Physio Ex Reviewer PDF
Physio Ex Reviewer PDF
Physio Ex Reviewer PDF
Experiment 2
Skeletal Muscles
Motor Unit
- Consists of:
o Motor neuron and Intersect at Neuromuscular
o Muscle fibers it innervates Junction (NMJ)
- Neuromuscular Junction
o Location where axon terminal of neuron meets specialized region of muscle fiber plasma membrane
Motor End Plate (MEP) specialized region
- End Plate Potential
o Events in NMJ leads to this
o Triggers a series of events that results in contraction
o Entire process called Excitation Contraction Coupling
- Action Potential
o Motor neuron triggers release of Acetylcholine (Ach) from its terminal
Ach diffused onto sarcolemma (muscle fiber plasma membrane) and binds to receptors in MEP
o Use of electrical pulses instead of Ach in expt.
- Muscle Twitch
o Single electrical stimulus will result in this
o The mechanical response to a single action potential
o Has 3 phases
Latent Period
Time that elapses between generation of Action Potential (AP) and start of contraction
No force is generated
Release of Calcium from Sarcoplasm reticulum occurs in Contraction
o Chemical changes occur intracellularly
Contraction Phase
Starts at end of latent period and ends in peak of muscle tension
Myofilaments utilize cross-bridge cycle
Muscle develops tension
Relaxation Phase
From peak tension till end of muscle contraction
Contraction ends and muscle returns to normal resting state
Equipments used:
Predict Question:
Will changes to stimulus voltage alter the duration of the latent period?
Skeletal Muscle
- Increasing number of active motor units we can produce a steady increase in muscle force this is called Motor Unit
Recruitment
- As in literal na nagrerecruit ka ng motor unit para dumami chz
Muscle Twitch
Threshold Voltage
Pre-lab Quiz:
What do you see in the active force display when the stimulus voltage is set to 0.0, and why does this observation make sense?
Maximal voltage
- Amount of stimulus required to successfully recruit all muscle fibers into developing active force
- At maximal voltage, all muscle fibers in muscle are depolarized all develop active force (that is they were all successfully
recruited)
Pre-lab quiz
Was there any change in the force generated by the muscle during the second stimulated twitch?
Plateau
- When stimulus reaches a value beyond which no further increases in force are generated by muscle
Pre-lab Quiz
1. Stimulus frequency refers to the rate that stimulating voltage pulses are applied to an isolated whole skeletal muscle
2. In a state of unfused tetanus, muscle tension increases and decreases
3. Maximal tetanic tension is when the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increases in force are
generated by the muscle
Post Lab:
1. The term tetanus refers to sustained muscle tension due to very frequent stimuli
2. Maximal Tetanic tension is when the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increases in force are
generated by the muscle
- When stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increase in force is generated by the muscle
Fatigue
- Refers to decline in skeletal muscles ability to maintain a constant level of force/tension after prolonged repetitive
stimulation
- Causes of fatigue (thought to be involved)
o Accumulation of lactic acid
o ADP and P in muscles from exercise
- Failure of a muscle fiber to produce tension because of previous contractile activity
- Decline in muscles ability to maintain a constant force of contraction after prolonged, repetitive stimulation
Rest Periods
Post-Lab
1. During cross bridge cycling in skeletal muscle force is creased by the Power Stroke of Myosin Heads
2. The term tetanus refers to sustained muscle tension due to repetitive stimuli
3. Decline in muscles ability to maintain a constant level of force or tension after prolonged repetitive stimulation is called
fatigue
4. During fatigue a numer of active cross bridges begin to decline although the rate of stimulus delivery remains constant
5. If an intervening rest period is imposed on skeletal muscle the development of fatigue will be delayed
Activity 6: The Skeletal Muscle Length Tension Relationship
- Either:
o Isometric Contraction
When a muscle attempts to move a load that is equal to the force generated by the muscle
Isometric means same length
Accomplished experimentally by keeping both ends of the muscle in a fixed position while electrically
stimulating the muscle
o Isotonic Contraction
Resting Length
Passive force
Active Force
Skeletal Muscle
- 2 force properties
o Passive force when it is stretched
o Active force when stimulated
- Total Force
o Sum of passive and active forces
Pre-lab
1. During an isometric contraction the skeletal muscle is generating force but remains at a fixed length
2. Active force is determined by the amount of myosin bound to actin
3. The Isometric length-tension curve indicates 3 forces the:
a. Total force
b. Active force
c. Passive force
4. Passive force in skeletal muscle is largely caused by the protein titin
Post Lab
1. The muscle is contracting isometrically when a skeletal muscle is stimulated and generates force but remains at a fixed
length
2. Titin is responsible for passive force
3. Active force stimulated through a range of muscle lengths will utilize ATP hydrolysis to drive the cross bridge cycle
4. Maximal active tension will be produced in a skeletal muscle fiber when the fiber is at its resting length
Isotonic Contraction
Isotonic Twitch
- Not all-or-nothing
- Load is increased, muscle must generate more force to move it
- Latent period will get longer because it will take more time for the force to generate by the muscle
- Speed of contraction
- Depends on the load that the muscle is attempting to move
Pre-Lab Quiz
1. During isotonic concentric contraction the force generated by the muscle is greater than the weight of the attached load
2. During isotonic concentric contraction the latent period increases with heavier loads
3. During latent period for isotonic concentric contraction cross bridges cycle and when muscle tension exceeds the load,
muscle shortening occurs
4. Muscle shortening velocity is constant regardless of load
5. The length of muscle changes in isotonic contraction