C4 lel ¥ $1-CS-Ol- ere pin BS RAS : CONTROLLED OFFENSIVE. BEHAVIOR - USSR (U); TMT ARCNEMeEIntCONTROLLED OFFENSIVE BEHAVIOR ~ USSR (1) AUTHOR JOUN D. LaMOTHE CAPTAIN, MEDICAL SERVICE CORPS SHORT TIFLE ST-CS-01~169-72 DIA TASK NUMBER T72-01-14 DATE OF PUBLICATION 5 July 1972 3 Information Cut-off Date : 31 January 1972 of the Amy, and approved by the. Directorate for Scientific and Techical, i Intelligence of the Defense Intelligence Ageucy. ~ (This page is UNCLASSIFIED) \ }ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 PREFACE MEME this repore summarizes the information available on Soviet research on human vulnerability as it relates to incapacitating individuals or small groups. The information contained in this study is a review and evaluation of Soviet research in the fleld of revolutionary methods of influencing human behavior and is intended as an aid in the development of countermeasures for the protection of US or allied personnel. Due to the nature of the Soviet research in the area of reorientation or incapacitation of human behavior, this report emphasizes the individual as opposed to groups. @) ic 1s not within the realm of this report to make an in-depth study of research and utilization of the multitudinous aapects of psychology and psychiatry. It is strongly suggested that these subjects, and the military use thereof, should be established as separate studies. - The importance of basic and applied research in these areas should not be overlooked. (W) The information reported covers the period from 1874-1972 and has been drawn from sclentific, medicel and military joumals, intel ligence reports, magazines, news items, books, conferences, and other Yeporte as referenced, The information cut-off date for this report was 31 January 1972. (0) The author of this study is Captain John D. LaMothe, Medical Intelligence Office, Office of The Surgeon General, Departuent of the Army, Washington, DC 20314, Constructive criticism, comment and suggested changes are invited from readers. These should be sent to the author through the Defense Intelligence Agency, ATIN: DT-1A, Washington, DC 20301. iit (Reverse Blank)ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 Page No. Preface —————. ce ‘Summary ———-———————. a ee PART I - INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR MANIPULATION ————————— 1 SECTION I - Background ——-—---—--— ————- 2 SECTION Ii - Current Events oo 2 Part A - Events in Northern Ireland —————--———-——___ 2 Part B - Events in the Soviet Unten —— ———— 3 Part C - Soviet Response to Events in the USSR —— 8 SECTION ITI - Soviet Psychology and Paychiatry 9 Part A - A General. Review 9 Part B - Soviet Military Psychology 13 Part € - Soviet Use of Paychology for Behavior Manipulation - 15 SECTION IV - Psychological Phenomena/Paychological Weapons —— 15, Part A - Temperature —— = 16 Part B - Atmospheric Conditions ——-———- 16 Part € - Olfactory Phenomena ————————~----—-_-—---—-. v Part D ~ Light ———— 7 Part E - Sound ——_-_--_—--—_ 18 Part F ~ Electromagnetic Energy ———————-—___—___ 18 Part G - Deprivation ———-—- — 19 PART II - PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SOVIET UNION ———-——-————__—- 21 SECTION I - Background —- a 2. SECTION II ~ Significance of Parapsychology in the USSR—-—-— 24 SECTION III ~ The Apport Technique ——-————--———_____ 27 SECTION IV — ESP and Paychokinesis ——- Ts SECTION V - Summary and Military Implications 39ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 Page No PART IIL - MENTAL SUGGESTION AND CONTROLLED BEHAVIOR ~ a SECTION 1 - Hypnosis — one 4 Part A- The Use of Hypnosis in Medicine - USSR -——— 4a Part 8 - Hypnosis and Controlled Behavior —-——--—-— “3 Part C ~ Artificial Reincarnation Through Hypnosis ~ 45 Part D - Telepathic llypnosis -- 4a SECTION 11 - Conditioning Through Suggestion -————-—- 49 Part A - Rypnopedia —----=-——-——-—— a9 Part B - Subliminal Perception ~. 51 Part ¢ - Suggestology ---—-- 53 PART IV - PROPAGANDA AND MASS MEDIA —~. 39 PART V ~ PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY IN THE USSR -----——-—-—-——. 63 SECTION I - General ——-—~. 63 SECTION II - Main Peychotropic Substances - USSR --——~ 64 SECTION ITT - Psycho-Warfare Agents -—--——— 66 Part A - Diethylamide Lysergic Acid (LSD) and Psilocybin 66 Part B — Piperddyl Benzilate and Piperidyi Glycolate -— 69 Part C - Countermeasures —— 70 SECTION IV - Current Research Interest in Psychopharmacology - UssR —-—--—. aa n Patt A - Bioamine Research ——— a n Part B - Other Areas of Soviet Research in Paychopharmacology 74 PART VI - LIGHT AND COLOR AS A MEANS OF ALTERING RUMAN BEHAVIQR - 77 SECTION I - Psycho-Opeies ——-——--———— n Part A - Background ——---——————_____—. 7 Part B - Soviet Research in Photic-Flicker 79 SECTION IT - Color and Light ——-~--—-—---—. - 82 SECTION III ~ Concluding Remarks and Countermeasures —— 84 viST-CS-01~-169-72 July 1972 Page No. PART VEL - ODOR AND THE ALTERING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR -——-—-————- 87 SECTION T — Background --—---——————————__-_----—._ 87 SECTION II ~ Behavioral Altering Possibilities ——-——-------_ 88 PART VIII - SOUND AS A MEANS OF ALTERING BEHAVIOR ——--—--—. 1 SECTION I - General ——--_-——. wee SECTION II ~ Infrasonic Noise —-—-————--—--———. 92 SECTION 111 - Sonic Noise 8 SECTION IV - Ultrasonic Noise 8 SECTION V - Conclusion ——--——-----—--—-—---__---—_ 99 PART IX - SENSORY DEPRIVATION --————-—-—----------_--__ 101 PART X - ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS ——- a 107 APPENDIX I - PERSONNEL AND INSTITUTES —-———-—-——-——--—- 3 Current Events —-—----—----—-— 113 Part A ~ Affiliation Known — 113 Part B - Affiliation Unknown — aan 114 Part G - Important Institutes ~ No Personalities Available 4 Soviet Psychology and Psychiatry - Research ——-~-+--—-_---__ 114 Part A - Affiliation Known ——--—-—-—-—-———-—-—. 114 Part B ~ Affiliation Unknown ———-—-——--————-—--—--- 116 Parapsychology ~ USSR a ——-—-—--' 6 Part A~ Affiliation Know ——----—-—--—---—---------_ 116 Part B - Affiliation Unknown (1972) —-—-—-—-—-———-—. iis ental Suggestion and Controlled Behavior —-—-——---—~—. 118 Part A - Affiliation knowa ———— 118 Part B - Affiliation Unknown ——~ a9 Peychopharmacology 1a the USSR -—-—-——-—-— a9 Affiliation Known — a9 visST-CS-01-169- 72 July 1972 Lights and Color as a Means of Altering Human Behavior --—--—- Affiltation Known — Qdors and the Altering of Human Behavior Part A~ Affiliation Known -~ Part B - Affiliation Unknown ~- Sensory Deprivation (nen-aerospace) ---—- Electromagnetic Effects —~-. APPENDIX IT - Intelligence Gaps —----—-~—~-——----—--——---—---— APPENDIX III - Future Trends —-------——- APPENDIX IV - The "1961 Directives" - Hospitalization of Mentally 111 —~—----—-—--- APPENDIX V - Analysié of Soviet Terror Manipulation Methods in Relation to Ruman: APPENDIX VL - Milen Ryzl, Biographic Data ——--—--—--—----—-—— Bibliography ——- Non-Cited Bibliography --—-— Data Handling — Distribution List - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS : Illustration One - Photograph of Professor L.L. Vasilev —- Illustration Two ~ Photograph of Edvard Naumov -——- Illustration Three - Photograph of Kirlian Photography —- Tllustration Four - Photograph of Doctor G.A. Sergeyev Illustration Five - Photograph of Mrs. N. Kulagina Lilustration Six ~ Photographie Sequence of the PK Phenomenon ---~ vili 120 12a 121 121. qa. a2. 123 125 127 131 143 145 169 15 177 an 32 34 a7 a7 38‘ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 Page No LIST OF TABLES Table I - Soviet Instruction Courses ~ Psychiatric Specialization —--—-——-——-———____— 2 Table IL - Soviet Psychiatrists - Comparison 1962 and 1967 ——— 13 Table III ~ Basic Types of Biocommmication Phenomena — 2 Table IV - Relation of Psychoactive Drugs to Amine Activity -——-- 73 ix {Reverse Blank)ST-Cs-01-169-72 July 1972 SUMMARY Controlled offensive behavior as defined within the scope Of this report includes Sovict research on human vulnerability as it applies to methods of influencing or altering human behavior. There is an ever increasing amount of information emmating from the USSR (samizdat or underground press) that suggests that certain authoritarian institutions in the USSR are engaged in the practice of "mental reorientation" of numerous individuals who are classed as political dissenters. ‘The “sental reorientation" is being accom Plished through various means including confinement, isolation and peychopharmaceutical aduinistration. This treatment of so-called insane individuals is causing alarm among an international cross sec tion of psychiatrists. The literature contains sufficient data on huagn mental mmipulation and, therefore, warrants surveillamce by interested parties. It appeats that the USSR stresses physical and medical "treatment" of its political detainees uder the guise of paychiatric-care rehabilitation. ‘The Soviet Union is well avare of the benefits and applications ‘Of parapsychology research. The term parapsychology denctes a multi- disctplinary field consisting of the sciences of bionics, biophysics, psychophysics, psychology, physiology and neuropeychiatry. Many scientista, US and Soviet, feel that parapsychology can be bamessed to create conditions where one can alter or manipulate the minds of others. The major impetus behind the Soviet drive to hamess the possible capabilities of telepathic commmication, telekinetics, and bionies are said to come from the Soviet military and the KGB. Today, it is reported that the USSR has twenty or more centers for the study of parapsychological phenomena, with an annual budget estimated at 21 million dollars. Parapsychological research in the USSR began in the 1920s and has continued to the present. Based on their “head start" and financial support, it could be concluded that Soviet kmowledge in this field is superior to that of the US. (MMMM. ethods for controlling behavior of the hunan being are imumerous. Not all of the possibilities were included in this report, but an attempt was made to elaborate on those areas where there is intensive research by the USSR. The use of souad, Jight and color, or odors have been determined to be possible means for Soviet exploi— tation in order to alter human behavior. In the area of color and Lights, usually in a flickering mode, there have been reports of actual “trials” by the Soviets (Air Force and Navy) on US or allied personnel. The Soviets have shown an in-depth knowledge in the effects of sound and light on biological systems. It appears that with their x a =eS1-CS~01-169-72 July 1972 knowledge, ir would be a rather simple procedure to make the transfor~ mation (from scientific research to the applications phase). ‘The area of pheromone research has interested the Soviets; however, their data is sketchy and it is conceivable that they are not yet avare of the trenendous potentials that these substances provide for causing human behavioral changes. It is also a vossibility chat the USSR has realized the military benefits and are not oublishing or conversing about their research and development efforts concerning pherouone synthesis and uses. widsT-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 PARE £ TNTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR MANIPULATION SECTION 1 - BACKGROUND 1. MMF wethods for manipulating or influencing the human mind exist and are being thoroughly reseatched by menbers of the Soviet selentific community. For background and introductory information it would be best if some of these methods were briefly mentioned. Techniques atudied by the Soviets include biochemicals, sound, light, color, odors, sensory deprivation, sleep, electronic and magnetic fields, hypnosis, autosuggestion, and paraormal phenomena (psycho- Kinesis, extraseasory perception, astral projection, dream state, clairvoyance, and precogaition). Paranomal phenomena have caused great excitement in recent years in the Soviet Union; so mich so, that it hhas been reported (1) that the Soviets had 20 or more centers in 1967 for the study of this area. It was also reported that the annual budget for 1967 for paranormal research was approximately $20 million. 2. MEIN ‘ime purpose of mind altering techniques 1s to create one or more of several different possible states in the conscious or unconscious area of the brain. ‘The ultimate goal of controlled offensive behavior might well be the total submission of one's will to some outside force. It is more realistic to asswe that Lesser degrees of mental aberration would be the purpose of Soviet research in this field. Some areas of human oind manipulation that apply to this report are morale lowering, confusion, anxiety, loss of self reliance, fatigue, persuasion, disruption of social cohesion, or complete incapacitation. Since the desired end product of this type of research is some change in the human mind, only the non-lethal aspects are discussed in this report. It should be remenbered, however, that some techniques have lethal thresholds. 3. (MMMM the purpose of this study is to portray the Soviet research im mind manipulation and its possible use on US or allied individuals (e.g. PH's) or troops. Controlled offensive behavior, however, has other connotations. Certain methods of altering mental or physical states of man may have application on one's own individuals. The apport technique and astral projection are examples which will be discussed in this report. These two methods allow the enemy to impart certain behavioral characteristics on its ow people to the detriment of US or allied personnel or missions. 1 ==ST-C5-01-169-72 July 1972 SECTION IT - CURRENT EVENTS PART A - Events in Northera Ireland 1 The following discussion is based on 1971 and 1972 literature dealing with the uanipulation of human behavior. The events ‘that have been reported to have occurred are not Soviet originated but provide an excellent example of the type of efforts that this Teport is expressing. 2. (W) Recently there has appeared in the press some discussion elaborating on the techniques and procedures for detaining, treating, and interrogating prisoners in Northem Ireland-(2,3). According to the report, once the detainees are im prison, they come under three types of regime which create in men a state of great confusion, suggestibility, and distress. The first regime contafsed various methods to produce sensory isolation. ‘The men were made to stand still against a wall wich their hands 4m the air for four to six hours at atime. The total length was 43 1/2 hours. Hoods were placed over the men's heads to further abolish visual input. Sensory input was further decreased by having loud nofse generators tured on in order to mask meaningful sounds. The detaiiees were, therefore, isolated from their sensory world. 3. (U) The second sensory regime has the effect of increasing confusion and disorientation. Some men were rushed out, hooded and doubled up, past barking dogs, loaded into a helicopter, doors closed, engine revved up, then unloaded, then reloaded, with the procedure repeated three times. In another incident, detainees without shoes were made to move quickly over rough ground by uilitary police. 4, W) The third type of treatment has the effect of increasing stress and anxiety and reducing resistance to the disorienting effect on the two types described above. It appears that dietary Antake was restricted to bread and water at six hour intervals. Maximua weight loss was achieved it appears. Qne detainee lost eight pounds in seven days. To accompany the diet restrictions, no sleep was allowed the first two or three days. Forty-eight hours sleep deprivation, in certain individuals, hes been known to precipitate psychotic-like states. 3. (U) Psychological torture and physical abuse has been used on Catholic detainees in Northern Ireland. High-frequency sound waves (range not given in report) and sensory deprivation — research methods that have been outlaved. for use on humans by the American 2 (this page as p‘ST-CS-O1-169-72 July 1972 Psychological Association - were being used to undermine the dignity and destroy the effectiveness of the Catholic minority of Northem Ireland. The case of one 40-year old released prisoner has been reported. Upon release, the man's mental and physical condition suggested senility - a condition inconsistent with his health at the time of his intemment. The man walks like he is 65, vhimpers in the dark and has an attention span so short he cannot carry on a conversation. 6. (WU) The Northem Ireland procedure caa be expected to greatly incrense the pliability of detainees under interrogation since sensory deprivation increases suggestability and lowers intellectual competence. Stress-isolation techniques can reach the extent of eliciting false confessions where both prisoner and interrogator are convinced the statements rendered are true. It is hoped that the above examples impart to the reader a feeling for the type of mind manipulating procedures that will be discussed later in this report. 7. (@) Since it appears that the research behind sensory deprivation has been put to current use on humans, the interested reader might peruse Biderman and Zimmer's 1961 publication entitled "The Manipulation of Human Behavior" (4). The book represents a critical examination of soue of the conjectures about the application of scientific imovledge to manipulation of human behavior. The problem is explored within a particular frame of reference: the interrogation of an unwilling subject. Attention has been focused on interrogation because of the central position this topic has had in public discussions of prisoner of war (PW) behavior. PART B - Events in the Soviet Union 1. (MIF the use of psychiatric detention to silence political dissenters appears to be a wethod being utilized by the Soviet Union. There is extensive documention from “sanizdat" (sel£- published) sources in the Soviet Union, notably “A Question of Madness" by Soviet geneticist Zhores Medvedev, excerpts fron which were published in the Sunday New York Times Magazine of Novenber 7, 1971 (5). British Sovietologist Peter Reddaway asserts that the amber of such political detainees in the USSR has grown sharply in the last two years, perhaps to several hundred (6)~ Peter Reddavay has published several articles that give brief accounts of several political detainees as well as publishing letters received from the Soviet underground (7,8,9). 3ST-C5-01-169-72 July 1972 2. (MMMM on the surface, the fact that the Soviet Union has been subjecting political dissenters to psychiatric institutions may not appear relevant to this report. Kovever, as one probes into this area, he discovers that the medical and physical treatuent of these prisoners borders on the subject of controlled offensive behavior. Sine the techniques are reportedly being applied to Soviet citizens, it is simple enough, as the researchers gain kmovledge and expertise in this area, to assume that alien personnel could someday be subjected to it as well. 3. (WU) From the many reports, soue coming from the Soviet’ Union underground press, the article that best relates some of the uedical and physical treatment to political detainées is discussed below (10). The article was written about Vladimir Bukovaky who is frequently quoted in the feature story. Bukovsky haa spent six of his 27 years in Soviet prisons, asylums and labor camps. (On January 5, 1972, Bukovsky vas sentenced to a 12-year confinement, . to include prison, hard labor camp, and internal exile.) In 1962, Bukovsky organized an illegel exhibition of paintings by abstract artists not approved by state censors, In May 1963, Bukovsky was arrested by the KGB. He was declared insane by the Setbsky Paychiatric Tnstituté. That December, he was transferred to a prison asylum im Leningrad (name not mentioned) where he spent, in his own words, "15 months of hell." “There were about 1,000 men in the asylum, political prisoners and insane murderers," says Bukovsky. “The sick raved, the healthy suffered." Doctors were technically in charge of the inmates, but the real masters were brutal turnkeys and prisoner trustees. "Only the crafty survived, you had to be nice to the guards... you had to bribe them. Otherwise, they can beat you until you ave nearly dead and tell the doctore you mis~ behaved. Or they could recommend medical punishment." 4. W) The worst, according to Bukovsky, was medical punishment. The three methods of medical punishment knowa to Bukoveky are described as follows: a. On the recommendation of a trustee or turnkey, doctors would inject a drug (not mentioned) that produced severe stomach eranps, fever, intense pain, and a temperature of 104. The sickness lasted two or three days and left the inmate very weak. b. Another drug reserved for sericus uisbehavior induced sleep and dulled the brain. Inmates were punished with ten days of daily injections. They woke up as human vegetables. Some Tegained their senses after two months, others did not. 4UNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 c. ‘The third punishment was the canvas bandage. An innate would be tightly swathed in vet canvas ftom neck to toes while others in his ward vere forced to watch. "The canvas shrinks as it dries. It is not a pretty sight. They usually only do it for two or three hours. A nurse is always in attendance, and the bandages are loosened when the pulse grows weak." 5. (0) A thousand-word telegram by Andrei D. Sakhaiov to Colonel Nikolai A. Shchelokov, Minister of the Interior, relates further information on the use of drugs to alter mental behavior (11). Sakhaiov, a physicist and civil-rights champion, charged that a violation of human rights and medical ethics is occurring in the Soviet Union. The contention is that drugs are being administered forcibly to inmates in an effort to have them change their political beliefs. In addition, some prisoners are threatened with the possible vwse of electrical-shock "therapy." According to Sakhatov, uedicine, one of the most humane of the professions, is thus being turned into 4 servile handmaiden of the regimes correction agencies. Te is further reported that with the help of wedicine, an attempt is being made to make people literally lose their minds by chemical and physical means if they refuse to adapt their mind to the standards of the regime. 6. (U) One of the few references that mention a drug by name is a London Times feature by Richard Preston (12). In several cases, Soviet authorities forced political prisoners to subuit to the use of mind-bending drugs, specifically aminazine and haloperidol. Aminazine is the Soviet brand of a phenothiazine derivative known as chlorpromazine. Haloperidel is a butyrophenone. Both drugs are in the tranquilizer class of therapeutic agent: an excellent discussion on both of these drugs has been prepared by Goodman and Giluan (13). 7. (0) Information on the plight of political prisoners in mental wards and other examples of internal Soviet repression is contained in Issue 18 of “A Chronicle of Current Events." The chronicle has just passed its third anniversary despite the increasing efforts of the KGB to shut down this underground publication. The last issue discusses the case of Vasily I. Chernyshov who was arrested in March of 1970, The chronicle quotes Chernyshov- “L am terribly afraid of torture. But there is an even worse torture ~ meddling with my brain with chemical substances. 1 have now been informed of the decision that 1 shall be given treatuent. Farewell!" Chemyshov's compulsory “treatment” was prescribed after only a five minute interview with the authorities. The concluding statement from the panel of doctors was, "The wain thing for us is that you shouldn't think at all." 5 UNCLASS 1 FIED)CLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 8. (U) A document that contains several case histories of political detainees has been prepared by Abraham Brumberg (14). The article suumarizes the procedure that is used in the Soviet Union from arrest to confession. According to the report, the KGB performs the search, arrest, and initial investigation. The medical “experts” cooperate in furnishing bogus diagnoses and the court confirms che findings of the doctors. ‘The victim is then sent off to a prison asylum to Janguish until "cured" (which in most cases consists of the patient's confession that he is indeed guflty of some form of mental aberration). 9. (WU) The legal ‘procedures involved in detaining an "undesirable" have been drastically reduced by the “1961 Directives” (15). V.N. Ghalidze (16), in-an underground docunent, explains “how the "1961. Directives" allow for the inmediate detention of a sane individual who is not a criminal in the legal sense. Chalidze sums up his argument by noting that the viciousness of the present-day practice, not based on the law, of psychiatric preventive measures is due to the absence of any public means of defense for the patient. The "1961 Directives" are included in this report in Appendix IV. 10. (0) The office that prepared this study has copies of various Teports from the Soviet Union that deal with some of the more celebrated political detainees. ‘There are three reports available that illustrate the forensic-psychiatric exeminations of I. A. Yakhimovich. Two of these documents list the names of the psy- chiatric teams that carried out the examination (17-19). By reading these reports, one con trace the fate of Yakhimovich. up to early 1970, No further reports were available so the ultimate fate of the individual is unknown. LE. (U)_A report 4s available on A. Volpin (20) that was apparently prepared by the individual while in detention. There have been several cases where these documents have been "smuggled" out of the asylum, An outpatient report on V.E. Borosov fs available (21), ‘This report condemms Borosov to compulsory psychiatric treatment. Reports are available on the plight of N.E, Gorbanevskaya (22,23) as well-as several letters that she wrote while interned (24). ‘An appeal for humen rights written by V. Fainberg while he was incarcerated is on file (25) as well as documents relating to the sanity proceedings for General P.G. Grigorenko (26-28). 12. (U) The possible use of drugs by Soviet psychiatrists in order to manipulate behavior can be enphasized by an account fron Vladimir Gershuni, a Soviet idealist. The event that. follows occurred at the Oryol llospital which is some 170 miles 6 UNCLISSTFIEDST-CS-01-169-72 Joly 1972 southwest of Moscow. Mr. Cershuni gives a description of the conditions in which mental patients (both genuine and political) are held. “Eight people to a 16 or 17 meter cell. . . . (Comment: This seems Large enough for eight poople if figure is correct.) There is no room to move. One is allowed to go along the corridor, but only if it's absolutely necessary - to the toilet, or to get some food from the nurse. . . . The toilet is a cesspit: four holes in the ground and two taps for 54 people. . . . From 7 to 8;30 in the evening we're allowed to use the dining room for writing letters, or to play dominoes and chess. The bedlam is indescrib- able." “Mr. Gershuni talks about the use of drugs, one of which is aminarine, a powerful substance, administered orally or by intramuscular injections, which causes depressive shock reactions and frequently malignant tumors. Sometines drugs are given as a form of punishment. "Any phrase spoken incautiously to a doctor or nurse can serve as a pretext for a series of aminazine injections. Sometimes these injections are prescribed without any pretext, simply because of some doctor's vhim . . . without any medical examination. .. . This medicine makes me feel more horrible than anything I've ever experienced before; you no sooner lie down than you want to. get up, you no sooner take a step than you're longing to sit dom, and if you sit down, you want to walk ‘again - and there's nowhere to walk." Mr. Gershuni finishes lds account by describing the fate of a young man, once brilliantly ‘alive and alert," who as a result of repeated doses of aninazine, “and God only knows vhat else," had been reduced to a vegetable: ‘hie head on one side, his speech languid and indistinct, his eyes glazed." "He was thus," concludes Mr. Gershumi, “cancelled out for five whole months. Hail to Soviet ‘special psychiatry’! I kiss you all." 13. BIB To belabor this subject of political detention is not the dntention of this section. However, it is believed to be of sufficient importance that this much material had to be presented. Tt 4s difficult to judge the overall validity of much of the ref- ereaced material because of its source (primarily samizdat and letters), but 1f true, it bears watching and possible investigation for future developments. Portions of this material contain sufficient data on human mental manipulation and therefore varrants surveilance by interested agencies. From the information available at this time, it appears that the Soviet Union stresses physical and medical “treatnent" of its political detainees under the guise of psychiatric-care rehabilitation. No data is available on the use of sound, lights, or hypnosis as methods of obtaining confessions or reorientating the beliefs of these prisoners. For a listing of personnel and institutes involved in political- psychiatric care, see Appendix I. Many personalities involved 7ST-C5~01~169-72 July 1972 in the waltreatment of detainees are not listed but can be found in the references listed. An attempt was made to list only the top professional personnel. PART C - Soviet Response to Events in the USSR 1. (UD) The Soviet government, quite naturally, has denied the charges wade in the USSR and abroad that mentally stable persons were being detained in psychiatric hospitals because of dissident activities. The Soviet authorities had said little about the accusations until an article written by S.P. Pisarev was obtained by Western sources from the Soviet underground (30). Pisarev, 69, member of the Soviet Communist party since 1918 and minor. party official, in 1970 directed a letter to the Soviet Academy of Medical Sciences protesting the Soviet police practice of sending political prisoners to “psychiatric institutions" such as the infamous Serbsky Institute in Hoscow. 2. (U) Disputing the type of charge mentioned by Pisarev, Soviet authorities contended persons remanded by a legal psychiatric commission to special mental institutions were those "who committed socially dangerous acts while not responsible for thetr actions or becane 111 during a pretrial tnvestigation, during actual court proceedings or after the passing of sentence." According to the Soviet government, such cases are reviewed every six months end committed persons are released if aufficient improvenent id found in their mental health (31). 3. (UW) A.V. Smezhnevskiy (32), USSR Academy of Medical Sciences academician and director of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences Psychiatric Institute eays: “Yes, I, too, have read these absurd reports that ia the USSR healthy people are put into psychiatric hospitals. Like all my colleagues, I cannot express wy feelings of profound indignation at this wild fan— tasy. Soviet psychiatrists - a detachment of Soviet medical workers consisting of many. thousands ~ do not, of course, need Fo be defended from insulting attacks of this sort. In our country and abroad fame and deserved authority are enjoyed by such psychiatrists as A.D, Zurabasvill, V.M. Morozov... ." ete. (Snezhnevskiy mentions eight other psychiatrists). Snezinevskiy continues his argument by Listing the members of a US mission that toured Soviet psychiatric facilities. The mission says in its conclusion . . . . "It appears that the Soviets are leading.” 8ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 The US guests stressed the high degree of effectiveness of the Soviet psychiatric first afd centers, and the better quality of their staffs compared with US centers. The US delegation did visit the Serbsky Institute. As for compulsory treatment, the mission stated .. . . “It is possible that people who need treatment should be compulsorily hospitalized for their ova good." 4, (WU) Snezhnevskiy, in another document (33), said that when bentioning “brainwashing” many absurd allegations have been made, such as the talk of injecting a substance which paralyzes a person's will, Snezhnevskly contends that “braiqvashing,” from a scientific point of view, is absurd. He further believes that the people dedicated to this sort of propaganda have very few scruples and direct the propaganda to laymen who know nothing about medicine. Interviews with Snezhnevakty and Lebeden, chief of psychiatry at the Pavlov hospital in Leningrad, were obtained just prior to the Fifth World Psychiatric Congress in Mexico City which was held in early December 1971 (34), 5. (WU) The literature from Soviet authorities denying the mal- treatment of detainees or other charges does not mention any of the more celebrated prisoners with the exception of Zhores Medvedey who was released after a very short stay. One can dray some obvious Eoplectures based on the avoidance of such personalities as Gershual, Grigorenko, Bukovsky, Fatuberg, and Borisov in the Soviet statements” ‘The issue of inhumane treatment: is usually responded to with the use of platitudes and counter-propaganda. If the Soviets have nothing to conceal, then it would seem that one could expect more sclentific and concrete responses as to the actual eituation in political detention and behavior manipulation with drugs. SECTION III - SOVIET PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHTATRY PART A - A General Review 1, MMMM The past fifteen years have witnessed a definite Acceleration of grovth in Soviet psychology (35). It has been observed by ‘some Anerican poychologists that an upward tread in the quality aad quantity of Soviet published research began around the middle of che 1950's. Research designs improved, greater experimental controls ‘Were euployed, and the level of sophistication in laboratory techniques started to rise perceptibly. Many new people are entering into the ‘rea of psychology and the increase has been (1966) as mich as a factor of 2,3, or 4 (36). According to this source (36), Soviet 9ST-C5-01-169-72 July 1972 psychology is in a growth stage which appears to have sprung up coincident to the wau-in~space program. Contrary to the reference above (36), this source (36) believes that despite the growth and acceptance by the Soviet scientific community, the Soviets are merely duplicating or extending to some degree the research that is already known. In the opinion of this source, there is definitely a tie-in between the Soviet engineers, psychiatrists and psychologists. Tt must be remembered that the Soviets are presently in a growth stage and, therefore, are werely making their investments at this time. According to this source, once they have reached the level off period then this coordination of the disciplines will pay off handsomely in returns to the Soviet psychological society, The source believes that in the area of human engineering the Soviets are moving very rapidly and at least in miny respects are close to US levels. In behavior studies, the Soviets ate stagnant. They lean too heavily on the conditional response approach of Pavlov. In the neurosensory areas, source believes that the Soviets are considerably behind the US and accept the US as the leader in this field. 2. MMMM According to one report, there is apparently classified psychological research work going on in the area of cyber- nétics. One area that surve{llance would appear fruitful is Soviet résearch in the area of artificial inteliigence. Thie report contains 4 substantial number of institutes and personalities which is reflected in Appendix I (37). 3. GW) It is concluded that, in spite of their ideological resistance to theoretical psychology, Soviet behavior scientists share a distinguished experimental tradition and possess the ability fo incorporate and combine the principles of biecybemetics, physiology, tearming, menory, and transfer under a common group of laws (38). 4.) _ The following brief discussion of Soviet psychiatry 4s based primarily upon a report by Persic (39). ‘The report contains a brief history of psychtatry in the Soviet Union folioved by a Section that relates to the scientific and investigative vork in Psychiatry. Also included is a section on the organization of Psychiatric care including statistics on the number of patients, beds, and medical personnel in the Soviet Union. 5. (W) According to Persic there are 94 medical institutes and- 4 greater nuaber of wedical research institutes. The following Tesearch institutes in psychiatry exist in Moscow: the Paychiatric Institute st the Academy of Science; the Psychiatric Institute at the Ministry of Health for the Russian Federation, and the Institute for Forensic Psychiatry at the Institute of the Ministry of Health 190(CLASSIFIED ST~CS~01-169-72 July 1972 of the USSR (Serbsky Institute). The research institutes are elther of a general type or of a specialized type which study certain mental diseases e.g. schizophrenia, epilepsy, or alcoholism. The psychiatric research institutes have similar organizational schemes: clinical departments, laboratories, md methodics departments. The Paychiatric Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow is the post-graduate school for psychiatrists. At the Institute for Forensic Psychiatry in Moscow (Serbsky) are clinics for schizo- phtenia, psychoorganic disorders, and alcoholism. (Naturally there is no discussion in this report of some of the more infamous areas of the Serbsky Institute.) 6. (0) The task of psychiatric institutes is to deal with the educational matters of students, amd physicians specializing in psychiatry. This work is conducted in the form of seminars and in the form of continuous education. The psychiatric research Anstitutes are connected with psychiatric hospitals, departments and dispensaries in advancing psychiatric work and the organizing of psychiatric service. Great attention is devoted to health education in the USSR. A great network of institutions devoted ta health instruction exist. They are affiliated with many groups which dispense health advice. Included ia the general health education is also education concerning mental health. There are 360 health institutes in the USSR which are devoted to teaching health, The Central Institute for Health Education in Moscow 4s engaged in research in the field of health education, education of experts, training in the methodology of health education and organizing health training. This Institute employs a method of Providing health education for schools, students of medicine, for workers in industry and hospitals. There is also cooperation with physicians concerning public health and seminars are held where practical matters are discussed. There is also a functional connection with health agencies so that officials of these agencies cooperate with the Institute and attend seminars. Thése health agencies also receive support from the Institute in the form of trained help and literature which the Institute publishes through ts om printing outlets. Table I depicts the instructional requirements for psychiatric specialization. ‘These figures vere Prepared by Petsic. Table II illustrates statistics on the number of neurologists and psychiatrists in the USSR in 1962 (Persic) and 1967. The 1967 data was compiled by Fry (40). Fry, in his report, combined neurologists and psychiatrists into one figure. u ENCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS~01-169-72 July 1972 TABLE T Plan of Instruction and Stages in Psychiatric Specialization-USSR Hours of theoretical Hour of practical Subject training training Paychopathology 16 60 Clinteal psychiatry Schtzophrenta 16 Manic depressive psychosis 6 Infectional psychosis 16 Toxic psychosis 6 Epilepsy 6 Noninfectional symptomatic 8 psychosis Brain trauma 4 400 Arteriosclerotic psychosis 6 Brain tumors 2 Presenile psychosis 4 Senile psychosis 4 Oligophrenia 2 Psychopathy 4 Psychogenic reaction 4 Organization of 4 Paychtatric Service Total 108 460, 12 UNCLASSIFIEDST-CS-01-169-77 July 1972 TABLE II Comparison of the Nuuber of Psychiatric Specialists in USSR-1962 and 1967 1962 1967 Population * 220,000,000 230,000,000 Physicians 400,000 480,000 Peychiatrists 6,140 Combined Psychiatrists and Neurologists total: 24,000 Neurologists 9,850 One physician per 520 people 480 people One paychiatriat per 35,835 people Combined Psychiatrists amd Neurologists total: 20,000 people One neurologist per 22,335 people 7. (0) The figures in Table IL, if valid, represent a substantial growth in the number of specialists in mental health care. The mmber and quality of both psychology and psychiatry research reports is increasing, especially in the behavioral fields. There appears to be an ever increasing link betveen the psychology and psychiatry fields with the pharmacology, human engineering, bioelectronics, physics, and parapsychology disciplines. Sone of the multidiscipline aspects of Soviet research will become evident later in this study as it relates to the subject of this report. The above information on psychology and psychiatry was intended to be a review because it 4s believed that there ie 9 definite relationship between the two disciplines and mental manip ulation, It is not within the scope of thia report to delve into basic psychological research and discuss its military implications. PART B - Soviet Militery Peychology 1, MBBIIMM the purpose of this report is to make determinations and report findings on methods of controlling human behavior. One aspect of this subject is the possible use of certain novel techniques to disrupt or confuse combat troops. Based on Soviet literaturé dealing with military psychology, it appears that the Soviet military authorities might well suspect their potential enemies as already being able to do this, The available Soviet Literature on military psychology emphasizes the protection of their troops against such possible attempts e.g- deuoralization and confusion. 13 a el‘ST-CS-01-169-72 Joly 1972 2. (WU) Im 1967; a book entitled "Military Psychology" was published An the Soviet Union. The authors, Colonel Dyachenko and Major Fedenko, are Candidates of Pedagogical Sciences (41). This book is primarily intended for commanders and military doctors. The book deals with the various aspects of the personality of the soldier including his cogni- tive, emotional, and volitional processes, his fighting skill, and his psychological readiness for battle. All of the psychic phenomena are based on the service, training, and fighting activity of enlisted and commissioned personnel. One of the more interesting areas is found in Chapter 8 which is entitled "Will Power." The chapter contains infor- mation on will power as a psychic process. The chapter continues by discussing the qualities of will power necessary to a soldier as well as, wethoda of training will power. The discussion oa will power appears to be a very important topic because if one's will power is sufficiently developed, the use of techniques to demoralize or confuse could well be nullified. Part one of the book describes the general problems of military psychology, followed by a discussion on psychic processes of the soldier and concluding with the psychological analysis of the activity of Soviet soldiers 3. (U) The group of people most susceptible to offensive behavior manipulation appear to be rear-zone troops and small patrol grows. The Soviets again seen to recognize the fallidility of such groups. Lieutenant General Tyurnev (42) reports that the moral-psychological training of administrative support troops in operations under conditions of modem war is a quite urgent and complicated problem, The report suggests training and propaganda methods to increase the morale~psychological condition of rear-zone troops. The training, to include evening seminars, propaganda sessions, political Andoctrination and field exercises is suggested in Tyurnev's report. ‘The word moral and morale seem to be interchanged frequently in the report. It seems to be a problem in translation, because the author's thoughts are still meaningful. 4. (Q) Two further reports from the Soviets have appeared recently. One report (43) discusses the role of medicine and military medical personnel in the psychoprophylaxis in morale-psychological preparation. A 1970 report by. Stolyarenko (44) reinforces the thoughts of Tyurnev. From the above discussion and a thorough perusal of the documents referenced in this section, it could be stated: if the Soviets practice what they preach, the psychological training of Soviet troops is as good as or better than US soldiers. This does not include the :special training afforded to US pilots on anti-interrogation methods. 1a (This page is UNCLASSIFIED)‘$T-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 PART € — Soviet Use of Psychology for Behavior Manipulation Fe ee. se applied, in general, and in Rumania and the CSSR specifically (45)- Details include an analysis of the Soviet technique of using “opinionology" as a psychological instrument for mass control of the satellite countries. Emphasis is placed, in particular, on those aspects of terror manipulation used by the Soviets during their invasion of the CSSR in August 1968 and, in this context, an analysis of the péychological factore which have thus far prevented them from invading Rumania. In addition, the report analyzes Rumanion opinionology, and the paychological aspects of current Rumania nationalist structura~ lization. 2. (WME The above document is an extremely important analysis of controlled behavior. There is a definite lack of publications of any - sort on the subject of terror manipulation from Soviet sources. Further ‘there seems to be no agreement in the number o£ experts officially employed in the systematic research of mess manipulation. It can be concluded, however, based on the analysis provided by the Rumanian peychiatrist, that experts in this area do exist and knowledge of their names, work, and affiliations represent a definite intelligence gap. It should be euphasized that ce believes that Western society is largely umaware ‘of the scientifically-established principles which govern Soviet fase manipulation techniques. This source further believes that thia fact is evident in the unsuccessful handling of the psycho— logical warfare techniques employed in the war in Vietnam, and ju the US government's failure to manipulate public opinion — both American and worldvide in regard to this conflict. Since this document appears to be “one of a kind" it has been reproduced in Appendix V. SECTION IV - PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA/PSYCHOLOGICAL WEAPONS One of the purposes of this report is to evaluate Tesearch in the field of influencing huaan behavior in order that the US may be in a position to develop certain countermeasures. Therefore, before beginning specific sections in this report oa Soviet research, it is desirable to review some of the more feasible ‘areas of exploitation in the development of a technique that might alter human behavior. Some of these characteristics will be studied in depth in later sections of this study. : 15 ———S1-C8-01-169-72 July 1972 PART A - Temperature 1. (0) An increase in body temperature decreases the body water level and creates a salt-water imbalance. With a large intake of water, but little replacement of sodium chloride, painful spasms of the skeletal and abdominal muscles may develop as may also faintness, weakness, nausea, and vomiting. With an internal temperature above 41 degrees C or below 31 degrees C, brain function is usually impaired. Irreversible damage to the skin occurs at about 44-45 degrees ¢ (46,47). - 2. (U) The sensitivity and tolerance for teuperature changes is different for certain races. Negroes have a greater tolerance for humid heat than Caucasians, and conversely, Negroes are More susceptible to injury from cold stress than Caucasians. 3. MMB it is believed that the use of temperature manipulation asa technique to influence husen behavior is practical. In order to be effective it vould seem necessary to apply this technique to individuals or small groups that are already under one's influence The application of unnatural temperature in field situations appear to be mst difficult. Further, there appears to be very little applicable research in the USSR in ‘this area other than some isolated work in the areospace field. It may be concluded that temperature fluctuations could be used for altering human behavior, but vould probably not be as useful as other available methods, PART B - Atmospheric Condit {ons 1. MMMM there has been some work reported on the physiological or psychological effects of atuospheric or geophysical parameters (48-51). The works referenced here are free world but there 1s iittle doubt that the Soviet Union has investigated similar effects especially in relation to their space program. The utilization of any of the techniques to alter human behavior by changing atmospheric sonditions seems renote for field application. These techniques, like temperature effects, are more suitable for controlled groups or fndividuals. : 2. (U) An increase of 0,2 percent carbon dioxide doubles the volume of air breathed. Breathing becomes deeper, more rapié, and eventually violent. Depletion of oxygen or the increase of carbon dioxide decreases auditory sensitivity as well as visual sensitivity, Ten percent of oxygen for 15 to 30 minutes sometines 16 ee = (This pace 1s we,$T-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 results in a hearing deficit for several hours. With severe or prolonged anoxia there may be nausea, vomiting, extreme veakness, {nd eventually convalsions and cardiac failure (52). Perhaps the applicable symptoms of anoxia to this report are the honeo— Static inbalances in the brain: loss of ability to carry on complex activities, restlessness, loquacity, delirium, confusion, and vaconsciousness. 3. (U) Intermittent exposures to negatively ionized air produces a sedatiag effect on humans. There are sone researchers who believe that positively ionized alr causes irritation and anxiety which is applicable to altering behavior. PART C ~ Olfactory Phenomena 1. (WU) Seven primary odors have been identified; they are campho- raceous, musky, floral, minty, pungent, putrid, and ethereal (53). From the seven primary odors, every known odor can be made by mixing them in certain proportions. 2. (WU) Man expresses pleasure or displeasure to various odors - IE the smell is foul or irritating enough, man will attempt to avoid it. If escape is hindered or if adore are used with surprise they may elicit certain behavioral changes in the individual. Odors are suitable for use in controlled situations and in the field. For these reasons odors will be discussed more fully later in this report. PART D - Light 1. {U) Although it is customary to specify the wavelength range of visible light as lying between 400 and 750 millimicrons (mp), never- theless, with sufficient energy, the eye can be stimulated up to 1050 m. Also, the fovea (phototepic vision) can be stimulated down to about 320 mi. It is thought that 1150-1200 mu marks the limit at which radiant energy would cease, to be seen and would be readily felt as heat (54). 2. (0) Yellow light hes maximum effect oa the retina and is ost effective in eliciting photophobia. Non-rhythmic bright Lights can interrupt or prevent sleep. It has been claimed that if sensory stimulation {s sufficient, sleep can be prevented even Lf fatigue 1s carried to the point of death (52). The physiological Ww (This page is UNCLASSIFIED)ST-C$-01-169-72 July 1972 and psychological effects of flashing lights (stable) and photic flicker appear to have raised interests in the Soviet Union. Since lights can be utilized in the field or in controlled situations and do cause certain behavioral changes in man, this subject will be discussed in detail later in this report. PART E - Sound 1. (0) Sound, from one source or another, has been used to elicit behavioral changes in man in every war ever recorded. It may be a simple bugle call or battle cry or a mechanical siren device; but whatever is used "there is normally a psychological response by the receiver. Regardless of the absolute level, soumds of enemy weapons with which one is unfantliar is frightening provided the sounds are associated with a feared weapon or the unknown. 2. (U) Auditory effects have been and still are researched, Nerve deafness can certainly result from prolonged exposure to Joud souds. For the purpose of this study it is believed that the nonauditory effects are just as importent when discussing behavioral alterations. For example, exposure to a airen-generated sound of 20 Kilohertz at 1 watt per square centiveter kills a , variety of insect life in three to four minutes and larger animals (mice) in about one minute. Human operatora, with earplugs, experience “cool sizzling sensations" in the mouth and an unpleasant tingling in the nasal passages when near the siren. 3. WME ‘Sound can be used on controlled groups or in the field, Sound can produce behavioral changes and the effects of sound on humans is being investigated in the Soviet Union. For these reasons, a more detailed discussion can be found later in chts report. PART F - Electromagnetic Energy 1. = Super-high frequency electromagnetic oscillations (SHF) nay Have potential use as a technique for altering human behavior. Soviet Union and other foreign literature sources contain over 500 studies devoted to the biological effect of SHF. Lethal and non-lethal aspects have been shgwa to exist. In certain non-lethal exposures, definite behavioral changes have occurred. There also appears fo be a change in mammals, when exposed to ‘SHF, in the sensitivity to sound, light, and olfactory stimul{ (55), 18 ~~ST-CS-01~169-72 July 1972 2. “WME Because of the poseible behavioral changes and reactions te other important stimali and the emphasis the Soviet Union has placed on SHF research, a more detailed discussion of this subject appears later in this report. PART G ~ Deprivation ‘The behavior effects on man from the deprivation of food, sleep, and sensory stimli have been studied by the Soviet Union. As mentioued in Section II of this report, certain forms of depri~ vation to humans is in curreat use. This area is very important in the discussion of controlled offensive behavior and it is clear that the Soviet Union is well avare of this potential. Because one is able to apply deprivation techniques in controlled situations as well as in the field, it will be discussed in detail in a later section of this report. Hahn (56) provides further discussion oa the areas mentioned in this section to include fear phenomena, anxiety and stress, and cultural backgroud. These specific areas are not mentioned specifically as separate sections in this report because they become interlaced with the other areas of major concern. 19 (Reverse Blank)UNCLASSIFIED ‘ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 PART II PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SOVIET UNION SECTION I - BACKGROUND 1. (U)_ The science of parapsychology includes special sensory bio— physical activities, brain and mind control, telepathic commumications or bioinformation transceiving, bioluminescent and bioenergetic emissions, and the effects of altered status of consciousness oa the human psyche. ‘The Soviets prefer the term biocommmications instead of the term pari psychology. Other terms that may appear in the Soviet literature that normally mean parapsychology are: psycho-physiology, psychotronics, paychoenergetics, or biophysical effects. The term parapsychology (biocoummications) as used in this report denotes a multi-disciplinary field consisting of the sciences of bionics, biophysics, psychophysics, paychology, physiology, and neuropsychiatry (57,58). 2. @) The broad area of biocomunications can be further subdivided into two general classifications: Bioinformation and Bioenergetics. Bioinformation includes paranormal events between living organisms (telepathy, precognition) and events between living organisms and the inorganic world. Bioenergetics denotes those activities such as biological location and indicator techniques, biceuergetic therapy using electromagnetic fields, and psychokinesis, or the influence of mind upon matter. The definitions of the terms Biocommunications, Bioinformation, and Bioenergetics are given in Table 1il which appeared in the Mankind Unlimited Research report. The basic definitions are based on information provided by Ryzl (59). Lt should be mentioned that Parapsychology was accepted in 1969 as a legitimate field of science and scientific research by the American Association for the Advancenent of Science (AAAS). TABLE IIL BASIC TYPES OF BIOCOMMUNICATION PHENOMENA _(U) General: Biocommunications ‘A new branch of science involved with the hunan capability of obtaining information from other than the normal senses and the ability to respond to or reasonably interpret such information. Biocommmications, also synonymous with para~ psychology, is, hovever, distinct from other sciences in that it is primarfly concemed with researching the exist- ence of a definite group of natural phenouena controlled by laws which are not based on any known energetic influence. 2 UNCLASSIFIED,UNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 TABLE III (Cont) TYPE I: BIOTNFORMATION (U) Those phenomena associated with the obtaining of information through means other than the normal sensory channels e.g. through extra- sensory perception (ESP). ‘There are several forms of ESP, including: a. Telepathy, transmission or “resding" of thoughts refers ‘to the extrasensory reception of information about the mental processes of others. b. Proscopy or precognition - While the above forms appear to differ only in the nature of the object about which information ds received, numerous observations indicate that precognitive ESP involves, under certain circumstances, trespassing the barrier of time to obtain information about future events. ¢. Paragnosia or clairvoyance refers to the extrasensory ‘reception of information about objective events in the outer world. TYPE II: BIOENERGETICS (U) Those phenomena associated with the production of objectively detectable effects through means other than the known energetic influences, Seemingly incredible effects have been reported, ‘Such as the movement of distant cbjects without any detectable use of physical force (telekinesis), antigravitational effects, ‘transformations of energy, electromagnetic effects arising without adequate physical cause, and chemical reactions and biological Processes occurring through mental concentration. 3. (W) Sctentista in pre-revolutionary Russia were studying the area of parapsychology as did later such Soviet scientists as V.M. Bekhterev, A.G. Ivanov-Smolensky and B.B, Kazhinsky in the twenties and thircies (60,61), In 1922, a commission composed of psychologists, medical hypnotists, physiologists, and physicists worked on parapsychology problems at the Institute for Brain Research in Petrograd (Leningrad). Work flourished throughout the thirties with research being reported 22 ARICLASSIFTED.S#-C$-01-169-72 July 1972 in che literature in 1934, 1936, and 1937 (62). After 1937 further experiments in the field of parapsychology were forbidden. During Stalin's time, any attempt to study paranormal phenomena might have been interpreted as a deliberate attempt to undermine the doctrines of naterialisa. 4. According to Dodge (63) in 1964, the Aerospace Technology Division of the Library of Congress reviewed the Soviet literature 4m an unpublished bibliography entitled, "Soviet Parapsychology” (ATD Report U-64-77). At that time, academic opposition to para— psychology in the USSR had reached its zenith which led ATD observers to the reasonable conclusion that officiel Soviet support or funds for parapsychological research were unlikely and that investigation in this area might be terminated. 5. (WU) The above conclusion was apparently misguided because of events that occurred in 1959 and.1960. In 1959 a book entitled Mysterious Phenomena of the Human Psyche was published in the USSR. Tes author was Professor L.L. Vasilev, bead of the Department of Physiology of Leningrad University and a corresponding member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (64). A year later, Professor Vasilev was given state funds to establish at the University appropriately equipped laboratories for the study of telepathy; ‘The published findings from this laboratory attracted attention and began to find repercussions in the colums of the non-specialized periodical press (65-70). This was followed by ‘a publication in 1962 by Kazhinskiy (71). Following the example of Leningrad, other cities, including Moscow, Kiev, Novosibirsk ‘and Kharkov, established similiar laboratories and research centers, at which not only the phenomena described in vorld Literature were examined, but a study was made of parapsychic features displayed by Soviet citizens. The journal Science and Religion (72) has published many articles on Soviet parapsychology, including a discussion of whether it was wortb-while continuing research in this field (1965). Affirmative, though extremely cautious, replies to this question were given by Vice President of the Academy of Sciences, N.N. Seminov, by Academicians M.A. Leontovich, A.L. Mints and G.M. Frank, and by Professors A.N. Leontev and V.F. Asms (73). This brief survey brings the study of paranormal Phenomena up to the time when studies of a more pertinent nature to this report have begun. 23 ——ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 SECTION TI - SIGNIFICANCE OF PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN THE USSR 1. (U) The Soviet Union is well aware of the benefits and applications of parapsychology research. In 1963, a Kremlin edict apparently gave top priority to biological research, which in Russia includes parapsychology (74). The major impetus behind the Soviet drive to harness the possible capabilities of telepathic communication, telekinetics, and bionics is said to come from the Soviet military and the KGB (57). Today it is reported that the USSR has twenty or more centers for the study of parapsychological phenomena, with am annual budget estimated in 1967 at over 12 miliion rubles G3 million dollars) and reported to be as high as 21 million dollars (1,57,75). . 2, (U) According to a report by Velinov (76), Soviet interest. 4m biocoummications was clearly indicated in 1965 when the Depart- ment of Bioinformation of the Scientific and Technical Society of Radio Engineering and Telecoumunications was established at the Popov Institute in Moscow. Ite stated objectives are to discuss physical, biological, and philosophical aspects of bicinfor- mation and to acquaint the Soviet scientific community with bio- communications research conducted outside the Soviet Unica. 3. (0) Soviet parapsychology research was actually stimulated By the 1960 French story (77) concerning the US atomic submarine Nautilus. The French journalists splashed the now rather infamous Nautflus story in headlines "US Navy Uses ESP on Atomic Sub!" Ship to shore telepathy, according to the French, blipped along wteely even whea the Nautilus was far under water. "Is telepathy 4 new secret wespon? Will ESP be a deciding factor in future warfare?" The speculating French sensationalized, "lias the American military learned the secret of mind power?" In Leningrad the Nautilus teports went off like a depth charge in the mind of L.L. Vasilev. In April of 1960, Doctor Vasiley, while addressing a group of top Soviet scientists state “We carried out extensive and until now completely ureported investigations under the Stalin regine. Today the American Navy is testing telepathy on their atomic submarines. Soviet scientists conducted a great wany successful telepathy tests over a quarter of a ‘ century ago. It's urgent that we throw off our Prejudices. We must again plunge into the exploration of this vital field." (78) 2h (Tats page is UNCLASSIFIED)UNCLASSIFIED ST-S-D1-169-72 July 1972 Although the US Navy subsequently denied the reports of telepathic testing on atomic submarines, the Soviet hierarchy apparently heeded Doctor Vasilev's advice and gave support, both moral and financial, to his dynamic view that: "The discovery of the energy underlying telepathic communication will be equivalent to the discovery of atomic energy (62). 4. (U) Since 1962, Doctor Vasilev has headed a special laboratory for biocommmications research at the University of Leningrad. Major aspects of the work of this laboratory are to conduct research and to develop machines capable of monitoring, testing and studying telepathic commaaication (79). 5. (WU) In 1963, Doctor Vasilev claimed to have conducted successful long-distance telepathic experiments between Leningrad and Sevastapol, a distance of 1200 miles, with the aid of an ultre-short-wave (QHF) radio transmitter.’ As a result, Doctor Vasilev was convinced that his experiments, and those he conducted jointly with the Moscow-based Bekhterev Brain Institute, offered scientific proof of telepathic commmications. His next goal was to identify the nature of brain energy that produces it (59). Theorizing on the above experiments, one Soviet scientist suggested that telepathic impulses are radiated along the lines of bits of information in a cybernetic system. Another scientist is known to be working on the idea of time as energy, speculating that telepathic transmissions may be propagated through a supposed time-energy system, rather than through the electromagnetic field. 6. (WU) Soviet research into biocommumications phenomena does not appear to be earth-bound and limited to inner space, but apparently extends to outer space as well. The so-called Father of Soviet Rocketry, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, stated that: In thé coming era of space flights, telepathic abilities are necessary. While the space rocket mist bring men toward knowledge of the grand secrets in the universe, the study of psychic phenomena can lead us toward knowledge of the nysteries' of the human mind. It is precisely the solution of this secret which promises the greatest achievements." (80) There are reports that the Soviets are training their cosmonauts in telepathy to back-up their electronic equipment while in outer space. One of these back-up schemes is known to involve coded 25 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 telepathic messages. This method was previously denonstrated in March 1967, when a coded telepathic message was flashed from Moscow to Leningrad (81). The involvement of astronauts or cosmonauts in telepathy experiments is not necessarily unprecedented. In February 1971, during the Apollo 14 flight to the moon, astronaut Edgar Mitchell made 150 separate attempts to project his thoughts from inside the space capsule back to an individual on earth. The results of the Apollo 14 experiments have been well-documented jn detail and are published in the Journal of Parasychology (82). Further documentation of Mitchell's experiments can be found in the Unfversity of California Newsletter (83). 7. (B) There are numerous reports on Soviet applications of clairvoyance, hynctism, dowsing, etc., in military operations In the case of dowsing, thie 1s also not uprecedented, since US forces have employed dowsing in Vietnam for locating enemy tunnels and caches. With respect to brain and mind control/ conditioning, a recent report indicates that the Soviet Union has made great strides in emotional trainiag and conditioning. Soldiers are being tdught to set their own emotional tone in battle and stress situations. Further, astronauts are being taught through such mental conditioning to distort time and to offset boredom in outer space (84). 8. (U) Man's sight and hearing are limited to a relatively small range of wavelengths, other living beings often possess‘ much wider perceptive capabilities, both with regard to sharpness ef perception and range of stimuli. For example, dogs hear higher sound frequencies than man; bats and dolphins orient themselves by means of an ultra-sound radar; bees perceive colors even in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum; some snakes perceive minute differences in temperature and orient themelves by means of thermoreceptors. Certain living beings even react to stimli to which man is absolutely insensitive, Some species of fish and homing pigeons, for instance, react to changes of the electric or magnetic field {a their surroundings: (59). In view of these perceptive processes, it has been difficult to differentiate etween those sensory processes which nre merely sharpened or highly honed and those that are extra or super-normal. Certain military advantages would come from the application and contral of these perceptive processes. For example, such application and control could be used in the detection and identification of animate objects or humans through brainwave interactions, mass hypnosis or mind control through long-distance telepathy, chermal receptors, and sensitivity to changes in magnetic/electrical/ gravitational fields. 26 UNCLASSIFIEDST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 9. (U) According t0 observations made by Doctor Montague Ullman (M.D.) during a trip to the Soviet bloc comtries in the fall of 1970, Soviet biocommmications investigations are effectively combining the use of modera and sophisticated technology with basic pragmatic approaches. Tits was evident, he states, in thelr approach to long-distance telepathy experiments where the results were analyzed in physiological (electroencephalographic data) as well as phycho- Jogical task performance (transmission of data in Morse Code) (85). Doctor Ullman further observed that the Soviet researchers seemed intent on confirming the existence of a new form of energy, referred to as bidplasma, which they maintain is characteristic of life processes and represents ater in the form of an integrated systen of elementary.charged particles. Such energy, through interaction with other systems, is thought to provide the basis for biocommuni— cations (86). 10, —_ The above conmentary documents a.clear case for research in the Soviet Union in parapsychology. It is significant because of the energy and resources being allotted for this work ia + the Soviet Union and because of ite military implications cepecialiy:- in mind manipulation and controlled offensive behavior. The more sinister aspects of paranormal research appear to be surfacing in the Soviet Union. Why else would Soviet researchers make the statement : “Tell America that the psychic potential of man must be used for good." (75) SECTION IT - THE APPORT TECHNIQUE 1. (@) The following discussion on apports and astral projection is not intended to be an endorsement for its scientific verification or even its existence. However, reputable scientists in the USSR and the US are keenly interested in this, phenomenon. Areas that appear to have potential must be discussed, even if only briefly. 2. == According to Welk (87), a costly weakness in our datelligence’ system, to a large extent, is an inability to use effectively the resources of the science of parapsychology (there are some definite indicators that the Soviets realize the potential of “psi" which will be reported later in this section). Whenever parapsychology is mentioned, most people are likely to think of ESP. However, there are other types of parapsychological phenomena which are just as fmportant militarily as ESP. Welk claims, based on many Soviet sources, that the so-called “apport” technique is likely to meet valuable intelligence needs. When 27 ———ST=CS-01-169+72 July 1972 fully developed, this cechnique would mike possible the abduction of actual objects (inciuding documents) in enemy territory and there transfer to friendly territory. Objects.so abducted are known as "apports." They could be returned to che point of origin withour the enemy becoming avare of thie temporary abduction. 3. (B) “Sone of the world's most eminent scientists from the late 1800's and early 1900's have claimed to have witnessed apport phenomena, These include Sir William Crookes (1832-1919), British cchemist and physicist, discoverer of the elesent thallium and former president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (88); Alfred Russel Waliace (1823-1913), British naturalist and.co- wecoverer, with Charles Darwin, of the theory of evolution (89); Johann K.F; Zoellner (1834~1682}, professor of physical astronomy at the University of Leipzig, Germany (90). 1 4. (0) In the discussion of such an esoteric subject as apports, it ie deened sufficient to relate only one'experience clatmed to have occurred to Sir Willian Crookes. ‘The interested readdr can ‘vonsult the non-cited bibliography for further references. The following accomt ie taken from pp..87 and 88 of reference 88: “Class IK. The Appearance of Hands, either Self- luminous or Visible by Ordinary Light." sesees"L (William Crookes) will here give no instances in-which the phenomenon has. occurred in darkness, but -will-simply sefect a fev of the numerous instances in which T have seen the hands in the light, ++I have more than once seen, first an object move, then a luminous cloud appear to form about -tt, and lastly, -the cloud condense into shape and become a perfectly formed hand.... It is not always a mere form, but sometimes appears perfectly life-like and graceful, the fingers moving and’the flesh apparently as human -s that of any in the room. At the wrist, or am, it becomes hazy, amd fades off into a luminous cloud. To the touch, ‘the hand sometimes appears icy cold and dead, at. other times varm and life-like, graspiag my own with the firm pressure of an old friend. ‘I have retained one of these hands in my om, firmly resolved not to let it escape. There was no struggle or effort made to get loose, but it gradually seemed to resolve {teelf into vapor and faded ia that manner from my grasp.” t 28 (Tais page isnm“ UNCLASSIFIED ST-CS~01-169-72 July 1972 5. (WU) It is a know fact that the Soviet Union takes the appearance of luminous bodies very seriously as evidenced by the Kirlian photography of the human body's aura (91). It appears that the. Soviets may be considering that a hand which appears out of nowhere and can grasp, "with the firm pressure of an old friend," another person may have first-rate military possibilities. There bas been some discussion recently about the prospects of being able to control the apport technique to a point of sophistication where individuals could control these "luminous clouds." The individuals who have studied these effects (real or otherwise) have suggested that since these bodies can travel wmlimited distances and are able to pass through solid material (walls), they might well be wsed to produce instant death in military and civilian official: Te 4g further conjectured that these bodies could dissble military equipment or coumunication nets. 6. (WU) If one reads the cases and experiments mentioned here, as well as references two through mine under PART Ii of the non-cited bibliography, he can make certain deductions. If any of this highly questionable material is true then it can be inferred that organic matter can be transformed into “ectoplasm," that this can be rendered invisible and impalpable and thus converted into something which, for all practical purposes, amounts to force. Tf organic matter can be converted into such "force-matter," it seens reasonable to assume that a physical object, if similarly converted, could travel through space. 7. (Y) Two things are certain: (1) that parapsychological phenomena are due to the little-known faculties of the subconscious mind; and (2) that the powers of. the subconscious mind are vastly superior to those of the normal consciousness. The fantastic memory of the eubconscious mind (sometimes referred to as “photographic memory") is a well-established fact. So is its extraordinary mathematical ability, which has baffled trained mathematicians no end. It seems probable that some of these Little-mderatood faculties of the subconscious mind have some- thing to do with its ability to put together again an object which it had previously disintegrated, and to manipulate the forces involved in this process. The only way one can learn wore about these little-uderstood processes 1s through intensive study and experimentation, The stakes seem high enough. 29 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 (W) While the process by which matter is converted into force-matter" (and vice versa) may not be understood, neverthe- Jess, one is faced with the possibility that the human mind can disintegrate and reintegrate organic matter ~ a feat which seems far wore complex than the disintegration and reintegration of, say, a stone, a piece of wood, paper, etc. Experiments show that a human body which has lost about half its weight can be reintegrated without loss of normal functions. Since this is possible, it does not seem safe to exclude - without further investigation - the possibility that inorganic matter might undergo a similar disintegration and reintegration. After all, apport phenomena in which physical objects have passed through solid walls have been observed and attested to by some of the world's most eminent scientists as well as by a host of other responsi- bie witnesses. In view of what the human mind has demonstrated it can do with organic matter, and in view of the very real Soviet threat in this sector, the science of parapsychology should be investigated to its fullest potential, perhaps to the benefit of national defense. 9. (U) According to Pullman (92), Director of the Southeast Bypnosis Research Center in Dallas, Texas, before the end of the 1970s, Soviet diplomats will be able to sit in their foreign embassies and use ESP (in this case a form of the apport technique) to steal the secrets of their enemies. (See also reference 91, p. 216) Puliman states that a spy would be hypnotized, then his invisible "spirit" vould be ordered to leave his body, travel across barriers of space and time to a foreign government's security facility, and there read top-secret documents and relay back their Information, Such “astral projection" already has been accomplished in laboratory settings, Pullman said, adding that the Russians are probably now trying to perfect it. Pullman further states that the Soviets are at least 25 years ahead of the US in psychic research. According to Pullman, the Soviets have realized the immense military advantage of the psychic ability known as astral projection (out-of-the-body travel). In this Teference, details are given for some of Pullman's work in the US with astral projection. Other scientists and mediums interested in this work are professor H.A. Cahn of Northern Arizona University (92), Doctor Charles Tart of the University of Southem California (91,92), and Doctor V. Inyushin of Alma-ata (91). Sybil Leek, noted astrologer ang author, states, "there is great danger that within the next ten years the Soviets will be able to steal our top secrets oy using out-of-the-body spies." Further reading, although mich older, can be found in a book by Muldoon and Carrington (93). Suggested background reading cn astral projection can ba found in an excellent article by J. Fraser Nicol in Psychic (94). 30 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ‘ST-CS-O1-169-72 July 1972 SECTION LV - ESP AND PSYCHOKINESIS 1, (U0) The reader by this time has realized that it is very difficult to speak of one area of psychic phenomenon without overlapping into other areas. There really can be no distinct separation, for example, between apports and certain aspects of telepathy; hypnosis also enters into this area. In an attempt to illustrate the various subjects in parapsychology, however, artificial sections were established. This is the reason for @ separate part in apports and ESP. Some aspects of hypnosis, depending on its ultimate use, falls within parapsychology, some areas into medicine; therefore, hypnosis is presented as a separate section outside of this parapsychdlogy discussion. 2. (0) Soviet research in ESP was started in the 1920's at Leningrad University by V.M. Bekhterev, In his early vork, Bekhterev collaborated with V.L. Durov to investigate the effects of mental suggestion on a group of performing dogs (62). It was believed that telepathic communication depended on electromagnetic radiation. Doctor L.L. Vasilev (95-97), showa in Illustration ae, at the Bekhterev Brain Institute set out to identify these electromagnetic waves that carry telepathy. By 1937, Vanilev had amassed evidence that known electromagnetic waves do not carry telepathy. Tests vere conducted in electrically shielded chambers and over extreme distances denying the passage of electro- magnetic fields (98). Some of the long range telepathy experiments have been published (63,99,100) explaining the various techniques employed including classical teste with Zener cards and more wmique testa with strobe lights and codes. Hllustration One - Professor L.L. Vasilev, pioneer Soviet para~ psychologist considered the father of Soviet psychical research. a UNCLASSIFIED.(CLASSIFIER ‘ST-CS~01-169-72 uly 1972 3. (D) Professor L. Vasilev died in late 1965 or early 1966 and the task of continuing telepathy research was taken by Doctor T. Kogan, Doctor Kogan is chairman of the Bio-Information Section of the Popov Radio and. Technical Institute in Moscow. This individ- nal is still trying to wed telepathy to the electromagnetic spectrum (101,102). Discussion as to the existence of telepathy has been tandied about the Soviet Union (103) and elsewhere (104) for some tine. For the sake of research the Soviet Union accepts the validity of ESP even though the argument as to the mode of transmission continues. Professor F-K. Naumov (105), Chairman of the Division of Technical Parapsychology at the A.S, Popov Institute mentioned above, conducted long range telepathy tests from Moscow to several other cities. Ellustration Two is a photograph of Naumoy with associates. Illustration Two ~ Sender Y. Kauenshi (left), Soviet physicist, and receiver K. Nikolaev, Soviet actor, with para~ psychologist Edvard K. Naumov (far right). 2 HNCLASSIFIENST-C5~01-169-72 uly 1972 4. (W) In 1967, the Soviet Maritime News reported, "Cosmonauts, when in orbit, seem to be able to communicate telepathically more easily with other than with people on earth. A pel (short for psychic faculty) training system has been incorporated in the cosmonaut training program,” but the News provided no further details. Some informal reporta relayed to Ostrander and Schroeder (106) indicate that the Soviets are working on psi aystens for space use, involving uot just telepathy, but also precoguition. 3. Kogan’s systematic parapsychology research (102) could algo be of potential value to the overall Soviet cybernetic research and development program. Efforte being made to optimize sensory inputs in the iaterest of-controlling the quality of human motor activity are vell known, a is the ultiaate Soviet goal of achieving @ perfect cybernetic man. It is of interest that both conventional psychology and parapsychology programs are headquartered in Moscow, although as depicted in the personnel ad institute section. the tread is decentralization, 18 probably no coincidence and supports the view that the letter program should not be taken lightly (63). 6. (0) As mentioned above, the Soviets seem preoccupied with the search for the energy that carries or facilitates telepathy transmission. Is it electromagnetic or not? The search for this unknown energy has led the Soviets to Rirlian photography;. named after ite faventors Semyon and Valentina Kirlten. The Kirlians developed 2 technique of photographing with a high frequency electrical field iavolving specially constructed high frequency spark generator, tuned up and down between 75,000 to 200,000 electrical oscillations per second. Their first photographs showed turquoise end reddish-yellov patterns of flares coming out of specific channels within leaves. A magnified picture of a finger showed craters of light and flares (Illustration Three). By the 1960s research on bioluminescence revealed by Kirlian photog- - raphy was going on in uany Soviet uiversities. Perfected techniques of photographing the play of high-frequency currents on humans, plants and animals, as well as on inaminate matter have set the Soviets on soue striking discoveries about the energetical nature of min. “Bio-plasma" is a term coined by the Soviets for bio- luminescent phenomenon or energy. Scientists at the Kazakh State University at Alma~ata have found that illnesses tend to show up in advance as a disordered play of flares from the “b1o-plasma” long before they manifest in the physical body. According ta Ostrander and Schroeder, the Soviets ay be attempting to Link Rirlian photography with couputers, among other things, to instantly analyze the spectra of colors appearing in the vari-colored flares from the living body. 33ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 oe Tlustration Three ~ Upper photogeeph displays flares of enexey from fingers of the left and right hand of an individual by Kirlian photography. Lower photogsaph shows the Lingers of tance aaeveent people and how the aura cf “energy” of each remains intact, yet interplays in long thread like fibers in the open area between them. 36 —— (This page ts UNCLASSTFTED)‘$T-CS-01~169-72 July 1972 1, MB _Xe to believed char if there 1 amy positive basis for Kir! photography and the ‘“pio-Plasma" body of humans, the Soviets may be closer than is thought on the controlled use of the apport techniques and possible astral projection phenomenon. 8. (0) Doctor A. Podshibyakin, an electrophysiologist at the Jastitute of Clinical Physiology in Kiev, has found that by charting ‘acupuacture points a correlation extets between the “bio-plasma" and changes on the surface of the sum. At the exact moment solar flares (eun spots) occur, there are changes in the electrical potential of the skin's acupuncture points. These electrical charges are measured by a tobiscope (probably a simple wheatstone bridge device). In some way, the “bio-plasma" of the body is sensitive to these solar explosions the instant they occur even though it takes about two days for the cosmic particles to reach the earth. 9. (0) ‘The met significant use of Kirlia photography is in the area of paychokinesis or mind over matter (PK). Doctor Genady Sergeyev. (75) of the A.A. Uktomskii Military Institute in Leningrad believes Kirlian photography may uncover the mechanism of PX. Sergeyev is a prominent mathematician for the Soviet military who works closely with an electrophysiologist from the University of Leningrad, Doctor L. Pavlova. Sergeyev has devised important mathematical and statistical methods for analyzing the EEG (107) which allowed parapsychologists to follow and depict the actions of telepathy in the brain (108). The type of work reported by Sergeyev in 1967 and 1968 is just now beginning to appear in the US efforts to understand the transmission of telepathy (109,110). Sergeyev has conducted several years of intensive lab research “oa the outstanding PK psychic in Leningrad, Nina Kulagina (pseudonyn Nelya Mikhatlova). Illustration Four is a photograph of Doctor G. Sergeyev and Illustration Five is a photograph of Mrs. Kulagina. Sergeyev registered heightened biological lumi- nescence radiating from Kulagina's eyes during the apparent movement ‘of objects by PK. Sergeyev postulates that the "bio-plasms" of ‘the human body must interact with the eaviroument to produce PK. Sergeyev emphasizes when target objects are placed in vacuum, Kulagina ie unable ta move them. Barcus (111) in the United States reports some unusual occurrences during psychic photography especially of the eyes. Reportedly, Kulagina has caused the moveneat of ¢ wide range of non-magnetic objects: (under strict scientific control) Large crystal bowls, clock pendulims, bread, 35,E : CoA ME SRR I AE Ae ENR 80 ARAN ENR IETOR ES LET: ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 patches, ete. ‘Tn one test, 3 rav egg ¥as placed in a salt solution inside a sealed aquartim six feet vay from her. Researchers report she was able to use PK to separate the yoke from the white of the egg. Observations by Western scientists of Mra. Kulagina’s PK ability has been reported with verification of her authentic ability 12,113). These same Wester scientists have reported that as of February 1971, they have uot been able to visit or observe Mrs. Kulagina. A veil of secrecy has been placed on Sergeyev and Mrs. Kulagina for unknown reasons. 10. (U) Rather than simply observing PK, the Soviets typically turned to instrumentation. Mrs. Kulagina was subjected to a number of physiological electronic measuring devices and tested for important body functions during her PK demonstrations. The Soviets found that at the moment an object begins to move, all of Mrs. Kulagina's body processes speed up drastically ~ heart, breathing, brain activity ~ and the electromagnetic fields around her body all begin to pulse in ihythm, Soviet researchers postulate that it vas these rhythmic “vibrations” that cause Qbjects to be attracted or repelled to her. Illustration Six shows a photographic sequence of Kulagina's PK ability. 11, MEM] Scientists report (113) that Kulagina has been able to stop the beatiag of a frog's heart in solution and to re-activate it! This 1s perhaps the most significant PK test done and its military implications in controlled offensive behavior, if true, are extremely important. . 12. (©) Space does not permit a discussion on other important parapsychological phenomena such as eyeless sight (75,114-129), Which appeared to be more of a-fad than anything else. However since the mid 1960s, the “eyeless sight" fad has subsided and ‘Serious research has proceeded quietly at the State Pedagogical Institute in Sverdlovak, off bounds to foreigners (75). Space in this report does not permit a discussion of psychotronic genera tors, devices which are reported to be able to store husan bio-plasmic forces for later use (75). For further reading on ESP, see the non-cited bibliography; Section V, numbers 12-30. : 36UUCLASSIFIED Thlustration Four - Photograph of G.A. Sergeyev, prominent scfentist at A.A. Ukeomskit Military Institute, Leningrad with an assistant, Tllustration Five ~ Nina Kulagina, who reportedly moves objects by sheer will (PK). a UNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972UNCLASSIFIED ST-CS~01-169-72 July 1972 Tilustration Six ~ This series of photos shows Nina Kulagina moving a metallic cigar cube by PK. Scale in background is in centimeters. 38 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 SECTION V - SUMMARY AND MILITARY IMPLICATIONS 1. (W) The following discussion is based on a report by Ostrander and Schroeder (75). The authors ask the question, ‘Is ESP a weapon of war?" All research on ESF in the USSR is funded by the government. The authors claim that their sources indicate that psi research with military potential is well-financed by the Soviet Army, KGB, and other paramilitary agencies. Soviet scientists doing psi research in nonmilitary areas often have trouble obtaining funds, Doctor Milan Ryzl (131) reports that secret pei research associated with state security and defense is going on in the USSR, Communist state authorities, the military and the KGB display an unusual, disproportionate interest in para~ psychology. The Soviets are attempting to apply ESP to both police and military use (See appendix VI for biographic data on Ryzl). According to Ryzl, some years ago a project vas begun in the USSR to apply telepathy to indoctrinate and re-educate satisocial elenents. It was hoped that suggestion at a distance could induce individuals, without their being aware of ic, to adopt the officially desired political and social attitudes. Research in this field of endeavor will hopefully becone clearer in the section on hypnosis later in this report. Reports of psi research in Soviet submarines help confirm wilitary involvement in parapsychology. According to Stone (74), there is clandestine psi research going on at the Pavlov Institute of Higher Nervous Activity in Moscow, the Durov Institute, and certain areas in Sibera. Obviously, telepathy and clairvoyance would make ideal additions to a spy arsenal and such udercover groups ate constantly said to be supporting ESP research in the USSR. “One conclusion seems justified," says Doctor Ryz1 (130). “Parapsychology in Communist comtries and especially the USSR occupies a strong position. We can expect it co be developed with determination." According to Ostrander and Schroeder, the USSR 1s ahead of the US in certain areas of technical psi research. The authors report that the USSR is ahead of the US in discoveries about the physical essence of the human being and how pai functions in and through us. They are ahead of the US in uncovering the basic energy behind pei. They are ahead of the US in attempts to control factors like the influence of magnetic weather on psi tests. They appear to be ahead of the US in seeking out and creating conditions that unlock the psi potential present in every human being. 2. (@) In summary, what is the strategic threat posed by the current “explosion” in Soviet parapsychological research? Soviet efforts in the field of psi research, sooner or larer, might enable them to do sone of the following: 39 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 a. Know the contents of top secret US documents, the movements of our troops and ships and the location and nature of our military installations. b. Mold the thoughts of key US military and civilian leaders, at a distance. ¢. Cause the instant death of any US official, at a distance. 4, Disable, at a distance, US military equipment of all types including space craft. 3. (WU) It is generally conceded that the above four areas sound like science fiction, however, the literature appears to support (b) as being the most possible use of psi phenomena during the tine frame of this study. Again from Ostrander and Schroeder who cite Oliver Caldvell, an expert on Soviet affairs and past-acting commissioner for International Education tn HEW, as follows: "I am amazed at the skepticism and sometimes hostility which I encounter when I ery to tell Americana about some of the experimentation which 4s taking place in the USSR in parapsychology end related fields. 1 find this strange because there is available documentation in translation which substantiates most of the things I saw in the USSR. 1 am really disturbed, because if the United States does not make @ serious effort to nove forward on this new frontier, in another tea years it may be too late. 4, (W) In closing this section on parapsychology a quote from astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell, Jr. 1s appropriate (131). “Extrasensory perception is not a matter of belief. ‘There is a great deal of serious scientific work being done in it, and it has been established over the last thirty years that it is a matter of proba~ bility, and the probabilities have been established beyond chance. 1 think it is an important work. 1 happen to be curious about it, and thus have been pur- suing it for many years. This happened to be an opportunity (Apollo 14 lunar mission) to do another Little step - a piece in the scientific puzzle of what man's all about." 40 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 PART IIT HENTAL SUGGESTION AND CONTROLLED BEHAVIOR SECTION 1 - HYPNOSIS PART A - The Use of Hypnosis in Medicine ~ USSR 1. (U) In the latter half of the nineteenth century, many French and German researchers began to use hypnosis as a therapeutic aid and to study the way in which ic worked. In the Soviet Union, pioneer work in hypnosis was undertaken by V. Danilyevski, A. Tokarski, and V. Bekhterev (see Part II, Section 1¥). 2. (WU) V. Danilyevski discovered that the major characteristics shown by man in a state of hypnosis, such as lover sensitivity, "wax-like" flexibility of muscles and joints, and suppressed movements, were also typical of animals in a simflar state. This ied him to assert that hypnosis in man was identical in nature to hypnosis in animals. A, Tokarski proved that hypnosis and suggestion, like other psychical phenomena were determined entirely by the influence of the environment on man. He wholeheartedly ‘supported the view that hypnosis was an effective treatment for a wide variety of disorders. V. Bekhterey applied hypnosis widely for treatment. He maintained that verbal suggestion played a big role in developing a state of hypnotic sleep; physical stimuli werely facilitated the achievement of this state. 1. Pavlov advanced a scientifically based theory of the nature of hypnosis and its potential use as a method of treatment. In 1935 he described hypnosis as "the standard method in the physiological struggle against the pathogenic agent." Pavlov's school gave experimental support to the view that hypnosis was a specific variety of sleep, Jong before that view had been arrived at empirically. This view had already been advanced in the last century by most doctors and scientists who were concerned with the theory of hypnosis and its application to therapeutic practice., On the basis of experiments on animals and later on humans, the phasic suppression theory developed into a firm physiological foundation for under- standing hypnosis and suggestion and the way in which they work. The theory held that hypnotic sleep is a transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep and that there is an active "watch" point in the cerebral cortex of both hemispheres (rapport). 3. (0) The three generally recogaized stages of hypnosis are sleepiness, hypotaxia, and somanbulism or, respectively, light, medium and deep hypnosis. At the first stage of hypnosis, the a INGLASSIFIED,(CLASSIFIFD ST-CS~01~-169-72 July 1972 umconditioned responses in most cases hardly differ from the responses in wakefulness. At the second stage, altered uncon ditioned vascular responses begin to prevail over normal vascular responses to stimulation, and thus give evidence of hypnotic phases in the cortex of both hemispheres. The suppression process is most obvious with regard to extent and intensity at the third stage, the deep stage of hypnosis known as somanbulism. Since there is no vascular response to most of the unconditioned stimuli, this means that complete suppression prevails. The rare unconditioned vascular reflexes are of small magnitude, are extended in time and are characterized by a prolonged latent period. 4, (WU) Soviet psychotherapists believe that hypnosis is one of the leading methods for the treatment of mental disorders. The Soviets concentrate on the "word" as an adequate stimulus for the development of the hypnotic state. The trenendous role played by the emotional message carried by the word should not be over- looked. The psychotherapist will achieve resulta depending on the emotional content of the entire system of contact with the patient. The greater the emotional content the better the results. Soviets recommend that the psychotherapist takes into account not only the meaning of what he 1s trying to achieve through suggestion, but also the emotional content of his work, his contact with the patient, bis confidence in his own abilities, and the effectiveness of paychotherapeutic treatment in general. 5. (U) The Soviets believe that the hypnotic state offers the researcher the means of penetrating into the physiological fundamentals of human thought and behavior. The Russians conceive of no other state (hypnosis) which would ensble the scientist to simplify human thought by splitting it into its component parts thus permitting him to get to the root of this most complex of nature's phenomena, to control end subordinate it for purposes of research. K. Platonov, the patriarch of Soviet psychotherapists said (132): "I still maintain that hypnotherapy is the main stem of payehotherapy. Hypnotherapy helps us understand better the mechanisms of all other forms of psychotherapy and, therefore, to master them better." 6. (WU) The Soviets stress the use of hypnosis in patients suffering from disorders of the gastrointestinal tract especially 4£ neurotic symptoms accompany such disorders. They further stress the use of hypnotherapy in surgical cases thus providing for a decrease in anesthetic and drug usage. lypnosis is also being studied for its effectiveness in treating alcohol addiction. at first they approached this problem with the idea of developing an emotionally negative 42 UNCLASSIFIED,UNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169~72 July 1972 Ratseous reflex to the taste and smell of alcoholic drinks; this wethod vas later abandoned for lack of positive results. The method now employed is to instill in the patient the view that excessive drinking will inevitably lead to physical and mental destruction. The Soviets seek to change the patient's mental outlock on alcohol and to convince them that drinking is impermissible for moral and ethical reasons, In other words, uental manipulation or behavior alteration. PART B ~ Hypnosis and Controlled Behavior 1. (0) The possible atittary uses of hypnotism has many rather bizarre applications. Although there 1s no concrete proof that hypnosis will play an important role in controlling behavior in military situations, some uses will be mentioned. Biderman and Zimmer (133) discuss hypnosis and other possible alternatives for defense against brainwashing. 2. (U) The following discussion 1s based on a report by Estabrooks 134). According to the author, the facts and ideas presented are, so to speak, too true to be good, but no psychologist of standing would deny the validity of the basic ideas involved. Of interest to this discussion are some of the more unfamiliar facets of hypnotism which make it of use in warfare. If hypno— tiem can be used to advantage, we can rest assured that it will be so employed. 3. (U) One in every five adult humans can be placed into the hypnotic state - somambulism - of which they will have no memory whatscever when they avaken. From the military viewpoint there are a few facts which are of great interest. Can this prospective subject be hypnotized against his will? Obviously no POW will be cooperative if he knows that the hypnotist 4s looking for military information, nor will any ordinary citizen {f he suspects that the operator will use him to blow up a munitions plant. ‘The anewer to this vital question is yes though hypuotists prefer to say “without his consent" instead of “against his will.” ‘There are disguised techniques available for hypnotizing an unsuspecting or uwilling subject. The Soviets believe that telepathy may be one such wethod. 4. (U) Multiple personality can be caused by hypnotism. One could deliberately set up a condition of multiple personality fo further the ends of military intelligence and in the develop— eat of the "super spy." In his normal waking state which is called Personality A, or PA, this individual w(11 become a rabid communist. 43 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 He vill join the party, Follow the party line and make himself as objectionable as possible to the authorities. Note that he will be acting in good faith. He is « communist, or rather his PA 4s a communist and will behave as such. Then develop Personality B (@B), the secondary personality, the unconscious personality. This personality is rabidly American and anti-commmist. It has all the information possessed by PA, the normal personality, whereas PA does not have this advantage. The proper training of a person for this role would be jong and tedious, but once he was trained, one would have a super spy compared to any creation in a mystery story. The super spy plays his role as a communist in his waking state, aggressively, consistently, fearlessly. But his PB is a loyal American, and PB has all the memories of PA. As a loyal American, he will not hesitate to divulge those memories, but be sure he has the opportunity to do so when occasion demands. Here is how this technique would work. Let us choose the Cubans as, examples. One could easily secure, say, one hundred excellent hypnotic subjects of Cuban stock, living in the United States, who spoke their language fluently, and then work on these subject: Tn hypnotism one would build up their loyalty to our comtry; but out of hypnotiea, in the "waking" or normal state, one would do the opposite, striving to convince them that they had a genuine grievance against this country and encouraging them to engage in fifth colum activities. So one builds up a case of dual personality. They would be urged in the waking state to become fifth columnist enenies to the United States, but also poiat out to them in hypnotien that this was really a pose, that their real loyalty lay with this comtry, offering them protection and reward for their activities. ‘Through them one would hope to be kept informed of the activities of their “friends,” this information, of course, being obtained in the trance state. They would also be very useful as "plants" in concentration camps or in any other situations Where {t was suspected their services might be of use to our intelligence department. Once again these people would have a great advantage over ordinary "informers." Convinced of their own innocence, they would play the fifth column role with the utmost sincerity, This conviction of innocence would probably be their greatest protection. Again, if suspected, no one could obtain from them any useful information. Only a very few key people could throw them into the trance and, without this, any attempt to get information would be useless. There are some difficulties that would be encountered in building up an organi- zation of such personnel. Hardly one somanbulist in ten or even a hundred according to Estabrooks would be suitable for such spy work; and the determining of this suitability would be a difficult task. But, Estabrooks reports, it coutd be done, and once accom plished would repay amply for all the trouble. 4b UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 5. (U) The possibility of creating assassins through hypnotic techniques on POWs exists. As was pointed out above, the subject does not need to be willing to enter into such a condition. Once the captive has been placed in a suitable hypnotic state then one need only to establish the post-hypnotic suggestion or plan for the assassination. After the prisoner is released and returned to his organization, he will carry out his assignment through his vaconscious state, while appearing perfectly rehabilitated in his wakeful state. The main problem in the assassin plan is in the area of post-hypnotic reinforcement. There have been soue ideas mentioned that euggest one needs to establish the reinforcenent pattern during initial hypnosis; some object that will reinforce his goal whenever he looks at it, hears a certain sound, etc. The real problem for the friendly forces is che detection of these mentally altered individuals. At the present time there 1s no fool proof method of detection. There is no test by which one can discover these agents. Blood presaure, heart rate, elect ro— encephalograph, psychogalvanic reflex, all these devices which one can use to detect the most subtle bodily changes are worthless for there are no bodily changes. Drugs, at least for the present, appear to be of no value. Further, there are certain safeguards that the hypnotic method provides for the enemy. Most important is the conviction of innocence which the man himself has. We would never “act guilty" and if ever accused of seeking information would act quite honestly indignant, the conviction of innocence . on the part of the agent is perhaps his greatest safeguard under questioning by our authorities. The Soviets are aware of the above mentioned possibilities and appear to be using certain aspects of psi research in order to manipulate an individuals mental behavior toward these activities. PART € - Artificial Reincarnation Through Hypnosis 1. (U) Vladimir L. Raikov, M.D., a Soviet psychiatrist, has clained that hypnotic phenomenon can be utilized for what he claims to be “artificial reincarnations." For example, Raikov claims that it is possible to hypnotically suggest to a girl who studies violin that she is che virtuoso violinist Fritz Kreisler. It is interesting to note, says Raikov, that her manner of playing at this time ia reminescent to that of Kreisler. If so desired, it is also possible to create this capacity in an ‘avake state. Raikov has converted persons who have no desire to paint, invent complex machines, or to play music into masters through hypnosis. Raikov reports that he is able to evoke this mental alteration only when the subject 1s in an exceedingly deep trance which is 45 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 a new form of an active trance. Existence in a state of hypnosis and simultaneous perception of individual moments of reality is usually characteristic of light, superficial hypnosis, however, as mentioned above, Raikov clains that he uses deep hypnosis. As opposed to normal hypnosis, the new found talents of Raikov's subjects retain in part of their conscious equipment the ability gained by this technique. Raikov explains, "The student is thinking, forming relationships aad judgments, acquiring his own experience during reincarnation. Consequently the creative potential he develops, draws out, becomes his own." (75) 2. (WU) Raikow has used the EEG to prove his supposition that the trance of reincamation is a new phenomenon. The usual passive trance of deep hypnosis shows via the EEG alpha rest rhythm, In reincarnation the alpha disappears completely and the EEG shows @ pattern like that normally recorded in high wakefulness (135). Reincarnation appears to be the antithesis of sleep. 3. (WU) Ratkov has worked closely with V. Adamenko, a physicist who reportedly has invented the CCAP (Conductivity of the Channels of Acupuncture Points) device. This machine, it is claimed, registers energy flov in the body using as check points for its electrodes the acupuncture points of traditional Chinese medicine. Adamenko reportedly detects changes in body energy caused by alterations ef consciousness and varying enotional states. With subjects attached to the CCAP, Raikov put them through various forms of hypnosis. At the end of many sessions the graphs from the CCAP were checked by Ratkov and Adanenko. They claim to have found a Prouounced difference between the different forms of hypnosis. They now claim to be able to chart objectively the physical activity of the mind in states of somnanbulism and various levels of hypnosis. They report that these states are very hard to measure by any other method. Apparently there is even uoxe activity in the mind during reincarnation than there is when a person is wide awake. This corroborates the FEG findings that reincamation is a state of “super wakefulness" and that it is a very different animal from regular, passive hypnosis, according to Raikov. 4. (0) Ratkov's methods are thought to have great possibilities for treating ailments such as alcoholism and certain neuroses. His experiments are the subject of a film "Seven Steps Beyond the Horizon." (136) 46 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS~01-169-72 July 1972 5. (U) Where the Soviets are going to go with Raikov's work is open to conjecture, There is some indication that the Soviets believe that Raikov's work and the CCAP device may miock many of the mysteries behind ESP and other psi phenomena, Lf any of the above is true, this work may be a uew way of looking inside and catching the subtle interplay between thought and body, psyche and soma. The CCAP device may have a mich wider use than charting the mental states of reincarnated artists. PART D - Telepathic Hypnosis 1. (0) According to Ostrander and Schroeder (75), the ability to put people to sleep and wake them up telepathically frou a distance of a few yards to over.a thousand miles became the most thoroughly tested and perfected contribution of the Soviets to {otemational parapsychology. It is reported that the ability fo control a person's consciousness with telepathy is being further studied and teated in laboratories in Leningrad and Moscow. ‘The work was started in the early 1920s but was not publicized util the early 1960s. The work was begun by K.0, Kotkov, a psychologist from Kharkov University, in 1924. Kotkov could telepathically obliterate an experimental subject's consciousness from short distances or from the opposite side of town. The work was documented by Vasilev (62) who conducted research of his own but could uot reveal it under Stalin's regime, ‘The reality of telepathic sleep- wake, backed by colums of data, might be the most astonishing part of Vasilev's experiments in mental suggestion. See reference 62, pages 75 through 83. 2. W) Parapeychologists in Leningrad and Moscow are involved in the telepathic manipulation of consciousness, now recording successes with the EEG. Doctor ¥. Raikov (see PART C of this section) is involved in this EEG research as well as E. Naumov. Naumov reports thet mental telepathy woke up a hypnotized subject (by telepathy) atx of eight times. Naumov remarked that as soon as the telepathic "wake up" is sent, trance becomes less and Jess deep, full consciousness returning in twenty to thirty seconds (137). In the Leningrad laboratory of Doctor Paul Gulyaiev (ekhterev Brain Institute), friends of subjects have been trained to put them to sleep telepathically (138). 3. WW) Why are the Soviets again hard at work on the telepathic control of consciousness? Doctor I. Kogan, like Vasilev, is probably doing it for theoretical reasous; still trying mathe— matically to prove that an electromagnetic carrier of telepathy is possible. Why other scientists may be delving into control ar UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-O1-169-72 July 1972 of consciousness by ESP is another question. During telepathic sleep is an individual simply dreaming his own private dreams or does someone else hold sway? The current Soviets have not divulged the psychological details about their telepathic manipo- lation of consciousness. Vasilev describes sone revelations in his book (62) but little else has been reported. Doctor Stefan Manczarski of Poland predicts that this new field of telepathy will open up new avenues for spreading propaganda, He feels that the electromagnetic theory i valid and believes, therefore, thet telepathy cen be amplified like radio waves. Telepathy would then become @ subtle new modus for the influencers" of the world (139). Doctor Manczerski's wave ideas are till very debatable, but what about telepathy someday becoming a tool for influencing people? 4. (U)_ Hypnotizing someone telepathically probably comes over as a more eerie, uystifying, almost diabolical act in the US than 4¢ does in the Soviet Union. The US is really just becoming adjusted to some of the aspects of hypnotism. Since the tum of the century, the Soviets have been exploring and perfecting the various advantages that hypnotism provides. In the Soviet Union, hypnotiem is a common tool like X-rays, used in medicine, psychotherapy, phyatology, psychology, and experimental pedagogy. 5. (U) The Soviets have been reportedly working on the effects of drugs used in combination with psychic tests. Vasilev used mescarine in the early days and more recently M.S. Smirnov, of the Laboratory of Vision, Institute of Problens of Information Transmission of the USSR Academy of Science, has been obtaining psychic success with psilocybin (140). 6. (WU) The tests that Vastlev had perfected may have 2 nore interesting future in them than the developer had imagined. Menipu- lating someone else's consciousness with telepathy, guiding him in trance.....colorful uses are too easy to conjure. The ability to focus a mental whammy on an enemy through hypnotic telepathy has surely occurred to the Soviets. In espionage, one could telepathically hypnotize an individual with the post-hypnotic suggestion to steal classified documents or detonate important military equipment. The mission is accomplished and the individ~ val does not even kaow that he has done anything. Ryzl (see appendix VI) stated in Psychic (161), "The bulk of recent telepathy research in the USSR is concerned with the transmission of behavior impulses = or research to subliminaily control an individual's conduct." Visiting Soviet psi labs in 1967, Doctor Ryzl. says 4a UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 he was told by a Soviet, “When suitable means of propaganda are cleverly used, {t is possible to mold any man's conscience so that in the end he gay misuse his abilities while remaining convinced that he is serving an honest purpose." (140) Ryz1 continues, "The USSR has the means to keep the results of such Fesearch secret from the rest of the world and, as practical applications of these results become possible, there is no doubt that the Soviet Union will do so." What will ESP be used for? “To make money, and as 4 weapon," Ryzl states flatly. SECTION IT - CONDITIONING THROUGH SUGGESTION PART A ~ Hypnopedia 1. (0) The subject of hypnopedia or sieep-learning has been openly discussed in the Soviet literature for the past decade (142-161). One of the most thorough Soviet reports has been Prepared by Bliznichenko (162) in 1966. Dodge and Lamont (163) have published a report that covers the field of hypnopedia in the Soviet Union through 1968. Further elucidation of this subject 4n this report, with the exception of a discussion of possible trends in this area eince 1969, is believed to be redundant and uanecessary. 2. (U) The last decade of Soviet hypnopedia research has led them into new concepts of memory improvement. It is believed that areas such as subliminal perception and subconscious learning with hypnosis were borne from the basic research involved in hypnopedia training. The most recent indication of new Soviet interest in utilizing the subconscious as a reserve for the retention of facts is a booklet written by L,I. Kuproyanovich (164), This book describes the equipment and technical means used for improving menory as well as the prospective uses of cybernetics for memory retention, One of the more interesting features of this book is a discussion on subliminal acquisition of facts. This is an area of concem when one is speaking of conditioned behavior or mental alteration. It is also an area seldom discussed in open Soviet Literature. PART B of this section will briefly discuss some Soviet work in subliminal perception and possible usea for this technique. 3. W) The following discussion on memory and hypnopedia is based on Kuproyanovich's report. The author states that the subconscious is one of the unused reserves for the retention of facts. Memory operation on the subconscious level takes place without our realizing 49 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-¢$-01-169-72 July 1972 it, and a man - without aoticing it - has better retention or proceeds to a solution of a complex problem even when he does not specifically think of it, such as when he is out for a stroll. And, although information processing on the subconscious level is widely separated from the process that takes place in the conscious state, the transfer from the subconscious to the conscious is carried out instantaneously. This is why a solution or recollection occurs wmexpectedly after the memory operates on the eubconscious level. There 1s one other interesting property that is characteristic of the subconscious: the simultaneous processing of several parallel streams of information. This fact is extremely important, because when it occurs, there is a wider circle of associations and analogies that can become the stimuli and sources of new, wmexpected recollec- tions and decisions. And, finally, the subconscious operation of memory ie more subject to the influence of emotions and feelings. Hypnopedia with automatic tracking (biological feedback as with the use of an electroencephalogram), in which - with the aid of the brains biocurrents - infornation transmission is carried out at the mest favorable moment for retention and the sleep level is regulated by the biocurrents, 1s, in the opinion of the author mote promising than the generally accepted methods of sleep learning. Experiments in instructing while in a semisleep state artifically induced in the daytime show good results. These methods have begun to be used both ia. the USSR and in non-US countries (Bulgaria, for example). Before each traifing session, a suggestion is received from the tape recorder that puts the student ffto 2 sea{- sleeping state. After this, as in hyphopedia sessions, the information to be retained is given. The new method is as effective as hypnopedia, insofar as the quantity of iuformation retained is concerned, but has the advantageous difference that it can be used in the daytine. 4. (U)_ Hypnosis is an effective means for improving perception aad retention of information. However, hypnosis ean be used only by people with medical training, and mder certain conditions. The use of equipment that automatically induces and regulates hypnosis has made the problem of using 1t sonevhat simpler. The most advantageous use of it will be made by an automatic device for hypnosis during the simultaneous instruction of a large nunber of students in hypnotic training classes specially created for this purpose. Some institutes in Japan and the United States are already instructing students under hypnosis according to Kuproyanovich. 50 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-C5-01-169-72 July 1972 5. (U) The important feature of Soviet hypnopedia research is believed to be the conclusions that the Soviets are now arriving at in regards to the mimipulation of the subconscious area of the brain. Much of the early work that is described by Dodge and Lamont (163) provide the foundation for a much broader under- standing of the various methods available for conditioning the human mind. Hypnopedia research has produced an interest in the Soviet Union for the use of the psychology of memory and the subconscious in order to create conditions and functional states for improving memory operation. The areas that grew out of basic hypnopedic research include hypnosis, autogenic training and subliminal perception. It is believed that these never areas of endeavor bear more scrutiny than the more mundane area of hypnopedia. PART B - Subliminal Perception 1. (0) The use of subliminal perception in the advertising industry gained sone notoriety in 1958 when an article appeared ia the New York Times uncovering the technique developed by the New York firm kiown as the Subliminal Projection Company, Inc (165). Subliminal perception is a psychological belief that persons can be stimulated below (sub) the threshold (limen) of consciousness. Another interpretation, more commonly used, is that persons can supposedly be stimulated without being aware of it. Hypnopedia, for example, might be considered a form of subliminal perception. 2. (U) In the late 1950s there was much debate as to the moral, aad ethical use of subliminal advertising. There was in the US a strong moral repugnance to the use of subliminal perception in TV advertising. The furor raised by the public and the press concluded when the Federal Communications Commission entered the picture in 1957, An excellent overview on the subject of subliminal stimulation was prepared by McConnell et al in 1958 (166). The authors attempt to clarify the issues surrounding the application of subliminal perception. The article examines the levels of behavior that may be influenced by subliminal stimulation as well as the ethical questions that naturally arise. The article contains an extensive bibliography. 3. (WU) The distinction between subliminal and supraliminal perception cannot always be clearly made. Because of the statis- tical nature of thresholds, it is possible that many subjects may receive some cues from stimuli even though they are supposedly below threshold. Also, what may for one person, at 2 particular SL UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-O1-179-72 July 1972 time with a particular stimulus, be below threshold may for another person, or the sane person in another situation, be above threshold. Insofar as subliminality is crucial for motivational or security reasons, stimuli cf such low intensity may be required that little effect covld be obtained. As one review of literature in this area concluded: “There does not appear to be substantial evidence for subception (subliminal perception) as a distinct phenomenon." (167) Another review of literature in this area (168) concluded that wost effects that suggest discrimination without awareness can be attributed to imperfections in measurement techniques or other shortcomings of experimental methodology and cannot be clearly demonstrated to be related to perceptual variables. Other research in the commuications field suggests that research on reactions to propaganda might more profitably focus upon other factors than upon intensity of stimulation. 4. (@) There is strong moral repugnance to the use of subliminal perception in propaganda, This was made evident a few years ago when some efforts were made (169) to introduce subliminal stimulation into TV as an advertising technique. Insofar as the US is trying £0 project ebroad an image of itself as a nation encouraging indi~ vidual freedom, it would seem extremely inappropriate to risk being detected employing propaganda techniques which appear to invade human privacy. It is highly doubtful that the American public would condone such use abroad, just as broadcasters have been reluctant to use this technique for fear of hostile reactions on the part of their audiences, While the risks of national public and intemational condemnation may be rum for worthwhile objectives, Af no great advantage accrues the risky approach would be inappro- priate. 5. (U) The possibility of utilizing subliminal perception for military purposes may have been realized by the Soviets. As mentioned earlier, there is a distinct lack of open literature from the USSR dealing with this subject. However, there is mention of it in Kuproyanovich's recent book (164). ‘The author states that the showing of movie films and slides, along with being an additional retention source, has yet another important value that aids in revealing the subconscious reserves of memory. Karlier in the author's text he deseribes the showing of movies where additional franes, of an advertising nature, were Lnserted between the film's basic frames, Tt was showa that, because of their brief but sufficiently frequent appearance, this technique acted oa the subconscious (similar to US work in the 1950s). The Soviet 52 UNCLASSIFIEDST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 technique, vhon it 1s necessary to strengthen memory or to create an emotion, utilizes supplemental frames at the rate of one per 25 basic Frames. These supplemental frames, according to the Soviets, should contain explanations amplifying the memory of the basic film or creating some mood. Thus whether the movie watcher wishes it or not, the information filtering through his subconscious will create an overall background mood supplementing the basic one. According to Keproyanovich, these films, which enlist both the ‘conscious and subconscious memory functions, are very promising. ‘ According to a French expert in the field of electrosleep and electroesthesia, the Soviets used a motion picture technique to interrogate prisoners (170). The French expert described the method as follows: “A movie film which shows what you want the individual to do is flashed on a screen at double the normal running speed. A speed of 24 frames per second was considered critical to the success of the method. While the movie is being shown, a 35um slide projector is used to flash a written statement of what you want the person to do. The slide is interposed between each frame of the movie projection. The net effect of the operation is that neither the movie scene nor the slide can be read, but the subconscious picks up the information. As the individual becomes disorientated, he then responds to questions. Apparently there are no long term or residual effects as a result of the procedure. It was described as being particularly useful for interrogating hostile prisoners With che above description, Kuproyanovich's work and the Soviets knowledge in all areas of human behavior, it 1s not unlikely that they may be in a position to militarily threaten their enentes with sophisticated mind manipulation techniques in controlled situations or in the field. PART C - Suggestology 1. (W) Suggestology is a new "ology" defined by the communist countries as the scientific study of suggestion. It is reported to be a method of reaching and making use of the unknown reserves, 53ST-CS-O1-169-72 July 1972 powers, and abilities of the human mind, in some areas it over daps with parapsychology. One individual responsible for uany of the claims for success in the field of suggestolegy is Doctor George Lozanov, head of the Institute of Suggestology and Parapsychology in Sofia, Bulgaria. Through extensive research he has discovered laws of suggestion which he has applied in many fields from medicine to education. The Bulgarian methods of suggestion are mentioned in this report because sone of the theories have been adopted by the Soviets in their work on auto- suggestion. 2. (U) Suggestology ts not hypnosis, With this method of conditioning, the individual fs always in the waking state. It has been reported that auggestology has been used successfully in medicine especially in functional disorders of the nervous system. The healing 1s based on the positive suggestion that nothing is wrong; it 1s a type of mind over body phenomenon. Sanatorium officials in Bulgaria testify that many patients are cured after a few sessions of positive thought patterning (171). Suggestology has been reported to be successful in replacing anesthetics in surgical cases as well as aiding the patient in decreasing his own blood flow. It is further claimed that with suggestology the incisions from surgical operations heal much fester than usual (172). The Bulgaris believe the technique of waking suggestion (not hypnosis) will continue to find a wider and very useful place in the practice of medicine (173). 3. (WU) The possibility for upgrading the nemorizing process and for accelerating the automation of habits, discovered through suggestological experimentation, offers possibilities for the development of a new science: suggestopedagogy (suggestopedy). The suggestopedic method of mastering a foreign language is not 2 variety of the current methods (audio-visual, audio-linguistic, conscious-practical, hypnopedic, etc.), but a qualitatively niw training process in terms of its content, structure, and results. This method uses suggestion uot as a means for some kind of mystical influence, not as some kind of abstract, “vague” factor, but as @ specific method for directly influencing the emotional world and intellectual activities, the entire personality, of the student. Practical experience has revealed that a suggestion is not a sort of "third grade, marginal factor." Coatrolled and used purposefully, it creates conditions for upgrading considerably the capacity to memorize and to assimilate knowledge faster. In the training process usually suggestive methods are used spontaneously, intuitively. 54 (This page is UNCLASSIFIED)UNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-O1-169-72 suly 1972 Quite frequently, a number of hindering factors are present in the course of the training process, preventing the spontaneous adoption of the nev material, its energizing and retention. ‘The nev aspect of the suggestopedic training process is that all means of suggestion - authority, complexity, intonation, music, etc. - have been scientifically selected and organized in a way as to achieve the memorization and creative assimilation of a considerable volune of data without student tension. Creating a favorable psycho- logical climate ia class, suggestopedy converts the training process {ato an emotion of joy, into pleasure for the student and the teacher. Under these circumstances the personality of the student is freed from various hindering complexes. It is “liberated.” Nes intellectual and memory reserves are discovered. It is this new psychological system and concept of the training process that is one of the major features of suggestopedia (174). 4. (@) According to Doctor Lozanov, the suggestopedic method allows an individual to lear five to fifty times faster. It is based on the yoga technique of relaxation ~ "Savasanna." Using suggestion and autosuggestion, muscle tension is relexed and the brain is relieved of the usual anxieties and stresses. During suggestopedic sessions the alpha rhythn of rest predominates in the brain. ‘The Soviets were among the first to seize on Bulgaria's suggestopedia. The Moscow Foreign Lanugage Pedagogical Institute has claimed resounding success with Lozanov's method (175). 5. (U) The Soviets, alchough they adopted som of Lozanov's teaching techniques, have appeared to search for more conclusive results in the use of autosuggestion. Early work was carried out imder the direction of Professor A.M. Svyadoshch, of the Karaganda Medical Institute's Department of Psychiatry. It was reported in 1965 that as a result of a spectal four month training session, 40 out of 50 people leamed how to produce, at will a significant change in their own skin temperature. To raise or lower the temperature they simply repeated to themselves for a short period of time the appropriate autosuggestion formula: “hand warn" or "hand cold." ‘The Soviets found that the use of auto- suggestion during a state of muscular relaxation, known as autogenous training, makes possible a hypnotic state similar to that which is observed during hypnotic sleep. Moreover, a person is able to wsistain control over his emotions and carry'on further autosuggestion. Using ordinary verbal formulas, one can subject various organ systems to arbitrary effects during such a state (176). Autogenic training has been reported by the Soviets to be useful in the elimination 55 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLISSIFIED ST-CS-O1-169-72 aly 1972 of pain and in the treatment of neuroses and other functional disturbances (177). Professor Swyadoshch believes that autosuggestion may be used with success in cosmonaut training. In his opinion, autosuggestion can be of great value to those whose occupation makes particularly great demands on self-control, in particular, space crews. Svyadosich reports that it takes five or six months of special exercises to master the autosuggestion technique. This makes a person "immune" to fear, worry, and enotional instability (178). 6. (U) The Soviets have shown interest in the ability of humans to alter their psychophysiological state by autogenous and exogenous suggestion. A study was conducted to determine the possibility of changing the activity of individual organs and systems of the human body by autogenous and exogenous suggestion. Six test subjects were exposed to 70-day bed rest. Three of the subjects served as controls, and the other three were trained for the first ten days to arbitrarily strain or relax individual muscular groups, with subsequent sleep. Myotonometric data showed that different muscle tonus indices could be reduced 5-252. ECG, EEC, myotononetric, and actographic data showed that sleep occurred ‘by the 7 to 15th minute during the second to third weeks of the experiment. By the fourth week the test subjects were able to arbitrarily achieve a state of relaxation and sleep at any time, regardless of the emo~ tional reaction backgromd. At such times arterial pressure and pulse rate were significantly lowered. By the fifth week the test subjects attained similar results, although somewhat less effectively, by self-suggestion. Thus {t is possible, by auto- genous conditioning, for a subject to attain deep refreshing Sleep at a scheduled time even with a background of different stress factors. Most effective changes in the psychophysical state occurred during direct contact of the test subject with the instructor, but exogenous suggestion was performed almost as well by means of a radio or tape-recorder (179). 7. (W) The possibility of being able to predict suggestibility in man prior to engaging hi in long term trials has intrigued the Russians. EF, Mordinov and A.A. Genkin (180) have shown that the electroencephalogram may serve as one of the objective quantitative measures of suggestibility in man in the wakeful state. Thirty-nine subjects in quiet wakefulness were subjected to two BEG parameters: (1) average level of asymmetry of oscillations and (2) average period of activity. Significant éifferences were reported in the average level of asymmetry of 36 (NCLASSIFIEDST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 oscillations in the readily suggestible group (20 subjects) com pared to the resistant group (19 subjects). Suggestibility 4ifference effects existed in the hypnotic state and during wake- fulness. The test of suggestibility was the classical one wherein the inability to unlock interlocked fingers of the two hands 1s suggested. 8. MMMM the field of suggestion provides a further means for controlling or altering mental behavior. From the available Soviet Literature it can uot be determined to what extent it might be used for changing or manipulating behavior of their enenies. A possible application for US military forces is in the area of establishing defenses against hostile interrogation. The ability €0 control one's ov emotions through autogenous suggestion might be most useful in PW situations. This, in turn, might provide the US with a clue as to why the Soviets seem so interested in the field of suggestion. On the other hand, the Soviets may have the ability to directly influence the emotional and intellectual activity of a prisoner, without bis knowledge, by using Lozanov's techniques employing subtle conditions of seemingly relaxing and unmolesting eavironnents. 7 (Reverse Blank) —sT-CS-O1-169-72 uly 1972 PART IV PROPAGANDA AND YASS MEDTA 1. (WU) Ie is difficule, 1f not impossible, to assess the Soviet's potential for controlling or canipulating the behavior of their enemies through the use of propaganda. One can survey the Western literature and be able to make some rational judgments on the effects of mass media, for example, on the mental behavior of fits audiences. Walter Weiss of Humter College in New York has published an excellent study (181) on che relationships between mass uedia of communication and soctal change. The author alse Teporta on the roles of the aass aedis in the development of modernized countries. In another report (182), Weiss surveys the significant literature on the mass media from January 1967— Decesber 1969. Unfortunately these surveys deal pzimarily with the free vorld. 2, MMMM bespite the lack of Lterature from the Soviet Union ‘on propaganda sethods, there 1s no tcason to believe that they do not possess the ability or capability of laumching an effective program to alter the social values of » potential enemy. The reader 15 again referred to Appendix ¥. The analysis of Soviet terror manipulation methods leaves no deubt as to the in depth research that is carried out in the Soviet Union on methods of altering social values through propagaada methods. 3. (WU) A report prepared by Goure (182) further depicts the emphasis that Soviet authorities place on propaganda. The report relates the all out effort that Soviet authorities are using in order to indoctrinate thelr ova people on the feportance cf civil defense. Included in their atteupts to «reate fear of nuclear, chenical, and biological attack are direct assaults on the US. This certainly represents a method of tehavior change or control. In an effort to propagandize civil defense in the Soviet Union inten- sive use is being made of all media of masé commmication: the press, television, radfo, movies, exhibits, aad lectures. Pamphlets and books are published and disseainated on a wide scaie. All the national and aajor provincial cevspapers, incloding Pravda, Izvestiya, Sha fad Sear, have published articles on eAvil defense, often by prominent party or government officials (184). ‘The basic pamphlet for the instruction of the general public, Everyone Should Know This, first published in 1968 has been issued to most families. The following are a: fev celect examples of the intensity and scope of Soviet civil defense propaganda activities: In 1969, the Belorrssian SSK local newspapers printed 1,200 . 59ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 articles on civil defense, one district (rayon) alone publishing 700 cf them, and there were 45 television broadcasts and over 1,000 radio talks and reports on civil defense (185,186). In Novosibirsk, 2,000 lectures were given on civil defense subjects by the "Znaniya" (Knowledge) Society (187). In the Georgian SSR ever 7,000 propagandists of the Ministry of Culcure are promoting information on civil defense (188). Forty civil defense movies are being shown throughout the comtry in regular movie theaters and in various clubs, which were said to have been seen in 1969 by about 90 million persons (185). In the town of Orel, one city district alone had 179 civil defense exhibits (189). In the Azerbaidzhan SSR, in one month there were nine television broadcasts and 300 items in the local press dealing with civil defense, while in a district in Belorussia in one month there were held 120 Public lecture sessions, 75 showings of civil defense movies and humerous broadcasts (190,186). Many factories broadcast weekly or biweekly taike on civil defense over their public address systems. Soviet civil defense authorities also have tried to expand civil defense propaganda by bringing to it writers, joumalists, painters, movie producers and other persons from the creative arts. As part of this effort, arrangements were made with the Union of Writers to send groups of their members to attend two- week seminars at the Higher Central Officer Course on Civil Defense of the USSR. Meetings and conferences of writers and other artists with civil defense officials were also held in a number of the major cities (191,192). Soviet civil defense leaders argue that the population must be well prepared in a morale-psychological sense if it is to withstand the shock of a nuclear war and its aftermath. Consequently, in addition to reassuring the population about the effectiveness of civil defense measures aad the strength of the Soviet Armed Forces, the propaganda and training programs are also used to instill in the population “aatred for the enemies. Te is noted that: A rise in che importance of indoctrinating hatred of the imperialist aggressors is slso due'to the objec~ tive pattem of a further rise in the role of morale in modern war (193), This is accomplished by stressing the alleged US plans to attack the Soviet Union and other "peace-loving" peoples. It is noted with sone satisfaction that Soviet soldiers “Iike all honest people in the world, detest Americans and all other imperialists.” The literature emphasizes the importance of teaching the youth 60 (this == Ts UNCLASSIFIED)UNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-O1-169-72 July 1972 to hate all enemies of the Soviet Union, since unlike its elders it has not passed through the harsh experience of revolution and var. ‘This indoctrination, of course, also serves the political purposes of the Soviet leadership and tends to facilitate its control over the population. In this respect the civil defense program con- tributes to strengthening che Soviet citizen's loyalty to the Jeaders and the Comunist system. 4. (0) Ie is evident from the information provided above and in Appendix V that the Soviet Union has a well polished and sophis- ticated system of utilizing propaganda and the mass medium for its own advantage. -it is thought to be very possible that with the knowledge gained in utilizing their system on their own people, and other communist countries, this system of control could be ua- leashed on military forces confronting Soviet or allied Soviet wmits. 61 (Reverse Blank) UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED STCS-O1-169-72 July 1972 PART V PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY IN THE USSR SECTION I - GENERAL 1. @) Since ancient times, men have been avare of the fact that plant and animal products can induce desirable or undesirable psychological effects. For example, a primitive faith in the psychological effects of drugs is evident in the continued use of philters and potions to induce love and hate. Hippocrates proclaimed that the brain was the organ of the mind, a view still not held by those of dualistic persuasion. 2. (U) Before the twentieth century, when Iittle was known about the pathophysiology of somatic disease and even less about mental disease, remedies were largely effective on a psychological basis. However, substances long known to have true psychophar- macological actious were opium and wine. These were employed not only to treat disease but also to make life more bearable. During the nineteenth century, the development of the science of chemistry made possible the discovery of agents with relatively selective effects upon the central nervous system. The nineteenth century saw the development of nitrous oxide, diethyl ether, sedatives, and bypnoties. However, until the mid-1950s there was little real progress in clinical psychopharmacology. The development of the phenothiazine drugs in the 1950s saw the augmentation of synthetic agents for therapy in psychotic disorders. ‘The pheno- thiazines as a class, and especially chlorpromazine (Thorazine), are among the most widely used drugs in the practice of medicine today. From 1955 to 1965 at least 50 million patients received chlorpromazine and more than 10,000 publications have dealt with its actions (195). 3. (U) The use of psychopharmacologic agents is of keen interest throughout the world including the Soviet Union. Investigations on psychotherapeutic agents can no longer be overlooked in the Soviet literature. In the pharmaco-therapeutic reference work by Aronovich (196), four phenothiazines - aminazine (chlorpromazine), propazine, dinezin, and mepazine ~ and also reserpine (serpasil) are listed: but reports of clinical experience with phenothiazines (Rawolfia derivatives play a smaller role altogether) refer almost exclusively to aminazine (approximately 127 references available- USSR). Most of the aminazine studies follow standard clinical vesearch techniques hovever, some uses as mentioned in PART T of this report appear to be for more sinister purposes. Based 63 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 on the wealth of Soviet literature, the popularity, for whatever reasons, of aninazine therapy in the Soviet Union cannot be disputed. (14 references available on psychopharnacology-USSR). SECTION II - MAIN PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES - USSR 1. (W) According to Guseynov (197), modern Soviet medicine is devoting special attention to the development of psychopharma- cology. At the present time (1971), Soviet scientists are conducting intensive investigative work on the study and introduction into medical practice of new psychotropic substances. The most important Soviet psychotropic agents are as follows: (1) - Diethylamide lysergic acid —- LSb-25 Disrupts the psyche, causes hallucinations, but consciousness is maintained. Used to diagnose schizophrenia, and also to create 2 model of psychosis in animal (2) Mescaline Mescalinum Under its influence a dimming of consciousness takes place, . and hallucinations and paychosis develop. Used to diagnose certain uental illnesses and to create a model of experimental psychosis (3) Harmine — Harminus Calms the central nervous system, disrupts the psyche, causes hallucinations, eliminates spasus. Used in parkinsonism.” Pre- scribed for internal use. (4) Indian cannabis The active ingredient is a tar used under various names ~— hashish, marijuana, bhang, dagga, and others. This tar is smoked, chewed, and added to food and drink as a stupefacient. Cannabis disrupts the psyche, causes hallucinations and euphoria, and subsequently psychoses and schizophrenia develop. It has no medicinal significance. (5) Iprazide — Iprazidum (tarstlid) Stimulates the mental sphere, eliminates states of depression. The effect comes on gradually over 12 to 16 hours and lasts 7 days. It is used for schizophrenia, psychoses, states of depression, and bypertonia. (6) Imizine — (Tofranil) Has a thymoleptic effect, eliminates states of depression. Used in eyclophrenia and other mental disorders. Prescribed for internal use or is introduced intramuscularly. 64 UICLUSSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 (2) Transamine — (Parnate) By blocking the enzyme monoaminoxidase (MAO), it increases the content of biogenic amines in the brain and by so doing eliminates states of depression. Used for mental disorders accom- Panied by severe depression. Prescribed for internal use. (8) Phenamine — (Benzedrine) Sharply stimulates the central and sympathetic nervous systems. Increases blood pressure, d{lates the pupils, quickens puise, relieves fatigue and somolence, Perception is facilitated in people who have taken phenamine, thinking and memory are iuproved, motor activity and speech are increased, and mental and physical efficiency are improved. Used in narcolepsy, alcoholic psychoses, poychogenic depression, and poisonings by narcotics and somi- factents. Prescribed for internal use. (9) Phenatine — (Nicotinamide) Stimulates the central nervous system; in contrast to phenamine, it does not increase, but rather lowers blood pressure. Used for mental and physical fatigue, and also for hypertonia: Prescribed for internal use and is introduced subcutaneously. (20) Piridrol — (Meratran) Intensifies higher nervous activity, eliminates states of depression. Used in narcolepsy and psychoses accompanied by depression and apathy. Prescribed for internal use. G1) Meridil -- (Ritalin) . Stimulates the central nervous system, eliminates states of depression. Used in psychoses and states of depression. Prescribed for internal use. 22) Aminazine ~~ (Chlorpromazine) Calms the central nervous system, lovers blood pressure and body temperature, halts vomiting, slows down pulse, eliminates the effect of histamine. Successfully used in schizophrenia, psychoses, neuroses, delirium tremens, and hypertonia, toxicoses of pregnancy, dermatoses, and in surgery to create artificial hypothermy, Prescribed for internal use or introduced intra~ muscularly. 3) Meprotan — (Squani1) Elatuates internal anxieties and feelings of fear and alarm, calms the central nervous system. Used in physchoses, neuroses, epilepsy, insomnia, and moderate hypectonia. Prescribed for internal use. 65 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED S1-CS~01-169-72 July 1972 (Q4) Amizil -- (Diazil) Cains the nervous system, eliminates spasms and the effect of histamine, restores disrupted pulse. Used in psychosds, neuroses, and states of depression and phobia, Prescribed for internal use. (15) Reserpine -- (Serpasil) Main alkaloid of the plant Rauwolfia serpentina. Calms the central nervous system, eliminates feelings of fear, longing, and alara, lowers blocd pressure, and slows down pulse. Widely used in schizophrenia, psychoses, neuroses, hypertonia, tachy- card{a, thyrotoxicoses, and others. Prescribed for internal use or introduced intramuscularly. SECTION ITI ~ PSYCHO-WARFARE AGENTS PART A - Diethylamide Lysergic Acid (LSD) and Psilocybin 1. (©) Peycho-warfare agents may be defined as those chemical warfare agents whose effects rest on changes of the peyche (198). These materials have the advantage over other warfare agents in that the efficiency of the victim is impaired even with minimal doses. Ordinary methods applicable in combat cannot afford detec~ tion of these agents, and for this reason warning cannot be sent out in time when these psychotropic potsons are used. Only the abnormal behavior of the victim may afford the first indication that such compounds have been given. In effective concentrations, these agents are odorless and tasteless and they can be utilized both oa the battlefield and in sabotage for contamination of drinking water and food. For this reason the military medical team needs to inform themselves on the effect of these weapons and their symptoms. 2. (WU) Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is almost a "classic" representative of psycho-warfare agents. A. Hofmann synthesized this compound in the course of his investigations on the compisi- tion of the ergot alkaloids, Even minimal amounts of this substance, about 30 to 60 micrograms, are evidenced by psychological-emotional changes in man, which may lest from six to eight hours. There is an association of motor uncettainty, unsure and swaggering walk, poor prehension and dragging speech with vivid color hallucinations, disturbances of spatial and temporal sense, attacks of crying and laughing, fear and delusions and sometimes severe phenomena of depersonalization. The behavior of the victim is comparable to that of the schizophrenic. LSD is effective in doses that are one-ten thousandth of mescaline doses, and it is much wore readily handled in the form of easily water-soluble tartrate. After the 66 INCLASSIFIEDsT-CS-01-169-72 duly 1972 ISD psychosis wears off, the victim experiences no after effects, however it has been reported that part of the hallucinations are subject to recall and flashback reactions have occurred. Psilocybin exerts a qualitatively similar effect in man, but about 100 tines weaker than LSD. This waterial 1s known as the psychotropic subtance of the Mexican magic mushroom (Psilocybe mex. Heim). The wore effec~ tive compound is psilozine which occurs in the organism through dephosphorylation of psilocybin. As shown by animal experiment, Just 20 minutes after 1.p. injection of psilocybin, dephosphory— lation 4s observed, indicating a rather high conteat of psilozine in brain and other organs of the animals. The two substances ‘are identical with respect to their psychotropic effect, and at the start of the psychosis there are changes in physical feelings (weakness, dizziness) as predominant symptoms. Only later do the optical and acoustic hallucinations stert. Anxiety, restlessness, nausea and difficulty in speech are characteristic of the further symptoas of fatoxication. In the later course of the psychosis there is extensive loss of ability to conceatrate or think, and there is also loss of sense of space and time. After the psychosis vears off the victim complains of exhaustion, fatigue and beadache, but these symptoms disappear after a vile. LSD, psilozine aad psilocybin are biochemically correlated to serotonin. It is not yet clear to what extent this correlation is based in enzyme chenistry. However, similar structures in the molecules of these substances suggest pharmacodynamic interpretations. Since brain function is closely ‘related to serotonin metabolism it can be assuned that this substance is replaced by structurally very similar peychotoxins that are built up, namely by substances of the tryptamine group, e.g-, ISD. These poisons do not teke over the functions of the serotonin, however, and this leads to dis— turbances in the CNS. ‘The comparison of the above naned uaterials with other tryptanine derivatives such as dimethyleryptamine and bufatenine, which is an isoner of psilozine, also fits into the framework of pharmacodynamic interpretation. Both deriva~ tives are paychotropically active substances, effective in man in doses of about 70 ug. 3. =_— Several institutes 4n the Soviet Union have been ident: ‘where LSD research has taken place since 1969. The Institute of Physiology in Tbilisi was reported to be doing work on the effects of LSD on baboon behavior. No specific experimental work is known (199). A group at the Tnstitute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, has been working with LSD in experi- ments with inhibitors (200): It 1s difficult to judge what the Soviets are doing, but the work with inhibitors might indicate research efforts in the area of medical defense against the use 67ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 of ISD on Soviet troops. There is 2 group at the Institute of Physiology in Novosibirsk. No detatis on their work is available. The relationship between LSD, serotonin, and motor components of behavior reactions is being studied at the Donetsk Medical Institute (201). The Soviet research in the area concemed with the action of bioamines, e.g., adrenaline, serotonin, and nor- adrenaline, which the Donetsk group is studying, will be discussed later in this report. Studies concerned with the reversibility of pathomorphological changes in the brain of rats after chronic administration of LSD were going on ia 1971 at the Moscow Medical Stomatological Institute (202). The Firot Medical Institute dment 1.M, Sechenov has reported their work on the search for antagonists for hashish and LSD (203). Kudrin reported that Valoperidol (a butyrophenone tranquilizer) injection in conbina~ tion with Phenttron (a proptophenone adrenolytic) prevents cats from the development of LSD-induced psychosis and catatonia. This ie an important aspect of Soviet LSD research as it indicates their possible interest in military medical defense against peycho- warfare agents. Popova has reported on the effect of LSD on the structure of neurons and interneuronal connections. The author states. that her observations suggest that the central effects of LSD may be related to changes both in synapses and in the ell body (204). 4. WME “This study has attempted to establish the possibility that the Serbsky Institute of Forensic Psychiatry in Moscow may be one of the main Soviet factlities for studying controlled offensive behavior (see PART 1). I.P. Anokhina of the Serbsky Institute reported in 1970 on the effect of LSD on the neuro— transmitter systems of the brain, The experiments brought evidence that the site of action of LSD is in the midbrain reticular formation and in the limbic system. Anokhina also believes that LSD inhibits monoamineoxidase (MAO) activity (205). The experi- ment reported in the open literature ia scientifically gequine, of course, but the important fact is that the Institute 1s studying LSD and other psychotropic agents. Since most of the Soviet + ISD literature is from institutes in Moscow, it might be conjec- tured that there is a concentrated effort in the USSR to determine the basis of action and uses for LSD and other possible psycho- warfare agents. 5, MMMM vacil Merch of 1968, there were three chemical plants located in Czechoslovakia conducting independent research ‘on CH compounds. As late as March 1968, they were working on super-active compounds based on materials such as LSD and mescaline. 68 ==ST-CS~01-169-72 July 1972 At that time, the work was supported by the Soviet Union but conducted by the Czechs, with the final product going into Czechosiovakian stockpile. The Soviets furnished formulas, speci~ fications, production guidance, test procedures, and animal data. They may have also provided some precursor chemicals. The Czechs were working on aerosols as one method of applying the gaseous materials developed from this program. It 4s stated that LSD experiments had been disappointing but that other materials similar to LSD had been quite successful. The compounds were being developed to be dispersed over a wide atea from the air. . The agents vere designed to make the population lose its will to resist for anywhere from two hours to two days, depending on the compound used and the nature of the mission. Damage would be limited to the brain (206). PART B - Piperidyl Benzilate and Piperidyl Glycolate 1. @)_ In the ‘course of the ‘search for anticholinergic substances, it was found that methylpiperidyl benzilate and its derivatives are extremely active hallucinogens. If we start from the general formula for piperidyl benzilate and piperidyl glycolate, a series of highly active psychotropic compounds can be derived from it. The radicals of the formula-below are involved as substituents. From the piperidyl benzilate series we can mention N-methylpiperidyl beazilate as a highly active peychotoxin (Ri=CH3; R2 and Ry=Cgls). From the piperidyl glycolate series, Ditran (Ri= -C2R5; Ra= ~C6ls; Ry= -C5lg} can be described as an extremely active compound. oR if . cre . R; ; 3 Ry 69ST-GS-01-169-72 July 1972 2, (U) Poisoning with piperidyl glycolates is hardly to be distinguished from LSD poisoning at the beginning, because also in the first mentioned class of materials the first psychic effects occur after 45 to 60 minutes. They consist of confusion, speech difficulty, disorientation and hallucination of optical and acoustic type, It is to be noted that in piperidyl glycolate psychosis the victim can still descrive his condition relatively clearly after a dose of 0.5 to 2.0 mg. At doses of 10 mg and above, however, contact with the environment and insight into the arti- ficdality of the condition is lost. The victims react only to their hallucinations, or they present 2 stupor syndrome. At still higher doses (15 mg) there is generally a severe disturbance of consciousness with almost complete lack of consciousness. The effect of Ditran, for example, lasts for about 24 hours, and some~ times as long as 36 hours. Other toxic phenomena are not to be anticipated at the indicated doses, — st the most nausea and emesis. PART € ~ Countermeasures . 1. (U) Im the use of psychotropic warfare agents, the enemy sets himeelf the task of weakening the will and fighting capability of the opponent, or to bring about his complete inability to act or fight. For this reason, only well-timed application of pro- tective equipment and measures for guaranteeing indubitebly uncon- taminated drinking water and food can afford flawless protection. This condition in this case has so wuch the greater significance because a timed alarm is questionable in dealing with psychotropic agents. Certain medicaments are available to the physician for the treatment of those already poisoned to offset the worst effects. ‘As antidotes there are: (2) Azacyclonol (Frenquel) in an 1.v. or-oral dose of 200 mg @) Succinic acid, infusion in a 5% phosphate buffered solution (Sml/min) G3) Tetrahydroaminacrin, 30 mg i.v. within 5 minutes (4) Chlorpromazine (Thorezine) 25 mg 4.m. or orally larger doses 2. (U) The medicaments under one end two are indicated in poisoning with LSD, pstlozine and psilocybin. The medicament under three is to be given in poisoning with piperidyl benzilate or piperidyl glycolate. Chlorpromazine has a favorable effect on most model psychoses induced by known psychotropic warfare agents. 70 (his page 1s UNCLASSIFTED)ST-CS-O1-169-72 July 1972 SECTION IV - CURRENT RESEARCH INTEREST IN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY ~ USSR PART A - Rioamine Research 1. (WU) Space in this report limits this discussion on bioamine research. There is a vast quantity of literature available on bio- amine research, ¢.g-, serotonin, dopamine, adrenalin, and noradrenalin. 2, WENN viscarding some clenents of sensationalism, acade- midian P-X. Anokhin (relationship to I.P. Anokina unknown; see reference 205) maintains that today's knowledge of the human brain gives grounds to believe that in the next decade some artifielal means will be foud to influence the intellectual capacities of man (207). Doctor Anokhin is with the Institute ‘of Kormal and Pathological Physiology in Moscow (208). 3. (O) Asmall group of 1ittle-known: amines, commonly referred ~ to as thé biogentce emines, seemed to provide links between behavior and euch fields of brain research as neurosnatomy, neurochemistry, and neurophysiology. It seemed possible thet advances in the ~ neurochemistry of these amines would greatly enrich one's knowledge of a variety of processes related to brain and mind. This has indeed happened. Although the surface has still barely beea seratched, research in the interim has broadened the ideas con- cerning such phenomena as mood, sleep, sexual desires, and appetite — and such neurological. disorders as parkinsonism and chorea. More— over, the whole field of psychopharmacology has hecome rationalized fas relationships between the major psychoactive drugs and amine action have been revealed. : 4. (0) Te has now been esteblished beyond reasonable doubt that communication between neurons in the mammalian nervous system is by means of chemical agents, or neurotransmitters, which are released from the nerve terminal of one neuron and which cross the synaptic cleft, or aterneuronal pace, to influence the excitability of the next neuron. The alternative possibility of electrical trans mission has been ruled out. The existence of these chemical messengers provides a possible way of influencing behavior and mental performance while leaving other aspects of brain function almost completely unaffected. If the transmitters governing the celle associated with such functions as sex, appetite, sleep, or wood tura out to be specific and if chemical methods can be found for sclectively interfering with their metabolism, then fairly nST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 Precise behavioral modifications might be brought about. Unfor- tunately, the identity of neurotransnitters associated with most cells is unknowa, However, a few neurotransmitters have been identified, and an exciting flood of research has always accom panied their discovery. Bridges are buflt between the often separated fields of pharaacology, physiology, and biochemistry, and a new level of understanding of the nervous system is achiaved. So it was when acetylcholine and noradrenaline vere found maay years ago to be the transmitter substances for the parasympathetic and sympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system. And so it has been in the past few years as evidence has built up in favor of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, and acetylcholine playing neurotransmitter roles in the visceral brain. 5. (W) Two groups of workers have recently reported that cholinomimetic stimulation of the brain produces aggressive behavior and killing in rats. Cholinergic blocking egenta Teverse the effect. The areas involved are the lateral hypo- thalamus (Smith, King, and Hoebel 1970), septal area and amygdala (Igic, Stern, and Basagic 1970). Pathological ageressive- ness is probably the mst disagreeable of all human traits. The precise identification of circuits of violence and a definition of their means of control would be of inestimable social value, That pathologically agressive behavior can be triggered without discernible provocation in susceptible individuals is as ‘well mown to the courts as it is to the medical profession (209), 6. (WU) The discussion above was included as important -back- ground information on the brain, biogenic amines and theories for controlling behavior. The author mentions that the precise Adentification of the mental pathways for aggression in humans would be of inestimable social value. However, if one does Jeara and identify these pathways and ways of initiating aggres- sive behavior as in the rat experiment above, it may be used for antisocial effects as well. . 7. (0) A.R. Luria of the University of Moscow has been studying the functional organization of the brain for several years. In @ recent article, Doctor Luria deseribes some recent Soviet advances in the mapping of the brain (210). The lengthy article is con- cluded by Luria stating that neuropsychology has put us (the Soviets) on a new path in the investigation of how the brain functions. Luria feels that this is likely to lead the way to substantial changes in the design of psychological research in the future. 72 (this page Ts UNCEASSLETD)UNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 8. (U) An interesting research report in 1968 appeared in the Soviet press which related biogeaic amines with psychotropic drugs (211). ‘The type of mental disturbance produced by psycho- pharmaceuticals was investigated in human volunteers. The volun- teers received a variety of compounds (not named) in 20-150 ug doses. Psychic disturbances were of two types: anxiety depressive and deep depressive. The first group reported more phobias, while the second group exhibited general lassitude, and hypochon- driac symptoms, Adrenalin and noradrenalin were given by injection. DOPA and serotonin were also given. Creatine levels in the urine were determined after treatment. Other metabolites were detected chromatographically or by paper electrophoresis. Before treatuent, group I patients excreted higher than normal levels of creatines, their metabolites and precursors. In the second group, excretion of catecholamines, precursors and metabolites was higher (up to 2 times) than in the controls. The administration of tranquilizers (Librium).-accompanied the reduction in excretion of abnormal metabolites. This study is important because it illustrates Soviet interest in not only biogenic amines, but also in the smode of action of psychotropic substances. Once the parameters are understood, then the development of highly sophisticated mood altering chemicals should follow. 9. (0) O£ interest was the symposium on Mechanioms of Regulation of the Biogenic Amines Level in the Tissues held in Lodz, Poland in August of 1971. No data is available but the abstracts of the papers is to be published in Acta Medica Polonica in April of 1972. ‘The main aim of the symposiua was for the comparison of data on the mechanisas of regulation of the biogenic amines level in the tissues with special emphasie on the role of enzymes respon— sible for synthesis, catalysis, and storage of amines. 10. (WU) The relationship of psychoactive drugs to amine activity is shown in Table IV below. ‘TABLE IV Relation of Psychoactive Drugs to Amine Activity (209) A. Drugs which impair amine synaptic activity 1. Tranquilizers a. Inhibitors of vesicle binding: rawolfia alkaloids— e.g. reserpine b. Blockers of receptor sites: phenothiazines, butyrophenones—e.g. chlorpromazine and halo- peridol 3 UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 2. Amine synthesis inhibitors a. Inhibitors of catecholamine synthesis: e.g. alpha-methy1-p-tyrosine b. Inhibitors of serotonin synthesis: e.g. p- chlorophenylalanine B. Drugs which enhance amine synaptic activit 1. Psychic energizers 4. Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase: hydrazines and monoamine analogs--e.g. iproniazide, tranylcypromine, amphetamine b. Inhibitors of amine uptake: dibenzazepines and miscellaneous derivatives--e.g. imipra~ mine, anitriptyline, cocaine, amphetamine Amine teleasers: amine analogs—e.g. anphe- tamine, tyramine 2, Amine synthesis stimulators a. For dopamine and noradrenaline: L-dopa b. For noradrenaline: L-dihydroxyphenylserine ¢. For serotonin: L-Shydroxytryptophan PART B - Other Areas of Soviet Research in Paychopharuacology 1, (W) Barkov and Gurovich (212) reported on the effects of tripthazine (stelazine) and aminazine (thorazine) on enctional behavior, The compounds were found to inhibit aggression but prolong the fear reaction in rate. 2. (W) The Soviets have conducted experiments which use an automatic, multichannel register of motor activity. The instrument independently records all the movements of the animals located in a speciel chamber and transmits the signal to 40 comters. Kruglov is using a modern radio-electronic device which can record the signals of milli-second duration, by which neurons transmit information to each other. Kruglov and his colleagues have established that morphine, aminazine, and similar substances inhibit the signaling thythm of nerve cells. These experiments yielded many new tran- quilizers and stimulants. None of these "new" substances were described. The Soviets claim that neurotropic drugs are now making it possible to intervene in the most important processes taking place in the organism. No description of what Important processes taking place is mentioned (213). 7% UNCLASSIFIEDST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 3. W) Controlling group behavior with drugs has been reported by I.P. Lapin (214). The study dealt with animals but may have sone bearing on human behavior reorientation. According to Lapin, in order to change the behavior of a large group of animals, it is sufficient to use drugs to control the behavior of the most active animals (leaders). The article discusses the use of amphe~ tamines and aminazine, Further refereace to Lapin can be found in an article of 23 September 1968 (215). 4. (0) One of the most interesting areas of research into finding new psychotropic substances may be associated with the gonionemous Jellyfish. Research into the nervous and pychic disorders resulting from lesicas caused by che Jellyfish has been reported by the aforementioned Serbsky Institute (216). It appears that literature on Soviet research in this field is extremely limited. Mikhalev and Vatekov studied 260 cases of lesions by poisonous gonioneous Jellyfish. General and local disturbances are distinguished ‘according to their severity and symptoms of intoxication in the clinical picture. In cases of @ severe course of the affection G8 patients), except for polymorphic somatic symptoms, there were distinct neuropsychiatric deviations. They were expressed in tormenting headaches, convulsions, paresis, disturbances of statics, sacral posterior radicular pains. Vegetative symptoms vere in the form of hyperhydrosis, acrocyanosis, hypersalivation, and red demographism, Mental disturbances proceeded with an increasing fear of death, sometimes with speech and fugi form excitation, aitered consciousness of the delirio-anentive or oneiroid type with illusions, hallucinations, psychosenory and delusional symptoms. ‘The psychotic symptoms of an acute exogenous reaction subsided during the following two to five days. This research wight have significance in the Soviets attempts to arrive at suitable means for controlling or altering behavior. 5. (W) Arnoteworthy book from Czechoslovakia that discusses sone of the present problems of sone militarily important psychoactive substances has been published (217). The book discusses the history of natural psychotomimetics used in religious rituals. There are teationed two possibilities for the application of presently known psychoactive drugs for the purpose of military gain: a. Controlling stress situations in special military units in combat to include means for treating mass psychoses in extra- ordinary situations. b. The use of temporary incapacitating agents for disrupting and capturing enemy personnel. 75 (this — nS TF1ED)ST-CS~01-169-72 July 1972 The problems associated with military misuse of drugs is discussed. The classification of psychotomimetic drugs relating to their effects, either on higher nervous activity or in producing temporary disorders, mainly in somatic functtons is outlined. The authors also mention soue characteristics of the piperidyl glycolate group of psycho-warfare agents. Structural analogy of psychotomimetic derivates to the particular neurotransmitters is considered together with a hypothesis of competitive antagonism on receptors. The authors state that competitive antagonism seems to be one of the most acceptable possibilities of hallucinogenic effect mechanisus as well as a good base for the investigation of potential means for the effective prevention and treatment of hallucinogen intoxi- cations. The influence of stress and conventional weapons on the eventual result of pschotomimetic drugs effect in exceptional situations is taken into account. 6, MIRE tc must be concluded, baned on the Sovier Iiterature on payehopharmacclogical research, that the USSR has the ability and knowledge to develop and produce a sophisticated arsenal of incapacitating or mind altering weapons in the form of chemical agents. 76ST-C5-01-169-72 July 1972 PART VI LIGHT AND COLOR AS A MEANS OF ALTERING HUMAN BERAVIOR SECTION T - PSYCHO-OPTICS PART A - Background 1. “GBM According to Dodge (218), there have been persistent repérts of unusual flashing or bright lights emanating from Soviet naval vessels and long range aircraft (BEAR, BADGER, BISON). Such activities have coincided with US and NATO surveillance operations conducted from interceptor aircraft and naval vessels. In some cases, surveillance personnel have been temporarily blinded and disoriented by various intensities and colors of continuous or intermittently flashing lights during nocturnal missions. 2. MMMM vodge further relates that in 1968, a aight watch officer aboard the HMS Valiant was temporarily blinded by what ‘appeared to be a bright blue light situated alightly belov the mast of a ROTLIN destroyer. When his night vision recovered, he reported perceiving red Lights which appeared to be cituated above and behind the blue light. Both sources of light appeared to be portable. In 1970, an aircraft was tracked by a spotitght trained fron a Soviet naval vessel. Several pinpoint burats of anber and auber-green light were noted aft of the spotlight and shined in concert with it. 3. MMMM me following account was’ taken from US Air Force personnel aboard a F~102 interceptor in close range with two Soviet BEAR aircraft in 1968 (219). “three lights on the possible BEAR Bravo aircraft were visible throughout the intercept: A green light on the right wingtip, a red light on the left wingtip, and a bright red st ight on the top of the fuselage that the F-102 pilot described as pulsating co rapidly that 4¢ almost gave a stop-motion appearance that one of the BEAR engines was feathered. When the F-102 was closing from the rear at a distance of about one~ hal€ mile, a brilliant green light was flashed three or four times at the F-102 from the tail guaner's coupartuent for a duration of ten to fifteen seconds each tine. “The pilot reported that he was closing at a steady rate and that there was no changes in 7 —ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972) this movement with which to correlate the separate flashes of light. The F-102 pulled alongside the BEAR soue distance away, but twice when he edged closer the BEAR crewmenbér shined the light at the F102, both times from the side blister, for a duration of tea to fifteen seconds each time. The F-102 discontinued his closing movements when the Light was shined from this position, and described the effect of this light, along with the strobe, as very confusing to him, resulting in vertigo and loss of depth perception. On the third attempt to move closer to the BEAR, no light was shined at the ¥-102, and the F-102 then escorted the BEAR for a period of about 40 more minutes with no further incidents of lights from the BEAR. The F-102 pilot reported that when the light was shined at him from the side blister he could see the face of the BEAR crewmember from the light reflected against him from the interfor of the blister. No further de— taile of the inside blister could be made out. The Light bad no effect on any instrumenta of the F-102. . When asked if he considered the shining of the light ag harassment the pilot stated that it could be described as having that effect during the 5-10 minute duration of the incident in the lengthy intercept. One F-102 closed on the lead BEAR “ tail number 41, and the F-102 pilot cured on a Powerful hand-held flashlight towards the boub-bay area to ald in identifying the BEAR variant, imme~ diately, a blinding white light was turned direct- ly onto the cockpit of the F-102 from the tail- gunner's compartment for a period of about 20 seconds, resulting in temporary vertigo on the part of the F-102 pilot. 4 Agein in 1968, another F-102 pilot reported that a steady brilliant white light was shined from a hand-held aldis- type lantern situated in the tatl blister of a BEAR B aircraft. In late 1968, still another F-102 pilot reported a blinding light in concert with a pulsating (1.5 flashes/second) red strobe light from a BEAR aircraft. In 1970, an F-102 pilot reported that a BEAR C aircraft shined a hand-held light of brilliant intensity from its left rear tail blister. The light was trained on the pilot from 15 to 20 times with a flash duration of two to seven seconds (218). - 78 —=—ST-CS-O1-169-72 July 1972 5. (U), A report that appeared in 1971 discusses some US air personnel problems when encountering Soviet aircraft over the Mediterranean Sea (220). “By far, the most dangerous encounters occur after dark. For safety's sake, both the BADGERS and the PHANTOMS usually turn on their navigation Lights (ehich they would never do in ‘a combat situation ), but sometines the Russians come in blacked out, or shine searchlights in the eyes of the PHANTOM pilots - causing a temporary loss of night vision ~ or trickily switch their navigation lights on and off." 6. = Some of, the nocturnal incidents described above suggest the Soviets have not overlooked the possibility of utilizing bright and flashing lights as a means of altering behavior. It 1s interesting to note that the period of active research in Soviet laboratories, as will be discussed in PART B below, coincides with the reports of their employment of unusual flashing lights against US and NATO personnel. PART B - Soviet Research in Photic-Flicker 1. (0) A series of conclusions were drava on the effects of flicker at s syupostim held in the US in 1957 (221). Although the meeting and papers presented are fifteen years old, the facts presented appear to be relevant to this discussion. The couciu- sions reached by the group at Tulane were as follows: (2) ‘There appears to be general agreement that flicker has the potentiality of causing considerable interruption of the normal functions of the human nervous systen. (2) One manifestation of such interruption may take the form of sleep, unconsciousness, hypnotic states, or other forms of interference with consciousness. Another nanifestation.of inter- ference consists of annoying or irritating sensations such as queasiness, discomfort referable to the eyeball and caused by excessive pupillomotor activity, headaches, or general sensations of apprehension. A third type of manifestation concerns visual {illusions including color sensations, patterns of movement end development of odd shapes. These way interfere with visual recog: nition of any objects which actually are in the visual field. (3) Those flicker effects which interfere with consciousness appear at frequencies related to the alpha rhythm of the EEC, or at 10 Re. Annoying or irritating sensations seem to occur with aperiodic flashes or with thythmic flashes at 3-5 Hz. Visual illusions appear to be produced by frequencies above 10-12 Hz. 79 ——ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 (4) The EEG appears to be a reliable indicator of consciousness but not of sleep or wakefulness... (5) Not every subject shows truly perfodic REG activity... (6) Photic driving of the EEG by periodic flicker is a well known phenomenon although many subjects do not show the effect... (7) The ease with which photic driving can be produced has not yet been correlated with emotional patterns or with sleep-wakefulness cycles. However, the visual {21usions which result from flicker may be the basis for a highly predictable method of measuring anxiety. (8) The production of flicker effects is not Limited by the retina but appears to be limited by soma process in the central nervous ayatem which converts discontinuous activity to continuous activity (i.e. flicker co fusion)... (9) Flickering of other sensory modalities may influence the ease of production of the desired effects of visual flicker. Auditory flicker 4s particularly promising in this regard. (10) Stress, comparable to that produced in actual combat, may be needed to completely elucidate the practical effects of flicker as far as military applications are concemed. (11) Ie appears likely that high intensities of light will be more effective in producing the desired effects of flicker although mich remains to be done to determine the optimum light and dark intervals, background contrasts, and effects of stray Light. As will be depicted later, ‘the areas above where no definite conclusions were drawn (4,7, and 10) is the exact area of high Soviet interest. L.I. Kuproyanovich (164) describes in some detail Soviet efforts in relating EEG with sleep and memory as well os the areas of photic drive and the synchronization of flicker frequency ond alpha wave rhythm. At the University of Leningrad work has been done on the effects of etrobe lights flashing at a different rate for each eye. One rhythm for the left eye and another for the right eye brings on measurable brain wave patterns. Lights flickering at different rates on each eye cause a sensation of rotation and.a very unpleasant feeling in the viewer. Tt might be mentioned that the Soviets are thinking of using the “seasickness" application of flashing lights in a telepathic mode (222). 80 == (This page is UNCLASSIFIED)