth functioning and effective implementation
of the development programmes.

The governments e-initiatives should be used
properly and effectively to serve all the stakeholders
in a better manner. All GPs should be provided
computers with internet facility and with a skilled

computer operator.

12.3. Concluding Remarks

Human development at the grassroots level can be
achieved not merely by allocating large amounts of funds
but by the honest and judicious deployment of these
funds on various development projects coupled with
constant monitoring of their progress at the local level.
The local governments consisting of both the elected
representatives and bureaucracy need to play a pro-active
and sincere role to make human development inclusive
and sustainable. Transparency in local administration and
checking pilferage of development funds is the need of
the hour which need be accomplished not just by the
routine departmental auditing but also an effective social
auditing at the local level. It is an open secret that the
local governments have often turned out to be hot-beds
of factional politics and vested interests to which many a
well-meaning human development project becomes the
victim. There are always people at the local level to point
out the irregularities in the micro level development
administration. But what protection does the State
Government give to such trumpet blowers!!

GPs should create awareness among people about

the use of toilets and help to construct them.
State should allocate larger amount of funds to
Panchayats for undertaking development activities.

Periodic awareness programme on human

development for general public, elected
representatives and officials is vital.
195

196

ANNEXURE I: TABLES
Table 2.1: Percentage of forest area to total geographical area of Mandya District - 2011-12
Taluk

Forest area (ha)

Total Geographical area (ha)

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

5767

91551

6.30

Nagamangala

2516

103885

2.42

Pandavapura

2051

52743

3.89

Shrirangapattana

725

35758

2.03

Mandya

1507

71512

2.11

Maddur

20

61846

0.03

Malavalli

12179

80949

15.05

District

24765

498244

4.97

Source: JD, Agriculture, Mandya

Table 2.2: Decadal population growth rate in Mandya District - 2001 and 2011
Population
Taluk

2001

Decadal Growth rate (20012011)

2011

Total

Rural

Urban

Total

Rural

Urban

Total

Rural

Urban

Krishnarajpet

248245

225665

22580

260479

234533

25946

4.93

3.93

14.91

Nagamangala

190770

174718

16052

187897

170121

17776

-1.51

-2.63

10.74

Pandavapura

175009

156699

18310

183352

162953

20399

4.77

3.99

11.41

Shrirangapattana

162984

139255

23729

180191

146056

34135

10.56

4.88

43.85

Mandya

405612

274433

131179

415153

277795

137358

2.35

1.23

4.71

Maddur

290783

264262

26521

295432

260285

35147

1.60

-1.50

32.53

Malavalli

281809

245958

35851

283265

245664

37601

0.52

-0.12

4.88

District

1763705

1480990

282715

1805769

1497407

308362

2.38

1.11

9.07

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

197

Table 2.3: Urban Population to Total Population in Mandya District- 2011

Males

Females

Total Urban
Population

Total Population

% of urban population to total

Krishnarajpet TMC

12982

12964

25946

260479

9.96

Nagamangala TP

8884

8892

17776

187897

9.46

Pandavapura TP

10172

10227

20399

183352

11.13

Shrirangapattana TMC

16789

17346

34135

180191

18.94

Mandya CMC

68662

68696

137358

415153

33.09

Maddur TMC

17563

17584

35147

295432

11.90

Malavalli TMC

18790

18811

37601

283265

13.27

District

153842

154520

308362

1805769

17.08

ULBs

Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 2.4: Proportion of Urban and Rural Population in Mandya Vis--vis Karnataka and India
2001

2011

Urban population (%)

Rural population (%)

Urban population (%)

Rural population (%)

India

27.81

72.19

31.61

68.84

Karnataka

33.99

66.01

38.57

61.43

Mandya

16.03

83.97

17.08

82.92

Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 2.5: Sex ratio in Mandya District by Taluk -2011
Taluk

Total Female Population

Total Male Population

Sex Ratio

Krishnarajpet

130238

130241

1000

Nagamangala

94215

93682

1006

Pandavapura

91314

92038

992

Shrirangapattana

90251

89940

1003

Mandya

206546

208607

990

Maddur

147553

147879

998

Malavalli

140567

142698

985

District

900684

905085

995

Source: Census of India, 2011

198

Table 2.6: Width-wise details of first three classes of roads (in km) in Mandya district (upto end of March 2002)
Different Width of Roads
Different types of road
Single Lane

Middle Lane

Double Lane

Total Roads

73

73

State Highway

165

20

59

244

Major District Road

1254

81

31

1366

Total

1419

101

163

1683

National Highway

Source: Mandya District Gazetteer

Table 2.7: Distance covered in Mandya districts (upto end of March 2002)
State Highway No.

Taluk in Mandya district through which the road

passes

Distance covered in Mandya district

7 (Mysore-Arasikere)

56.30

Shrirangapattana-Pandavapura-Krishnarajpet

17 (Bangalore-Nilgiri)

60.00

Maddur-Mandya-Shrirangapattana

19 (Shrirangapattana-Bidar)

71.70

Shrirangapattana-Pandavapura-Nagamangala

33 (Koratagere-Kollegal)

43.50

Maddur-Malavalli

86 (Mysore-Malavalli)

12.50

Malavalli

Source: Mandya District Gazetteer

Table 2.8: Classification of Taluks in Mandya District as per Composite Taluk Development Index - Comparison of
DHDRs and Prof. D.M. Nanjundappa Committees classifications
Taluk

CTDI

CTDI Rank

CCDI

CCDI classification of Taluk

Krishnarajpet

0.473

0.800

More Backward

Nagamangala

0.507

0.830

More Backward

Pandavapura

0.451

0.940

Backward

Shrirangapattana

0.491

0.980

Backward

Mandya

0.611

Maddur

0.535

0.950

Backward

Malavalli

0.441

0.840

More Backward

District

0.506

Note: * Mandya Taluk does not figure in any of the 3 categories of backward taluks as per Nanjundappa Committees
criteria
199

Table 4.1: Literacy Rate in Mandya district -2001 and 2011

2001
Taluk

Literates 7 &
above

Population 7
& above

Krishnarajpet

134506

Nagamangala

2011

Difference
Percentage

Percentage

Literates 7
& above

Population 7
& above

Percentage

218263

61.63

165413

235769

70.16

8.53

104324

168197

62.02

120899

170969

70.71

8.69

Pandavapura

87370

154077

56.71

111369

165495

67.29

10.59

Shrirangapattana

90372

143936

62.79

118064

162593

72.61

9.83

Mandya

237507

360136

65.95

280150

374771

74.75

8.80

Maddur

153676

258377

59.48

183487

267525

68.59

9.11

Malavalli

138068

248038

55.66

170267

255962

66.52

10.86

District

951460

1558558

61.05

1149649

1633084

70.40

9.35

Source: Census of India, 2001and 2011

Table 4.2: Taluk-wise male and female literacy rates in Mandya District-2011

Taluk

Male literate
aged 7 & above

Male Population
aged 7 & above

Percentage

Female Literate
Aged 7 & above

Female Population
aged 7 & above

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

93631

117634

79.60

71782

118135

60.76

Nagamangala

68520

84977

80.63

52379

85992

60.91

Pandavapura

62635

82794

75.65

48734

82701

58.93

Shrirangapattana

64047

80904

79.16

54017

81689

66.13

Mandya

152859

187810

81.39

127291

186961

68.08

Maddur

102037

133366

76.51

81450

134159

60.71

Malavalli

94939

128537

73.86

75328

127425

59.12

District

638668

816022

78.27

510981

817062

62.54

Source: Census of India, 2011

200

Table 4.3: Gender gap in Literacy rate between 2001 and 2011 in Mandya District
Taluk
Census Year

Male Literacy

Female literacy

Difference (M & F )

2001

2011

Difference

2001

2011

Difference

2001

2011

Difference

Krishnarajpet

73.04

79.60

6.16

50.38

60.76

10.38

22.66

18.84

3.82

Nagamangala

74.10

80.63

6.53

50.37

60.91

10.54

24.73

19.72

5.01

Pandavapura

66.77

75.65

8.88

46.75

58.93

12.18

20.02

16.72

3.30

Shrirangapattana

70.78

79.16

9.38

54.63

66.13

11.50

16.15

13.03

3.12

Mandya

74.18

81.39

7.21

57.53

68.08

10.55

16.65

13.31

3.34

Maddur

68.76

76.51

7.75

50.12

60.71

10.59

18.64

15.80

2.84

Malavalli

64.16

73.86

9.70

46.88

59.12

12,24

17.28

14.74

2.54

District

70.50

78.27

7.77

51.53

62.54

11.01

18.23

15.73

2.50

Source: Census of India, 2001and 2011

Table 4.4: Gross Enrolment rate (Elementary School) in Mandya District by Taluks -2011
Primary
2011

Upper
Primary
2011

Elementary
Enrolment
2011

Population (6-14
years age group)
2011

GER Elementary
2010-11

GER Elementary
2011-12

Krishnarajpet

17,890

10,779

28,669

30238

99.61

94.81

Nagamangala

12,664

8,943

21,607

25194

88.87

85.76

Pandavapura

13,136

8,051

21,187

20893

103.32

101.41

Shrirangapattana

13,185

8,386

21,571

21674

96.58

99.52

Mandya

28,960

18,094

47,054

43837

110.67

107.34

Maddur

19,733

12,178

31,911

31558

104.08

101.12

Malavalli

18,072

11,810

29,882

31532

99.45

94.77

District

123,640

78,241

201,881

204926

101.38

98.51

Taluk

Source: DDPI, Mandya

201

Table 4.5: Net Enrolment Rate (Elementary School) in Mandya District by Taluk - 2010-11 and 2011-12
Net enrolment Elementary
2011-12

Age-wise children population 6 -14

2011-12

Percentage
NER 2010-11

Percentage
NER 2011-12

Krishnarajpet

28669

34239

87.98

83.73

Nagamangala

21607

26307

85.10

82.13

Pandavapura

21187

24140

89.43

87.77

Shrirangapattana

21571

22487

93.09

95.93

Mandya

47054

48516

84.91

96.99

Maddur

31911

40115

81.88

79.55

Malavalli

29882

38883

80.65

76.85

District

201881

243307

85.39

82.97

Taluk

Source: DDPI, Mandya

Table 4.6: Dropout Rate (Elementary School) in Mandya District by Taluks
2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12
2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

Percentage

Dropout in
Elementary
education

Elementary Enrolment

Percentage

Dropout
in Elementary
education

Elementary Enrollment

Percentage

32418

5.17

1452

30121

4.82

897

28669

3.13

1177

41525

2.83

783

22390

3.5

776

21607

3.59

Pandavapura

1032

41659

2.48

399

21586

1.85

193

21187

0.91

Shrirangapattana

1092

38787

2.82

638

20933

3.05

444

21571

2.06

Mandya

1328

44369

2.99

1462

48516

3.01

1741

47054

3.7

Maddur

1867

32660

5.72

935

32846

2.85

1344

31911

4.21

Malavalli

1445

32685

4.42

1477

31359

4.71

1560

29882

5.22

District

9616

264103

3.64

7146

207751

3.44

6955

201881

3.45

Taluk

Dropout in
Elementary
education

Elementary Enrolment

Krishnarajpet

1675

Nagamangala

Source: DDPI, Mandya

202

Table 4.7: Taluk wise Dropout Children Mainstreamed (Primary and Secondary Schools) in Mandya
District by Taluks 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12
2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

Percentage

Dropout
Children
Mainstreamed

Dropout
Children

Percentage

Dropout
Children
Mainstreamed

Dropout
Children

Percentage

56

35.71

25

42

59.52

31

29.03

20

27

74.07

18

55

32.73

10

50.00

Pandavapura

61

118

51.69

11

72.73

14

17

82.35

Shrirangapattana

34

66

51.52

69

83

83.13

56

8.93

Mandya

102

191

53.40

55

71

77.46

73

6.85

Maddur

38

80

47.50

44

83

53.01

49

8.16

Malavalli

105

208

50.48

140

214

65.42

28

140

20.00

District

380

746

50.94

359

559

64.22

70

376

18.62

Taluk

Dropout
Children
Mainstreamed

Dropout
Children

Krishnarajpet

20

Nagamangala

Source: DDPI, Mandya

Table 4.8: Transition Rate at Elementary School level in Mandya District: 2009-10, 2011-12 (%)

Taluk

2009-10

2011-12

All community

All community

Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Krishnarajpet

93.57

91.97

92.48

96.05

99.69

97.87

Nagamangala

90.00

89.52

90.14

92.89

96.41

94.65

Pandavapura

93.06

91.04

98.58

84.28

79.90

82.09

Shrirangapattana

92.45

88.54

90.38

99.00

107.65

103.32

Mandya

89.96

90.09

96.28

94.99

94.44

94.72

Maddur

95.79

95.05

99.15

94.53

97.45

95.99

Malavalli

99.26

99.15

97.65

88.49

89.00

88.75

District

93.42

91.93

97.21

101.32

105.27

103.29

Source: DDPI, Mandya

203

Table 4.9: Secondary School Gross Enrolment Rate (15-16 years)

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

Secondary
school
Enrolment

Population in
15-16 age
group

GER Percentages

Secondary
school Enrolment

Population in
15-16 age
group

GER Percentages

Secondary
school Enrolment

Population
in 15-16
age group

GER Percentages

Krishnarajpet

10893

10738

101.44

10568

10738

98.42

10717

10738

99.80

Nagamangala

9604

8253

116.37

9190

8253

111.35

7943

8253

96.24

Pandavapura

7683

7569

101.51

7243

7569

95.69

7119

7569

94.05

Shrirangapattana

7452

7415

100.50

6625

7415

89.35

5974

7415

80.57

Mandya

17788

17539

101.42

17444

17539

99.46

18912

17539

107.83

Maddur

14591

12575

116.03

14487

12575

115.2

12745

12575

101.35

Malavalli

13708

12185

112.5

12754

12185

104.67

9885

12185

81.12

District

81719

76274

107.14

78311

76274

102.67

73,295

76274

96.09

Taluk

Source: DDPI, Mandya

Table 4.10: Drop-out rate in Secondary School
2009-10
Taluk

2010-11

2011-12

Drop out
in Secondary

Secondary
enrolment

Percentage

Drop out
in Secondary

Secondary
enrolment

Percentage

Drop out
in Secondary

Secondary
enrolment

Percentages

Krishnarajpet

325

10717

3.03

149

10568

1.41

432

10717

4.03

Nagamangala

414

7943

5.21

1247

9190

13.57

1105

7943

13.91

Pandavapura

440

7119

6.18

124

7243

1.71

391

7119

5.49

Shrirangapattana

827

5974

13.84

651

6625

9.83

756

5974

12.65

Mandya

344

18912

1.82

1468

17444

8.42

741

18912

3.92

Maddur

104

12745

0.82

1742

14487

12.02

138

12745

1.08

Malavalli

954

9885

9.65

2869

12754

22.49

2460

9885

24.89

District

3408

73295

4.65

8250

78311

10.53

6023

73,295

8.22

Source: DDPI, Mandya

204

Table 4.11: Details of sanctioned posts and working teachers in schools in

Mandya District in 2011-12
Dept. of
Education

Level

Social Welfare

Aided

Unaided

Total

Primary

1848

1690

05

04

09

08

293

284

2155

1986

Higher Primary

4170

3789

158

150

257

216

2155

2087

6740

6242

Elementary

6018

5479

163

154

266

224

2448

2371

8895

8228

Secondary

2048

1729

133

125

679

548

1329

1279

4189

3681

Source: DISE 2011-12

Note: S-Sanctioned

W- Working

Table 4.12: Details of Male and Female working teachers in schools

Dept. of
Education

Level

Social Welfare

Aided

Unaided

Total

Primary

1066

626

02

04

00

08

24

267

1092

905

Higher Primary

2045

1746

101

76

79

137

511

1691

2736

3650

Elementary

3111

2372

103

80

79

145

535

1958

3826

4555

Secondary

1093

636

85

61

403

148

556

825

2137

1670

Source: DISE 2011-12

Note: M Male

F -Female

205

Table 4.13: Pupil-Teacher Ratio (Elementary School) in Mandya District by Taluk -2009-10, 2010-11 & 2011-12
2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

Taluk

Govt. Enrolment 1to 7

class

Govt.
Teacher
Working

PupilTeacher
Ratio

Govt. Enrolment to 7
class

Govt.
Teacher
Working

PupilTeacher
Ratio

Govt. Enrolment 1to 7

class

Govt.
Teacher
Working

PupilTeacher
Ratio

Krishnarajpet

12,961

1041

12:1

18,436

1012

18:1

16087

978

16:1

Nagamangala

9,401

819

11:1

13,523

830

16:1

10077

759

13:1

Pandavapura

7,824

612

13:1

11,449

612

19:1

10158

573

18:1

Shrirangapattana

6,765

530

13:1

10,158

490

21:1

18436

499

37:1

Mandya

13714

1079

13:1

20202

1049

19:1

21455

1013

21:1

Maddur

10,870

888

12:1

16,087

853

19:1

17783

799

22:1

Malavalli

11,784

936

13:1

17,783

897

20:1

13550

858

16:1

District

73,319

5,905

12:1

107,638

5,743

19:1

107546

5479

20:1

Source: DDPI, Mandya

Table 4.14: Pupil-Teacher Ratio (Secondary School) in Mandya District in
2009-10, 2010-11 & 2011-12
2009-10
Enrolment
in 8 to
10 Stds.
in (Govt.
Schools)

Teacher
Govt.

Krishnarajpet

6367

Nagamangala

2010-11

PT Ratio

Enrolment
in 8 to
10 Stds.
in (Govt.
Schools)

Teacher
Govt.

236

27:1

6367

4030

165

24:1

Pandavapura

4032

157

Shrirangapattana

7101

Mandya

2011-12

PT Ratio

Enrolment in
8 to 10 Stds.
in (Govt.
Schools)

Teacher
Govt.

PT Ratio

227

28:1

6367

230

28:1

4030

179

23:1

4030

174

23:1

26:1

4032

165

24:1

4032

186

22:1

139

51:1

7101

170

42:1

7101

167

43:1

7323

232

32:1

7323

342

21:1

7323

362

20:1

Maddur

6992

313

22:1

6992

320

22:1

6992

304

23:1

Malavalli

4150

293

14:1

4150

281

15:1

4150

306

14:1

District

39995

1535

26:1

39995

1684

24:1

39995

1729

23:1

Taluk

Source: DDPI, Mandya

206

Table 4.15: Building status and Condition of classrooms in Elementary and

Secondary schools (Education Department Schools) Mandya District
(A)Status of School Building
Schools

Private

Rented

Govt

Rent Free

Dilapidated

Under Construction

No Building

Elementary

1801

04

02

1788

07

00

00

00

Secondary

213

01

00

187

21

04

00

00

Level

(B) Condition of Classrooms

Class rooms
Level

Other rooms

Good Rooms

Need major
repair

Need
minor
repair

Total rooms

Good rooms

Need major repair

Need minor
repair

Total rooms

Elementary

4101

978

1632

6711

1119

422

531

2072

Secondary

656

84

316

1056

447

79

322

848

Source: DISE 2011-12

Table 4.16: Percentage of Villages having a Primary School within 1 km distance in Mandya District 2011-12
Villages having a primary school within 1 km
distance

Total no of habitation

Percentages

Krishnarajpet

419

419

100.00

Nagamangala

547

577

94.80

Pandavapura

238

239

99.58

Shrirangapattana

156

157

99.36

Mandya

337

341

98.83

Maddur

291

291

100.00

Malavalli

327

327

100.00

District

2315

2351

98.47

Taluk

Source: DDPI, Mandya

207

208

373

182

126

295

246

263

1829

Nagamangala

Pandavapura

Shrirangapattana

Mandya

Maddur

Malavalli

District

Source: DDPI, Mandya

344

Total Schools

Krishnarajpet

Taluk

10194

1420

1511

1761

728

1050

1934

1790

Facilities

2009-10

14632

2104

1968

2360

1008

1456

2984

2752

Schools

0.70

0.67

0.77

0.75

0.72

0.72

0.65

0.65

index

1821

261

247

294

125

182

370

342

Total Schools

11230

1559

1706

1836

794

1130

2151

2054

Facilities

2010-11

14568

2088

1976

2352

1000

1456

2960

2736

Schools

0.77

0.75

0.86

0.78

0.79

0.78

0.73

0.75

Index

1801

256

246

290

125

182

361

341

Total Schools

Table 4.17: Taluk-wise School Infrastructure Index in Mandya District in 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12

12880

1798

1805

2074

897

1311

2532

2463

Facilities

2011-12

14408

2048

1968

2320

1000

1456

2888

2728

Schools

0.89

0.88

0.92

0.89

0.90

0.90

0.88

0.90

Index

209

341

361

182

125

290

246

256

1801

Krishnarajpet

Nagamangala

Pandavapura

Shrirangapattana

Mandya

Maddur

Malavalli

District

Source: DDPI, Mandya

Total
Schools

Taluk

1798

256

246

290

123

181

361

341

No

Boys Toilet

1793

256

244

290

123

182

360

338

Yes

No

Girls Toilet

1768

256

233

288

125

182

358

326

Yes

33

13

15

No

Electricity

895

95

130

174

60

99

145

192

Yes

906

161

116

116

65

83

216

149

NO

Play Ground

1575

239

239

214

122

158

293

310

Yes

226

17

76

24

68

31

NO

Ramps

1795

255

245

290

125

180

359

341

Yes

No

Library

1455

185

222

238

94

147

295

274

Yes

346

71

24

52

31

35

66

67

No

School Compound

Table 4.18: Taluk-wise School Infrastructure Index in Mandya District in 2011-12

1801

256

246

290

125

182

361

341

Yes

No

Drinking
Water

12880

1798

1805

2074

897

1311

2532

2463

Facilities

14408

2048

1968

2320

1000

1456

2888

2728

Schools

0.89

0.88

0.92

0.89

0.90

0.90

0.88

0.90

Index

Table 4.19: Educational Performance of Mandya District -2006

Std.1-2 children who
can read letters,
words or more

Std. 1-2 children

who can recognize Nos. 1-9 or
more

Std. 3-5 children

who can read
level 1 text or
more

Std. 3-5 children who

can do subtraction or
more

mothers who can read

Mandya District

91.80%

68.00%

42.00%

48.20%

49.80%

Karnataka State

78.40%

63.50%

56.10%

45.90%

44.50%

Source: ASER 2006, Karnataka Rural

Table 4.20: Educational Performance of Mandya District -2010
Std.1-2 children who
can read letters,
words or more

Std. 1-2 children who can

recognize Nos. 1-9 or more

Std. 3-5 children who can

read level 1 text or more

Std. 3-5 children who can

do subtraction or more

Mandya District

92.10%

88.10%

64.10%

27.20%

Karnataka State

83.4%

83.0%

60.6%

41.1%

Source: ASER 2008, Karnataka Rural

Table 4.21: SSLC pass percentage in Mandya District and its Taluks during 2010-11 and 2011-12
Taluk

2010-11

2011-12

Krishnarajpet

90.81

90.72

Nagamangala

88.76

86.87

Pandavapura

87.83

58.33

Shrirangapattana

80.86

80.65

Mandya

83.57

84.19

Maddur

92.76

92.78

Malavalli

79.96

88.03

District

86.36

84.09

Source: DDPI, Mandya

210

Table 4.22: PUC pass percentage in Mandya District and its Taluks in 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12
2009-10
Taluk

2010-11

2011-12

No. of
student
passed

No. of
students
appeared

Percentage

No. of student passed

No. of
students
appeared

Percentage

No. of students passed

No. of
students
appeared

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

1224

2353

52.02

949

2341

40.54

1224

2353

52.02

Nagamangala

1174

1865

62.95

1014

1962

51.68

1174

1865

62.95

Pandavapura

852

1536

55.47

746

1589

46.95

852

1536

55.47

Shrirangapattana

476

927

51.35

412

981

42.00

476

927

51.35

Mandya

2836

5219

54.34

2183

5151

42.38

2836

5219

54.34

Maddur

1752

3312

52.90

1398

3135

44.59

1752

3312

52.90

Malavalli

1044

1954

53.43

825

1909

43.22

1044

1954

53.43

District

9358

17166

54.51

7527

17068

44.10

9358

17166

54.51

Source: DDPI, Mandya

Table 4.23: Particulars of Higher Education Institutions in Mandya District
Krishnarajpet

Nagamangala

Pandavapura

Shrirangapattana

Mandya

Maddur

Malavalli

Medical Colleges

Govt. Engg. Colleges

P G College

Degree Colleges

ITI s

Govt.
Poly-techniques

Teacher-Education
Colleges

Types of Institutions

Source: RMSA, Mandya

211

Table 4.24: Details of Enrolment in different Higher education Institutions

2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12
2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

Institutions
M

Medical College

169

107

161

121

136

112

Govt. Engineering College

2294

1097

2592

1277

2637

1321

College with PG Courses

101

124

110

170

137

224

Degree Colleges

5010

5902

5523

6819

6175

7596

ITIs

1570

255

1685

274

1774

253

Govt. Polytechnics

1791

701

2139

770

2346

823

District

10935

8186

12210

9431

13205

10329

Source: RMSA, Mandya

Table 4.25(a): Per-capita Expenditure on Education, 2011-12
Taluk

Education Expenditure (Rs. In Lakh)

Population

Per- capita Expenditure

Krishnarajpet

3615.68

260479

1388.09

Nagamangala

3309.4

187897

1761.28

Pandavapura

2430.95

183352

1325.84

Shrirangapattana

2352.82

180191

1305.74

Mandya

5897.54

415153

1420.57

Maddur

4080.49

295432

1381.19

Malavalli

3938.98

283265

1390.56

District

25625.86

1805769

1419.11

Source: DDPI, Mandya

212

213

128.16

98.42

81.16

177.61

105.56

131.43

830.68

Nagamangala

Pandavapura

Shrirangapattana

Mandya

Maddur

Malavalli

District

Source: DDPI, Mandya

108.34

Krishnarajpet

Taluk

Expenditure
on SSA

182.30

30.82

32.69

37.76

15.67

18.54

20.35

26.47

RMSA Expenditure

112.09

20.80

17.42

22.38

9.90

11.51

13.14

16.94

18454.21

2937.62

2890.23

4349.53

1725.07

1633.13

2361.71

2556.92

Zilla Panchayat
non-plan expenditure of Edn. Dept.

2453.41

269.42

360.72

515.42

239.78

363.20

382.62

322.25

Zilla Panchayat
plan expenditure
Edn. Dept.

322.87

40.36

40.36

80.72

40.35

40.36

40.36

40.36

State Plan
expenditure of
Edn. Dept.

15
40.54

Number
Percentage

2.70

01

ST

43.24

16

OBC

13.51

05

Others

Source: Primary Survey - Small Area Study

SC

100

37

Total

Table 4.26: Social Composition of the Sample School Dropouts

279.58

45.89

43.02

54.82

26.72

28.64

33.43

47.06

Uniforms

Test
Books

Category

397.05

67.75

67.10

80.48

36.38

43.80

41.47

60.07

Expenditure on
Bicycles

1281.02

220.21

183.29

399.52

81.31

77.17

109.91

209.61

Social Welfare Dept.

Table 4.25(b): Break-up of Expenditure by Dept of Education in Mandya District for the Year 2011-12

1289.45

173.19

339.19

164.60

95.09

114.75

176.56

226.07

BCM
Dept.

23.21

1.49

0.91

14.71

1.39

1.43

1.69

1.59

Adult
Edn.

25625.87

3938.98

4080.49

5897.55

2352.82

2430.95

3309.40

3615.68

Total

Table 4.27: Level of schooling and Class-wise Distribution of the Sample Dropout
(No. of Dropouts 37)
Level of Schooling

Class

Number

Percentage

03

8.11

06

16.22

04

10.81

07

18.92

20

54.05

02

5.41

02

5.41

08

21.62

12

32.40

Lower Primary

Total

Higher Primary

Total
Elementary

17

32

86.45

Secondary

02

5.41

03

8.11

05

13.52

Total

Source: Primary Survey - Small Area Study

Table 4.28: Education Level of Parents of Dropouts Children
Father

Mother

Education Level
No.

No.

Illiterates

34

91.89

34

91.89

Literates : a. Primary

b. Upper Primary

01
02

2.70
5.41

01
02

2.70
5.41

Total

03

8.11

03

8.11

Grand Total

37

100

37

100

Source: Primary Survey - Small Area Study

214

Table 4.29: Reasons for Female Dropouts

Reasons for Drop out

Number

Percentage

Harassment

01

2.70

Household activities

01

2.70

Lack of Interest to Learn

10

27.03

Any Other Reason

05

13.51

Migration

20

54.05

Total

37

100.00

Source: Primary Survey- Small Area Study

Table 4.30: Percentage of Dropouts resumed back to school
Number

Percentage

Individual counselling to Dropouts

33

89.19

Dropouts back to school

32

86.49

Source: Primary Survey - Small Area Study

Table 5.1: Status of Health Indicators in Mandya District
Indicators
Taluk

Decadal Population
Growth Rate (DPGR)

Population
Density

Sex Ratio

Child Sex Ratio

Child Female

Child Male

Krishnarajpet

4.93

288

1000

960

48.98

51.02

Nagamangala

-1.51

180

1006

945

48.58

51.42

Pandavapura

4.77

343

992

932

48.23

51.77

Shrirangapattana

10.56

527

1003

948

48.65

51.35

Mandya

2.35

594

990

942

48.50

51.50

Maddur

1.60

482

998

923

48.00

52.00

Malavalli

0.52

351

985

928

48.13

51.87

District

2.38

364

995

939

48.42

51.58

Source: Census of India, 2011

215

Table 5.2: Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratio between 2001 and 2011
Sex Ratio

Child Sex Ratio

Taluk
2001

2011

Change

2001

2011

Change

Krishnarajpet

1010

1000

-10

971

960

-11

Nagamangala

1025

1006

-19

954

945

-9

Pandavapura

1001

992

-9

934

932

-2

Shrirangapattana

973

1003

30

915

948

33

Mandya

971

990

19

922

942

20

Maddur

982

998

16

907

923

16

Malavalli

965

985

20

944

928

-16

District

986

995

934

939

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

Table 5.3: Major Health Indicators in Taluks of Mandya District
Indicators
Taluk

IMR
(Per 1000 live births)

CMR
(per 1000 live births)

MMR
(Per 100000 live births)

Krishnarajpet

27

29

104

Nagamangala

26

28

107

Pandavapura

25

28

113

Shrirangapattana

25

28

109

Mandya

25

31

124

Maddur

25

29

105

Malavalli

26

28

113

District

26

30

111

Source: SRS, 2011

216

Table 5.4: Eligible couples protected by contraceptive methods in Mandya District by Taluks -2011
Taluk

No. of eligible couples using any contraceptive (both

temporary and permanent)

Total no. of eligible

couples

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

13054

22960

56.86

Nagamangala

21612

29602

73.01

Pandavapura

24060

29380

81.89

Shrirangapattana

23410

29960

78.14

Mandya

79378

93979

84.46

Maddur

37262

43680

85.31

Malavalli

31978

36280

88.14

District

230754

285841

80.73

Source: DHO, Mandya

Table 5.5: Sub-Centers in Mandya District by Taluk -2011
Taluk

No. of sub-centers

Krishnarajpet

63

Nagamangala

53

Pandavapura

43

Shrirangapattana

43

Mandya

81

Maddur

66

Malavalli

58

District

407

Source: DHO, Mandya

217

Table 5.6: Primary Health Centers in Mandya District by Taluk-2011

Taluk

No. of primary health centers

Krishnarajpet

20

Nagamangala

14

Pandavapura

Shrirangapattana

Mandya

30

Maddur

18

Malavalli

21

District

119

Source: DHO, Mandya

Table 5.7: Doctors availability in Mandya District by Taluk- 2011
Taluk

No. of doctors

Krishnarajpet

30(0.12)

Nagamangala

27(0.14)

Pandavapura

30(0.16)

Shrirangapattana

20(0.11)

Mandya

128(0.31)

Maddur

35(0.12)

Malavalli

34(0.12)

District

304(0.17)

Source: DHO, Mandya

Figures in Parantheses indicate doctors per 1000 population

218

Table 5.8: Nurses Availability in Mandya District by Taluk- 2011

Taluk

No. of Nurses

Krishnarajpet

29 (0.11)

Nagamangala

46 (0.24)

Pandavapura

37 (0.20)

Shrirangapattana

48 (0.27)

Mandya

148 (0.36)

Maddur

53 (0.18)

Malavalli

41 (0.14)

District

402 (0.22)

Source: DHO, Mandya Note: Figures in parantheses are number of nurses per 1000 population.
Table 5.9: Sub-centers, Primary Health Centers and Doctors availability in Mandya District by Taluk 2009-2011(Nos)
Sub-center

PHCs

Doctors

Taluk
2009-10

2011-12

2009-10

2011-12

2009-10

2011-12

Krishnarajpet

63

63

20

20

30

30

Nagamangala

53

53

14

14

27

27

Pandavapura

43

43

30

30

Shrirangapattana

43

43

620

20

Mandya

81

81

30

30

128

128

Maddur

66

66

18

18

35

35

Malavalli

58

58

21

21

34

34

District

407

407

119

119

304

304

Source: DHO, Mandya

219

Table 5.10: ANC Coverage and Anaemia among pregnant women in Mandya District by Taluk: 2011 (%)
Taluk

ANC

PANE

Krishnarajpet

89.04

31.00

Nagamangala

89.60

47.00

Pandavapura

58.68

50.90

Shrirangapattana

56.31

31.70

Mandya

163.99*

50.90

Maddur

62.65

24.70

Malavalli

81.44

47.80

District

94.49

50.90

Source: DHO, Mandya and SRS, 2011

Table 5.11: Taluk- wise Institutional deliveries in Mandya District -2011
Taluk

Percentage of institutional
deliveries

Krishnarajpet

99.90

Nagamangala

99.69

Pandavapura

99.75

Shrirangapattana

99.79

Mandya

99.88

Maddur

99.57

Malavalli

99.44

District

99.72

Source: DHO, Mandya

220

Table 5.12: ANC and Institutional Delivery in 2009-10 and 2010-11 in Mandya District
ANC

Institutional Delivery

Taluk
2009-10

2010-11

% change

2009-10

2010-11

% change

Krishnarajpet

99.43

94.36

-5.07

98.59

99.44

0.85

Nagamangala

99.50

98.09

-1.41

99.27

99.22

-0.05

Pandavapura

98.87

98.54

-0.33

99.32

99.41

0.09

Shrirangapattana

97.05

98.97

1.92

99.02

99.56

0.54

Mandya

98.74

98.81

0.07

98.83

99.70

0.87

Maddur

98.17

98.76

0.59

98.64

99.03

0.39

Malavalli

98.19

95.15

-3.04

98.36

99.04

0.68

District

98.59

97.40

-1.19

98.80

99.34

0.54

Source: DHO, Mandya

Table 5.13: Children fully Immunized in Mandya District by Taluks
Taluk

% of children fully Immunized

Krishnarajpet

197.96

Nagamangala

126.68

Pandavapura

189.57

Shrirangapattana

240.16

Mandya

58.82

Maddur

289.84

Malavalli

237.54

District

127.42

Source: DHO, Mandya

221

Table 5.14: Percentage of Children born under-weight in Mandya District by Taluk in 2011-12
Taluk

Percentage of children born under-weight

Krishnarajpet

11.90

Nagamangala

13.80

Pandavapura

6.82

Shrirangapattana

6.13

Mandya

13.04

Maddur

6.84

Malavalli

9.47

District

11.54

Source: DHO, Mandya

Table 5.15: Malnourished Children (Excluding Normal) in Mandya District by Taluk -2011 (%)
Taluk

Percentage of malnourished children

Krishnarajpet

26.07

Nagamangala

24.45

Pandavapura

18.73

Shrirangapattana

20.95

Mandya

20.69

Maddur

22.11

Malavalli

21.70

District

21.91

Source: SRS, 2011

222

Table 5.16: Percentage of fully Immunized Children in Mandya by Taluk-2011

Immunized Children
Taluk
2009-10

2010-11

Krishnarajpet

112.20

112.20

Nagamangala

100.70

100.70

Pandavapura

112.22

112.22

Shrirangapattana

112.42

112.42

Mandya

102.72

102.72

Maddur

95.80

95.80

Malavalli

100.33

100.33

District

104.16

104.16

Source: DHO, Mandya

Table 5.17: Percentage of people affected by major communicable diseases-2011-12
Taluk

Percentage of people affected by major communicable diseases

Krishnarajpet

0.54

Nagamangala

0.80

Pandavapura

0.87

Shrirangapattana

0.86

Mandya

0.34

Maddur

0.55

Malavalli

0.61

District

0.60

Source: DHO, Mandya

223

Table 5.18: Number of people affected by Communicable Diseases during 2009-10 to 2011-2012
Communicable Diseases
Taluk

Dengue

Chicken Gunya

H1N1

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

Krishnarajpet

Nagamangala

Pandavapura

Shrirangapattana

Mandya

Maddur

Malavalli

District

14

20

26

23

12

Source: DHO, Mandya

Table 5.19: Number of Jana Swashthya Yojana ( JSY ) Beneficiaries in Mandya District and its Taluk (2011-12)
Taluk

JSY Beneficiaries (Nos)

Krishnarajpet

2172

Nagamangala

1853

Pandavapura

1793

Shrirangapattana

1236

Mandya

4559

Maddur

2136

Malavalli

2637

District

16386

Source: DHO, Mandya

224

Table 5.20: Per-capita Health Expenditure

PCHE (Rs.)

% of PCHE to PCI (at Current Prices, 200809)

Krishnarajpet

2149.62

6.41

Nagamangala

1571.32

4.43

Pandavapura

1154.51

3.11

Shrirangapattana

1156.68

4.53

Mandya

2177.98

8.31

Maddur

2090.62

8.23

Malavalli

1491.45

5.89

District

1684.60

5.65

Taluk

Source: DHO, Mandya

Table 5.21: Trends Per-Capita Health Expenditure from 2009 to 2012
Per capita Health Expenditure
Taluk
2009-10 (Rs)

2010-11 (Rs)

2011-12 (Rs)

Growth Rate (%) (2009-12)

Krishnarajpet

2055

2095

2140

4.0

Nagamangala

1499

1526

1574

4.8

Pandavapura

1950

1102

1160

-68.1

Shrirangapattana

1056

1104

1158

8.8

Mandya

2010

2059

2175

7.6

Maddur

2001

2010

2088

4.2

Malavalli

1394

1401

1480

5.8

District

1762

1705

1780

1.0

Source: DHO, Mandya

225

Table 5.22: Place of Delivery

Place

No. of respondents

Percentage

Home

Nil

Nil

Primary Health Center

26

38.81

Taluk Level Hospital

8.96

District Hospital

26

38.81

Private Hospital

13.43

Total

67

100

Source: Primary Survey - Small Area Study

Table 5.23: Birth Weight of the children (in kgs)
Birth Weight

Number

Percentage

Less than 2.5 Kg (Underweight)

8.95

2.5 Kg and within 3

52

77.61

3 Kg and above

13.43

Total

67

100

Source: Primary Survey - Small Area Study

Table 5.24: Vaccinations administered to the baby
Number

Percentage

NIL

5.97

YES

63

94.03

Total

67

100

Source: Primary Survey - Small Area Study

226

Table 6.1: Growth of DDP at 2004-05 prices in Mandya District: (Rs. Lakh)
DDP in
2004-05

DDP in 2008-09

ACGR of DDP (%)

ACGR of State SDP (%)

Primary Sector

113563

174978

11.41

5.40

Secondary Sector

69765

97875

8.83

9.98

Tertiary Sector

144294

180036

5.69

11.30

District

327621

452889

8.43

9.81

Particulars

Note: ACGR = Annual Compound Growth Rate

Source: Govt. of Karnataka, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bengaluru
Table 6.2: Taluk-wise Economic Growth Rates at 2004-05 prices in Mandya District: (In lakh Rs.)
Taluk

DDP in 2004-05

DDP in 2008-09

ACGR of DDP (%)

Krishnarajpet

47567

72517

11.12

Nagamangala

30606

60001

18.33

Pandavapura

38041

58659

11.43

Shrirangapattana

35097

38179

2.13

Mandya

75204

96667

6.48

Maddur

55753

64915

3.88

Malavalli

45353

61951

8.11

District

327621

452889

8.43

16632548

24185153

9.81

State Total

Note: ACGR = Annual Compound Growth Rate

Source: Govt. of Karnataka, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bengaluru

227

Table 6.3: Growth Rate of Per capita income in Mandya District vis-a-vis Karnataka State at 2004-05
prices during the period from 2004-05 to 2008-09
Taluk

PCI in 2004-05 (Rs)

PCI in 2008-09 (Rs)

ACGR of PCI (%)

Krishnarajpet

18304

26652

9.85

Nagamangala

15326

28696

16.98

Pandavapura

20764

30580

10.16

Shrirangapattana

19551

20314

0.96

Mandya

17711

21744

5.26

Maddur

18315

20368

2.69

Malavalli

15373

20057

6.88

District

17744

23428

7.19

State Average

30062

41751

8.56

Note: ACGR = Annual Compound Growth Rate

Source: Govt. of Karnataka, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bengaluru
Table 6.4: Taluk-wise Gross Per capita Income (in rupees) for the year 2008-09 at current prices
Taluk

Per capita income (in Rs.)

Krishnarajpet

33536

Nagamangala

35473

Pandavapura

37182

Shrirangapattana

25539

Mandya

26205

Maddur

25388

Malavalli

25316

District

28987

State Average

53101

Source: Govt. of Karnataka, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bengaluru

228

Table 6.5: Taluk-wise Sectoral Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09 at

Current Prices Aggregates for all sectors (In lakh Rs. & %)
Taluk

Primary Sector

Secondary Sector

Tertiary Sector

Total TDP

Krishnarajpet

38595 (42.30)

23753 (26.03)

28900 (31.67)

91248

Nagamangala

36579 (49.32)

8612 (11.61)

28981 (39.07)

74172

Pandavapura

25681 (36.01)

17205 (24.12)

28436 (39.87)

71322

Shrirangapattana

15409 (32.10)

7731 (16.11)

24862 (51.79)

48001

Mandya

38139 (32.74)

25317 (21.73)

53042 (45.53)

116499

Maddur

22171 (27.40)

26295 (32.50)

32450 (40.10)

80916

Malavalli

29367 (37.56)

19369 (24.77)

29460 (37.67)

78196

District

205941 (36.75)

128282 (22.89)

226131 (40.36)

560353

Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages to the row-wise totals

Source: Govt. of Karnataka, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bengaluru
Table 6.6: Taluk-wise Sectoral Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09 at
Current Prices Primary Sector (In lakh Rs. & %)
Agriculture & Animal Husbandry

Forestry & Logging

Fishing

Mining & Quarrying

Total

Krishnarajpet

34533 (89.48)

3315 (8.59)

573 (1.48)

174 (0.45)

38595 (100)

Nagamangala

29249 (79.96)

2621 (7.17)

643 (1.76)

4066 (11.12)

36579 (100)

Pandavapura

18262 (71.11)

2647 (10.31)

450 (1.75)

4321 (16.83)

25681 (100)

Shrirangapattana

10397 (67.47)

1989 (12.91)

676 (4.39)

2347 (15.23)

15409 (100)

Mandya

33492 (87.82)

3679 (9.65)

541 (1.42)

427 (1.12)

38139 (100)

Maddur

17927 (80.86)

2975 (13.42)

618 (2.79)

651 (2.94)

22171 (100)

Malavalli

23366 (79.57)

3634 (12.37)

745 (2.54)

1622 (5.52)

29367 (100)

District

167226 (81.20)

20860 (10.13)

4246(2.06)

13608 (6.61)

205941 (100)

Taluk

Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages to the row-wise totals

Source: Govt. of Karnataka, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bengaluru

229

Table 6.7: Taluk-wise Sectoral Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09 at

Current Prices Secondary Sector (In lakh Rs. & %)
Manufacturing
Taluk

Construction

Electricity Gas &

Water Supply

Total

Registered

Un-registered

Krishnarajpet

1982 (8.34)

1646 (6.93)

18397 (77.45)

1728 (7.27)

23753 (100)

Nagamangala

0(0)

2957 (34.34)

4890 (56.78)

765 (8.88)

8612 (100)

Pandavapura

2429 (14.12)

1539 (19.91)

12447 72.35)

790 (4.59)

17205 (100)

Shrirangapattana

911 (11.78)

1512 (19.56)

3536 (45.74)

1772 (22.92)

7731 (100)

Mandya

8883 (35.09)

2447 (9.67)

10475 (41.38)

3512 (13.87)

25317 (100)

Maddur

13413 (51.01)

4696 (17.86)

6759 (25.70)

1427 (5.43)

26295 (100)

Malavalli

0 (0)

1003 (5.18)

14503 (74.88)

3863 (19.94)

19369 (100)

District

27618(21.53)

15800 (12.32)

71007 (55.35)

13857 (10.80)

128282 (100)

Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages to the row-wise totals

Source: Govt. of Karnataka, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bengaluru

230

231

0 (0)

661 (2.32)

1179 (4.74)

802 (1.51)

990 (3.05)

0 (0)

4575 (2.02)

Nagamangala

Pandavapura

Shrirangapattana

Mandya

Maddur

Malavalli

District

6345 (2.81)

1124 (3.82)

539 (1.66)

575 (1.08)

577 (2.32)

799 (2.81)

926 (3.20)

1805 (6.25)

Trans
port by
other
means

995 (3.38)
8600 (3.80)

106
(0.05)

545 (1.68)

4087 (7.71)

640 (2.57)

632 (2.22)

958 (3.31)

743 2.57)

Communication

4 (0.01)

16 (0.05)

73 (0.14)

0 (0)

4 (0.01)

1 (0.00)

8 (0.03)

Storage

37069
(16.39)

4544 (15.42)

2715 (8.37)

3088 (5.82)

5744 (23.10)

9917 (34.87)

9585 (33.07)

1476 (5.11)

Trade, Hotels
&
Restaurants

Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages to the row-wise totals

Source: Govt. of Karnataka, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bengaluru

943 (3.26)

Krishnarajpet

Taluk

Rail
ways

29749 (13.16)

2778 (9.43)

4413 (13.60)

10630 (20.04)

2789 (11.22)

2920 (10.27)

2622 (9.05)

3597 (12.45)

Banking &
Insurance

69120 (30.57)

10369 (35.20)

10217 (31.49)

16930 (31.92)

7290 (29.32)

6449 (22.68)

7659 (26.43)

10206 (35.31)

Real Estate, Owner

ship of Dwelling & Business
Services

16060 (7.10)

2111 (7.17)

2004 (6.18)

5238 (9.88)

1683 (6.77)

1631 (5.74)

1683 (5.81)

1710 (5.92)

Public
Administration

54507 (24.10)

7535 (25.58)

11011 (33.93)

11619 (21.91)

4960 (19.95)

5423 (19.07)

5547 (19.14)

8412 (29.11)

Other Services

Table 6.8: Taluk-wise Sectoral Distribution of DDP in Mandya District in 2008-09 at Current Prices Tertiary Sector (In lakh Rs. & %)

226131

29460

32450

53042

24862

28436

28981

28900

Total

Table 6.9(a): Land Use Pattern in Mandya District in 2011-12 (in Ha.)

Geographical Area

Forest

Land not
available for
cultivation

Other Uncultivated
Land

Fallow
Land

Net Area Sown

Krishnarajpet

97318 (100.00)

5767 (5.93)

18259 (18.76)

22274 (22.89)

16082 (16.53)

34936 (35.90)

Nagamangala

106401 100.00)

2516 (2.36)

18679 (17.56)

27514 (25.86)

27998 (26.31)

29694 (27.91)

Pandavapura

54594 (100.00)

2051 (3.76)

9446 (17.30)

8408 (15.40)

5402 (9.89)

29287 (53.65)

Shrirangapattana

36483 (100.00)

725 (1.99)

6186 (16.96)

3684 (10.10)

11969 (32.81)

13919 (38.15)

Mandya

73019 (100.00)

1507 (2.06)

14440 (19.78)

6345 (8.69)

23448 (32.11)

27279 (37.36)

Maddur

61866 (100.00)

20 (0.03)

19307 (31.21)

349 (0.56)

14551 (23.52)

27639 (44.68)

Malavalli

93128 (100.00)

12179 (13.08)

20673 (22.20)

8858 (9.51)

25862 (27.77)

25556 (27.44)

District

522809 (100.00)

24765 (4.74)

106990 (20.46)

77432 (14.81)

125312 (23.97)

188310 (36.02)

Taluk

Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages to the row-wise totals

Source: GoK, Mandya District at a Glance: (2011-12)
Table 6.9(b): Percentage Change in Net Sown Area (NSA) in Mandya District (2001 2011)
Taluk

2000-01

2010-11

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

45182

44115

-2.36

Nagamangala

38532

44249

14.84

Pandavapura

22666

32830

44.84

Shrirangapattana

20954

16967

-19.03

Mandya

39185

43866

11.95

Maddur

39524

31298

-20.81

Malavalli

40619

39793

-2.03

District

246662

253118

2.62

Source: JD, Agriculture, Mandya

232

Table 6.9(c): Percentage of area degraded to TGA in MandyaDistrict in 2011-12

Taluk

Cultivable waste (ha)

Total geographical area (ha)

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

6510

91551

7.11

Nagamangala

26178

10385

25.2

Pandavapura

3900

52743

7.39

Shrirangapattana

500

35758

1.4

Mandya

2319

71512

3.24

Maddur

128

61846

0.21

Malavalli

2420

80949

2.99

District

41955

498244

8.42

Source: JD, Agriculture, Mandya

Table 6.9(d): Taluk- wise Average size of holdings in Mandya District - 2011-12 (In hectares)
Taluk

Total Area of holdings (Ha)

Total No. of Holdings

Average Size of Holdings

Krishnarajpet

55176

55493

0.99

Nagamangala

60966

62320

0.98

Pandavapura

26243

37916

0.69

Shrirangapattana

24686

34794

0.71

Mandya

50521

74904

0.67

Maddur

42745

62416

0.68

Malavalli

49094

67923

0.72

District

309431

395766

0.78

Source: JD, Agriculture, 2011-12

233

Table 6.10(a): Cropping Intensity in Mandya District by Taluks -2011-12

Taluk

Gross sown area (in ha)

Net sown area (in ha)

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

41135

37663

109.22

Nagamangala

39246

37618

104.33

Pandavapura

31028

28322

109.55

Shrirangapattana

24946

17265

144.49

Mandya

45727

36741

124.46

Maddur

41384

32765

126.31

Malavalli

43995

39753

110.67

District

267461

230127

116.22

Source: JD, Agriculture, Mandya

Table 6.10(b): Cropping Intensity in Mandya District by Taluks 2012-13
Gross Cropped Area (ha)

Net Area Sown (ha)

Cropping
Intensity (%)

Krishnarajpet

39801

34936

113.93

Nagamangala

33096

29694

111.46

Pandavapura

32819

29287

112.06

Shrirangapattana

20767

13919

149.20

Mandya

36924

27279

135.36

Maddur

30557

27639

110.56

Malavalli

30266

25556

118.43

District

224230

188310

119.07

Taluk

Source: District at a Glance: Mandya (2012-13)

234

Table 6.11: Cropping Pattern in Mandya District 2011-12

Cereals & Millets

Pulses

Total food
grains

Fruits &
Vegetables

Oil seeds

Commercial
Crops

Total

Krishnarajpet

19881 (52.50)

9068 23.95)

28949 (76.45)

2268 (5.99)

1620 (4.28)

5028 (13.28)

37865
(100)

Nagamangala

15628 (48.01)

8746 26.87)

24374 (74.88)

2753 (8.46)

2597 (7.98)

2828 (8.69)

32552
(100)

Pandavapura

13274 (39.23)

8546 25.25)

21820 (64.48)

858 (2.54)

984 (2.91)

10178
(30.08)

33840
(100)

Shrirangapattana

15853 (63.12)

1609 (6.41)

17762 (70.72)

1128 (4.49)

443 (1.76)

5783 (23.03)

25116
(100)

Mandya

22123 (52.23)

2666 (6.29)

24789 (58.53)

2249 (5.31)

909 (2.15)

14407
(34.02)

42354
(100)

Maddur

19932 (47.24)

3291 (7.80)

23223 (55.04)

875 (2.07)

1099 (2.60)

16996
(40.28)

42193
(100)

Malavalli

28291 (63.88)

2482 (5.60)

30773 (69.48)

1403 (3.17)

2289 (5.17)

9825 (22.18)

44290
(100)

District

134982 (52.28)

36408
(14.10)

171690
(66.49)

11534 (4.47)

9941 (3.85)

65045
(25.19)

258210
(100)

Taluk

Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages to the row-wise totals

Source: District at a Glance: Mandya (2012-13)
Table 6.12: Percentage of Area under leguminous crops to the GCA in Mandya District 2011-12
Taluk

Percentage of Leguminous Crops

Krishnarajpet

22

Nagamangala

22.3

Pandavapura

27.5

Shrirangapattana

6.4

Mandya

5.8

Maddur

Malavalli

5.6

District

13.6

Source: JD, Agriculture, Mandya

235

Table 6.13: Per - capita food grain production in Mandya District in 2011-12 (in kgs)
Taluk

Per capita food grain production (In Kgs)

Krishnarajpet

236.00

Nagamangala

235.00

Pandavapura

210.00

Shrirangapattana

179.00

Mandya

130.00

Maddur

171.00

Malavalli

166.00

District

181.00

Source: JD, Agriculture, Mandya

Table 6.14: Irrigation in Mandya District 2011-12: Net Area Irrigated by Different Sources (Area in Ha)
Taluk

Canal

Tanks

Well

Lift
Irrigation

Tube well

Total

Krishnarajpet

12034 (61.07%)

5314
(26.97%)

984 (4.99%)

1234 (6.26%)

138 (0.70%)

19704 (100%)

Nagamangala

4314 (46.78%)

2894
(31.38%)

894 (9.69%)

1120 (12.14%)

9222 (100%)

Pandavapura

12341 (68.68%)

3669
(20.42%)

1534 (8.54%)

270 (1.50%)

154 (0.86%)

17968 (100%)

Shrirangapattana

12800 (87.10%)

438 (2.98%)

497 (3.38%)

960 (6.53%)

14695 (100%)

Mandya

21421 (77.92%)

4150
(15.10%)

1357 (4.94%)

564 (2.05%)

27492 (100%)

Maddur

18670 (79.55%)

3215
(13.70%)

1121 (4.78%)

380 (1.62%)

84 (0.36%)

23470 (100%)

Malavalli

18970 (83.42%)

1748 (7.69%)

1248 (5.49%)

720 (3.17%)

53 (0.23%)

22739 (100%)

District

100550 (74.32%)

21428
(15.84%)

7635 (5.64%)

5248 (3.88%)

429 (0.32%)

135290 (100%)

Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages to the row-wise totals

Source: District at a Glance: Mandya (2012-13)

236

Table 6.15: Irrigation Intensity in Mandya District by Taluks -2011-12

Taluk

Gross irrigated area (ha)

Net irrigated (ha)

Irrigation intensity

Krishnarajpet

25139

19704

127.58

Nagamangala

12611

9222

136.75

Pandavapura

21013

17968

116.95

Shrirangapattana

20060

14695

136.51

Mandya

37106

27492

134.97

Maddur

25928

23470

110.47

Malavalli

25145

22739

110.58

District

167002

135290

123.44

Source: JD, Agriculture, Mandya

Table 6.16: Livestock In Mandya District (As per 2007 Livestock Census)
Taluk

Cattle

Buffalos

Sheep

Goats

Pigs

Poultry

Krishnarajpet

66082 (25.06%)

38691
(22.98%)

50461 (13.16%)

27412 (11.22%)

458 (6.84%)

84439 (19.67%)

Nagamangala

31949 (12.12%)

31131
(18.49%)

84428 (22.02%)

42951 (17.58%)

512 (7.61%)

80317 (18.71%)

Pandavapura

20181 (7.65%)

12343
(7.33%)

32235 (8.41%)

19783 (8.10%)

909 (13.51%)

42083 (9.80%)

Shrirangapattana

12541 (4.76%)

4719 (2.80%)

18459 (4.81%)

15723 (6.44%)

229 (3.40%)

37612 (8.76%)

Mandya

28571 (10.83%)

33928
(20.15%)

91012 (23.74%)

45240 (18.52%)

2279 (33.86%)

11206 (2.61%)

Maddur

48170 (18.27%)

25527
(15.16%)

58195 (15.18%)

31364 (12.84%)

1574 (23.39%)

72937 (16.99%)

Malavalli

56199 (21.31%)

22006
(13.07%)

48613 (12.68%)

61821 (25.31%)

769 (11.43%)

100698 (23.46%)

District

263693 (100%)

168345
(100%)

383403 (100%)

244294 (100%)

6730 (100%)

429292 (100%)

Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages to the Column-wise totals

Source: District at a Glance: Mandya (2012-13)

237

Table 6.17: Taluk-wise Poverty Head Count Ratio in Mandya District

Taluk

% of BPL Families

Krishnarajpet

26

Nagamangala

24

Pandavapura

33

Shrirangapattana

28

Mandya

32

Maddur

28

Malavalli

38

District

30

Source: Household Survey, GOI - 2002

Table 6.18: Shows the details of the total number of ration cards including BPL cards issued by State Food and Civil
Supplies Dept in Mandya District.
Taluk

AAY

BPL

AAY+BPL=Total

APL

TOTAL

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

4358

48134

52492

12318

64810

80.99

Nagamangala

3277

39287

42564

9225

51789

82.19

Pandavapura

3723

38927

42650

8693

51343

83.07

Shrirangapattana

3235

38508

41743

11009

52752

79.13

Mandya

8161

76164

84325

29885

114210

73.83

Maddur

5719

56522

62241

18516

80757

77.07

Malavalli

5729

61080

66809

13232

80041

83.47

District

34202

358622

392824

102878

495702

79.25

Source: Dept. of Food and Civil Supplies, Mandya

238

Table 6.19: Percentage of Households provided employment to total number of households in Mandya District
registered under MGNREGS
No. of Households
provided Employment

Total No. of Households Registered

under MGNREGS

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

5708

29983

19.04

Nagamangala

6316

29327

21.54

Pandavapura

5381

31243

17.22

Shrirangapattana

1246

11004

11.32

Mandya

6806

29658

22.95

Maddur

10882

23677

45.96

Malavalli

11437

18238

62.71

District

47776

173130

27.60

Taluk

Source: ZP, Mandya

Table 6.20: Decadal Growth Rate of Workforce in Mandya District by Taluks between 2001 and 2011
Total workers (Main + Marginal)
Taluk

Changes from 2001-2011

Decadal Growth rate

2001

2011

Krishnarajpet

121156

130045

8889

7.34

Nagamangala

97175

104816

7641

7.86

Pandavapura

90266

91244

978

1.08

Shrirangapattana

86682

85589

-1093

-1.26

Mandya

172650

189074

16424

9.51

Maddur

140682

138158

-2524

-1.79

Malavalli

128904

132482

3578

2.78

District

837515

871408

33893

4.05

Source: Census of India, 2011

239

Table 6.21: Percentage of main workers to total workers in Mandya District by Taluks - 2011
Taluk

Total Main Workers

Total Workers

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

103225

130045

79.38

Nagamangala

80144

104816

76.46

Pandavapura

80064

91244

87.75

Shrirangapattana

69307

85589

80.98

Mandya

159472

189074

84.34

Maddur

119503

138158

86.50

Malavalli

103186

132482

77.89

District

714901

871408

82.04

Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 6.22: Work Participation Rate ( WPR) in Mandya District by Taluks -2011
Taluk

Total Work force

Total working Population

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

130045

235769

55.16

Nagamangala

104816

170969

61.31

Pandavapura

91244

165495

55.13

Shrirangapattana

85589

162593

52.64

Mandya

189074

374771

50.45

Maddur

138158

267525

51.64

Malavalli

132482

255962

51.76

District

871408

1633084

53.36

Source: Census of India, 2011

240

Table 6.23: Male Work Participation Rate ( WPRM) in Mandya District by Taluks -2011
Taluk

Total Male Workers

Total Male Population

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

84730

117634

72.03

Nagamangala

60031

84977

70.64

Pandavapura

59492

82794

71.86

Shrirangapattana

57746

80904

71.38

Mandya

130281

187810

69.37

Maddur

93774

133366

70.31

Malavalli

89149

128537

69.36

District

575203

816022

70.49

Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 6.24: Female Work Participation Rate ( WPRF) in Mandya District by Taluks -2011
Taluk

Total Female workers

Total Female Population

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

45315

118135

38.36

Nagamangala

44785

85992

52.08

Pandavapura

31752

82701

38.39

Shrirangapattana

27843

81689

34.08

Mandya

58793

186961

31.45

Maddur

44384

134159

33.08

Malavalli

43333

127425

34.01

District

296205

817062

36.25

Source: Census of India, 2011

241

Table 6.25: Cultivators to Total Workers in Mandya District by Taluks -2011

Total Cultivators
(Main +Marginal)

Total Workers

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

77427

130045

59.54

Nagamangala

68266

104816

65.13

Pandavapura

48292

91244

52.93

Shrirangapattana

26273

85589

30.70

Mandya

60476

189074

31.99

Maddur

60063

138158

43.47

Malavalli

48184

132482

36.37

District

388981

871408

44.64

Taluk

Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 6.26: Percentage of Agricultural labourers to total workers in Mandya District -2011
Taluk

Total Agricultural Labour (Main+ Marginal)

Total Workers

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

26387

130045

20.29

Nagamangala

13537

104816

12.92

Pandavapura

20732

91244

22.72

Shrirangapattana

24775

85589

28.95

Mandya

48412

189074

25.60

Maddur

36158

138158

26.17

Malavalli

46158

132482

34.84

District

216159

871408

24.81

Source:Census of India, 2011

242

Table 6.27: Percentage of workers in Household Industries in Mandya District - 2011

Taluk

Total HH Industries workers

Total Workers

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

2581

130045

1.98

Nagamangala

1556

104816

1.48

Pandavapura

1690

91244

1.85

Shrirangapattana

2649

85589

3.10

Mandya

4485

189074

2.37

Maddur

2347

138158

1.70

Malavalli

2526

132482

1.91

District

17834

871408

2.05

Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 6.28: Share of female workers in the non-agricultural sector in Mandya District -2011
Total Female non agricultural
workers

Total Female Worker

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

9032

45315

19.93

Nagamangala

7423

44785

16.57

Pandavapura

6219

31752

19.59

Shrirangapattana

10045

27843

36.08

Mandya

22058

58793

37.52

Maddur

13030

44384

29.36

Malavalli

10520

43333

24.28

District

78327

296205

26.44

Taluk

Source: Census of India, 2011

243

Table 6.29: Female Agricultural wage rate in Mandya District - 2011

Taluk

Wages (in rupees)

Krishnarajpet

145.00

Nagamangala

125.00

Pandavapura

100.00

Shrirangapattana

125.00

Mandya

125.00

Maddur

145.00

Malavalli

125.00

District

130.00

Source: District Statistical Dept. & JD, Agriculture

Table 6.30: Male Agricultural wage rate in Mandya District - 2011
Taluk

Wages (in rupees)

Krishnarajpet

250

Nagamangala

225

Pandavapura

237.50

Shrirangapattana

225

Mandya

237.50

Maddur

233

Malavalli

275

District

240

Source: District Statistical Dept. & JD, Agriculture

244

Table 6.31: Ratio of average agricultural wage prevalent in Mandya District to Minimum wages prescribed by the State
Average agricultural wage in a day
(Male + Female)

Minimum Wage under MGNREGS

Ratio of agricultural wage to

MGNREGS Wage

Krishnarajpet

196

155

1.27

Nagamangala

175

155

1.13

Pandavapura

169

155

1.09

Shrirangapattana

175

155

1.13

Mandya

182

155

1.17

Maddur

188

155

1.22

Malavalli

200

155

1.29

District

183

155

1.19

Taluk

Source: ZP, Mandya

Table 6.32: Occupation Pattern in Mandya District 2011-12
Taluk

Cultivators

Agriculture Labourers

Non-Agriculture Workers

Total Workers

Krishnarajpet

77427 (59.54%)

26387 (20.29%)

26231 (20.17%)

130045 (100%)

Nagamangala

68266 (65.13%)

13537 (12.92%)

23013 (21.96%)

104816 (100%)

Pandavapura

48292 (52.93%)

20732 (22.72%)

22220 (24.35%)

91244 (100%)

Shrirangapattana

26273 (30.70%)

24775 (28.95%)

34541 (40.36%)

85589 (100%)

Mandya

60476 (31.99%)

48412 (25.60%)

80186 (42.41%)

189074 (100%)

Maddur

60063 (43.47%)

36158 (26.17%)

41937 (30.35%)

138158 (100%)

Malavalli

48184 (36.37%)

46158 (34.84%)

38140 (28.79%)

132482 (100%)

District

388981 (44.64%)

216159 (24.81%)

266268 (30.56%)

871408 (100%)

Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages to the row-wise totals

Source: Census of India, 2011

245

Table 7.1: Taluk-wise Site-less Households in Mandya District 2011

No. of households
without house sites

Total No. of Households

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

3452

60,817

5.68

Nagamangala

784

44,628

1.76

Pandavapura

4100

42,695

9.60

Shrirangapattana

4724

43,274

10.92

Mandya

34

98,271

0.03

Maddur

6246

71,017

8.80

Malavalli

8848

65,876

13.43

District

28188

426,578

6.61

Taluk

Source: ZP, Mandya

Table 7.2: Number of Households with Pucca Houses in Mandya District by Taluk-2011
Total No. of Pucca houses
(Material roof & wall)

Number of census houses used as residence and residence-cum-other use

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

26,446

60,530

43.69

Nagamangala

23,590

44,561

52.94

Pandavapura

21,237

42,602

49.85

Shrirangapattana

21,594

43,182

50.01

Mandya

61,289

97,831

62.65

Maddur

46,991

70,965

66.22

Malavalli

38,587

64,969

59.39

District

239,734

424,640

56.46

Taluk

Source: Census of India, 2011

246

Table 7.3: Number of Households without Own Houses in Urban Local Bodies -2011
ULBs

Households without own house

Total Households

Percentage

Krishnarajpet TMC

1297

6269

20.69

Nagamangala TP

911

4164

21.88

Pandavapura TP

1936

4840

40.00

Shrirangapattana TMC

986

8081

12.20

Mandya CMC

1467

32839

4.47

Maddur TMC

2384

8630

27.62

Malavalli TMC

1350

8531

15.82

District

10331

73354

14.08

Source: DUDC, Mandya

Table 7.4: Percentage of Slum Population to total urban population -2011
ULBs

Slum Population

Urban Population

Percentage

Krishnarajpet TMC

3618

25946

13.94

Nagamangala TP

2939

17776

16.53

Pandavapura TP

2182

20399

10.70

Shrirangapattana TMC

3117

34135

9.13

Mandya CMC

24027

137358

17.49

Maddur TMC

7102

35147

20.21

Malavalli TMC

10953

37601

29.13

District

53938

308362

17.49

Source: Census of India, 2011

247

Table 7.5: Sewerage/ Drainage Facilities in Urban Local Bodies -2011

Waste water outlet connected to
Closed Drainage

Open Drainage

Total no. of Households

access to sewerage/
drainage facilities

948

4,866

5,814

6,169

94.25

Nagamangala TP

1,431

2,043

3,474

4,082

85.11

Pandavapura TP

539

3,481

4,020

4,752

84.60

Shrirangapattana TMC

3,625

2,079

5,704

5,850

97.50

Mandya CMC

19,500

11,451

30,951

32,560

95.06

Maddur TMC

3,523

3,021

6,544

6,885

95.05

Malavalli TMC

1,319

6,413

7,732

8,423

91.80

District

30,885

33,354

64,239

68,721

93.48

ULBs

Krishnarajpet TMC

Total Households

Percentage

Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 7.6: Gram Panchayats selected for Nirmal Gram Puraskar Award in Mandya District, 2011
Total no of Nirmal Gram Puraskar
Award

Total number of Gram Panchayat

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

34

20.59

Nagamangala

27

3.70

Pandavapura

24

16.67

Shrirangapattana

21

4.76

Mandya

10

45

22.22

Maddur

42

9.52

Malavalli

39

7.69

District

30

232

12.93

Taluk

Source: ZP, Mandya.

248

Table 7.7: Number of Households with Bicycles in Mandya District in 2001 & 2011
2001

2011

Bicycle

Total
number of
households

% of Households with
Bicycle in
2011

Decadal growth
rate (2001-2011)

29.81

21,465

60,817

35.29

39.68

40608

37.05

16,680

44,628

37.38

10.85

12695

36846

34.45

18,033

42,695

42.24

42.05

Shrirangapattana

13123

36061

36.39

18,820

43,274

43.49

43.41

Mandya

37310

85351

43.71

48,018

98,271

48.86

28.70

Maddur

27230

62202

43.78

35,074

71,017

49.39

28.81

Malavalli

26433

59169

44.67

34,240

65,876

51.98

29.54

District

147868

373672

39.57

192,330

426,578

45.09

30.07

Bicycle

Total
number of
households

% of Households with
Bicycle in
2001

Krishnarajpet

15367

51544

Nagamangala

15047

Pandavapura

Taluk

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

Table 7.8: Number of Households having with two-wheelers during 2001 & 2011
2001

2011

Scooter/
Motorcycle/
Moped

Total
number of
households

% of Households with
Scooter/
Motocycle/
Moped in
2001

Krishnarajpet

3903

51544

7.57

11,178

60,817

18.38

186.395

Nagamangala

3751

40608

9.24

8,757

44,628

19.62

133.458

Pandavapura

3489

36846

9.47

8,960

42,695

20.99

156.807

Shrirangapattana

3702

36061

10.27

10,661

43,274

24.64

187.979

Mandya

13802

85351

16.17

27,900

98,271

28.39

102.145

Maddur

6832

62202

10.98

16,963

71,017

23.89

148.287

Malavalli

4360

59169

7.37

11,854

65,876

17.99

171.881

District

40183

373672

10.75

96,273

426,578

22.57

139.586

Taluk

Scooter/
Motorcycle/
Moped

Total
number of
households

% of Households with
Scooter/
Motocycle/
Moped in
2011

Decadal growth
rate (2001-2011)

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

249

Table 7.9: Number of households with no assets (Telephone, Computer, TV, 2 Wheelers and 4 Wheelers)
in Mandya District during 2001 & 2011
2001
Taluk

2011

Assets less
Households

Total
number of
households

Krishnarajpet

20242

Nagamangala

Decadal growth
rate (2001-2011)

Assets less
Households

Total
number of
households

51544

39.27

11,105

60,817

18.26

- 45.14

13254

40608

32.64

7,585

44,628

17.00

- 42.77

Pandavapura

14112

36846

38.30

6,816

42,695

15.96

- 51.70

Shrirangapattana

12292

36061

34.09

5,598

43,274

12.94

- 54.46

Mandya

26284

85351

30.80

13,335

98,271

13.57

- 49.27

Maddur

21898

62202

35.20

11,944

71,017

16.82

- 45.46

Malavalli

21984

59169

37.15

11,986

65,876

18.19

- 45.48

District

130544

373672

34.94

68,369

426,578

16.03

- 47.63

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

Table 7.10(a) Progress of Indira Awas Yojana in Mandya District-Physical Progress, 2009-2010.
Beneficiary Selected

Taluk

Houses Completed

Target
SC

ST

Gen

Total

SC

ST

Gen

Total

Under
Construction

Krishnarajpet

428

199

22

207

428

142

12

142

296

132

Nagamangala

165

65

94

165

47

71

122

43

Pandavapura

268

75

191

268

57

154

213

55

Shrirangapattana

266

117

10

139

266

80

95

181

85

Mandya

458

173

13

272

458

137

12

240

389

69

Maddur

555

111

438

555

87

372

465

90

Malavalli

525

184

335

525

110

248

363

162

District

2665

924

65

1676

2665

660

47

1322

2029

636

Source: ZP, Mandya

250

Table 7.10(b) Progress of Indira Awas Yojana in Mandya District-Physical Progress, 2011-2012.
No. of Beneficiaries

Taluk

Houses Completed (Nos)

SC

ST

Gen

Total

SC

ST

Gen

Total

Construction
Status-Total
Nos

Target

Krishnarajpet

1034

356

70

608

1034

171

33

308

512

293

Nagamangala

515

329

23

163

515

80

51

136

120

Pandavapura

350

210

131

350

89

72

165

64

Shrirangapattana

448

255

23

170

448

82

101

187

95

Mandya

839

541

26

272

839

209

13

174

396

151

Maddur

783

512

18

253

783

226

172

402

98

Malavalli

793

488

14

291

793

253

197

454

151

District

4762

2691

183

1888

4762

1110

67

1075

2252

972

Source: ZP, Mandya

Table 7.10(c) Progress of Indira Awas Yojana in Mandya District-Physical Progress, 2012-13

Taluk

Target
(Nos)

Beneficiaries (Nos)

Houses Completed (Nos)

SC

ST

Gen

Total

SC

ST

Gen

Total

Construction
Status-Total
Nos

Krishnarajpet

567

170

22

375

567

59

108

171

148

Nagamangala

340

175

156

340

26

39

68

88

Pandavapura

267

159

16

92

267

55

10

49

114

71

Shrirangapattana

268

153

10

105

268

33

39

74

71

Mandya

556

339

19

198

556

112

102

221

131

Maddur

484

323

152

484

107

82

191

97

Malavalli

603

306

291

603

110

162

275

161

District

3085

1625

91

1369

3085

502

31

581

1114

767

Source: ZP, Mandya

251

Table 7.10(d): Progress of Rural Ambedkar Housing Scheme in Mandya Physical Progress, 2009-12.
Beneficiary Selected
Taluk (2009-10)

Houses Completed

Construction Status

Target
SC

ST

TOTAL

SC

ST

TOTAL

Total

Krishnarajpet

51

46

51

23

25

26

Nagamangala

52

52

52

25

25

27

Shrirangapattana

Mandya

12

12

12

11

11

Maddur

20

20

20

13

13

Malavalli

56

40

16

56

29

34

22

District

198

162

36

198

90

18

108

90

Krishnarajpet

75

63

12

75

32

41

34

Nagamangala

32

26

32

16

19

13

Shrirangapattana

Maddur

19

14

19

11

Malavalli

36

29

36

15

16

20

District

167

136

31

167

71

16

87

80

Krishnarajpet

27

21

27

19

Nagamangala

24

22

24

21

Shrirangapattana

Mandya

Maddur

District

64

49

15

64

11

16

48

2010-11

2011-12

Source: ZP, Mandya

252

Table 7.10(e) Progress of Basava Housing Scheme in Mandya District Physical Progress 2010-11
Beneficiary Selected

Taluk (2010-11)

Construction
Status

Houses Completed

Target
SC

ST

Gen

TOTAL

SC

ST

Gen

TOTAL

Total

Krishnarajpet

3838

381

103

3354

3838

174

47

1816

2027

1811

Nagamangala

4750

405

71

4274

4750

105

1135

1247

3503

Pandavapura

3120

301

62

2757

3120

131

31

1529

1691

1429

Shrirangapattana

1986

365

32

1589

1986

74

479

558

1428

Mandya

8451

934

154

7363

8451

229

59

2338

2626

5825

Maddur

10521

920

152

9449

10521

146

24

1992

2162

8359

Malavalli

3805

617

83

3105

3805

167

24

1192

1383

2422

District

36471

3923

657

31891

36471

1026

199

10481

11694

24777

Source: ZP, Mandya

253

254

5821

8577

12283

30957

16298

10367

94400

Nagamangala

Pandavapura

Shrirangapattana

Mandya

Maddur

Malavalli

District

159,012

20,165

24,901

48,140

22,421

15,611

9,720

18,054

2011

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

9101

2001

Within the Premises

Krishnarajpet

Taluk

205442

37962

37610

38685

15949

19542

24986

30106

2001

203,978

37,336

37,423

36,334

15,293

19,350

26,443

31,799

2011

Near the premises the

Premises

No. of Households having Access to Tap water from

treated and un treated sources

299842

48329

53908

69642

28232

28119

30807

39207

2001

362990

57,501

62,324

84,474

37,714

34,961

36,163

49,853

2011

Total Households
having access to
drinking water

373672

59169

62202

85351

36061

36846

40608

51544

2001

426,578

65,876

71,017

98,271

43,274

42,695

44,628

60,817

2011

Total Households in
the District

80.24

81.68

86.67

81.59

78.29

76.31

75.86

76.07

2001

85.09

87.29

87.76

85.96

87.15

81.89

81.03

81.97

2011

% Households having
access to drinking
water

Table 7.11: Number of Households having access to drinking water during 2001 & 2011

31.48

21.45

30.23

44.45

43.51

30.50

18.90

23.21

2001

43.81

35.07

39.95

56.99

59.45

44.65

26.88

36.21

2011

Within the Premises

68.52

78.55

69.77

55.55

56.49

69.50

81.10

76.79

2001

56.19

64.93

60.05

43.01

40.55

55.35

73.12

63.79

2011

Near the Premises

% of Households having access to drinking

water within and near the premises

255

34564

29666

29463

66358

45053

41802

290194

Nagamangala

Pandavapura

Shrirangapattana

Mandya

Maddur

Malavalli

District

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

41690

Electricity Connected
Households

Krishnarajpet

Taluk

373672

59169

62202

85351

36061

36846

40608

51544

Total No. of Households

2001

77.66

70.65

72.43

77.75

81.70

80.51

85.12

80.88

Percentage

391,033

60,323

63,700

90,300

40,373

39,306

41,784

55,247

Electricity Connected Households

426,578

65,876

71,017

98,271

43,274

42,695

44,628

60,817

Total No. of Households

2011

Table 7.12: Number of Households in Mandya district having access to electricity in

2001 and 2011

91.67

91.57

89.7

91.89

93.3

92.06

93.63

90.84

Percentage

34.75

44.31

41.39

36.08

37.03

32.50

20.89

32.52

Decadal growth rate

(2001-2011)

Table 7.13: Number of Households having access to Modern Cooking fuel during 2001 & 2011
2001

2011

Total No. of
Households

% of Households having
access to modern cooking
fuel

Decadal
Growth rate
(2001-2012)

6,568

60,817

10.80

114.01

5.05

5,775

44,628

12.94

181.71

36846

8.65

8,421

42,695

19.72

164.15

5509

36061

15.28

14,659

43,274

33.87

166.09

Mandya

12170

85351

14.26

27,223

98,271

27.70

123.69

Maddur

4611

62202

7.41

12,202

71,017

17.18

164.63

Malavalli

3521

59169

5.95

8,600

65,876

13.05

144.25

District

34771

373672

9.31

83,448

426,578

19.56

139.99

Total No. of
Households

% of Households having
access to modern cooking
fuel

Total Households access

to Cooking
Fuel

3069

51544

5.95

Nagamangala

2050

40608

Pandavapura

3188

Shrirangapattana

Taluk

Total Households access to

Cooking Fuel

Krishnarajpet

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

Table 7.14: Number of Households having access to latrine facility within their premises in 2001 & 2011
2001

2011

Total No. of
Households

% of Households having
access to
latrine facility
within the
premises

Number of
households
having latrine
facility within
the premises

Total No. of
Households

% of Households having
access to
latrine facility
within the
premises

Decadal
Growth rate
(2001-2012)

3986

51544

7.73

13,180

60,817

21.67

230.66

Nagamangala

3316

40608

8.17

12,694

44,628

28.44

282.81

Pandavapura

4518

36846

12.26

12,363

42,695

28.96

173.64

Shrirangapattana

6539

36061

18.13

22,886

43,274

52.89

249.99

Mandya

20708

85351

24.26

51,659

98,271

52.57

149.46

Maddur

7673

62202

12.34

26,645

71,017

37.52

247.26

Malavalli

5936

59169

10.03

20,391

65,876

30.95

243.51

District

53482

373672

14.31

159,818

426,578

37.47

198.83

Number of
households
having latrine
facility within
the premises

Krishnarajpet

Taluk

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

256

Table 7.15 Percentage of Households Selected for Rural Sanitation within Manikyanahalli Gram Panchayat Area
Villages

Number of Households

Percentage

Bellale

16

17.02

Chittanahalli

16

17.02

G. Shettihalli

3.19

Gowdagere

3.19

Kuppahalli

3.19

M. Shettihalli

8.51

Manikyanahalli

27

28.72

SingarigowdanaKoppalu

8.51

ThopegowdanaKoppalu

10

10.64

Total

94

100.00

Source: Primary Survey - Small Area Study

Table 8.1- Taluk-wise Sex ratio in Mandya District
Taluk

2001

2011

Krishnarajpet

1010

1000

Nagamangala

1025

1006

Pandavapura

1001

992

Shrirangapattana

973

1003

Mandya

971

990

Maddur

982

998

Malavalli

965

985

District

986

995

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

257

Table 8.2: Distribution of Child Sex ratio in Mandya district by taluk

Taluk

2001

2011

Krishnarajpet

971

960

Nagamangala

954

945

Pandavapura

934

932

Shrirangapattana

915

948

Mandya

922

942

Maddur

907

923

Malavalli

944

928

District

934

939

Source: Census of India 2011

Table 8.3 (a): Taluk-wise health indicators among women in Mandya District
MMR
(Per 100000 Live
births)

Share of institutional deliveries

Share of pregnant women

with Anemia (excluding
normal)

Share of pregnant women

receiving full
ANC

Couples using
contraceptives

Krishnarajpet

104.00

99.90

31.00

89.04

56.87

Nagamangala

107.00

99.69

47.00

89.60

71.31

Pandavapura

113.00

99.75

50.90

58.68

82.15

Shrirangapattana

109.00

99.79

31.70

56.31

75.80

Mandya

124.00

99.88

50.90

163.99

75.99

Maddur

105.00

99.57

24.70

62.65

85.75

Malavalli

113.00

99.44

47.80

81.44

88.62

District

111.00

99.72

50.90

94.49

77.98

Taluk

Source: DHO Mandya District 2011-12

258

Table 8.3 (b): Taluk wise health indicators among children in Mandya District
CMR
(Per 1000 Live
births)

Share of Malnourished children

No of new-born children
weighted less than 2.5 Kg

No. of newborn children

weighted at
birth

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

29.00

26.07

256

2152

11.90

Nagamangala

28.00

24.45

302

2189

13.80

Pandavapura

28.00

18.73

100

1467

6.82

Shrirangapattana

28.00

20.95

62

1011

6.13

Mandya

31.00

20.69

1527

11711

13.04

Maddur

29.00

22.11

105

1535

6.84

Malavalli

28.00

21.7

171

1806

9.47

District

30.00

21.91

2523

21871

11.54

Taluk

Source: DHO Mandya 2011-12

Table 8.3(c) Population Served by Anganwadi Centers in Mandya District by Taluk
Taluk

Nursing mothers

Adolescent girls

Pregnant women

Krishnarajpet

2077

17770

1899

Nagamangala

1561

11500

1265

Pandavapura

1537

10265

1589

Shrirangapattana

1325

9649

1342

Mandya

2954

18441

2953

Maddur

2275

14860

2019

Malavalli

2121

14127

2284

District

13850

96612

13351

Source: DHO Mandya 2010-11

259

Table 8.4: Taluk wise Female Literacy Rate in Mandya District

Percentage of female literacy

Percentage of male literacy

Total literacy rate

Taluk
2001

2011

2001

2011

2001

2011

Krishnarajpet

50.38

60.76

73.04

79.60

61.63

70.16

Nagamangala

50.37

60.91

74.10

80.63

62.02

70.71

Pandavapura

46.75

58.93

66.77

75.65

56.71

67.29

Shrirangapattana

54.63

66.13

70.78

79.16

62.79

72.61

Mandya

57.53

68.08

74.18

81.39

65.95

74.75

Maddur

50.12

60.71

68.76

76.51

59.48

68.59

Malavalli

46.88

59.12

64.16

73.86

55.66

66.52

District

51.53

62.54

70.50

78.27

61.05

70.40

Source: DHO Mandya 2010-11

Table 8.5: Taluk-wise female and male work participation rates in Mandya District
Share of female Work Participation Rate

Share of male Work Participation Rate

Taluk
2001

2011

2001

2011

Krishnarajpet

40.98

38.36

70.26

72.03

Nagamangala

48.04

52.08

67.85

70.64

Pandavapura

45.02

38.39

72.30

71.86

Shrirangapattana

43.28

34.08

76.84

71.38

Mandya

28.28

31.45

67.16

69.37

Maddur

40.27

33.08

68.52

70.31

Malavalli

34.62

34.01

68.76

69.36

District

38.22

36.25

69.52

70.49

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

260

Table 8.6: Percentage of female workers in non-agricultural sector (NAGF) to Total female workers
Total Female non agricultural
workers

Total Female Worker

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

9032

45315

19.93

Nagamangala

7423

44785

16.57

Pandavapura

6219

31752

19.59

Shrirangapattana

10045

27843

36.08

Mandya

22058

58793

37.52

Maddur

13030

44384

29.36

Malavalli

10520

43333

24.28

District

78327

296205

26.44

Taluk

Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 8.7: Taluk-wise female and male wage rates in Mandya District
Taluk

Female Wages (in rupees)

Male Wages (in rupees)

Wage gap

Krishnarajpet

145

250

108

Nagamangala

125

225

100

Pandavapura

100

237.50

137.50

Shrirangapattana

125

225

100

Mandya

125

237.50

112.50

Maddur

145

233

91

Malavalli

125

275

150

District

130

240

110

Source: Mandya District Statistical Dept. & JD, Agriculture 2011-12

261

Table 8.8: Elected Women Representatives in Urban Local Bodies

ULBs

Women

Total

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

23

39.13

Nagamangala

16

43.75

Pandavapura

18

44.44

Shrirangapattana

23

39.13

Mandya

13

35

37.14

Maddur

23

39.13

Malavalli

23

39.13

District

64

161

39.75

Source: DUDC, Mandya 2011-12

Table 8.9: Elected Women Representatives in Rural Local Bodies
ZP

TP

GP

Taluk

Total Female

Total

Percentage

Female

Total

Female

Total

Female

Total

Krishnarajpet

13

23

250

577

266

606

43.89

Nagamangala

10

18

190

450

202

473

42.71

Pandavapura

16

175

406

187

426

43.90

Shrirangapattana

15

161

381

171

400

42.75

Mandya

15

28

318

708

337

743

45.36

Maddur

16

27

298

679

317

713

44.46

Malavalli

14

25

267

616

285

648

43.98

District

21

40

85

152

1659

3817

1765

4009

44.03

Source: ZP, Mandya 2011-12

262

Table 8.10: Women-headed Households in Mandya District

Female headed Households

No. of Households

Percentage of women headed

Households

Krishnarajpet

10,038

61035

16.45

Nagamangala

7,636

44954

16.99

Pandavapura

7,775

43262

17.97

Shrirangapattana

8,809

43402

20.30

Mandya

18,511

99024

18.69

Maddur

15,001

71028

21.12

Malavalli

13,418

65920

20.35

District

81,188

428625

18.94

Taluk

Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 8.11: Crime against Women in Mandya District 2009-12
Taluk

Crimes against women

Dowry deaths

Female suicides

Krishnarajpet

434

64

Nagamangala

245

27

Pandavapura

306

16

Shrirangapattana

402

13

57

Mandya

167

49

Maddur

252

Malavalli

391

District

2107

39

227

Source: Records of Police Superintendent, Mandya District- 2013

263

Table 8.12: Active Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

Taluk

Active SHGs

No. SHGs registered

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

872

940

92.77

Nagamangala

772

772

100.00

Pandavapura

513

775

66.19

Shrirangapattana

691

764

90.45

Mandya

1176

1231

95.53

Maddur

1169

1181

98.98

Malavalli

880

975

90.26

District

6073

6638

91.49

Source: Department of Women and Child, Mandya 2011-12

Table 9.1: Decadal Growth of SC&ST Population in Mandya
Scheduled Caste (SC)

Scheduled Tribe (ST)

Year
Population

Decadal growth rate

Population

Decadal growth rate

1991

226626

11936

2001

247213

8.33

17193

30.58

2011

265294

6.81

22402

23.25

Source: District Census hand book1991-2011

264

Table 9.2: Taluk-wise Growth of SC and ST Population in the District 1991-2011

1991

2001

2011

Taluk
SC

ST

SC

ST

SC

ST

Krishnarajpet

26357

11.63

2676

22.42

30604

12.38

5180

30.13

33726

12.71

6050

27.01

Nagamangala

19161

8.45

1000

8.38

22357

9.04

1633

9.50

23998

9.05

2145

9.58

Pandavapura

18412

8.12

1172

9.82

20770

8.40

1824

10.61

23241

8.76

2801

12.50

Shrirangapattana

22043

9.73

1901

15.93

23512

9.51

2548

14.82

26631

10.04

4341

19.38

Mandya

50712

22.38

2027

16.98

53666

21.71

2545

14.80

57586

21.71

3385

15.11

Maddur

36864

16.27

1527

12.79

37279

15.08

1478

8.60

41001

15.45

2137

9.54

Malavalli

53077

23.42

1633

13.68

57867

23.41

1538

8.95

59111

22.28

1543

6.89

District

226626

100.00

11936

100.00

247213

100.00

17193

100.00

265294

100.00

22402

100.00

Source: District Census hand book1991-2011

Table 9.3: Percentage of SC-ST Population to the total Population by Taluk

Taluk

Percent of SC Population to total Population

of the Taluk

Percent of ST Population to total Population of the Taluk

1991

2001

2011

1991

2001

2011

Krishnarajpet

11.92

12.33

12.95

1.21

2.09

2.32

Nagamangala

10.72

11.72

12.77

0.56

0.86

1.14

Pandavapura

11.50

11.87

12.68

0.73

1.04

1.53

Shrirangapattana

14.26

14.43

14.78

1.23

1.56

2.41

Mandya

13.24

13.23

13.87

0.53

0.63

0.82

Maddur

13.04

12.82

13.88

0.54

0.51

0.72

Malavalli

20.10

20.53

20.87

0.62

0.55

0.54

District

13.78

14.02

14.69

0.73

0.97

1.24

Source: District Census hand book1991-2011

265

266

20849

18397

21601

36241

33676

49625

207614

Nagamangala

Pandavapura

Shrirangapattana

Mandya

Maddur

Malavalli

District

100.00

23.90

16.22

17.46

10.40

8.86

10.04

13.11

Rural

13501

1435

1142

1379

1356

1694

1585

4910

ST

10.63

8.46

10.21

10.04

12.55

11.74

36.37

100.00

Source: District Census hand book2001-2011

27225

SC

Krishnarajpet

Taluk

2001

38441

8242

3603

17425

1911

2373

1508

3379

SC

100.00

21.44

9.37

45.33

4.97

6.17

3.92

8.79

Urban

3245

103

336

1166

1192

130

48

270

ST

100.00

3.17

10.35

35.93

36.73

4.01

1.48

8.32

221943

50836

36651

39178

23105

20407

22075

29691

SC

100.00

22.90

16.51

17.65

10.41

9.19

9.95

13.38

17361

1373

1564

1783

2387

2608

2026

5620

ST

Rural

Table 9.4: SC-ST Population in Rural & Urban Areas 2001 & 2011

100.00

7.91

9.01

10.27

13.75

15.02

11.67

32.37

2011

43351

8275

4350

18408

3526

2834

1923

4035

SC

100.00

19.09

10.03

42.46

8.13

6.54

4.44

9.31

Urban

5041

170

573

1602

1954

193

119

430

ST

100.00

3.37

11.37

31.78

38.76

3.83

2.36

8.53

Table 9.5: Sex Ratio among SC, ST and Other Groups

2001

2011

Taluk
SC

ST

General

SC

ST

General

Krishnarajpet

11.92

12.33

12.95

1.21

2.09

2.32

Nagamangala

10.72

11.72

12.77

0.56

0.86

1.14

Pandavapura

11.50

11.87

12.68

0.73

1.04

1.53

Shrirangapattana

14.26

14.43

14.78

1.23

1.56

2.41

Mandya

13.24

13.23

13.87

0.53

0.63

0.82

Maddur

13.04

12.82

13.88

0.54

0.51

0.72

Malavalli

20.10

20.53

20.87

0.62

0.55

0.54

District

13.78

14.02

14.69

0.73

0.97

1.24

Source: District Census hand book2001-2011

Table 9.6: Gross Enrollment in Primary School in Mandya District in 2011-12
General

SC

ST

Taluk
Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Krishnarajpet

96.44

96.15

96.29

93.32

104.93

99.12

101.00

100.11

100.56

Nagamangala

85.10

85.63

85.36

90.53

88.95

89.74

107.53

101.30

104.42

Pandavapura

99.09

100.99

100.04

107.53

100.11

103.82

99.00

100.12

99.56

Shrirangapattana

98.00

97.62

97.81

97.23

92.23

94.64

100.00

101.53

100.77

Mandya

101.51

100.06

100.79

103.72

99.56

106.28

102.00

103.00

102.50

Maddur

101.42

102.13

101.77

106.79

105.78

95.11

100.12

115.67

107.90

Malavalli

92.41

93.66

93.03

93.98

96.23

101.11

108.48

83.06

95.77

District

97.56

97.58

97.57

99.31

98.97

99.14

101.00

105.00

103.00

Source: DDPI, Mandya

267

Table 9.7: Gross Enrollment in Upper Primary School in Mandya District 2011-12
General

SC

ST

Taluk
Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Krishnarajpet

90.84

94.11

92.47

90.50

93.66

92.08

103.00

105.00

104.00

Nagamangala

85.84

86.91

86.41

83.06

80.96

82.01

103.77

93.00

98.39

Pandavapura

104.84

102.69

103.77

101.53

100.26

100.95

104.00

94.00

99.00

Shrirangapattana

101.94

102.72

102.33

91.21

104.26

97.73

108.00

102.00

105.00

Mandya

108.89

108.88

108.89

101.30

115.67

108.48

101.00

104.00

102.50

Maddur

100.14

100.10

100.12

100.11

108.70

104.41

104.12

103.23

103.68

Malavalli

97.30

97.92

97.12

98.84

97.46

98.15

106.00

101.00

103.50

District

99.63

100.50

100.07

96.42

101.72

99.07

104.00

101.00

102.50

Source: DDPI, Mandya

Table 9.8: Gross Enrollment in Elementary School in Mandya District in 2011-12
General

SC

ST

Taluk
Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Krishnarajpet

92.44

94.28

93.36

92.24

100.57

96.40

102.49

105.35

103.92

Nagamangala

86.36

85.44

85.90

87.32

85.70

86.51

101.19

103.79

102.49

Pandavapura

103.79

101.19

102.49

105.35

100.21

102.78

108.83

100.93

104.88

Shrirangapattana

102.32

98.00

100.90

94.92

96.85

96.89

100.52

95.94

98.23

Mandya

108.83

103.93

106.38

102.68

105.52

104.10

103.79

94.28

99.04

Maddur

100.12

100.93

100.52

104.17

106.90

105.54

104.12

104.00

104.06

Malavalli

97.60

94.27

95.94

95.93

96.72

96.33

101.00

102.12

100.56

District

97.32

98.35

99.20

98.16

100.03

99.10

102.12

98.98

100.55

Source: DDPI, Mandya

268

Table 9.9: Transition Rate from 5th Standard to 6th Standard in Mandya District 2011General

SC

ST

Taluk
Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Krishnarajpet

91.04

90.54

90.79

91.00

94.50

92.69

98.00

69.23

83.33

Nagamangala

104.69

95.81

100.42

98.06

94.85

96.50

96.43

86.67

91.38

Pandavapura

100.49

105.46

102.79

94.77

94.22

94.49

88.24

97.30

92.05

Shrirangapattana

108.51

106.40

107.50

92.86

93.40

93.12

94.12

105.26

98.88

Mandya

98.50

99.10

98.78

98.99

98.61

98.80

74.47

81.82

78.02

Maddur

99.28

97.13

98.24

99.61

101.36

100.54

33.93

43.86

38.94

Malavalli

99.12

99.95

99.52

98.59

98.77

98.68

65.79

94.12

79.17

District

99.50

98.25

98.89

96.66

96.22

96.44

84.64

84.67

84.65

Source: DDPI, Mandya

Table 9.10: Transition Rate from 8th Standard to 9th Standard in Mandya District 2011-12
General

SC

ST

Taluk
Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Krishnarajpet

92.30

94.82

93.53

87.32

100.77

93.76

102.08

94.23

98.00

Nagamangala

98.87

95.50

97.36

97.56

99.01

98.21

94.12

94.44

96.15

Pandavapura

92.57

95.20

93.88

92.61

99.01

96.04

95.45

88.89

92.50

Shrirangapattana

97.36

102.67

99.87

71.56

94.95

82.51

84.85

91.67

87.72

Mandya

94.36

99.07

96.61

94.32

97.85

96.11

80.00

96.00

86.67

Maddur

97.78

97.89

97.83

80.47

80.91

80.69

56.10

152.94

84.48

Malavalli

100.05

100.59

100.32

108.93

105.13

107.01

96.43

29.76

46.43

District

96.20

97.38

96.77

91.36

96.60

93.95

82.41

80.77

81.64

Source: DDPI, Mandya

269

Table 9.11: Drop-out rate in Primary Schools for SCs and STs 2011-12
General

SCs

STs

Taluk
Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Krishnarajpet

6.68

5.91

6.30

3.97

6.11

4.75

5.86

3.54

4.74

Nagamangala

4.51

4.41

4.16

3.03

2.51

2.54

1.32

7.19

4.14

Pandavapura

2.59

2.34

2.38

2.16

0.34

1.07

8.30

8.25

8.28

Shrirangapattana

2.36

2.15

2.26

1.57

4.01

2.20

1.11

0.78

0.95

Mandya

4.49

4.19

4.35

1.00

3.74

2.24

5.36

4.05

3.74

Maddur

3.32

3.41

3.37

4.67

3.16

3.74

3.95

4.35

4.14

Malavalli

4.21

2.96

3.62

4.54

5.07

4.59

2.46

4.88

3.68

District

4.08

3.69

3.85

2.74

3.58

2.92

3.98

3.76

3.88

Source: DDPI, Mandya

Table 9.12: Drop-out rate in Upper Primary Schools for SCs and STs 2011-12
General

SC

ST

Taluk
Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Krishnarajpet

1.08

2.67

1.89

3.57

7.28

5.33

8.15

6.11

6.98

Nagamangala

2.13

2.04

1.67

7.51

5.45

6.27

7.45

8.62

7.89

Pandavapura

0.98

2.28

1.57

1.20

3.22

2.20

3.70

5.13

4.40

Shrirangapattana

8.09

8.59

8.33

3.78

7.71

5.73

2.80

6.25

4.43

Mandya

4.02

3.50

3.76

4.54

5.14

4.61

12.25

2.72

8.49

Maddur

1.11

0.66

0.86

2.22

4.84

2.87

7.77

7.05

7.45

Malavalli

0.98

1.24

1.11

2.43

1.23

1.45

3.70

4.35

4.13

District

2.80

3.06

2.87

3.72

5.00

4.13

6.95

5.86

6.40

Source: DDPI, Mandya

270

Table 9.13: SSLC Results for SC and ST in Mandya district 2011-12 & 2012-13
2011-12

2012-13

Taluk
GEN

SC

ST

GEN

SC

ST

Krishnarajpet

90.72

90.49

86.57

91.50

88.62

89.87

Nagamangala

86.87

92.18

74.42

90.19

87.93

86.00

Pandavapura

58.33

87.50

87.80

90.18

87.68

89.19

Shrirangapattana

80.65

89.97

78.18

87.35

90.03

77.14

Mandya

84.19

86.80

70.83

84.95

79.49

67.80

Maddur

92.78

88.56

66.67

93.66

92.07

85.00

Malavalli

88.02

90.30

70.69

87.31

86.89

74.15

District

84.09

89.22

77.12

89.10

86.21

81.27

Source: DDPI, Mandya

Table 9.14 Land Holding among SCs and STs (In numbers)
Taluk

SC

ST

General

Total

Krishnarajpet

5894

16.21

548

23.00

56834

16.02

63276

16.08

Nagamangala

5047

13.88

399

16.74

56396

15.90

61842

15.72

Pandavapura

2323

6.39

337

14.14

28874

8.14

31534

8.02

Shrirangapattana

2304

6.34

63

2.64

30329

8.55

32696

8.31

Mandya

5134

14.12

131

5.50

68888

19.42

74153

18.85

Maddur

4747

13.05

812

34.07

56696

15.99

62255

15.82

Malavalli

10916

30.02

93

3.90

56647

15.97

67656

17.20

District

36365

100.00

2383

100.00

354664

100.00

393412

100.00

Source: Agricultural Census Year 2010-11, DSO, Mandya,

N.B. Figures in the first parentheses are percentage to the row-wise totals while those in the second parentheses are
percentage to the Colum-wise totals.

271

Table 9.15: Land Owned by Different Groups (In hectares)

Taluk

SC

ST

General

Total

Krishnarajpet

3585

17.94

320

20.79

50548

17.80

54453

17.82

Nagamangala

3428

17.15

379

24.63

56554

19.91

60361

19.76

Pandavapura

1523

7.62

339

22.03

24079

8.48

25941

8.49

Shrirangapattana

1417

7.09

29

1.88

23047

8.12

24493

8.02

Mandya

2412

12.07

51

3.31

46706

16.45

49169

16.09

Maddur

1963

9.82

360

23.39

40213

14.16

42536

13.92

Malavalli

5658

28.31

61

3.96

42846

15.09

48565

15.90

District

19986

100.00

1539

100.00

283993

100.00

305518

100.00

Source: DSO, Mandya Census Year 2010-11

Table 9.16: Houses Constructed Under Ashraya Scheme Year: 2011-12
Scheduled
Castes

Scheduled
Tribes

Others

Total

Krishnarajpet

1325

14.92

211

30.94

2507

15.89

4043

15.95

Nagamangala

1074

12.10

86

12.61

1943

12.31

3103

12.24

Pandavapura

806

9.08

67

9.82

1723

10.92

2596

10.24

Shrirangapattana

689

7.76

56

8.21

1390

8.81

2135

8.43

Mandya

866

9.75

67

9.82

2177

13.80

3110

12.27

Maddur

1944

21.90

125

18.33

3427

21.72

5496

21.69

Malavalli

2174

24.49

70

10.26

2614

16.56

4858

19.17

District

8878

100.00

682

100.00

15781

100.00

25341

100.00

Taluk

Source: ZP, Mandya

272

Table 9.17: Houses Constructed Under Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Scheme Year: 2011-12
Schedule Caste

Scheduled
Tribe

Total

Krishnarajpet

285

19.74

36

21.18

321

19.89

Nagamangala

215

14.89

10

5.88

225

13.94

Pandavapura

45

3.12

14

8.24

59

3.66

Shrirangapattana

87

6.02

15

8.82

102

6.32

Mandya

87

6.02

21

12.35

108

6.69

Maddur

137

9.49

25

14.71

162

10.04

Malavalli

588

40.72

49

28.82

637

39.47

District

1444

100.00

170

100.00

1614

100.00

Taluk

Source: ZP, Mandya

Table 9.18: Indira Awas Houses Year: 2011-12
Schedule
Caste

Scheduled
Tribe

Others

Total

Krishnarajpet

890

14.94

132

30.28

1107

18.53

2129

17.22

Nagamangala

685

11.50

54

12.39

586

9.81

1325

10.71

Pandavapura

499

8.38

27

6.19

541

9.06

1067

8.63

Shrirangapattana

844

14.17

74

16.97

818

13.69

1736

14.04

Mandya

1067

17.91

77

17.66

886

14.83

2030

16.41

Maddur

920

15.44

42

9.63

1041

17.43

2003

16.20

Malavalli

1052

17.66

30

6.88

995

16.66

2077

16.79

District

5957

100.00

436

100.00

5974

100.00

12367

100.00

Taluk

Source: ZP, Mandya

N.B. Figures in parentheses are percentage to the targeted totals.

273

Table 9.19: Ambedkar Housing Scheme for SCs and STs in Mandya district Year: 2009-12
Years

Target (NOs)

Completed (NOs)

In progress (NOs)

2009-2010

198

108

54.6

75

45.5

2010-2011

167

87

52.1

80

47.9

2011-2012

64

16

25

48

75

Source: ZP, Mandya

Table 9.20: Details of sanitation facilities for SCs and STs in Mandya district Year: 2009-11
Year

Households with Toilets

Households without toilets

Total No. of Households

2009-2010

7195 (13.9)

44491 (86.01)

51686 (100)

2010-2011

9849 (19.05)

41837 (80.95)

51686 (100)

2011-2012

13527 (26.17)

38159 (73.83)

51686 (100)

Source: ZP, Mandya

Table 9.21: Scheduled Caste HHs access to basic services

Mandya

Karnataka

No. of Households with

access to basic
services

No. of Census
houses and
Households

Numbers of
Households
having facilities

No. of Census
houses and Households

Pucca Houses

32,895

59,889

54.93

1,123,432

2,140,304

52.49

Drinking Water

48,695

59,889

81.31

1,512,960

2,140,304

70.69

Toilets

15,510

59,889

25.90

674,253

2,140,304

31.50

Electricity

50,940

59,889

85.06

1,820,558

2,140,304

85.06

Modern Cooking Fuel

6,234

59,889

10.41

327,456

2,140,304

15.30

Basic services

Source: Census of India, 2011

274

Table 9.22: Scheduled Tribes Households with access to basic services

Mandya District

Karnataka State

Numbers of
Households
and access to
basic services

No. of Census
houses and
Households

Numbers of
Households
and access to
basic services

No. of Census
houses and Households

Pucca Houses

3,804

7,145

53.24

442,817

936,995

47.26

Drinking Water

5,627

7,145

78.75

628,947

936,995

67.12

Toilets

2,466

7,145

34.51

268,890

936,995

28.70

Electricity

5,968

7,145

83.53

783,389

936,995

83.61

Modern Cooking Fuel

1,149

7,145

16.08

133,688

936,995

14.27

Basic services

Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 9.23: Composite Dalit Development Index
Sl. No.

Indicators

CDDI

Perception of Institutional Inclusion

0.333

Perception of Social Inclusion

0.700

Perception of Discrimination

0.800

Protest Against Discrimination

1.000

Conflict Resolution

1.000

Perception of Freedom

1.000

Standard of Living

0.300

Gender Dimension of Dalit Development

0.400

Access to Basic Facilities - Water, Toilet and Drainage

0.100

10

Access to Basic Facilities - Education

0.100

Total

5.733

Composite Dalit Development Index (CDDI)

0.573

Interpretation 0.4-0.59 = Average

Dalit Deprivation Index (DDI) 1-CDDI

0.427

Source: Primary Survey - Small Area Study

275

Table 10.1: Details of SHGs in Mandya District - 2011-12

Taluk

Active SHGs

No. SHGs registered

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

872

940

92.77

Nagamangala

772

772

100.00

Pandavapura

513

775

66.19

Shrirangapattana

691

764

90.45

Mandya

1176

1231

95.53

Maddur

1169

1181

98.98

Malavalli

880

975

90.26

District

6073

6638

91.49

Source: Department of Women and Child, Mandya

Table 10.2 Details of SCs/STs elected representatives in rural local bodies
ZP

TP

GP

Taluk

Total
SCs

Total
STs

Total SCs
& STs

Total

SC

ST

SC

ST

SC

ST

Krishnarajpet

71

37

74

39

113

606

18.65

Nagamangala

56

27

59

28

87

473

18.39

Pandavapura

47

24

49

25

74

426

17.37

Shrirangapattana

58

21

61

22

83

400

20.75

Mandya

96

45

101

46

147

743

19.78

Maddur

88

42

93

43

136

713

19.07

Malavalli

128

38

134

39

173

648

26.70

District

22

544

234

571

242

813

4009

20.28

Source: ZP, Mandya

276

Table 10.3: SCs/STs elected representatives in urban local bodies in Mandya District in 2011-12
ULBs

SCs

STs

Total SCs & STs

Total

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

23

17.39

Nagamangala

16

18.75

Pandavapura

18

16.67

Shrirangapattana

23

13.04

Mandya

35

17.14

Maddur

23

17.39

Malavalli

23

26.09

District

22

29

161

18.01

Source: DUDC, Mandya

Table 10.4: Gram Panchayats Selected for Nirmal Gram Puraskar Awards in the District
Total no. of Nirmal Gram
Puraskar awards

Total No. of Gram Panchayats

Percentage

Krishnarajpet

34

20.59

Nagamangala

27

3.7

Pandavapura

24

16.67

Shrirangapattana

21

4.76

Mandya

10

45

22.22

Maddur

42

9.52

Malavalli

39

7.69

District

30

232

12.93

Taluk

Source: ZP, Mandya

277

Table 11.1: Category-wise ULBs in Mandya District

ULBs

Population

City Municipal Councils (Population Between 50, 000 - 3 lakh)

Mandya CMC

1, 37, 358

Malavalli TMC

37, 601

Maddur TMC

35, 147

Shrirangapattana TMC

34, 135

Krishnarajpet TMC

25, 946

Pandavapura TP

20, 399

Nagamangala TP

17, 776

Town Municipal Councils (Population between 20, 000-50, 000)

Town Panchayats (Population between 10, 000 20, 000)

Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 11.2: Trends in Urban Population in Mandya District
Urban Population

Total Population

% of Urban population to
Total population

2001

2011

2001

2011

2001

2011

Decadal growth rate of

urban population 20012011 (%)

Krishnarajpet TMC

22580

25946

248245

260479

9.10

9.96

14.91

Nagamangala TP

16052

17776

190770

187897

8.41

9.46

10.74

Pandavapura TP

18310

20399

175009

183352

10.46

11.13

11.41

Shrirangapattana TMC

23729

34135

162984

180191

14.56

18.94

43.85

Mandya CMC

131179

137358

405612

415153

32.34

33.09

4.71

Maddur TMC

26521

35147

290783

295432

9.12

11.90

32.53

Malavalli TMC

35851

37601

281809

283265

12.72

13.27

4.88

District

282715

308362

1763705

1805769

16.03

17.08

9.07

ULBs

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

278

Table 11.3: Trends in urban slum population in Mandya District during 2001-2011
% of slum population to
urban population

Slum Population

Urban Population

2001

2011

2001

2011

2001

2011

Decadal growth rate of

Slum population 20012011 (%)

Krishnarajpet TMC

4456

3618

22580

25946

19.73

13.94

-18.81

Nagamangala TP

3048

2939

16052

17776

18.99

16.53

-3.58

Pandavapura TP

1354

2182

18310

20399

7.39

10.70

61.15

Shrirangapattana TMC

1325

3117

23729

34135

5.58

9.13

135.25

Mandya CMC

18328

24027

131179

137358

13.97

17.49

31.09

Maddur TMC

4360

7102

26521

35147

16.44

20.21

62.89

Malavalli TMC

3669

10953

35851

37601

10.23

29.13

198.53

District

36540

53938

282715

308362

12.92

17.49

47.61

ULBs

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

279

280

1410

1813

2681

16803

2813

2820

Nagamangala TP

Pandavapura TP

Shrirangapattana
TMC

Mandya CMC

Maddur TMC

Malavalli TMC

5463

5444

26085

4389

2937

2383

4706

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

2960

3117

2329

6720

1836

1671

1453

1405

2441

1154

4617

1069

1513

1255

1366

2011

2001

2001

2011

Near the Premises

Within the Premises

Krishnarajpet
TMC

ULBs

No. of Households having Access to Tap water

from treated and un treated sources

5937

5142

23523

4517

3484

2863

4365

2001

7904

6598

30702

5458

4450

3638

6072

2011

6,956

5,584

27,228

4,951

3,792

3,375

4,721

2001

Total Households having access to

drinking water

8423

6885

32560

5850

4752

4082

6169

2011

85.35

92.08

86.39

91.23

91.88

84.83

92.46

2001

93.84

95.83

94.29

93.30

93.64

89.12

98.43

2011

Total Households in ULBs

47.50

54.71

71.43

59.35

52.04

49.25

67.81

2001

69.12

82.51

84.96

80.41

66.00

65.50

77.50

2011

Within the Premises

% Households having access

to drinking water

Table 11.4: Households Access to Drinking Water in ULBs in Mandya District 2001-2011

52.50

45.29

28.57

40.65

47.96

50.75

32.19

2001

30.88

17.49

15.04

19.59

34.00

34.50

22.50

2011

Near the Premises

% of Households having access

to drinking water within and
near the premises

Table 11.5: Households having access to toilet facility within the premises in Mandya District ULBs (2001 -2011)
2001

2011

No. of Households having

toilet facility
within the
premises

Total No. of
Households

% Households having
access to
toilet facility
within the
premises

Krishnarajpet TMC

2,456

4,721

Nagamangala TP

1,348

Pandavapura TP

No. of Households having

toilet facility
within the
premises

Total No. of
Households

52.02

5,106

6,169

82.77

3,375

39.94

3,523

4,082

86.31

1,648

3,792

43.46

3,459

4,752

72.79

Shrirangapattana TMC

2,084

4,951

42.09

4,885

5,850

83.50

Mandya CMC

16,804

27,228

61.72

29,816

32,560

91.57

Maddur TMC

2,758

5,584

49.39

6,096

6,885

88.54

Malavalli TMC

2,361

6,956

33.94

6,253

8,423

74.24

District

29,459

56,607

52.04

59,138

68,721

86.06

ULBs

% Households
having access
to toilet facility within the
premises

Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 11.6: Solid Waste Generated in ULBs of Mandya District
Total quantity of waste generated during
2011-12 (In TPD)*

Population (2011 Census)

The per-capita waste

generated (gm/day)

25946

308

Nagamangala TP

4.5

17776

253

Pandavapura TP

5.3

20399

260

Shrirangapattana TMC

34135

264

Mandya CMC

56

137358

408

Maddur TMC

35147

256

Malavalli TMC

12

37601

319

District

30

232

12.93

ULBs
Krishnarajpet TMC

Source: DUDC, Mandya

*TPD= Ton Per Day

281

Table 11.7: Manpower deployed for collection and disposal of Solid waste in ULBs
Pourakarmikas
ULBs

Population (2011
Census)

Ratio of Pourakarmikas in
ULB Population

Permanent

Contract workers

Total

Krishnarajpet TMC

11

25

36

25946

1:721

Nagamangala TP

23

32

17776

1:556

Pandavapura TP

10

25

35

20399

1:583

Shrirangapattana TMC

10

35

45

34135

1:759

Mandya CMC

90

176

266

137358

1:516

Maddur TMC

13

35

48

35147

1:732

Malavalli TMC

22

38

60

37601

1:627

Total

165

357

522

308362

1:591

Source: DUDC, Mandya

282

283

380

478

210

10065

458

1146

12926

Nagamangala TP

Pandavapura TP

Shrirangapattana
TMC

Mandya CMC

Maddur TMC

Malavalli TMC

Total

37784

4887

4614

14759

4243

2876

2358

4047

Open
Drainage

Source: Census of India, 2001 & 2011

189

Closed
Drainage

Krishnarajpet TMC

ULBs

50710

6033

5072

24824

4453

3354

2738

4236

Total
drainage

2001

56607

6956

5584

27228

4951

3792

3375

4721

Total
Households

89.58

86.73

90.83

91.17

89.94

88.45

81.13

89.73

% of
Households
access to
Sewerage/
drainage
2001

30,885

1,319

3,523

19,500

3,625

539

1,431

948

Closed
Drainage

33,354

6,413

3,021

11,451

2,079

3,481

2,043

4,866

Open
Drainage

No. of Households access to Sewerage /Drainage

64,239

7,732

6,544

30,951

5,704

4,020

3,474

5,814

Total
Drainage

2011

68,721

8,423

6,885

32,560

5,850

4,752

4,082

6,169

Total
Households

93.48

91.80

95.05

95.06

97.50

84.60

85.11

94.25

% of
Households
access to
Sewerage/
drainage
2011

25.49

19.00

9.03

40.55

4.72

14.25

13.88

4.46

% of Households access
to Closed
Drainage

74.51

81.00

90.97

59.45

95.28

85.75

86.12

95.54

% of
Households
access
to Open
Drainage

2001

48.08

17.06

53.84

63.00

63.55

13.41

41.19

16.31

% of Households access to
Closed Drainage

2011

51.92

82.94

46.16

37.00

36.45

86.59

58.81

83.69

% of
Households
access
to open
Drainage

% of Households access to Sewerage /Drainage

Table 11.8: Households having access to Sewerage /Drainage in Mandya District ULBs

Table 11.9: Roads (Length in Km) in ULBs

Roads (Length in Km.)

Urban geographical area (in

sq.km.)

Length of roads (in Km). per Sq.km.

of Geographical area

Krishnarajpet TMC

64.04

4.26

15.03

Nagamangala TP

48.28

2.50

19.31

Pandavapura TP

42.00

2.50

16.80

Shrirangapattana TMC

57.00

8.60

6.63

Mandya CMC

286.12

17.03

16.80

Maddur TMC

56.00

6.32

8.86

Malavalli TMC

63.00

3.62

17.40

ULBs

Source: DUDC, Mandya

284

285

32.77

36.32

147.03

581.27

51.58

69.07

Nagamangala TP

Pandavapura TP

Shrirangapattana TMC

Mandya CMC

Maddur TMC

Malavalli TMC

Source: DUDC, Mandya

87.12

Own Resources (in

lakh Rs.)

Krishnarajpet TMC

ULBs

454.5

978.71

1607.18

406.35

257.62

829.78

357.96

Total Receipts
(in lakh Rs.)

2009-10

15.20

5.27

36.17

36.18

14.10

3.95

24.34

% of own
resources to Total
Receipts

87.69

107.83

1027.5

171.39

105.24

46.28

106.14

Own Resources
(in lakh Rs.)

732.33

355.14

2504.56

344.48

463.88

110.65

436.39

Total
Receipts (in
lakh Rs.)

2010-11

11.97

30.36

41.03

49.75

22.69

41.83

24.32

% of own
resources to
Total Receipts

Table 11.10: Percentage of Own resources to Total receipts of ULBs wise

99.86

104.25

1038.12

187.40

92.00

46.73

136.22

Own Resources (in lakh Rs.)

894.64

520.04

2452.12

648.81

521.53

314.14

664.80

Total
Receipts (in
lakh Rs.)

2011-12

11.16

20.05

42.34

28.88

17.64

14.88

20.49

% of own resources to Total

Receipts

286

82.978

25.762

40.635

160.718

97.871

45.450

Nagamangala TP

Pandavapura TP

Shrirangapattana TMC

Mandya CMC

Maddur TMC

Malavalli TMC

Source: DUDC, Mandya

35.796

Expenditure on
Development works
(in million Rs.)

Krishnarajpet TMC

ULBs

35851

26521

131179

23729

18236

16052

22580

Urban Population (Nos.)

2009-10

1268

3690

1225

1712

1413

5169

1585

Per capita
expenditure
(Rs.)

73.233

35.514

250.456

34.448

46.388

11.065

43.639

Expenditure on
Development works (in
million Rs.)

35851

26521

131179

23729

18236

16052

22580

Urban
Population
(Nos)

2010-11

2043

1339

1909

1452

2544

689

1933

Per capita
expenditure
(Rs.)

89.464

52.040

245.212

64.881

52.153

31.414

66.480

Expenditure on Development works (in

million Rs.)

Table 11.11: Per- capita expenditure on Development Works in ULBs

37601

35147

137358

34135

20399

17776

25946

Urban Population
(Nos)

2011-12

2379

148

1785

1901

2557

1767

2562

Per capita expenditure (Rs.)

Table 11.12: Households without own house in ULBs in 2011-12

ULBs

Households without own house

Total Households in ULBs

Percentage

Krishnarajpet TMC

1297

6,169

21.02

Nagamangala TP

911

4,082

22.32

Pandavapura TP

1936

4,752

40.74

Shrirangapattana TMC

986

5,850

16.85

Mandya CMC

1467

32,560

4.51

Maddur TMC

2384

6,885

34.63

Malavalli TMC

1350

8,423

16.03

Source: DUDC, Mandya

Table 11.13: Crime Rate per 10000 Populations in Urban local bodies
Total No. of Crimes

Urban Population (Nos)

Crime rate per 10000

population (Nos)

Krishnarajpet TMC

109

25946

4.20

Nagamangala TP

93

17776

5.23

Pandavapura TP

94

20399

4.61

Shrirangapattana TMC

134

34135

3.93

Mandya CMC

703

137358

5.12

Maddur TMC

239

35147

6.80

Malavalli TMC

174

37601

4.63

ULBs

Source: SP Office, Mandya

287

Table 11.14: Road accidents per 10, 000 Populations in ULBs

Total Road Accident

Urban Population

Road accidents per 10, 000

population

Krishnarajpet TMC

20

25946

7.71

Nagamangala TP

37

17776

20.81

Pandavapura TP

98

20399

48.04

Shrirangapattana TMC

16

34135

4.69

Mandya CMC

131

137358

9.54

Maddur TMC

101

35147

28.74

Malavalli TMC

38

37601

10.11

ULBs

Source: SP Office, Mandya

Table 11.15: Number of Hospital Beds per 1000 population in ULBs in 2011
ULBs

No. of Hospital Beds

Urban Population

Beds per 1000 in Urban area

Krishnarajpet TMC

100

25946

3.85

Nagamangala TP

100

17776

5.63

Pandavapura TP

100

20399

4.90

Shrirangapattana TMC

100

34135

2.93

Mandya CMC

1125

137358

8.19

Maddur TMC

100

35147

2.85

Malavalli TMC

100

37601

2.66

Source: DHO, Mandya

288

Table 11.16: Urban Development Index (UDI) for Mandya District ULBs
ULBs

Values

Rank of ULBs within the

district

Krishnarajpet TMC

0.648

Nagamangala TP

0.467

Pandavapura TP

0.442

Shrirangapattana TMC

0.629

Mandya CMC

0.756

Maddur TMC

0.383

Malavalli TMC

0.497

289

290

10.80
21.67
81.97
90.84
43.69
20.17
33536.11

70.16
96.12

Percentage of Households having access to

Toilet

Percentage of Households having access to

Water ( Water: Definition as per Census, 2011)

Percentage of Households having access to

Electricity

Percentage of Households having Pucca Houses (Pucca House: Good House as per Census
Definition)

Percentage of Non agricultural workers (main

+ marginal)

Per-capita Income (GDP at Taluk Level at current prices)

Child Mortality Rate - CMR* (0-5 years)

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)*

Literacy Rate

Gross Enrolment Rate (GER): (a) GER at

Primary (b) GER at Upper Primary c) GER at
Secondary/High-School

10

11

104

29

Nagamangala

Pandavapura

Shrirangapattana

88.35

70.71

107

28

35472.91

21.96

52.94

93.63

81.03

28.44

12.94

99.45

67.29

113

28

37181.72

24.35

49.85

92.06

81.89

28.96

19.72

94.69

72.61

109

28

25539.31

40.36

50.01

93.30

87.15

52.89

33.87

Indicators for Human Development Index (HDI)

Krishnarajpet

Percentage of Households having access to

Modern Cooking Fuel

Indicators Modified / Revised

Sl. No

107.48

74.75

124

31

26204.68

42.41

62.65

91.89

85.96

52.57

27.70

Mandya

TALUK-WISE AND DISTRICT DATA FOR INDICATORS TO BE USED IN THE DHDR (ANNEXURE 5 HDD)

ANNEXURE II

101.19

68.59

105

29

25388.36

30.35

66.22

89.70

87.76

37.52

17.18

Maddur

90.96

66.52

113

28

25316.32

28.79

59.39

91.57

87.29

30.95

13.05

Malavalli

97.86

70.40

111

30

28987.09

30.56

56.46

91.67

85.09

37.47

19.56

District * (Not
the totals of the
Taluks)

291

31.00
43.72
56.28
48.98
51.02

79.60
38.36
72.03
19.93
20.30

Share of Pregnant Women with Anaemia - ANE (Excluding Normal)

Share of female elected representatives in PRIs

and ULBs (PRF)

Share of male elected representatives in PRIs

and ULBs (PRM)

Share of female children in the age group 0-6

years (CHLDF)

Share of male children in the age group 0-6

years (CHLDM)

Share of female literacy (LITF)

Share of male literacy (LITM)

Share of Female Work Participation Rate ( WPR):

WPR = [(Main Workers + Marginal Workers) /
Total Workers]*100

Share of Male Work Participation Rate ( WPR):

WPR = [(Main +Marginal) / Total]*100

Share of female workers in the non agricultural

sector (NAGF) to Total Female workers

Share of male workers in the non agricultural

sector (NAGM) to Total Male workers

Female Agricultural wage rate( WAGEF)

Male Agricultural wage rate( WAGEM)

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

250

145

60.76

99.90

Share of Institutional deliveries (ID)

13

104

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)*

12

225

125

25.97

16.57

70.64

52.08

80.63

60.91

51.42

48.58

57.26

42.74

47.00

99.69

107

238

100

26.90

19.59

71.86

38.39

75.65

58.93

51.77

48.23

56.08

43.92

50.90

99.75

113

225

125

42.42

36.08

71.38

34.08

79.16

66.13

51.35

48.65

57.45

42.55

31.70

99.79

109

Indicators for Gender Inequality Index (GII)

238

125

44.62

37.52

69.37

31.45

81.39

68.08

51.50

48.50

55.01

44.99

50.90

99.88

124

233

145

30.83

29.36

70.31

33.08

76.51

60.71

52.00

48.00

55.71

44.29

24.70

99.57

105

275

125

30.98

24.28

69.36

34.01

73.86

59.12

51.87

48.13

56.18

43.82

47.80

99.44

113

240

130

32.67

26.44

70.49

36.25

78.27

62.54

51.58

48.42

56.14

43.86

50.90

99.72

111

292

26.07
11.90
29.03

109.22
-2.36
236.00
6.30
127.58
7.11
22.00
80.99
33536.11
20.17
0.99
20.29

(a) Percentage of Mal-nourished Children

(Excluding Normal)

(b) Percentage of Children born under-weight

Percentage of Drop-out Children Mainstreamed: (a) Primary (b) Secondary

Cropping Intensity

Percentage Change in NSA(Net Sown Area) over

the years (2001 2011)

Per capita food grain production (in Kgs)

Percentage of forest cover to total geographical

area

Irrigation Intensity

Percentage of area degraded (cultivable waste)

to Total Geographical Area (TGA)

Percentage of leguminous (area under pulses)

crops in the Gross Cropped Area (GCA)

Percentage of BPL Card holders to Total Card

holders

Per capita income (GDP at current prices in the

Taluk)

Percentage of Non-agricultural workers to total

workers

Average size of holdings (Total area of holdings

/ Total No. of holdings)

Percentage of Agricultural labourers to total

workers

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

29

Child Mortality Rate CMR (0-5 years)

27

82.35

6.82

18.73

28

12.92

0.98

21.96

35472.91

82.19

22.30

25.20

136.75

2.42

235.00

14.84

104.33

22.72

0.69

24.35

37181.72

83.07

27.50

7.39

116.95

3.89

210.00

44.84

109.55

8.93

6.13

20.95

28

28.95

0.71

40.36

25539.31

79.13

6.40

1.40

136.51

2.03

179.00

-19.03

144.49

Indicators for Food Security Index (FSI)

50.00

13.80

24.45

28

Indicators for Child Development Index (CDI)

25.60

0.67

42.41

26204.68

73.83

5.80

3.24

134.97

2.11

130.00

11.95

124.46

6.85

13.04

20.69

31

26.17

0.68

30.35

25388.36

77.07

8.00

0.21

110.47

0.03

171.00

-20.81

126.31

8.16

6.84

22.11

29

34.84

0.72

28.79

25316.32

83.47

5.60

2.99

110.58

15.05

166.00

-2.03

110.67

20.00

9.47

21.70

28

24.81

0.78

30.56

28987.09

79.25

13.60

8.42

123.44

4.97

181.00

2.62

116.22

18.62

11.54

21.91

30

293

31.00
26.07
11.90

Percentage of pregnant women with Anaemia

(all grades put together excluding normal)

(a) Percentage of Mal-nourished Children

(Excluding Normal)

(b) Percentage of Children born under-weight

45

98.43
94.25
3.85
20.49
2562.24
15.03

Percentage of Slum Population to Total ULB

Population

Water Supply Percentage of Households with

Tap water connection)

Sewerage/ Drainage Percentage of Households Sewerage and Drainage (Both Close and
Open facilities)

No. of Hospital Beds per 1000 population in

urban area

Percentage of Own Resource Mobilization to

Total Receipts

Per capita expenditure on Development Works

Length of Roads in Kms per Sq. Km of geographical area

Crime Rate per 10000 Population

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

Road accidents per 10000 population

13.94

Percentage of Households without Own Houses

49

58

20.69

Percentage of ULB population to total population in the taluk

48

60.91

13.80

24.45

47.00

81.03

28

85.80

58.93

6.82

18.73

50.90

81.89

28

58.06

66.13

6.13

20.95

31.70

87.15

28

91.21

7.71

1.30

9.96

20.81

1.01

19.31

1767.21

14.88

5.63

85.11

89.12

16.53

21.88

9.46

48.04

1.16

16.80

2556.64

17.64

4.90

84.60

93.65

10.70

40.00

11.13

4.69

1.33

6.63

1900.72

28.88

2.93

97.50

93.30

9.13

12.20

18.94

Indicators for Urban Development Index (UDI) at ULB Level

60.76

Female Literacy Rate

47

46

81.97

Percentage of Households with access to Water

( Water: Census definition)

44

29

Child Mortality Rate (CMR)*

43

31.65

Percentage of villages having PDS outlets within

the village

42

9.54

7.01

16.80

1785.20

42.34

8.19

95.06

94.29

17.49

4.47

33.09

68.08

13.04

20.69

50.90

85.96

31

25.96

28.74

1.92

8.86

148.06

20.05

2.85

95.05

95.83

20.21

27.62

11.90

60.71

6.84

22.11

24.70

87.76

29

37.65

10.11

1.55

17.40

2379.30

11.16

2.66

91.80

93.84

29.13

15.82

13.27

59.12

9.47

21.70

47.80

87.29

28

57.29

62.54

11.54

21.91

50.90

85.09

30

49.19

294

1000
1.64
9.49

104
16.45
80.99

127.58
19.04

1.27

Sex ratio

Percentage of Slum Population in the taluk to

Total population in the taluk (2011 census)

Percentage of Population in the age group of

0-6

Child sex ratio

Infant Mortality Rate IMR (0-1 years)

Child Mortality Rate CMR (0-5 years)

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)*

Percentage of women headed households

(2011 census)

Percentage of BPL Cards issued to Total Ration

Cards

Cropping Intensity

Irrigation Intensity

Percentage of Households provided employment to total number of households registered

under MGNREGS

Ratio of average agricultural wage to Minimum

wages prescribed by the State (Please refer to
clarification note provided on average agricultural wages)

Work Participation Rate ( WPR)

Decadal Growth rate of Employment

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

7.34

55.16

109.22

29

27

960

288

Population Density

60

4.93

Decadal population growth rate

59

7.86

61.31

1.13

21.54

136.75

104.33

82.19

16.99

107

28

26

945

9.01

1.64

1006

180

-1.51

1.13
52.64
-1.26

55.13
1.08

11.32

136.51

144.49

79.13

20.30

109

28

25

948

9.77

2.12

1003

527

10.56

1.09

17.22

116.95

109.55

83.07

17.97

113

28

25

932

9.74

1.36

992

343

4.77

Indicators for Composite Taluk Development Index (CTDI)

9.51

50.45

1.17

22.95

134.97

124.46

73.83

18.69

124

31

25

942

9.73

6.27

990

594

2.35

-1.79

51.64

1.22

45.96

110.47

126.31

77.07

21.12

105

29

25

923

9.45

2.51

998

482

1.60

2.78

51.76

1.29

62.71

110.58

110.67

83.47

20.35

113

28

26

928

9.64

4.15

985

351

0.52

4.05

53.36

1.19

27.60

123.44

116.22

79.25

18.94

111

30

26

939

9.56

3.28

995

364

2.38

295

1.98
20.29

5.68
0.00
30.82

18.38
18.26
90.84
10.80
43.89
18.65
39.13
17.39

Percentage of workers in Household Industries

Percentage of Agriculture labourers to Total

workers

Percentage of Households with Pucca houses

Percentage of Site less Households

Percentage of Households provided with house

sites

Percentage of Houses constructed for houseless

poor families (RDPR data)

Percentage of households with cycles

Percentage of households with two-wheelers

Percentage of Households with no Assets:

(Telephone, TV, 2 wheelers and 4wheelrs)
(Source : census 2011)

Percentage of Households with electricity

Percentage of Households having access to

Modern Cooking Fuel

Percentage of women elected representatives in

rural local bodies

Percentage of elected SC/ST representatives in

rural local bodies

Percentage of women elected representatives in

urban local bodies

Percentage of elected SC/ST representatives in

urban local bodies

Percentage of active SHGs

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

92.77

35.29

43.69

79.38

Percentage of main workers to total workers

77

59.54

Percentage of Cultivators to Total workers

76

100.00

18.75

43.75

18.39

42.71

12.94

93.63

17.00

19.62

37.38

5.74

0.00

1.76

52.94

12.92

1.48

76.46

65.13

66.19

16.67

44.44

17.37

43.90

19.72

92.06

15.96

20.99

42.24

3.53

0.00

9.60

49.85

22.72

90.45

13.04

39.13

20.75

42.75

33.87

93.30

12.94

24.64

43.49

4.45

0.00

10.92

50.01

28.95

3.10

80.98

87.75
1.85

30.70

52.93

95.53

17.14

37.14

19.78

45.36

27.70

91.89

13.57

28.39

48.86

25.81

0.00

0.03

62.65

25.60

2.37

84.34

31.99

98.98

17.39

39.13

19.07

44.46

17.18

89.70

16.82

23.89

49.39

5.64

1.07

8.80

66.22

26.17

1.70

86.50

43.47

90.26

26.09

39.13

26.70

43.98

13.05

91.57

18.19

17.99

51.98

3.60

0.00

13.43

59.39

34.84

1.91

77.89

36.37

91.49

18.01

39.75

20.28

44.03

19.56

91.67

16.03

22.57

45.09

6.61

0.24

6.61

56.46

24.81

2.05

82.04

44.64

296

31.00
99.90
100.00
11.90
26.07
0.54
3723
11727

0.11
113.00
100.00
56.87
2149.62
20.59

Percentage of Pregnant Women with Anaemia

(Excluding normal)

Percentage of Institutional deliveries

Percentage of children fully Immunized (Max

value 100) (any figure over and above 100
should be taken as 100)

Percentage of Children born underweight

Percentage of Mal-nourished Children (Excluding Normal)

Percentage of people affected by major communicable diseases (Definition as per health Dept.)

Average Population served by sub-centers

Average Population served by Primary Health

Centres (PHCs)

Availability of Doctors per 1,000 population

Availability of nurses per 1000 population

Average population served by Anganwadi

centres (0-6 children+nursing mothers+adolescent girls+pregnant women)

Percentage of villages having Anganwadis within

a km. distance

Percentage of couples protected by any contraceptive method

Per capita Health Expenditure

Percentage of Gram Panchayats Selected for

Nirmal Gram Puraskar Awards to Total number
of Gram Panhayats

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

0.12

89.04

Percentage of pregnant women receiving full

ANC (Max value 100) (any figure over and
above 100 should be taken as 100)

94

3.70

1571.32

71.31

100.00

81.00

0.24

0.14

12152

3210

0.80

24.45

13.80

100.00

99.69

47.00

89.60

16.67

1154.51

82.15

100.00

114.00

0.20

0.16

20369

3790

0.87

18.73

6.82

4.76

1156.68

75.80

100.00

130.00

0.27

0.11

18257

3397

0.86

20.95

6.13

100.00

99.79

99.75
100.00

31.70

56.31

50.70

58.68

22.22

2177.98

75.99

100.00

116.00

0.36

0.31

9260

3430

0.34

20.69

13.04

58.82

99.88

50.90

100.00

9.52

2090.62

85.75

100.00

107.00

0.18

0.12

14460

3944

0.55

22.11

6.84

100.00

99.57

24.70

62.65

7.69

1491.45

88.62

100.00

108.00

0.14

0.12

11698

4236

0.61

21.70

9.47

100.00

99.44

47.80

81.44

12.93

1782.95

77.98

100.00

108.00

0.22

0.17

12583

3679

0.60

21.91

11.54

100.00

99.72

50.90

94.49

297

47.22
81.97

3.13
29.03
16.00
99.80

1388.09
100.00

Percentage of Households with drainage facility

(both open and close)

Percentage of Households provided with

Drinking Water

Percentage of Literacy

Gross Enrolment rate Elementary School

Net Enrolment rate Elementary School

Dropout rate in Elementary education

Percentage of Drop-out Children Mainstrea

med:
(a) Primary(b)
Secondary

Student Teacher ratio for elementary education

Secondary school Gross Enrolment Rate (15-16

years)

Drop-out rate in secondary education

SSLC pass percentage

Student - Teacher ratio for secondary education

PUC pass percentage

School Infrastructure Index

Per capita Education Expenditure

Percentage of villages having a Primary School

within 1 km. distance

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

0.90

52.02

28.00

90.72

4.03

83.73

94.81

70.16

21.67

Percentage of Households with toilets

110

94.80

1761.28

0.92

62.95

23.00

86.87

13.91

96.24

13.00

50.00

3.59

82.13

85.76

70.71

81.03

48.44

28.44

99.58

1325.34

0.88

55.47

22.00

58.33

5.49

94.05

18.00

82.35

0.91

87.77

101.41

67.29

81.89

70.43

28.96

99.36

1305.74

0.89

51.35

43.00

80.65

12.65

80.57

37.00

8.93

2.06

95.93

99.52

72.61

87.15

77.70

52.89

98.83

1425.57

0.88

54.34

20.00

84.19

3.92

107.83

21.00

6.85

3.70

96.99

107.34

74.75

85.96

75.49

52.57

100.00

1381.29

0.90

52.90

23.00

92.78

1.08

101.35

22.00

8.16

4.21

79.55

101.12

68.59

87.76

68.39

37.52

100.00

1390.56

0.90

53.43

14.00

88.03

24.89

81.12

16.00

20.00

5.22

76.85

94.77

66.52

87.29

62.04

30.95

98.47

1419.11

0.89

54.51

23.00

84.09

8.22

96.09

20.00

18.62

3.45

82.97

98.51

70.40

85.09

65.09

37.47

ANNEXURE III: NOTE ON PROCESS OF DHDR PREPARATION, DATA

AVAILABILIT Y, LIMITATIONS AND QUALIT Y OF DATA
Note on process of DHDR preparation
The preparation of the Human Development Report for Mandya district is to provide a benchmark against which
future attainments on the human development can be Judged and to Create awareness among the Stakeholders on the
importance of the human development for promoting social well-being of the people at the district and sub-district levels.
The Human Development Index (HDI) and other indices viz. GII, CDI, FSI, CTDI and UDI are computed to understand
the achievement level of human development at the district and at the inter-taluk levels. In order to compute index values
for the above said indices as many as 126 indicators have been used. Of these 126 indicators, data for 41 indicators were
obtained from the Census Sources; data on per capita income was provided by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics,
GOK, Bangalore. The data on IMR, CMR, MMR, pregnant woman with anemia and Malnourished children were obtained
from the SRS data. The data on remaining indicators were gathered from the departments such as education, health,
rural development agriculture, women and child, police department, urban development, social welfare department
etc. In addition to this, data were also obtained from the published Sources. The Secondary Sources of data for the
preparation DHDR-Mandya are well supported by the primary Sources. The primary sources for the report are (i)district
and taluk level interaction with the elected representatives and district officials at work shops and (ii) small area survey
on important aspects of human development at GP levels. The outcome of these discussions and G P level surveys are
used to enhance the quality of the report. The data collected have been analysed in the form of tables and graphs to
draw the conclusion on human development issues. Core committee and technical committees have been formed and
committees met periodically to ensure the progress of the report. All the members of the core committee and Technical
Committees contributed to the report in their fields. Several deliberations were held in the core committee to finalize
the report. In addition to this, the expert group committee has been formed Comprising of experts from different areas
of human development and the committee also met periodically and discussed the discrepancies in data and other issues
on human development. The human development division, planning department, GOK, also organized several DHDRs
review meetings and provided inputs on the preparation of the report. The report is the outcome of the efforts of core
committees, technical committee and expert group.

Data validation
The data given in the form of percentages, ratios, and numbers by the line departments of ZP such as education, health,
agriculture etc have been verified by the lead agency looking into the original (Absolute) data. Some of such data were
also validated convening the meeting of the officials to deliberate on data discrepancies by the lead agency. The data
obtained by these departments on about 80 human development indicators have been scrutinized and consistency and
quality of these indicators were ensured. These validated data were used to prepare the final tables for discussion in the
report.
Data limitations
The data obtained from Census and non-Census sources were used for the preparation of the report. These data are
confined only to Mandya district. The taluk-wise data on these indicators provided by the line departments of ZP were
used to fix the maximum and minimum value for all the 126 indicators for computing various indices values. These
maximum and minimum values are limited only to Mandya district. These maximum and minimum values may not
much with the Max-Minimum values of any other districts/ sub-districts in the state. The values computed for several
indices are based on the Max-Min values of 126 indicators. The indices value computed for several taluks in the district
are comparable between the taluks of Mandya district, where as these index values cannot be compared with the other
districts/sub districts value of indices as these values are based on the districts Max-Min values. Therefore the disparities
in different dimensions of human development can be measured only at district and at the inter-taluk levels for Mandya
district.
298

ANNEXURE IV: CONSULTATIONS AND LOCAL SUBJECT EXPERTS

EXPERT GROUP
Prof. M.V. Srinivasgowda
Honorary Professor, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru
Prof. O.D. Hegde
Professor (Rtd.), Department of Economics and Cooperation, University of Mysore, Mysuru
Prof. K. Yeshodhara
Professor (Rtd.), Department of Studies in Education, University of Mysore, Mysuru
Prof. K.S. Arun Kumar
Professor, PES University, Bengaluru
Prof. D.S. Leelavathi
Professor, Department of Economics and Cooperation, University of Mysore, Mysuru
Prof. M.G. Basavaraja
Professor, Department of Economics and Cooperation, University of Mysore, Mysuru
Dr. Navitha Thimmaiah
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics and Cooperation, University of Mysore, Mysuru
Dr. M. Komala
Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore, Mysuru

299

ANNEXURE V: DETAILS ON MEETINGS AND WORKSHOPS

A. District Core Committee Meetings
1.

31-01-2013

19 (DCC Members and other officers)

2.

08-04-2013

19 (DCC Members and other officers)

3.

15-04-2013

19 (DCC Members and other officers)

4.

15-07-2013

19 (DCC Members and other officers)

5.

13-08-2013

13 (DCC Members & other officers)

6.

05-10-2013

20 (DCC Members and other officers)

7.

16-11-2013

12 (DCC Members & other officers)

8.

20-01-2014

12 (DCC Members & other officers)

9.

01-03-2014

13 (DCC Members & other officers)

10.

20-05-2014

13 (DCC Members & other officers)

11.

22-07-2014

13 (DCC Members & other officers)

300

Details of Workshops
Level of Workshops

Place and Date

Number and type of participants

District Level

1. ZP, Mandya :
12-09-2013

93 members, District Officers, ZP elected representatives,

ZP officials & NGOs

Snapshots of District level workshop

301

DPC

2. ZP, Mandya:
06-08-2014

82 members, DPC Members, District Officers, ZP officials & NGOs

Snapshots of DPC workshop

Taluk Level

1. Krishnarajpet 27-09-2013

About 120 members, Taluk level officers, Panchayath Development Officers/Secretaries, Taluk Panchayat elected Representatives, President & vice president of GPs

302

Nagamangala -01-10-2013

About 125 members, Taluk level officers, Panchayath Development Officers/Secretaries, Taluk Panchayath elected Representatives, President & vice president of GPs

3. Malavalli - 11-10-2013

About 100 members, Taluk level officers, Panchayath Development Officers/Secretaries, Taluk Panchayath elected Representatives, President & vice president of GPs

303

REFERENCES
Annual States of Education Report (Rural) 2006, Pratham Resource Centre, Mumbai, 2007
Annual States of Education Report (Rural) 2010, Pratham Resource Centre, Mumbai, 2011.
Census of India 2001, 2011
Dabson, Brian (2006), Eight Principles for Effective Rural Governance and How Communities Put them into Practice,
RUPRI, Columbia-Missouri.
Educations in Karnataka 2011-12. An Analytical Report, Sarva Shikshana Abhiyana, Bangalore.
Food and Agriculture Organization (2002), A Handbook for Trainers on Participatory Local Development: The Panchayat
Raj Institutions, Regional Office for Asia and Pacific, http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad346e/ad346e03.htm, accessed on
19 April 2014.
Government of India Ministry of Water Resources, Central Ground Water Board, Ground Water Information Booklet
Mandya District, Karnataka, South Western Region, Bangalore, July 2008.
Government of Karnataka (2005), StateHuman Development Report: Karnataka
Government of Karnataka (2008), District Human Development Report: Mysore
Narayanaswamy C. (2011),History of Panchayati Raj in Karnataka, Concerned for Working Children, Bangalore, www.
concernedforworkingchildren.org, accessed 20 April 2014.
Planning and Statistical Department, Government of Karnataka.
Planning Commission (2001), Report of the Task Force on Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Government of India, New
Delhi, http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/taskforce/tsk_pri.pdf, accessed 12 April 2014.
Planning, Programme Monitoring and Statistics Department, Bangalore.
Puliani, Sathpal (ed.) (2006), The Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act 1993: Manual, Karnataka Law Journal Publications,
Bangalore.
SSA & RMSA Annual Reports
www.rupri.org, accessed 14 April 2014.

304

END NOTES
i) Change of names - Mysore to Mysuru as per Gazette Notification No.669, dated 31.10.2014
ii) Education in Karnataka 2011-12 An Analytical Report by SSA- Karnataka Table 29-30 and 31-32
iii) Education in Karnataka 2011-12. An Analytical Report by SSA- Karnataka. Table 33 and 34
iv) According to the ESA, a woman cannot be paid less than a man if she is doing equal work. This also applies in
reverse; a man cannot receive less pay than a woman if he is doing equal work.
v) Total Number of ULBs in Karnataka: 218 (Corporations 8, City Municipal Councils 43, Town Municipal Councils 94,
Town Panchayats 68 and Notified Area Committees 5).
v) Director of Municipal Administration see: http://municipaladministration.kar.nic.in
vi) http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/originsAccessed on 13 March 2014
vii) Census of India, 2001
viii) http://www.bounteouskarnataka.com/DP-PDF/DistrictProfile-Mandya.pdf
ix)
Delhi Human Development Report, 2006, Beyond Scarcity, Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis, Available
at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/, Accessed on 16 May 2013.
x) Classified as City Corporations, City Municipal Councils, Town Municipal Councils, Town Panchayats and Notified
Area Committees, etc. based on the population
xi) 1) Taxation, Finance and Appeals 2) Public Health, Education and Social Justice 3) Town Planning and Improvement
4) Accounts.
xii) 1) Public Works 2) Education and Social Justice 3) Appeal 4) Horticulture
xiii) Infrastructure Development & Investment Plan for Mandya City
xiv) http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/sanitation.shtml Accessed on 11 June, 2014.
xv) City Sanitation Plan Mysore, Karnataka, Draft Report | December 2011, Directorate of Municipal Administration
Government of Karnataka Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad, Ministry of Urban Development
Department, Government of India and City Managers Association Karnataka. http://urbanindia.nic.in/programme/
uwss/CSP/Draft_CSP/Mysore_CSP.pdf
xvi) Central Public Health and Environmental Engineer Organisation (CPHEEO) Manual, 2000, Ministry of Urban
Development, Government of India.
xvii)
Article on The Hindu newspaper:http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/mandya-cmc approves-rs-297crore-surplus-budget/article5742217.eceAccessed on 17th May, 2014
xvii) National Urban Health Mission Framework for implementation, Government of India, Ministry of Health & Family
Welfare, Department of Health & Family Welfare, http://www.pbhealth.gov.in/nuhm_framework.pdf
305