203) Explain List interface ?

List interface extends collection interface used to store sequence of elements in collection.

We can even store duplicate elements in list.

We can insert or access elements in list by using index as we do in arrays.

List is an ordered collection.

The main difference between List and non list interface are methods based on position.

Some of the operations we can perform on List :

1) Adding an element at specified index.

2) Removing an element at specified index.

3) To get the index of element

List contains some specific methods apart from Collection interface methods.

204) Explain methods specific to List interface ?

This method inserts all the elements in
booleanaddAll(int index, Collection<? specified collection to the list at specified
extends E> c); position.

This method returns an element at

E get(int index); specified position in the list.

This method replaces the element at

specified position in the list with the
E set(int index, E element); specified element.

void add(int index, E element); This method inserts the specified element
 with the index specified.

This method removes the element at

specified index and returns the element
E remove(int index); removed.

indexOf() method returns the index of last

occurrence of specified element. If there is
no element in the list it removes the
intindexOf(Object o); element.

ListIterator<E>listIterator(); Returns a list iterator of elements in list.

This method returns list of elements

List<E>subList(intfromIndex, inttoIndex); between indexes specified.

205) List implementations of List Interface ?

1) ArrayList

2) Vector

3) LinkedList

206) Explain about ArrayList ?

ArrayList is an ordered collection which extends AbstractList and implements List interface.

We use ArrayList mainly when we need faster access and fast iteration of elements in list.

We can insert nulls in to arraylist.

Arraylist is nothing but a growable array.

public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E> implements List<E>,
RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable{}

From java 1.4 ArrayList implements RandomAccess interface which is a marker interface
which supports fast and random access.

Advantages :
1) Faster and easier access.

2) Used for Random access of elements.

Drawbacks :
1) We cannot insert or delete elements from middle of list.

207) Difference between Array and ArrayList ?

Arrays are used to store primitives or objects of same type or variables that are subclasses
of same type.

ArrayList : It is an ordered collection which grows dynamically.

In list we can insert nulls values and list allows duplicate elements.

ARRAY ARRAY LIST

1) But it is not required to know size

1) While creating array we have to while creating ArrayList, because arraylist
know the size. grows dynamically.

2) To put an element in to array we use 2) We can add element to arraylist with

the following syntax :String array[] following syntax :List<String>stringList =
=newString[5];array[1] = java;We new
must know specific location to insert an
element in to array. If we try to put
element in index which is out of range
we get ArrayIndexOutOfBounds
Exception ArrayList<String>();stringList.add(java);

3) Arrays are static 3) ArrayList is dynamic

4) We can store only primitives prior to 1.5 .

4) We can store objects and primitives From 1.5 we can store even objects also.

5) We have to manually write logic for 5) Just a method call would add or remove
inserting and removing elements. elements from list.

6) Arrays are faster 6) Arraylist is slower.

7) Arraylist is implemented using arrays.

208) What is vector?

Vector is similar to arraylist used for random access.

Vector is a dynamic array like arraylist.

vector size increases or decreases when elements are added and removed .

Vector is synchronized .

vector and Hashtable are the only collections since 1.0.

Rest of the collections are added from 2.0.

public class Vector<E>extends AbstractList<E>implements List<E>, RandomAccess,

Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
209) Difference between arraylist and vector ?
Both ArrayList and vector grows dynamically. The differences between arraylist and vector
are :

1) Arraylist is not synchronized and vector is synchronized.

2) Vector is legacy collection introduced in 1.0 and Arraylist introduced in java 2.0.

Performance wise it is recommended to use arraylist rather than vector because by default
vector is synchronized which reduces performance if only one thread accesses it.

211) Define Iterator and methods in Iterator?

If we want to iterate through all the elements in collection we use Iterator. Iterator is a
standard way to access elements one by one in collection. Iterator is an object associated
with collection used to loop through the collection.

Steps for accessing elements in Iterator :

1) Obtain Iterator object by calling iterator() method on collection.

Ex : ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();

Iterator itr=al.iterator();

2) Call hasNext() method on iterator object in loop as long as hasNext() returns true.

Ex : while(itr.hasNext())

3) Get each element by calling next() inside the loop.

while(itr.hasNext())
{

String str=itr.next();

Methods in iterator :
Method Description

This method returns true if there is next element.hasNext() points

to position before first lement.If there are any elements if will
booleanhasNext(); return true.

Returns the next element in the iteration. . If there are no elements

in the Iteration NoSuchElementException is thrown. next() will
E next(); move the pointer to next position and returns the element.

void remove(); Removes the element.

Note : If we call next() on last element it will throw java.util.NoSuchElementException. So

before calling next() first we should call hasNext() whether it has elements or not. If there is
next element we can call next() so that we can avoid exception.

212) In which order the Iterator iterates over collection?

The order in which Iterator will iterate the collection depends on the traversal order of
collection.

For example : for list traversal order will be sequential, and for set the order cannot be
determined, and for sorted sorted set will sort the elements in sorted order.

So it all depends on the collection in which order iterator iterates.

212) Explain ListIterator and methods in ListIterator?
List Iterator is similar to Iterator but ListIterator is bidirectional.

We can traverse through the collection in either forward or backward direction.

List Iterator extends Iterator and all the methods in Iterator will be there in ListIterator too
with some additional methods .

List Iterator doesnt have current element .Position of List Iterator lies between two elements
i.e previous element and next element.

Features of ListIterator :
1) Traversal of List in either direction.

2) Modification of its elements.

3) Access to elements position.

Signature :
public interface ListIterator<E> extends Iterator<E> {

ListIteratormethods :
Method Description

Inserts element in to the list infront of the element returned by call

Void add(E obj) to next() and after the element returned by call to next().

Returns true if there are more elements in the list instead of

booleanhasNext(); throwing exception if there are no elements.

Returns the next element .NoSuchElementException is thrown if

E next(); there is no next element.
 booleanhasPrevio Returns true if there are elements when iterating list in reverse
us(); direction.

E previous(); Returns the previous element in the list.

Returns the index of the element returned by next() method. If

intnextIndex(); there are no elements it returns the size of the list.

Returns the index of the element returned by previous() method. If

there are no elements it returns the size of the list. Returns -1 if
intpreviousIndex(); the iterator is at beginning of list.

Removes the element that was returned by calling next() or

previous(). An Illegal state Exception will be thrown if remove() is
void remove(); called before next() or previous().

This method replaces an element in the list with the specified

void set(E e); element.

213) Explain about Sets ?

A set is a collection which does not allow duplicates. Set internally implements equals()
method which doesnt allow duplicates.Adding an duplicate element to a set would be
ignored .Set interface is implemented in java.util.setpackage.Set interface does not have
any additional methods . It has only collection methods. A set can contain atmost one null
value.

ArrayList is an ordered collection.Inarraylists order remains same in which they are inserted.
But coming to set it is an unordered collection.

public interface Set<E> extends Collection<E> {

Important operations that can be performed on set :

1) Adding an element to set.

2) Removing an element from set.

3) Check if an element exist in set.

4) Iterating through set.

214) Implementations of Set interface ?

1) HashSet

2) Linked HashSet

3) TreeSet

215) Explain HashSet and its features ?

Hashset implements set interface and extends AbstractSet. Features of Hashsetare :

1) It does not allow duplicates.

2) It does not gurantee ordering of elements.

3) It is unsorted and unordered set.

4) Performance wise it is recommended to use hashset when compared to other sets

because it internally uses hashing mechanism.

5) Allows insertion of nulls.

Note : For efficiency whenever objects are added to HashSet it need to implement the
hashCode() method.
public class HashSet<E> extends AbstractSet<E>

implements Set<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

216) Explain Tree Set and its features?

TreeSet implementsnavigableSet interface and extends Abstract set.It creates collection

that uses tree for storage.

Features of Treesetare :

1) It does not allow duplicates.

2) When we retrieve the elements in treeset we will get elements in sorted order.

public class TreeSet<E> extends AbstractSet<E>

implements NavigableSet<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

217) When do we use HashSet over TreeSet?

If we want to search for an element in collection and does not want any sorting order we go
for HashSet.

82) When do we use TreeSet over HashSet?

TreeSet is preferred
1) if elements are to be maintained in sorting order.

2) Fast insertion and retrieval of elements.

218) What is Linked HashSet and its features?

LinkedHashSet extends HashSet and implements Set interface.

public class LinkedHashSet<E>

extendsHashSet<E>

implements Set<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {

Linked HashSet is similar to HashSet but in linked HashSet we maintain order but in
HashSet we dont maintain order. Maintaining order means elements will be retrieved in
order which they are inserted.

219) Explain about Map interface in java?

A map is an association of key-value pairs. Both keys and values in map are objects.

Features of map :

1) Maps cannot have duplicate keys but can have duplicate value objects.

220) What is linked hashmap and its features?

LinkedHashMap extends HashMap and implements Map.lLinkedhashmapgurantees order

of elements . Elements are retrieved in same order they are inserted.LinkedHashMap uses
internally double linked lists to keep insertion order.
The differences between Hashmap and linked hashmap is

1) LinkedHashMap maintains the insertion order while HashMapdoesnot maintain order.

2) HashMap if faster for insertion and deletion of elements when compared to linked
hashmap. Linked hashmap is preferred only for faster iteration of elements.

public class LinkedHashMap<K,V>

extends HashMap<K,V>

implements Map<K,V>

221) What is SortedMap interface?

SortedMap extends Map interface.Sorted Map maintains sorted order of keys in a
map.
By default sorted map maintains natural ordering if we want custom order we can
specify using comparator.
public interface SortedMap<K,V> extends Map<K,V> {

222) What is Hashtable and explain features of Hashtable?

Hashtable was available before collection framework.

When collection framework was started Hashtable extends Dictionary class and Map
interface.

Hashtable offers a convenient way of storing key/ value pairs.

Hashtable does not allow nulls either keys or values.
Hashtable is synchronized.
223) Difference between HashMap and Hashtable?
Difference HashMap Hashtable

Synronization HashMap is not synchronized. Hashtable is synchronized.

HashMap allows atmost one

null key and any number of Hashtable does not allow null
Nulls null values. values.

Since HashMap is not

synchronized its performance Performance is slower when
Performance is faster thanHashtable. compared to HashMap.

HashMap introduced starting Hashtable is even before

Introduction from collection framework. collection framework.

224) Difference between arraylist and linkedlist?

Difference Arraylist LinkedList

Implements RandomAccess It extends Abstract

interface we can search sequential List interface
randomly all the elements in the which providessequential
Access list. access to elements.

Searching and retrieval of

Searching and retrieval of elements is slow because of
Searching and elements isfast since arraylist sequential access to
retrieval of elements provides random access. elements.

Addition and removal Adding and removal of Adding and removal of

of elements elements in random positions elements in random
is slow.For example if we want positions is fast because
to add element to middle of the there is no need of resizing
list we have to move the the array just by updating
elements in the list and then we the node structures with
need to insert the element. new addresses.
Similarly for removing the
 element we need to follow the
same thing.

225) Difference between Comparator and Comparable in java?

Sno Comparator Comparable

1. Defined in java.util package Defined in java.lang package.

Comparator interface is used

whenwe want to compare Comparable is used to compare itself with
2. two different instances other instance.

Comparator is used when we

wantcustomsorting.Ex : If Comparable is used for natural sorting of
we take employee class objects.Ex : If we take employee class sorting
sorting by employeeId is by ename and age we can say as custom
3. natural sorting. sorting.

Should override intcompare(T

o1, T o2) method which takes Should override public intcompareTo(T
4. two instances. o) method which takes one instance.

For sorting objects we use

collections.sort(list,new
5. Comparator);

226) What is concurrent hashmap and its features ?

Concurrent HashMap is implemented in java.util.concurrent package.

Concurrent HashMap extends Abstract Map and implements concurrent Map.

Concurrent HashMap is used in multi threaded environment.

]It is similar to Hashtable and synchronized version of hashmap but with minor differences.
Concurrent HashMap does not allow null keys and values.

227) Difference between Concurrent HashMap and Hashtable and

collections.synchronizedHashMap?

Locking Mechansim :ConcurrentHashMap uses completely different hashing mechanism

called lock striping which offers better concurrency and scalability.

The main advantage of this mechanism is better concurrency instead of synchronizing

every method by using common lock which allows only one thread to access at a time, it
allows better concurrency by allowing multiple threads to access.

ConcurrentModificationException :ConcurrentHashMap provides iterators which

doesnot throw concurrent modification exception which allows only one thread to access
iterator, while synchronized map may throw concurrent modification exception.

228) Explain copyOnWriteArrayList and when do we use

copyOnWriteArrayList?

copyOnWriteArrayList is used in multithreaded environment. If we want to iterate over

arraylist ,but the arraylist is updated by other threads to prevent concurrent modification
exception we have two solutions :

1) First one is we need to synchronize the list manually by using

collections.synchronized(list) and iterate over the list in synchronized block to avoid
concurrent modification exception.

2) The second one is to use copyOnWriteArrayList which takes care of concurrency.

The advantage of using copyOnWriteArrayList is no need to synchronize list

explicitly. So when we use copyOnWriteArrayList when a thread modifies the list while the
other thread was iterating it does not modify original list but creates a copy of list with
modified contents so that the iterator wont know the modifications made to original list.
229) Explain about fail fast iterators in java?

When iterator iterates over collection, collection should not be modified except by that
iterator. Modification means collection cannot be modified by thread when other thread is
iterating, if such modification happens a concurrent modification exception will be
thrown.Such kind of iterators are fail fast iterators.

Ex :ArrayList,HashSet,HashMap. Almost all the iterators implemented in collections

framework are fail fast.

230) Explain about fail safe iterators in java?

Fail safe iterators are iterators which does not throw concurrent modification exception,
when one thread modifies collection and other thread in the process of iterating the
collection.

It does not throw concurrent modification exception because when other thread was
iterating it does not modify original list but creates a copy of list with modified contents so
that the iterator wont know the modifications made to original list.

Ex :copyOnWriteArrayList

231) What is serialization in java?

Serialization is the process of converting an object in to bytes, so that it can be transmitted

over the network,or stored in a flat file and can be recreated later. Serialized object is an
object represented as sequence of bytes that includes objects data, object type, and the
types of data stored in the object.

232) What is the main purpose of serialization in java?

The main uses of serialization are :

1) Persistence:

We can write data to a file or database and can be used later by deserializing it.

2) Communication :
To pass an object over network by making remote procedure call.

3) Copying :

We can create duplicates of original object by using byte array.

4) To distribute objects across different JVMs.

233) What are alternatives to java serialization?

XML based data transfer

JSON based data transfer.

XML based data transfer : We can use JIBX or JAXB where we can marshall our objects
data to xml and transfer data and then unmarshall and convert to object.

JSON based transfer : We can use json to transfer data.

234) Explain about serializable interface in java?

To implement serialization in java there is an interface defined in java.io package called

serializable interface. Java.io.Serializable interface is an marker interface which doesnot
contain any any methods. A class implements Serializable lets the JVM know that the
instances of the class can be serialized.

Syntax:

public interface Serializable {

235) How to make object serializable in java?

1) Our class must implement serializableinterface.If our object contains other objects those
class must also implement serializable interface.

2) We use ObjectOutputStream which extends OutputStream used to write objects to a

stream.

3) We use ObjectInputStream which extends InputStream used to read objects from stream

236) What is serial version UID and its importance in java?

Serial version unique identifier is a 64 bit long value .This 64 bit long value is a hash code of
the class name,super interfaces and member. Suid is a unique id no two classes will have
same suid. Whenever an object is serialized suid value will also serialize with it.

When an object is read using ObjectInputStream, the suid is also read. If the loaded class
suid does not match with suid read from object stream, readObject throws an
InvalidClassException.

237) What happens if we dont define serial version UID ?

If we dont define serial version UID JVM will create one suid for us. But it is recommended
to have suid rather than JVM creating because at run time JVM has to compute the
hashcode of all the properties of class. This process makes serialization low. We cant
serialize static fields one exception to this is suid where suid gets serialized along with the
object.

Ex :private static final long serialVersionUID = -5885568094444284875L;

238) Can we serialize static variables in java?

We cant serialize static variables in java. The reason being static variable are class
variables that belongs to a class not to object, but serialization mechanism saves only the
object state not the class state.
239) When we serialize an object does the serialization mechanism
saves its references too?

When we serialize an object even the object it refers must implement serializable then the
reference objects also get serialized. If we dont make reference objects serializable then
we get NotSerializableException.

240) If we dont want some of the fields not to serialize How to do

that?

If we dont want to serialize some fields during serialization we declare those variables as
transient. During deserialization transient variables are initialized with default values for
primitives and null for object references.

198) What is collections framework ?

A framework is set of classes and interfaces to build a functionality. Java collections
framework provides set of interfaces and classes for storing and manipulating collections.
Collection framework contains classes and interfaces in java.util package and
java.util.concurrent packages.

Advantages or benefits of Collections framework :

1) High performance

2) Using this framework we can create different types of collections

3) We can create our own collection and we can extend a collection.

4) Reduces programming effort.

5) Increases speed and quality : Collections framework provides high performance,

implementations of useful data structures and algorithms.

199) What is collection ?

A collection is a container which holds group of objects. Collection provides a way to
manage objects easily. Collections manages group of objects as single unit.

Examples include list of strings, integers etc.

Here are few basic operations we do on collections :

1) Adding objects to collection.

2) Removing or deleting objects from collection.

3) Retrieving object from collection.

4) Iterating collection.

200) Difference between collection, Collection and Collections in java?

collection : represent group of objects where objects are stored.

Collection : This is one of the core interface which provides basic functionality for collection.

Collections : Collections contains some utility static methods that operate on collections.

201) Explain about Collection interface in java ?

Collection is the fundamental and root interface in Collections framework. Collection
extends Iterable interface and inherits iterator method which returns Iterator object.

Signature :
public interface Collection<E> extends Iterable<E> {

}
Methods in Collection interface :

Adds an element to the collection. Returns true if element

boolean add(E e); is added.

Removes an object from collection if that object is present

in collection. Return true if matching object is removed
boolean remove(Object o); from collection.

booleanaddAll(Collection< Adds all the elements specified in the collection to this

? extends E> c); collection.Returns true if all elements are added.

Removes all the elements from this collection that are

booleanremoveAll(Collecti specified in other collection.Returns true if all the elements
on<?> c); are removed.

int size(); Returns number of elements in collection.

Checks whether collection contains elements or not. If no

booleanisEmpty(); elements are present it returns false.

boolean contains(Object Checks whether specified object is in collection or not.

o); Return true if object is in collection.

Used to iterator over collection. No guarantee on order of

Iterator<E> iterator(); elements iterated.

Removes all the elements which are not in specified

booleanretainAll(Collection collection. Returns only elements specified in collection
<?> c); removing other elements.

Object[] toArray(); Returns an array of elements in collection.

202) List the interfaces which extends collection interface ?

1) List
2) Set

3) Queue

4) Deque( From Java 6)

194) Explain what is encapsulation?

Encapsulation is the process of wrapping of code and behaviour in a single unit called class
and preventing from misuse is called encapsulation. Encapsulation exposes only part of
object which are safe to exposed and remaining part of object is kept secured.

Encapsulation is supported through access control in java. There are four types of access
control specifiers(public,private, protected, default) in java which supports encapsulation.

For example tv manufacturers exposes only buttons not all the thousands of electronic
components which it is made up of.

195) What is inheritance ?

Inheritance is one of the important feature of object oriented language. Inheriting is the
process of acquiring features of others. For example a child acquires the features of their
parents.

In java inheritance is the process of inheriting member of existing classes by extending their
functionality.

The original class is called base class, parent class or super class. The new class derived
from parent is called child class, sub class, and derived class.

We use extends keyword in java to extend a class in java. All java classes extend
java.lang.Object since object class is the super class for all classes in java.

When we create a new class by using inheritance is-a relationship is formed.

196) Explain importance of inheritance in java?

Reusability :The major advantage of inheritance is code reuse. We can avoid duplicating
code by using inheritance. We can place all common state and behaviour in that class , by
extending that class we can

Extendability : We can add new functionality to our application without touching the existing
code.

For example if we take Ms word we came across number of versions of msword such as
word 2003,2007. Everytime they wont write new code they reuse the existing code and
some more features.

197) What is polymorphism in java?

Polymorphism is combination of two greek words which mean many forms. In polymorphism
actual type of object involved in method call determines which method to call rather type of
reference variable.

59) What is covariant return ?

In java 1.4 and earlier one method can override super class method if both methods have
same signature and return types.

From Java 1.5 , a method can override other method if argument types match exactly
though return types are different.(Return type must be subtype of other method).

Example : Class A

A doSomeThing()

return new A();

Example : Class B
{

B doSomeThing()

return new B();

From java 1.5 return type for doSomeThing() in Class B is valid . We get compile time error
in 1.4 and earlier.

193) Explain oops concepts in detail?

Object oriented programming should support these three features :

1) Inheritance

2) Encapsulation

3) Polymorphism

4)Abstraction

184) Explain about field hiding in java?

If superclass and subclass have same fields subclass cannot override superclass fields. In
this case subclass fields hides the super class fields. If we want to use super class variables
in subclass we use super keyword to access super class variables

186) Explain where variables are created in memory?

When we declare variables variables are created in stack. So when the variable is out of
scope those variables get garbage collected.

187) Can we use Switch statement with Strings?

Prior to Java 7 we can use only int values and enum constants in Switch .Starting with Java
7 we can use strings in Switch statement. If we use strings in switch statement prior to Java
7 we will get compile time error only int and enum constants are permitted.

188) In java how do we copy objects?

In Java we cannot copy two objects but by assigning one reference to other we can copy
objects. For example if we have a reference r1 that point to object .so when we declare
r2=r1, we are assigning reference r1 to r2 so now r2 points to the same object where r1
points. Any changes done by one reference on an object will reflect to other.

181) Explain features of interfaces in java?

1) All the methods defined in interfaces are implicitly abstract even though abstract modifier
is not declared.

2) All the methods in interface are public whether they are declared as public or not.

3) variables declared inside interface are by default public, static and final.

4) Interfaces cannot be instantiated.

5) we cannot declare static methods inside interface.

6) implements keyword is used to implement interface.

7) Unlike class, interface can extend any number of interfaces.

8) We can define a class inside interface and the class acts like inner class to interface.

9) An interface can extend a class and implement an interface

10) Multiple inheritance in java is achieved through interfaces

Q:Local variables are variables which are defined inside a method. When the method is
created local variables gets created in stack memory and this variable gets deleted from
memory once the method execution is done
166) Can we serialize static variables in java?

Static variables cannot be serialized in java

161) How many times finalize method will be invoked ?who invokes
finalize() method in java?

Finalize () method will be called only once on object. Before the object gets garbage
collected garbage collector will call finalize() method to free the resources. Finalize()
method will be called only when object is eligible for garbage collection

156) Can Static methods access instance variables in java?

No.Instance variables cant be accessed in static methods. When we try to access instance
variable in static method we get compilation error.

151) How to do encapsulation in Java?

Make instance variables private.

Define getter and setter methods to access instance variables

144) Explain about method local inner classes or local inner classes in
java?

Nested classes defined inside a method are local inner classes. We can create objects of
local inner class only inside method where class is defined. A local inner classes exist only
when method is invoked and goes out of scope when method returns

139) What are nested classes in java?

Class declared with in another class is defined as nested class.

There are two types of nested classes in java.

1) Static nested class

2) Non static nested class

A static nested class has static keyword declared before class definition.
131) Explain IllegalMonitorStateException and when it will be thrown?

IllegalMonitorStateException is thrown when wait(), notify() and notifyAll() are called in non
synchronized context. Wait(), notify(),notifyAll() must always be called in synchronized
context other wise we get this run time exception.

126) Can sleep() method causes another thread to sleep?

No sleep() method causes current thread to sleep not any other thread

121) Explain yield() method in thread class ?

yield() method makes the current running thread to move in to runnable state from running
state giving chance to remaining threads of equal priority which are in waiting state. yield()
makes current thread to sleep for a specified amount of time.There is no guarantee that
moving a current running thread from runnable to running state. It all depends on thread
scheduler it doesnt gurantee anything.

116) What are thread priorities and importance of thread priorities in

java?

When there are several threads in waiting, thread priorities determine which thread to run.
In java programming language every thread has a priority. A thread inherits priority of its
parent thread. By default thread has normal priority of 5. Thread scheduler uses thread
priorities to decide when each thread is allowed to run. Thread scheduler runs higher
priority threads first

111) What are synchronized blocks in java?

Synchronizing few lines of code rather than complete method with the help of synchronized
keyword are called synchronized blocks.

105) What is a lock or purpose of locks in java?

Lock also called monitor is used to prevent access to a shared resource
by multiple threads.

A lock is associated to shared resource. Whenever a thread wants to access a shared

resource if must first acquire a lock . If already a lock has been acquired by other it cant
access that shared resource. At this moment the thread has to wait until another thread
releases the lock on shared resource. To lock an object we use synchronization in java

98) Can we restart a dead thread in java?

If we try to restart a dead thread by using start method we will get run time exception since
the thread is not alive

93) Explain creating threads by implementing Runnable class?

This is first and foremost way to create threads . By implementing runnable interface and
implementing run() method we can create new thread.

76) What are user defined exceptions?

To create customized error messages we use userdefined exceptions. We can create user
defined exceptions as checked or unchecked exceptions.

We can create user defined exceptions that extend Exception class or subclasses of
checked exceptions so that userdefined exception becomes checked.

Userdefined exceptions can extend RuntimeException to create userdefined unchecked

exceptions.

71) Can we write any code after throw statement?

After throw statement jvm stop execution and subsequent statements are not executed. If
we try to write any statement after throw we do get compile time error saying unreachable
code

66) What are checked Exceptions?

1) All the subclasses of Throwable class except error,Runtime Exception and its
subclasses are checked exceptions.
2) Checked exception should be thrown with keyword throws or should be provided try
catch block, else the program would not compile. We do get compilation error

1) Can we have multiple catch block for a try block?

In some cases our code may throw more than one exception. In such case we can specify
two or more catch clauses, each catch handling different type of exception. When an
exception is thrown jvm checks each catch statement in order and the first one which
matches the type of exception is execution and remaining catch blocks are skipped

56) What are advantages of Exception handling in java?

1) Separating normal code from exception handling code to avoid abnormal termination of
program.2) Categorizing in to different types of Exceptions so that rather than handling all
exceptions with Exception root class we can handle with specific exceptions. It is
recommended to handle exceptions with specific Exception instead of handling with
Exception root class.

51) What are abstract methods in java?

An abstract method is the method which doesnthaveany body. Abstract method is declared
with keyword abstract and semicolon in place of method body.

46) Explain what access modifiers can be used for methods?

We can use all access modifiers public, private,protected and default for method

41) Can we define package statement after import statement in java?

We cant define package statement after import statement in java. package statement must
be the first statement in source file. We can have comments before the package statement

36) What does null mean in java?

When a reference variable doesnt point to any value it is assigned null.

Example : Employee employee;

11) What is bytecode in java ?

When a javac compiler compiles a class it generates .class file. This .class file contains set
of instructions called byte code. Byte code is a machine independent language and contains
set of instructions which are to be executed only by JVM. JVM can understand this byte
codes

1) what are static blocks and static initalizers in Java ?

Static blocks or static initializers are used to initalize static fields in java. we declare static
blocks when we want to intialize static fields in our class. Static blocks gets executed
exactly once when the class is loaded . Static blocks are executed even before
the constructors are executed.