AIM To Study Frequency Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing APPARATUS:-FDMD Trainer Kit, CRO, Probes Patch Cords Etc. Circuit Diagram
AIM To Study Frequency Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing APPARATUS:-FDMD Trainer Kit, CRO, Probes Patch Cords Etc. Circuit Diagram
AIM To Study Frequency Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing APPARATUS:-FDMD Trainer Kit, CRO, Probes Patch Cords Etc. Circuit Diagram
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
THEORY :
In many communication systems , a single large frequency band is assigned
to the system & is shared among a group of users example A Microwave transmission
line connection to sites over a long distance each site has a no. of sources generating
independent stream s that are transmitted simultaneously over the Microwave line ex.
AM & FM Radio Bands which are divided among many channel or stations the stations
are selected with the radio dial by tuning variable frequency filter.
FDM means that the total bandwidth to the system is
divided into a series of non overlapping frequency sub band that are arranged to each
communication system & user points each transmitter modulate s its source into a signal
that lies in a different frequency sideband
The block dig. For FDM would mainly consist of the following blocks : as shown in the
figure the signals are then transmitted across a common channel.
At the receiving end of the system ,BPF are used to
pass the appropriate signal to the desired user and to block all unwanted signal to ensure
that the transmitted signal do not spray outside their assigned sub bands , it is also
common to place appropriate pass band filters at the o/p stage of each transmitter it is
also appropriate to design an FDM system so that the BW allocated to each sub band is
slightly larger than the BW needed by each source .This extra b/w called a guard band
allows system to use less expensive filters .
The main advantage of FDM over TDM is that it
is not sensitive to propagation delays. It therefore require less complex channel
equalization techniques .On the other hand , FDM needs large no. of BPF which are
expensive & complicated to construct and design . TDM uses less simplex and complex
design circuits.
Another disadvantage of FDM is that in many practical communication circuits
, the power amplifier in the transmitter has non linear characteristics. Non linear
amplification leads to creation of out- of- band spectral component that may interfere
with other fdm channel . Thus it is necessary to use more complex linear amplifier in fdm
system.
FDM is used in commercial FM receiver radio. The frequency band 88-108Mhz
is divided into 200khz sub-bands so there can be up to 100 different radio station with
each station identified by the centre frequency within the channel.
Multiplexing is the transmission of information from more than one source on the same
media. In frequency^Siivision multiplexing (FDM), many information channels are
transmitted simultaneously, with each channel occupying a different frequency band .If
each information channel originally occupied the same frequency range, the frequencies
must be translated to different areas of the frequency spectrum before they are combined.
To achieve frequency separation, each channel amplitude-modulates a different carrier
frequency. If a carrier is amplitude-modulated with a single frequency, the resultant
waveform is mathematically described as
Asinwct+mA/2cos(wc-wm)t-Ma/2cos (wc+wm)t
(a) (b) (c)
Expression (a) is the original carrier frequency, (b) the lower side or difference frequency,
and (c) the upper side or sum frequency.
Frequency-division multiplexing.
{If a Carrier is amplitude - modulated by a band of frequencies, an upper and a lower
sideband are produced. The upper sideband (USB) is made up of the sum of the carrier
frequency and the individual frequencies present in the modulating signals: the lower
sideband (LSB) is the made up of the difference between the carrier frequency and the
individual frequencies present in the modulating signal (Figure 8-2)
In amplitude modulation the carrier contains no intelligence: therefore, it is suppressed
through some from of balanced modulator ("Ring Modulator").
Since the upper and lower sideband contain identical information, the transmission of
only a single sideband is necessary to convey to the information. With FDM, a single
sideband is transmitted without the carrier. This signal is described as single-sideband
suppressed carrier (SSBSC)A
An A-type (analog) channel bank performs frequency division multiplexing of twelve-
voice band channel. Each voice band channel can carry either voice information or digital
information from a modem. Each channel amplitude - modulates a different carrier
frequency. The lower sideband of each modulation process is extract and combines with
the lower sidebands from the eleven other channels to form a group (Figure 8-3). A group
has a bandwidth of 48 KHz (12 X 4 KHz) and occupies the frequency baud from 60 to
108 KH/.. Although each Voice channel is allocated a frequency range of 0 to 4 KHz,
Signal Information is normally limited to a 300-to 3000 Hz pass and. Consequently, a
group has a natural guard band of 1.3 KHz (Fig 8- 4) Between adjacent channel signals.
If further multiplexing is desire, five groups may be similarly combining to produce a
super group (SG). The bandwidth of an SG, which results from combining.
t^ = 300 Hz to 3 kHz fc - 60 kHz
60 kHz
57 to 59.7 kHz
The LSB of each mod. Process is , 240 kHz and extended from 312-552 kHz.
Super groups may be combine to form a master group . A master group is made up of
10 super groups & contain information from 600 voice band channel
1C 8038 waveform generator 1C is used generate sine wave signal. 10K Pot is used to
vary its frequency. The frequency range is 300 Hz to 3.4 KHz. Two 100K Presets are
adjusted for proper peaks of sine wave signal. IK reset is used to adjust duty cycle.
The sine wave output signal is available at pin 2 of 8038 and it is then amplified by
1C 356. The amplified output is available output terminals 2?K Pot is used to vary
the amplitude of Sine rave signal. The output amplitude vary from 0 to lO Vpp. 10K
Pot is used to vary the frequency of output signal
.
2. Modulating Audio Signal Generator -1 :-
|This section is similar to above section 1
1C 1496 is used as Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier amplitude modulator. The
modulating audio signal-1 is connected at pin 1 through buffer transistor Ql. This
1C has two inputs as it works as it balanced modulator. The second input can be
connected at pin 4 through buffer transistor Q2. The RF Sub carrier signal is
connected at pin 8 through coupling capacitor from Sub carrier generator section.
The modulated outputs are available at pin 12 and 6 of this 1C, which are then
balanced amplified by Q3, Q4, Q5 and Q6. The final balanced modulated o/p signal
M-l is available at output terminal. Bal-A preset is used to balance carrier signal
while Bal-Preset is used to balance input audio signal. IK presets is used to adjust
output zero DC level.
The output M-l is DSB-SC output. It contains side bands at frequencies '16 + 4 KHz
i e 12-16 KHz (Lower Side "and) and 16-20 KHz (Upper Side Band), because input
modulating frequency is maximum 4 KHz only and carrier is 16 KHz.
'he Band pass active filter is made by two Op-amps - 1C 353. It passes signal
between 28 to 32 KHz frequencies i DSB-SC output M-2 is applied as a input to
this filter. As M-2 signal has side bands 28-32 KHz & 32-36Khz 1 filter has band
pass of 28-32 KHz, Upper side band 32-36KHz will be blocked by this filter and
Lower Side id 28-32 KHz will be available at the output 12
.
8.Summing Amplifier: -
this section is Op-amps adder. It adds two signals II and 12 of Band Pass
filter the added output is available at pin no 6 of IC356
The Band pass active filter is made by two Op-amps - 1C 353. It passes signal
between 12 to 16 KHz frequencies the output is modulated signal between band
12-16 KHz.
I
31 Band Pass Filter - 28-32 KHz section: -
The Band pass active filter is made by two Op-amps - 1C 353. It passes signal
between 28 to 32 KHz frequencies the output is modulated signal between band 28-
32 KHz. and band pass active filter is made by two Op-amps - 1C 353. It passes
signal between 28 to 32 KHz frequencies -SC output M-2 is applied as a input to
this filter. As M-2 signal has side bands 28-32 KHz & 32-36Khs filter has band pass
of 28-32 KHz, Upper side band 32-36KHz will be blocked by this filter and Lower
Sid< 32 KHz will be available at the output 12.
This section is similar to used in multiplexing board. One input is from 28-32 KHz
filter section. The other i/p signal is 32KHz synchronized carrier signal
Low generated by PLL section. The output of demodulator is mixed signal of input
audio-1 and audio-2
.
15. Channel-2 Amplitude Demodulator - 2: -
This section is similar to used in multiplexing board. One input is from 12-16 KHz
filter section. The other signal is 16KHz synchronized carrier signal generated by
PLL section. The output of demodulator is mixer of input audio-1 and audio-2.
low pass filter is made by Op-amp - 1C 353. It accepts output from Amplitude
Demodulator-1. It passes signal below 4KHz. The output is recovered Audio signal-
1
.
18 Low Pass Filter -2:-
low pass filter is made by Op-amp - 1C 353. It accepts output from Amplitude
Demodulator-2. It passes below 4KHz. The output is recovered Audio signal-2.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
CONCLUSION:-
Thus FDM was studied two modulating signals were modulated by two sub carrier and
then demodulated and recovered.